Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Description, géographie'
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Chevriaux, Yann. "Une approche qualitative spatiale pour une description sémantique des reliefs." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00315651.
Full textNous cherchons à décrire une silhouette - i.e., une coupe de terrain ou la séparation terre/ciel à l'horizon - selon la perception que peut en avoir un observateur. Nous introduisons un modèle, fondé sur une approche qualitative, qui consiste à décrire une silhouette par une séquence de symboles signifiants. L'utilisateur ayant la possibilité de définir ses propres catégories, le modèle possède la capacité de s'adapter à différents contextes.
L'originalité de notre modèle repose dans la méthode de détection des formes significatives. Nous nous ecartons volontairement des méthodes numériques généralement utilisées dans les systèmes de détection ou de reconnaissance de forme. Nous considérons que la perception d'une forme particulière de relief est contingente de la perception de saillances, définies ici comme des points qualitativement remarquables. La description d'une silhouette inclut les relations topologiques qui relient les formes de relief détectées. Afin de tenir compte de l'imprécision des frontières des formes de relief, nous proposons une extension de la méthode 9-intersection. Les relations méréologiques, quant à elles, nous sont utiles pour dériver des représentations à différents niveaux d'abstraction.
Nous avons implanté le modèle en Java. Le prototype réealisé permet de définir des catégories, d'analyser des silhouettes, de déterminer les relations topologiques qui lient les formes détectées et d'obtenir une description à différents niveaux d'abstraction.
Cette thèse a bénéficié du soutien financier de la Région Bretagne.
Jacob, Christian. "Geographie et culture en grece ancienne : essai de lecture de la description de la terre habitee de denys d'alexandrie." Paris, EHESS, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987EHES0302.
Full textSchoolbook of geography, the description of the inhabited world by dionysius alexandrinus is situated in the tradition of greek cartography and in the cultural and political context of iic. A. D. Homerical model, aerial look upon the earth, strong visual suggestion of a description which claims for itself the power of the map, all this gives to dionysius an original place among alexandrian geographers. He compiled their treatises and maps but refused their scientific conventions. In this didactical project, geography is closely associated to mythography, with a complex system of mnemotechnical allusions to the main texts of greek literature. Geography is inducing a development of ethnographical descriptions, dealing with components of civilization or savage life. Dionysius is inspired by hesiodic tradition and philosophical anthopology. His poem reveals religious beliefs and the function of zeus and dionysos is emphasized. The reading of this text allows a large investigation about culture in iic a. Dand about the specific characters of greek geography, both in its scientific forms and in its literary tradition
Périgord, Michel. "Les paysages du bassin de Brive : évaluation, description, essai d'explication systemique." Limoges, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LIMO0502.
Full textThis thesis has a twofold purpose : it deals with a subject matter, and proposes a method. Its subject matter is the concept of landscape, worked out of examples taken from brive basin ; the method to appraise these phenomene is systemic analysis, applied to the problem of the landscapes. The term "landscape" is a subjective notion, for a landscape is a creation of man's eyes. To work out a method of valuation of landscape must enable people in charge of country planning or tourism as wall as local authorities to stress the strong points of a given landscape, and thus express better the genuive spirit, the "mood", the soul of a given region. A documentary source of 192 photographs will serve as a basis for reflection on the "meaning" of landscapes and give a picture of the landscapes of the brive basin by the end of our century. Our purpose is not only to describe the physical aspects of landscapes, but to appraise the impact of human civilization on a coherent geographic space, moulded by its past recent history. Systemic analysis applied to landscapes is concewed as a model providing us with a frame for the study of interactions between the system itself and its environment thanks to a circular pattern. Such an analysis method arms at apprehending the laws of the dynamics of landscapes, which indicate that the evolution of landscapes is chiefly conditioned by human decisions
Bissat, Edith. "Edition critique partielle de l'Histoire Universelle du Monde (livre 3 : "Description de l'Europe") de François de Belleforest." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0299.
Full textThis doctoral thesis is a critical edition of the third part of a François de Belleforest's Histoire Universelle du Monde (first edition 1570). Known primarily because of his translations of various works, Belleforest also authored numerous books on topics related to history and geography. The Histoire Universelle du Monde, and specifically the "Description de l'Europe" provide a particularly interesting piece of writing, as it foretells themes found in Belleforest's later works, throws light on the spirit of the Renaissance and illustrate the author's personal political and religious beliefs. Besides, it summarizes historical and geographical knowledge from the Renaissance era, informs us about the authorities used as references by scholars and identifies founding myths that continue to cause persistent controversy. Although Belleforest's text pretends to be a neutral account of events that occurred in Europe from Antiquity to the sixteenth century and is presented as an objective description of its countries, it is in fact a display of militant Catholicism and nationalism. This thesis includes the full emended and annotated text of the "Description de l'Europe". It also contains three bibliographies, a commentated index of specific authorities quoted by Belleforest, a glossary and an introduction. The latter intends to introduce the life and works of Belleforest, and examines his intentions for having written this book. The reader will become enlightened about the characteristics of Belleforest's writing style, the Renaissance era grammatical difficulties, and the essential rules of language that governed the edits in this thesis
François, Nathalie. "Méthode d'application de la géométrie fractale à la description des systèmes de villes et des réseaux de transports." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010581.
Full textGuest, Bertrand. "Écritures révolutionnaires de la nature au XIXème siècle : géographie et liberté dans les essais sur le cosmos d'Alexander von Humboldt, Henry David Thoreau et Elisée Reclus." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR30058.
Full textHow can the naturalist’s and the geographer’s scientific enquiries, a political thought ranging from liberalism to anarchism, and a writer’s style all revolve around the relationship between Man and Nature ? Such is a question raised —especially with regards to the Essay genre— by the works of Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859), Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) and Élisée Reclus (1830-1905). Within the bounds of a longer 19th century, which can be seen as an age of revolutions marked by the fading off of terræ incognitæ, the dwindling of the Wilderness, and a series of economical and political fits (Industrial and Political revolutions triggering the succession of strings of regimes), it appears critical to reconsider these names as those of genuine authors. From the heart of a politics of nature, they bind together the geographies of Man and the Earth, and their personal experience of Nature (as explored or inhabited) with a thought of community ceaselessly shifting from the Individual to the Human Kind, from the Microcosm to the Macrocosm. These Essay writers are the heirs of the Enlightenment in their struggle against slavery, despotism and colonialism (which they document); they object to leaving science in the hand of a positivistic, ethnocentric caste —they are the authors of popular sciences and the prophets of a literary democracy in the making. They are the pioneers of a modern exploration of the relationship between writing and knowledge, the crucial witnesses of a gradual differentiation of sciences that their universalistic literary paradigm sets out to avert. The ultimate point is to carry on approaching Nature as a whole (cosmos) in an era bringing about its division, as an object, into two separate categories of literary creation and scholarly knowledge. In the dawning light of literary ecology, and in this world description in which all things depend on all things, the work of the Essay-writer seems to be the only one able to voice this complex speech, made of politics, science and literature all together
Rakocevic, Robert. "Un espace dynamique ? Tensions de la spatialité dans la narration littéraire française, serbe et anglais/anglophone des années 1980 à 2000." Thesis, Paris 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA030115.
Full textIn various fields, including literature, much work has been done on the question of space over the last few years and decades. Some refer to a “spatial turn” in humanities and social sciences. However, in spite of a considerable general interest in this topic, the notion of space remains equivocal. The term is commonly used to denote basic facts in geography, urbanism and astronomy, but the concept is also often said to be rather complex. Husserl claimed that space was both a “content” and a “form”, while Einstein believed that its genuine nature was at the same time “obscure” and “undeniably objective”. In this thesis, we take into account the complexity of the space itself and challenge the notion of spatiality in literature. The corpus consists of novels and narratives written by V.S. Naipaul, Martin Amis, Jean Echenoz, François Bon, Radoslav Petković and David Albahari. Spatiality, such as defined here, brings us to examine both content- and form-related issues, including urban and non-urban space, spatial “polarization” (“centers” and “peripheries”, “local” and “global”, “known” and “unknown” places), border, toponymy and topography. The use of some terms specifying spatial location (such as deictics) is also analyzed, as well as the iconographic representations of space referred to in the texts and, finally, different forms of self-reflexive discourse inherent in the writing of space. The analysis reveals that every level of spatiality has an essentially dynamic, non-static quality, as the elements that it is composed of are in constant opposition and interaction
Ponnou, Marcelle. "Évolution de l'image de l'Inde dans la littérature géographique de l'Antiquité à la Renaissance." Paris 12, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA120057.
Full textThe relations existing between india and europe during the period of antiquity disappeared almost completly during the middle age and revived during the renaissance period, thanks to the travels. The travellers brought up the knowledge about india. Researches are made in different type of geographical literatures, which are : travellers' tales, cosmographic studies and the missionaries' letters
Lauthelier, Rachel. "Géographie et rhétorique dans les récits de voyage en Orient à l'époque classique." Paris 4, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA040232.
Full text17th century travel literature was not as completely under the sway of Homeric antiquity as is sometimes supposed. .
Aguiar, de Freitas Inès. "Pour une histoire naturelle de la géographie. Les voyageurs-naturalistes français au Brésil au siècle des Lumières." Paris 4, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA040098.
Full textThe fundamental aim of this thesis is to show that the modern geography find its roots in the natural history, in the 18th century. In order to prove it we took as example the French scientists travelers in Brazil during this time. The work of these teams of scientists, collectors, and illustrators displayed three features of decisive significance for the formation of geography as a distinctly modern, avowedly "objective" science: a concern for realism in description, for a systematic classification in collection, and for the comparative method in explanation. But the scientific project represented by naturalist's travels may not have seen as simple as that: naturalists didn't confine themselves to plants and animals. They also took a keen interest in peoples. And the extension of these scientific methods of observation, classification and comparison to peoples and societies had made the modern geography's subject possible. A new geography was born
Schneider, Pierre. "La confusion entre l'Inde et l'Ethiopie (VIIIème s. Av. J. -C. - VIème s. Ap. J. -C. )." Paris 4, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA040254.
Full textThe ancient texts, either geographical or not, offer us many cases of confusions between India and Ethiopia i. E. Anything relating to Africa is often named Indian and inversely. These many confusions whose a systematic inventory has been established appear in different fields: geography, history, mythology, fauna, flora and mineralogy. A careful study of all these texts allows us to understand much better the nature of this phenomenon. There is not a simple kind of confusion and the confusion is rarely a simple error. Particularly, it seems that Greek and roman people, contrary to the moderns, did not feel the confusion between India and Ethiopia as a problem. In others respects, this is not an uniform phenomenon. It has developed during the antiquity different evolutions, but it has been never really flagged. This analysis is completed with a thorough study of the texts written by authors who were inclined, more than others, to make confusions. The research of the causes of this phenomenon leads us to several directions. The Mesopotamian influence (the two meluhha) does not seem to be proved, but the Greek and roman way of thinking has led an important part. The geographical knowledge during the antiquity is a cause of confusion as well as the Indian Ocean trade which has fostered it. Finally, in certain cases, this phenomenon does not find its explanation in general causes but in individual causes which originates often in literature
Surun, Isabelle. "Géographies de l'exploration : la carte, le terrain et le texte : Afrique occidentale, 1780-1880." Paris, EHESS, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EHES0096.
Full textMaking use of the methods from social history of sciences, from epistemology of geography, from anthropology and from sociology of interaction, this work reconsiders the History of Africa's exploration. The scientific fundaments of the exploration project are studied here, along with practical modalities of exploratory travel and with the forms of its reception in european societies. Tje thesis bases itself upon a corpus of travel reports and publicatins from different geographical societies. These institutions have set frames to run the journey, validation's procedures and data processing, in order to draw the map. The construction of geographical knowledge is considered as the result of a task sharing between armchair geographers and explorers. The interactions and experience at play in the field, where the traveler is physycally and emotionnally involved, along with his cultural and social identity, also shape the processes of the investigation
Laurent, Véronique. "Description de la structure génétiques des populations de sardines européennes, Sardina pilchardus, dans un contexte d'évolution de l'espèce." Perpignan, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PERP0675.
Full textEuropean sardines is a pelagic species with an important economic interest. However, genetic structure, evolutionnary history and stock boundaries are not known. Few data are available and give contradictory informations. We studied genetic structure of populations of sardine in the whole and also in the Bay of Biscay. At least two stocks can be defined in the whole range, an atlantic european stock and a mediterranean one. Peripheral populations are genetically different and likely constitute other stocks but all boundaries are needed to be defined. We studied evolutionary history of populations of sardines and highlighted a recent expansion of the populations from the Pleistocene (100 000 years ago). We showed that the populations are under a phenomenon of population size reduction. We can not conclude if the reduction of the population size reflects the fishing impact or environmental conditions changes. In the Bay of Biscay, we showed the effective population size is high are related to estimate of abundance. We also estimated dispersal rate, equal to 103 km. Gen-1. This value is high comparing other aquatic species and likely reflects the pelagic life of sardines
Gautier, Dalché Patrick. "La "Descriptio mappe mundi" de Hugues de Saint-Victor : texte établi avec introduction et commentaire." Paris 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA010613.
Full textLe, Yaouanc Jean-Marie. "Formalisation de la description d'un environnement naturel. Application à la géo-localisation d'un individu." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00529036.
Full textGuédon, Stéphanie. "Voyager dans l'Afrique romaine d'Auguste à Augustin." Bordeaux 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR30085.
Full textThe importance of travelling practice in Proconsular Africa is underlined by the density of the ancient road network in the province. The study of travel leads us to consider the romanisation from an other angle than the often pushed forward urban structures. Definitions of travel are numerous and reflect the extreme diversity of situations : discovery tour, pleasure trip, business or private travel. Besides, the African context leads to wonder about the seminomadism practice under the Roman Empire. Literary sources first echo official travel, discovery tours at the beginning of the Roman Empire, and a few travels of emperors in the province. Besides, the development of African latin literature from the II century increases the private travel stories, particularly with Apulée and later Augustin. In other respects, the study of the African epigraphic sources gives a special lighting on the identification of living and dead travellers. The official and private practices of travelling don't have the same aims and involve different means. But all those practices of travelling serve convey the romanisation. So, at the end of Antiquity, the bounds of travelling in the Proconsular have become the place of promotion for the Roman politic order, adorned with the attributes of the Christian religion
Ponce, Françoise. "Impact de l'alimentation sur la dynamique des populations de tétras lyre (Tetrao tetrix) dans les Alpes françaises : méthodologie, description, sélection, nutrition." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20019.
Full textMerle, Alexandra. "Regards espagnols sur l'Empire ottoman à travers la littérature documentaire à l'époque moderne : une approche ethnographique ?" Paris 4, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA040368.
Full textThe analysis of the Spanish vision of the Ottoman empire through the documentary literature in the sixteenth and seventieth centuries shows that the specificities of Spain’s historical situation have no influence on the representations of human beings. These are similar to those of the whole Mediterranean Europe. We remark a coexistence of many visions, some polemic (not always dogmatic) and others objective, connected with a direct experience, even if a purpose of observation is not expressed. Human beings are at the center of preoccupations, as members of a society that is subject of an ethnographical approach
Faucher, Pascal. "Description de la variabilité verticale de l'Atlantique Nord en coordonnées isopycnales : application à l'assimilation de données altimétriques dans un modèle aux équations primitives." Toulouse 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001TOU30193.
Full textBellemare, Alex. "Mundus est fabula. L'imaginaire géographique dans la fiction utopique (XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCA125.
Full textWhy were utopian fictions in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries written in the form of a first person imaginary travel ? Most commentators study utopian literature as being a concept ; the form it adopts and the representations it deploys are considered, at best, incidental. Our hypothesis is quite different : these texts should interest the historian of literature precisely because they present themselves in the form of a narrative in which the subjectivity of the narrator is problematic. By their construction mixing factual and fictional elements, these texts can be read in the double perspective of the “world as fable” and the “fable as world”. We will study this duality through the notion of geographical imagination : the texts we analyze are addressing the links between travel and language, territory and society, mobility and subjectivity. The geographical imagination that we will interpret is a process that informs the perception of the world and the possibility of its representation. This doctoral thesis is divided in two parts : we will investigate depictions of space and spatial practices which are both mediations between the utopian traveler and the places he crosses
Boeglin, Noémie. "Représentations romanesques de la modernité parisienne dans le "Grand XIXème siècle", 1830-1913." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSES028/document.
Full textIn this thesis we study the representations of Parisian modernity during the “Grand XIXème siècle” through representative sampling of 31 novels. Modernity is for us like a tradition of the new incessantly renewed. Novels are the main source of this research, to which we add a source that we have created using textometry and GIS softwares. Authors describe the city of Paris by the walks of their characters. We can associate them with urban walk. We can identify and mapping these walks, by the names of streets which are used. So we can create a cartographic representation of the city of Paris in our sampling. Texts and maps are analyzed in the same time, because they give us two points of view of literary representations of Parisian modernity. We studied the modernity of Paris from the micro to the macro, from the intimate space of the housing to the large urban transformation operations. We identified four incarnations of modernity in the French capital: architecture, business, networks and transport. Modernity is an accumulation of characteristic markers. Some seem absent from the novels in our sampling. We consider them as contrasts of modernity, between absences, ambivalences and negative modernity
Miralles, André. "Ingénierie des modèles pour les applications environnementales." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00279669.
Full textSalmon, Olivier. "Alep dans la littérature de voyage européenne pendant la période ottomane." Thesis, Paris 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA040063.
Full textThe thesis establishes a corpus of more than four hundred European travellers and authors, passed or not through Aleppo during the Ottoman period (1516-1918), whose works evoke the Syrian metropolis within travel literature. As economic, cultural and religious centre located at the crossroads between Europe, Asia and Africa, Aleppo is a place of transit or residence for many travellers coming for different motivations. Their travel accounts can take many forms and are influenced by classical rhetorical models, particularly the praise of the city generating some topoi: the city is clean and well built, its air is pure and its gardens pleasant, the inhabitants are refined and tolerant. These topoi are scattered in time, space as well as in many literary genres. Their diffusion is favoured by the intertextual practices, but they do not reflect a specific European perspective, as Eastern sources – oral and written – take part in constructing knowledge about the city. The originality of Aleppo lies in scarcity of Christian, Greco-Roman and Crusaders recollections, which leads to low presence in the nineteenth century despite the importance of the city. This paradox reveals what European travellers look mainly for: themselves through their own history
Reneteaud, Gaëlle. "Du merveilleux au scientifique. Évolution de la représentation de l’Islande en France entre le XVIe et le XIXe siècles." Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040198.
Full textThe Icelandic case it is about understanding how the image of a country can be shaped from elsewhere and by literary vectors. The image of Iceland in France has been shaped as a distant and mysterious country, a picture that still persists in the minds today, the island has preserved the element of the unknown and this enigmatic appearance, despite numerous contemporary sources. Cliches and stereotypes are still perpetuated today in the French collective imagination. The Iceland history remains relatively unknown, its artistic and cultural influence nevertheless confers a non-negligible presence on the international stage. This work not only intends to contribute to the construction of the history of the representations of Iceland, but it also aims to understand the political and economic conditions that allowed the spreading in Europe of the representations of this country, customs and culture of its inhabitants. This thesis also seeks to show how all collective image of Iceland have been interpreted in the history of representations. To meet the deficit of researches on Iceland and its representations, it will combine contextualized analysis of a literary corpus (travel stories and scientific articles) and an iconographic corpus (universal cosmographies) containing engravings and maps, to understand how it was possible to perceive a population and a territory that had long been designated as outside Europe
Levy-Jahanbakht, Dominique. "A la découverte de l'Iran entre tradition et modernité : récits de voyages en Iran entre 1906 et 1941 : quête de savoirs et discours interculturels de voyageurs germanophones." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAC011/document.
Full textThis thesis aims at analyzing the discourses on Iran in the narratives of German-speaking travelers between 1906 and 194. The body of literature is made of thirty narratives written by scientists and their spouses, businessmen, diplomats and writers. The analysis is structured along the perception of nature, the vision of technical progress, and the judgements of religions and women’s conditions. This research questions the means of circulation of knowledge in these stories and the specificity of the female travel story.The thesis takes into account the influence rooted in the travelers’ cultural background and their criticism of European values. If some travelers’ narratives demonstrate the importance of interaction with the local population and challenge the supremacy of European-like progress, others, and especially the women’s narratives, offer the image of a German patriarchal society the travelers sought to escape
Brosset, David. "Description d'itinéraire en milieu naturel : modèle intégré de description verbale et de représentation spatiale au sein des systèmes d'information géographique." Phd thesis, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004345.
Full textBenois, Élodie. "Une éthique descriptive de la ville au regard des éthiques de l'environnement : le cas du projet Imaginer-Réaliser Montréal 2025." Thèse, 2009. http://constellation.uqac.ca/170/1/030112156.pdf.
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