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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Descriptive Linguistics'
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Arnold, Douglas John. "Theoretical and descriptive issues in machine translation." Thesis, University of Essex, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.290765.
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Azam, Yasir. "Compounding in Malay : a descriptive analysis." Thesis, University of Essex, 2016. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/20257/.
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This study concerns Malay compounding. The aim is to have an in-depth description and analysis of the topic which will create a more comprehensive and systematic understanding of the phenomenon in the language. Various features and issues in relation to compounding are identified and explored in order to achieve this aim. Given that Malay compounds and phrases are structurally similar, the question of whether compounding is a morphological or syntactical product is first entertained. Discussion on this issue favours the understanding that compounds can be distinct objects from those of structurally identical phrasal ones in Malay language. The focus is then given on the topics of definition, components, headedness, criteria and classification of compounds as the foundations of Malay compoundhood. It is agreed that Malay can have left, right and headless compounds, with the prototypical structures of [X Y] (X)(Y) for endocentric and [X Y] (Z) for exocentric compounds. It is also agreed that the measures for Malay compounds (with degrees of suitability) are the syntactical criteria (inseparability, modification, component switching, circumfixation and reduplication), phonological criteria (stress and assimilation), and semantic criteria (compositional/lexicalised status) of compoundhood. This study also supports the classification of Malay compounds base on the relationship between their components, i.e. under the subordinative, attributive or coordinative relationships. Based on these foundations, this study is able to analyse and organize the different types of compounds available from the corpus, among others the (NN, NV, NA) nominal compounds, the (VN, VV, VA) verbal compounds, the (AN, AA) adjectival compounds and the idiomatic compounds. In general, the attributive relationship has the most common occurrence throughout the analysis, followed by the coordinative ones, and finally the extremely limited subordinative relationship. The discussions and findings of this study have definitely enhanced the overall knowledge on Malay compounding.
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Barasa, David. "Ateso Grammar: A descriptive account of an Eastern Nilotic Language." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25182.
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This study discusses the structure of Ateso, an Eastern Nilotic language. Based on interview and recorded data from fieldwork conducted in both Uganda and Kenya, where Ateso is spoken, the study provides the first comprehensive description of the phonology, morphology and syntax of the language. The main findings of this study are as follows: The key feature of Ateso's phonological structure is that vowel alternation strategies are constrained by three harmony rules: root-control, feature-control, and, finally, mid-vowel assimilation. While Ateso shares this structure with the other Eastern Nilotic languages, it has its unique features as well. For example, while the other members of the Eastern Nilotic family have lost the vowel */ä/, Ateso has retained it phonetically. Ateso's noun morphology has noun-inflectional affixes associated with gender- and number marking. The language employs noun prefixes for gender and uses suffixes to express number and to derive words from others. With regard to its verbal morphology, Ateso verb forms are inflected for a variety of functions. Inflectional categories such as person, number, tense, aspect and mood are marked on the verb either segmentally or supra-segmentally. Tense is expressed suprasegmentally by tone on the nucleus of verb roots, while different morphemes mark person, number, aspect and mood. The discussion of Ateso verb morphology covers verbal derivations and extensions; namely, causatives, ventives, itives, datives, iterative, passives and instrumentals. Regarding its syntactic structure, as a VS/VO language, Ateso allows for a complete clause made up of an inflected verb only, or an inflected verb followed by one or two NPs/or an NP and a pronoun. The language can also have sentence structures involving strategies such as coordination, subordination and clause chaining.
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Miyashita, Mizuki. "Tohono O'odham syllable weight: Descriptive, theoretical and applied aspects." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280102.
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This dissertation is a model of a unified study of three linguistic aspects: description, theory and application. Tohono O'odham syllable weight is investigated within these linguistic aspects. I propose that O'odham diphthongs are categorized into two groups based on their weight: light (monomoraic) diphthongs and heavy (bimoraic) diphthongs. This is opposed to generally understood diphthong classifications (i.e., falling vs. rising). My conclusion is supported by empirical facts, including morpho-phonological and phonetic phenomena. The generalization is theoretically accounted for within the framework of Optimality Theory (McCarthy and Price 1993, Prince and Smolensky 1993). Moraicity of the light/heavy diphthongs and short/long vowels are analogous, and the larger classification of Tohono O'odham vowels is made: Class L (monomoraic vowels) and Class H (bimoraic vowels). However, the distribution of the vowels depends on syllable type: stressed, unstressed and irregularly stressed. This dependency is accounted for by the following: (i) Predictable moraic structure is not specified in input (this is explained with a proposed constraint, MORAINDISPENSABLILITY or MI); (ii) Moraic specification is in the input only where it must be lexically specified (long vowels and irregularly stressed diphthongs); (iii) Light diphthongs surface as monomoraic due to the loss of a mora. In order to account for the relationship between the unstressed position and light diphthongs, I propose a constraint, POSITIONALDIET, a relative of the Stress-to-Weight Principle or SWP (Prince 1990). Evidence for the diphthong classification comes from an acoustic study of a native speaker and learners of Tohono O'odham. In addition to supporting the classification, the differences between English and Tohono O'odham speakers' treatment of diphthongs is explained with respect to the fact that English diphthongs are always heavy. Finally, implications of this study for Tohono O'odham language teaching are discussed.
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Selting, Margret. "Descriptive categories for the auditive analysis of intonation in conversation." Universität Potsdam, 1987. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2010/4198/.
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A system of descriptive categories for the notation and analysis of intonation in natural conversation is presented and discussed in relation to other systems currently suggested for incorporation in discourse analysis, The categories are based on purely auditive criteria. They differ from e.g. tonetic approaches by relying more on transcribers' and analysts' perception of the form and internal
cohesiveness of contours, especially with respect to rhythmicality and/or pitch contour (gestalt). Intonation is conceived of as a relational phenomenon; the role of intonation in conversational utterances can only be analyzed by considering its co-occurrence with other properties of utterances like syntactic, semantic and discourse organizational structures and devices. In general, intonation is viewed as one signalling system contributing to the contextualization of utterances in their conversational context. A broad functional differentiation between different types of intonation categories seems plausible: Local categories like accents might fulfill mainly semantic functions, while global categories like different contour types might fulfill primarily functions with respect to the interactive coordination of activities in conversation.
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Alrashed, Abdulmajeed S. "Descriptive Analysis of Qassimi Arabic| Phonemic Vowels, Syllable Structure and Epenthetic Vowels, and Affrication." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10752080.
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The present study seeks to provide a descriptive analysis of three phonological topics in Qassimi Arabic (QA)—a local variety of Najdi Arabic spoken mainly in Qassim, Saudi Arabia—based on data collected from a total of twenty-two native QA speakers. The topics are phonemic vowels, syllable structure and epenthetic vowels, and affrication. The participant recruitment was the same for all the three topics, but each topic was investigated using its own materials and methods.
Regarding the phonemic vowels in QA, the study based the results on 157 words collected from three native Qassimi speakers. Previous studies have claimed that QA has eight phonemic vowels—three short and five long. However, the findings argue that QA has nine phonemic vowels—four short vowels and five long ones. The four-short vowel system is an empirical claim since previous studies indicated that /a/ is a conditioned allophone, which is challenged in the present study by providing clear minimal pairs, such as /daf/ ‘warm up’ and /daf/ ‘he pushed’. It also indicates that short vowels have narrow vowel space compared to their long counterparts.
As for the syllable structure and epenthetic vowels, the study based its results on the analysis of 419 words targeting the syllable structure, and 72 words targeting epenthetic vowels. The results reveal that QA has 12 syllable structures, which are CV, CVV, CCV, CCVV, CVC, CVVC, CCVC, CCVVC, CVCC, VC, and VCC. The latter two structures are empirical findings to the study since the previous body of research claim that QA has the first ten structures. Regarding the location epenthetic vowels, the results suggest that they can occur, in a sequence of multiple consonants, after the first consonant, after the second consonant, and after the third consonant. These different locations are conditioned by the surrounding environment and/or the syllable structure. In addition, the quality of epenthetic vowels seems to be inconsistent, in coda group, since the participants inserted either [i], [a], [ϵ], or [i], while it is consistent in across-stem group.
In discussing the affrication, the present study investigates the environment that triggers the affrication process in the Qassimi Arabic (QA), and explores whether the syllabic structure or position in the word play a role in the process. It also investigates the phonological domain of the affrication, and the activeness of the affrication process. Based on the 282 words that have the sounds /ts, dz, k, g/, the study has identified important counter evidence to the claim that the affrication process is triggered by front vowels. This study shows that the alveolar affricates /ts/ and /dz/ occur in the environment of almost all vowels since it is occurred before/after [i, e, a, “special character omitted”, o] as well as providing multiple contrastive environments including several minimal pairs, (e.g. [j
I
mkI
n] ‘maybe’ [jI
mtsI
n] ‘overtake’). It also provides counter evidence for the claim that geminate consonants block the affrication. This study also demonstrates that the syllabic structure is irrelevant to the affrication process since it occurs in onset and coda position in monosyllabic and multisyllabic words. Finally, the study reveals that the affrication process cannot be triggered by affixation, even if the claimed environment is met, which might indicate that to domain of the affrication is the stem in which all the affricated words are monomorphemic words.In sum, the present study suggests that Najdi varieties should be studied individually since they tend to have specific features that might not be shared with other varieties. That is, just because a feature may be found to exist in one type of Najdi Arabic, it cannot be assumed that feature is also attested in all other closely related varieties.
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Lutalo, Kiingi Sam. "A descriptive grammar of morphosyntactic constructions in Ugandan Sign Language (UgSL)." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2014. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/10566/.
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The Ugandan Deaf Community, consisting of approximately 25,000 sign language users, has seen significant developments in its recent history. Government recognition of sign language, establishment of schools for the deaf, and the beginnings of research into Ugandan Sign Language (UgSL) have been important milestones. While Deaf Ugandans are entering university level education for the first time, a number of challenges to the community remain. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the linguistic structures of UgSL in order to produce a description of the language’s morphosyntax. There is a close relationship between word (or sign) properties and syntactic expressions, so UgSL is described here in terms of its morphosyntactic constructions, rather than a differentiation between morphological and syntactic features (cf. Croft 2001; Wilkinson 2013:260). While a substantial number of such descriptions exist for languages outside of Africa, this thesis is the first attempt at describing the morphosyntax of an African sign language. Many African sign languages are severely under-documented, and some are endangered. This study uses an inductive approach and a corpus-based methodology, examining how UgSL signers construct utterances of morphosyntactic complexity. The thesis is in three parts: part I is an introduction and overview of UgSL and also provides the theoretical and methodological background; part II provides a preliminary survey of UgSL grammar to provide a sider context for subsequent chapters; and part III is a detailed survey of five morphosyntactic domains of UgSL. The author is a native Deaf user of UgSL and a member of the Ugandan Deaf Community, as well as being fluent in several other sign languages and participating in international communities of Deaf people.
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Mahdi, Q. R. "The spoken Arabic of Basra, Iraq : a descriptive study of phonology, morphology and syntax." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332105.
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Wang, Xiulu. "Bridging the political and the personal : a descriptive study of literary translation in contemporary China." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2010. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/55907/.
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With the development of Descriptive Translation Studies (e.g. Even-Zohar, 1978; Toury, 1995), and more importantly, with the ‘cultural turn’ and the subsequent ‘power turn’ in Translation Studies (e.g. Bassnett and Lefevere, 1990; Tymoczko and Gentzler, 2002), it is now generally recognized that translation is not a mere linguistic phenomenon, but a complex social and political process involving competing values and ideologies. This thesis aims at presenting a manifold and multifaceted vision of literary translation in contemporary China, while at the same time, remaining critically aware of our own positions and perspectives. Derived from the researcher’s personal experiences in and observation of China’s highly politicised literary milieu, the current study of literary translation is carried out from two different perspectives. The first is related to the social and political dimension of translation, which is concerned with the general context of translation, translation practices, literary norms as well as the structures that support them. The second perspective focuses on the more personal dimension, which is influenced by personalities and dispositions of the individuals involved in translation. Moving along the spectrum with political coercion and pressure on one end and personal decisions and responsibilities on the other, this thesis asserts that the political and the personal are two sharply different yet intimately intertwined domains of translation. In conclusion, it is recommended that future research should place greater emphasis on the dialectical relationship between lived personal experience and structural power relations in translation. This emphasis, as is demonstrated in this thesis, will provide a base for us to recognize the centrality of human agency and the possibility of resistance through translation, to understand translation as a site of power struggle and potential change, and finally, to strive for translation research and practice that is more socially relevant and personally meaningful.
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Chang, Nam Fung. "Yes prime manipulator : a descriptive study of a Chinese translation of British political humour." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1997. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/4219/.
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This is a descriptive study of Chang Nam Fung's Chinese translation of Jonathan Lynn and Antony Jay's Yes Prime Minister, a text characterized by British political humour. Adopting a target-oriented approach, it aims primarily to uncover the regularities which mark the relationships between function, process and product of the translated text, thus adding to the limited inventory of case studies in the field. Targeted mainly towards readers in mainland China, the translation was done at a time (1987-1992) when the political scene in the People's Republic went through cycles of repression and relaxation in the face of a democratic movement, while the translation tradition remained one that upheld the primacy of the original -- a poetics that is determined by the ideological concept of loyalty. Working under the constraints of the ideological and poetological norms dominant in China, the translator nevertheless wished to produce a text with artistic value and a potential to function as a political satire in the Chinese context, posing a challenge to those norms. This skopos has determined the use of manipulative strategies in the translation process, The translation product is thus found to have been overdetermined by the interplay of a large number of factors besides the source text: socio-political conditions, literary and translation traditions, and the translator's poetics and ideology. Finally, the findings are brought to bear on a number of translation theories, especially Polysystem theory and other cultural theories of translation in whose frameworks the study has been carried out. An augmented version of the polysystem hypothesis is proposed, the gist of which is that the political and the ideological polysystems, each consisting of competing systems, normally assume central positions in the macro-polysystem of culture, issuing norms that influence norms originating from other polysystems, and that translation activities are governed by norms originating from various polysystems. It is hoped that this tentative 'macro-polysystem hypothesis, after refinement by theorists and test by researchers, can better accommodate investigations into the role of the translator together with other socio-cultural factors involved in translation, especially the power relations.
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Kent, Carolyn E. (Carolyn Elizabeth). "A Tagmemic Analysis of Coherence in the Writing of Descriptive Texts by College Students." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1988. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331512/.
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For this study an attempt was made to bridge the disciplines of linguistics and composition in order to examine factors contributing to textual coherence. Pairs of descriptive texts written by fifty college students were examined in order to identify the factors which differentiate quality and topic.
Students were asked to compose a descriptive paragraph on the topic of fall. They were then encouraged to use their five senses, given leaves, and asked to compose a paragraph describing the leaves. The pairs of texts thus elicited were evaluated for preference by readers. The ANOVA revealed a significant difference (p=.001) between the two topics with fall texts preferred over the more specific leaves texts. Results suggest that encouraging students to use their five senses does not improve their writing. It may be more important to move through various levels of abstraction than to merely focus on sensory detail.
The texts were also scored holistically by two trained evaluators. Results of this grading were used to choose five high- and five low-coherence texts on each of the two topics. These 20 texts were then analyzed in terms of the tagmemic referential hierarchy. A MANOVA was done to examine the dependent variables of Slot (location in time or space), Role (purpose or reason), and Cohesion (sociocultural context) in relation to quality and topic for these texts. Slot was found to be significant for both quality (p=.025) and topic (p=.004). Role was significant only for quality (p=.001). Cohesion was nonsignificant for either quality or topic. These results suggest that students should: (a) be encouraged to locate their texts in time and space in order to develop an adequate context for readers; (b) be encouraged to include purposes and reasons for the statements they make; and (c) be encouraged, where appropriate, to include a focus on humans and their activities (either literal or figurative) since such reference is a distinguishing feature of high-coherence texts.
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Khamkhien, Attapol. "A corpus-based investigation of macro and micro structures in applied linguistics research articles in the TCI database : descriptive and pedagogic dimensions." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2018. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/106946/.
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Previous studies have used a genre approach and move-based analysis as a tool for unpacking discourse organisation of text. Likewise, corpus-based approaches, as a bottom-up method, have been applied to investigate vocabulary patterns, their distribution and typical linguistic characteristics within the text. These two approaches are considered complementary, offering insights into the discourse patterns of a genre. Few studies, however, have attempted to combine these two methodological perspectives and then develop a pedagogic intervention based on the description. This study integrated move-based and phraseological approaches with the specific objectives of scrutinising the macro- and micro-structure of applied linguistic research articles written in English and indexed in the Thai Citation Index (TCI) database, along with investigating Thai novice researchers’ and graduate students’ perceptions of article writing for publication and responses to a workshop. The research comprised two constitutive strands: one descriptive, and one interventionist. The descriptive phase began with developing a move-based coding protocol. I then examined the four conventional sections of 50 research articles (RAs) to identify the ways in which the discourse of these texts was organised. A corpus-based approach, with qualitative support, was then applied to extract pedagogically interesting n-grams: functional n- grams and content-based n-grams, from a dataset of 110 RA texts (the original group of 50 plus an additional 60). Concerning the interventionist strand, I carried out workshops applying the knowledge obtained from the descriptive phase to raise Thai novice scholars’ and graduate students’ awareness vis-à-vis article writing. Data regarding perceptions of this process were elicited through semi-structured interviews with six faculty members and two graduate students.
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Nakao, Shuichiro. "A Grammar of Juba Arabic." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/225334.
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Tuchscherer, Konrad Timothy. "The #Kikakui' (Mende) syllabary and number writing system : descriptive, historical and ethnographic accounts of a West African tradition of writing." Thesis, Boston Spa, U.K. : British Library Document Supply Centre, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.362981.
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Jantjies, Wesley. "The discourse marker mos in rural varieties of Afrikaans in the Western Cape: A descriptive study of syntactic patterns and pragmatic function." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1927.
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Thesis (MA (General Linguistics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis considers the linguistic item mos as it occurs in the speech of non-standard Cape Afrikaans speakers from the rural areas of the Western Cape, namely Montague, Worcester, Robertson, Touwsrivier, De Doorns, and Beaufort West. The syntactic and pragmatic properties of mos are described, as well as its prevalence in discourse in relation to particular social factors. Properties and functions of adverbs and discourse markers, as discussed by Ponelis (1985), Schiffrin (1987, 2001), and Fraser (1993, 1999, 2001), are applied to mos in terms of its syntactic characterisation as an adverb and as a discourse marker. The pragmatic analysis of mos is based on the analysis of discourse markers, such as you know in English, by Schiffrin (1987, 2001). With regard to the grammatical properties of mos, it was found that mos behaves much like an adverb in terms of syntactic distribution, yet it does not fulfil all the grammatical functions of an adverb, which is why it is being analysed as a discourse marker. The functions of mos as an adverb are restricted; mos does not perform the adverbial function of modifying verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, and prepositional phrases; rather, the entire proposition expressed by the utterance is modified or qualified by the use of mos. Its discourse marker functions follow from this property; discourse markers tend to retain the distributional properties of the syntactic category from which they are derived – in this case, the discourse marker mos is derived from the syntactic category of adverb. The position of mos within the sentence, both medial and final, is grammatically determined and has a grammatical relationship with other constituents in the sentence. This is similar for its function as adverb and as discourse marker. Mos is bound to the sentence structure, yet it may still be removed from the sentence without affecting grammaticality; however, in such an event the intended interpretation may not be as explicit. In analysing the discourse functions of mos, a number of pragmatic functions were identified: (i) mos indicates information as general knowledge and knowledge that should be known; (ii) it presents information as necessary in order for a narrative to be understood; (iii) it functions in the development of meta-knowledge in order to discover knowledge which the hearer has about a particular topic; (iv) it presents information which is to be interpreted as a causal or reason for a particular event or situation; (v) it presents a position or opinion in an argument which is to be regarded as fact; and (vi) it reveals logical relationships between two utterances.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis handel oor die linguistiese item mos soos dit in die spraak van nie-standaard Kaapse Afrikaanse sprekers in die landelike gebiede van die Wes-Kaap, naamlik Montague, Worcester, Robertson, Touwsrivier, De Doorns, en Beaufort-Wes voorkom. Die tesis beskryf die sintaktiese en pragmatiese eienskappe van mos, sowel as die effek van spesifieke sosiale faktore op die voorkoms daarvan in diskoers. Die eienskappe en funksies van bywoorde en diskoersmerkers, soos deur Ponelis (1985), Schiffrin (1987, 2001), en Fraser (1993, 1999, 2001) bespreek, word op mos toegepas in terme van sy sintaktiese karakterisering as bywoord. Die pragmatiese analise van mos is gebasseer op Schiffrin (1987, 2001) se analise van diskoersmerkers, byvoorbeeld you know ("jy weet") in Engels. Wat betref die grammatikale eienskappe van mos is daar gevind dat mos soos ‘n bywoord optree in terme van sintakties verspreiding. Dit vervul egter nie al die grammatikale funksies van ‘n bywoord nie; om daardie rede word dit as ‘n diskoersmerker ontleed. Die funksies van mos as ‘n bywoord is beperk; mos modifiseer nie werkwoorde, byvoeglikenaamwoorde, ander bywoorde, of preposisionele frases nie, maar dit modifiseer wel die algehele proposisie wat uitgedruk word deur die uiting. Die diskoersmerker-funksies volg vanuit hierdie eienskap. Diskoersmerkers is geneig om die sintaktiese gedrag van die sintaktiesie kategorie waarvan hulle afgelei is, te behou; in hierdie geval is die diskoersmerker mos afgelei vanaf die sintaktiese kategorie bywoord. Mos kan in die middel of aan die einde van die sin voorkom en sy posisie word grammatikaal bepaal. Dit is die geval vir beide sy funksie as bywoord en as diskoersmerker. Mos is verbind met die sinstruktuur (anders as ander diskoersmerkers), maar dit kan steeds uit die sin verwyder word sonder om grammatikaliteit te beïnvloed; die bedoelde interpretasie mag in so 'n geval egter minder eksplisiet wees. Met die analise van die diskoersfunksies van mos is ‘n aantal pragmatiese funksies geïdentifiseer: (i) mos dui inligting as algemene kennis aan of as inligting wat reeds bekend behoort te wees aan die gespreks genote; (ii) dit stel inligting as noodsaaklik tot die begrip van narratiewe voor; (iii) dit funksioneer in die ontwikkeling van meta-kennis; (iv) dit merk inligting weer wat as rede vir ‘n spesifieke gebeurtenis of situasie geïnterpreteer kan word; (v) dit dui ‘n posisie of ‘n opinie aan wat as feit aanvaar word in ‘n argument; en (vi) dit lê logiese verhoudings tussen uitings bloot.
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Westling, Måns. "A Qualitative Descriptive Translation Study of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of English, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-8055.
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This essay is a qualitative descriptive translation study concerning two translations of Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet into Swedish. The purpose of the study is to investigate the translational behaviour of the translators and the translation norms that govern this behaviour.
By thoroughly analysing stretches of the play, the study will attempt to locate translation shifts (linguistic changes) that occur in the translation from the source text to the target text. These changes are connected with the translators’ fidelity towards e.g. the metre of the verse or the sense transfer of puns. The analysis also comprises a survey of the translation norms that the translators adhere to. These norms, stated by the translators themselves, are connected to their translation approach. Thus, the study will reveal the differences of translation behaviour and analyse them from a wider perspective. The translations were made around 1840 and in 1982, respectively. The considerable space in time in itself suggests that linguistic differences will occur. However, the study will also find differences as regards the purposes of the translations. The older translation appears to be performed in a tradition of fidelity to the written text and its literary qualities, whereas the modern translation clearly has the purpose of being used for the stage performance. The latter is stated by the translator himself, who also argues that Shakespeare is to be considered drama and not literature.
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Yamamoto, Kyosuke. "A semantic approach to Ilocano Grammar." Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/242310.
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Fleck, David W. "Sugerencias metodológicas para realizar trabajo de campo lingüístico en la Amazonía." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/101354.
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En el presente artículo, propongo una metodología y ofrezco algunas recomendaciones de carácter práctico para realizar trabajo descriptivo con lenguas poco estudiadas, a partir de mi propia experiencia de campo en la Amazonía occidental. Los temas desarrollados aquí incluyen la evaluación y uso de la literatura lingüística disponible, la preparación para la permanencia en el campo, el trato con los hablantes de la lengua en cuestión, las técnicas de recolección de datos y la escritura del trabajo descriptivo. El énfasis del artículo se centra en la búsqueda de estrategias para que la recolección de materiales sea lo más objetiva y rigurosa posible y para que las descripciones sean más responsables y confiables.---In this article, I propose a methodology and some practical recommendations to make descriptive fieldwork with little-described languages based on my own field experience in the Western Amazonia. The topics I develop here include the evaluation and use of the linguistic literature available, the preparation for the permanence in the field, the relationship with the language speakers, the techniques for gathering data and the process of writing a descriptive piece of work. I try to stress the importance of strategies to make the collection of the data as objective and rigorous as possible and the description as responsible and reliable as it can be.
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Konnerth, Linda. "A Grammar of Karbi." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/17928.
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Karbi is a Tibeto-Burman (TB) language spoken by half a million people in the Karbi Anglong district in Assam, Northeast India, and surrounding areas in the extended Brahmaputra Valley area. It is an agglutinating, verb-final language.
This dissertation offers a description of the dialect spoken in the hills of the Karbi Anglong district. It is primarily based on a corpus that was created during a total of fifteen months of original fieldwork, while building on and expanding on research reported by Grüßner in 1978. While the exact phylogenetic status of Karbi inside TB has remained controversial, this dissertation points out various putative links to other TB languages.
The most intriguing aspect of Karbi phonology is the tone system, which carries a low functional load. While three tones can be contrasted on monosyllabic roots, the rich agglutinating morphology of Karbi allows the formation of polysyllabic words, at which level tones lose most of their phonemicity, while still leaving systematic phonetic traces.
Nouns and verbs represent the two major word classes of Karbi at the root level; property-concept terms represent a subclass of verbs.
At the heart of Karbi morphosyntax, there are two prefixes of Proto-TB provenance that have diachronically shaped the grammar of the language: the possessive prefix a- and the nominalizer ke-. Possessive a- attaches to nouns that are modified by preposed elements and represents the most frequent morpheme in the corpus. Nominalization involving ke- forms the basis for a variety of predicate constructions, including most of Karbi subordination as well as a number of main clause constructions. In addition to nominalization, subordination commonly involves clause chaining.
Noun phrases may be marked for their clausal role via -phān `non-subject' or -lòng `locative' but frequently remain unmarked for role. Their pragmatic status can be indicated with information structure markers for topic, focus, and additivity.
Commonly used discourse constructions include elaborate expressions and parallelism more generally, general extenders, copy verb constructions, as well as a number of final particles.
Audio files are available of the texts given in the appendices, particular examples illustrating phonological issues, and phonetic recordings of tone minimal sets.
Supplemental files are located at: https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/handle/1794/13657
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Mokrani, Soraya. "Etude comparée des parlers du groupe bantu kota-kele (B20) du Gabon : a la recherche de nouveaux critères classificatoires." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2092.
Full textAbstract:
La présente thèse a deux objectifs principaux. Le premier objectif est de proposer une description de la phonologie et de la morphologie de base pour l’ensemble des parlers B20 connus à ce jour (16 au total). Le deuxième objectif est de mettre au jour de nouveaux critères, non lexicaux, en vue de l’amélioration et de la consolidation de la classification interne de ce groupe resté largement inconnu pendant longtemps.Les parlers B20 sont tous relativement proches les uns des autres, de tous les points de vue. Par conséquent, trouver des critères non lexicaux pour faire avancer les connaissances dialectologiques n’est pas chose aisée. Seule une description fine peut permettre de le faire. Je me suis focalisée sur la phonologie des parlers, sans ignorer pour autant ce que j’avais pu collecter comme données sur la morphologie nominale (classes nominales et PN) et verbale. La première grande partie de la thèse présente l’essentiel des résultats de cette étude fastidieuse. Ces résultats ont à leur tour alimentés l’étude présentée dans la seconde grande partie, consacrée elle à la dialectologie et plus précisément à la recherche de nouveaux critères pouvant être utiles pour la classification interne. L’étude des critères potentiellement utiles pour la dialectologie a révélé que les critères morphologiques retenus tendent à mieux confirmer les propositions de classification interne existantes (et établis sur la base de données lexicales) que les différents critères phonologiques. Si les premiers ont globalement tendance à corroborer les deux, voire trois sous-groupes proposés notamment par Grollemund (2012) et confirmer, indirectement, le caractère flottant du B20 (Bastin & Piron, 1999), les derniers révèlent une disparité bien plus grande au sein du groupe kota-kele. Cette thèse présente d’autres atouts. Elle constitue une contribution importante au travail de documentation des langues bantu menacées de disparition. En plus des nombreuses informations d’ordre linguistique, culturel et historique, la thèse apporte aussi sa pierre à l’édifice quant à l’élaboration d’un atlas linguistique du Gabon et à la classification des langues de ce paysThis doctoral dissertation has two main objectives. The first objective is to provide a description of the phonology and morphology base for all B20 dialects known to date (16 in total). The second objective is to uncover new criteria, nonlexical, for the improvement and consolidation of the internal classification of this group which has remained largely unknown for long.B20 dialects are all relatively close to each other, from all points of view. Therefore, finding nonlexical criteria to improve our understanding of the dialectological structure of this group is not an easy task. Only thorough linguistic description can change this. I focused on the phonology of the dialects, but did not ignore data about noun morphology (nominal classes and noun prefixes) and very basic verb morphology. The first major part of the thesis presents the results of this fastidious study. These results in turn are the basis for the study presented in the second major part which is comparative in nature and dedicated to dialectology and the search for potentially useful new criteria for the improvement of the internal classification of the group.The careful study of potentially useful criteria for dialectology revealed that the selected morphological criteria tend to better confirm existing internal classification proposals (mainly based on lexical data) than the various phonological criteria. If the former generally tend to corroborate the two or three subgroups proposed earlier (particularly by Grollemund (2012)) and confirm, indirectly, the floating nature of the B20 (Bastin and Piron, 1999), the latter clearly reveal a much larger disparity within the Kota-Kele group.This doctoral dissertation also has other assets. It is an important contribution to the ongoing documentation of Bantu languages, many of them being currently threatened with extinction. In addition to extensive linguistic, cultural and historical information, the thesis also wants to make a significant contribution to the development of a linguistic atlas of Gabon and to the classification of the Gabonese languages
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Barjasteh, Delforooz Behrooz. "Discourse Features in Balochi of Sistan : (Oral Narratives)." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik och filologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-129832.
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This work presents a first study of discourse features in Balochi narratives of Sistan. Discourse analysis investigates what are the properties that make for well-formed texts in a language. There are many approaches to discourse analysis and most approaches focus on a particular aspect of text formation. The approach to text linguistics or discourse analysis taken in this work is based on Dooley and Levinsohn’s Analyzing Discourse: A manual of basic concepts (2001). Their methodology has been refined over years of practical use and, among diverse methodologies, they follow a functional and cognitive approach. In this dissertation, Roberts’ (2009) application of Dooley and Levinsohn’s methodology to Persian is followed in the study of our Sistani Balochi text corpus. In chapters 2-7 this approach is applied to Balochi narrative text. Chapter two introduces the reader to the discourse-pragmatic structuring of sentences in BS and chapter three shows how different syntactic devices can distinguish foreground and background information in BS oral texts. In chapter four we study the deixis of time and place and how the concept of proximal and distal deixis applies across a range of deictic elements. Chapter five examines some basic connectives and how they link propositions in the discourse context, and in chapter six reported speech is studied. Chapter seven illustrates how different participants are introduced into a discourse and how their activation status is signalled throughout the discourse. Appendix 1 contains details of the Balochi text-corpus used, and Appendix 2 contains interlinearized versions of ten of the main texts used in the study. A CD with nine audio files and one video file of the ten texts from Appendix 2, plus one extra video file, is also included.
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Poortvliet, Marjolein. "Perception and predication : a synchronic and diachronic analysis of Dutch descriptive perception verbs as evidential copular verbs." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:71136ea5-67a8-4a76-ad8d-e0c26e820c45.
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Descriptive perception verbs have failed to receive a uniform analysis in previous verb classifications (cf. Chomsky 1965, Rogers 1974, Hengeveld 1992, Levin 1993, Van Eynde et al. 2014). This thesis argues that the descriptive perception verbs in Dutch (i.e. eruitzien 'look', klinken 'sound', voelen 'feel', ruiken 'smell', and smaken 'taste') should be classified as copular verbs, much like lijken 'seem' and schijnen 'seem'. This classification is supported by both the synchronic and diachronic behaviour of these verbs in Dutch. Synchronically, proposing that Germanic copular verbs (as opposed to copulas) are defined by their syntax rather than their (empty) semantics, I discuss that the Dutch descriptive perception verbs behave like stereotypical copular verbs: they require a predicative complement, usually in the form of an adjective. Semantically, the Dutch descriptive perception verbs are much like the copular verbs blijken 'turn out', lijken 'seem' and schijnen 'seem' in terms of epistemicity and evidentiality. Diachronically, I hypothesize that the Dutch descriptive perception verbs have evolved from one of the following two origins: either from intransitive verbs (as is the case for klinken and ruiken), much like English remain, through grammaticalization processes of semantic bleaching and reanalysis; or from cognitive perception verbs (as is the case of eruitzien and voelen), as found in Latin, Japanese and Zulu, through the process of argument reordering. The origin of smaken is not clear, and is left for future research. I show that other Germanic evidential copular verbs (i.e. lijken, schijnen 'seem', scheinen 'seem', seem) have developed diachronically in a uniform fashion, suggesting the following grammaticalization path: from a lexical verb to a copular verb, to taking a that-complement, an infinitival complement or a like-complement, and eventually being used in parenthetical constructions. The results of this thesis indicate that the Dutch descriptive perception verbs are only at the beginning of this grammaticalization path, but are on their way to becoming grammaticalized evidential copular verbs.
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Griefenow-Mewis, Catherine. "J. L. Krapf and his role in researching and describing East-African languages." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-95605.
Full textAbstract:
Dealing with the bibliographies and publications about and by J. L. Krapf, especially in the archives of the Basle Mission I was astonished and I got the feeling that such an amount and such a variety of work could not have been done by one person only. At fist, Krapf was a missionary by profession. He and Rebmann were called the pioneers of the East-African mission. Beyond this, however, different missionary societies were encouraged by the publications and proposals of Krapf to work in East Africa, e.g. the Church Missionary Society in the service of which Krapf and Rebmann started their work in Rabai Mpya, the Swedish Evangelical mission, the Methodist Mission, the St. Crishona Mission, the Hermannsburg Mission and the Berlin Evangelical Mission. Though all biographers cannot avoid to state that Krapf did not convince more than two (some biographies speak about only one) persons to the Christian belief during all of his missionary life there is no doubt that Krapfs visions influenced missionary work in East Africa. We can say that he was a strategist of Christian mission in East Africa
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Guénot, Marie-Laure. "Eléments de grammaire du français pour une théorie descriptive et formelle de la langue." Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00120264.
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Dans cette thèse nous proposons un modèle de grammaire basé sur une théorie originale de la langue, et représenté formellement. Elle s'articule en trois parties. Dans la première partie nous dressons un bilan des positions théoriques sous-jacentes à un certain nombre de grammaires formelles coexistantes, afin de faire ressortir quatre éléments dont la conjonction fait de notre proposition une approche nouvelle: le non-générativisme, la non-modularité, la non-lexicalisation et la multi-dimensionnalité. Nous présentons ensuite le formalisme des Grammaires de Propriétés (GP), que nous avons utilisé pour représenter notre grammaire. A la suite de cela nous introduisons notre modèle de grammaire, basé sur les choix théoriques précédents et formalisé en GP, et nous proposons quelques formalisations d'autres modèles afin d'illustrer les possibilités de GP et l'originalité de notre modèle. Dans la seconde partie nous proposons un ensemble de descriptions syntaxiques du français basées sur notre modèle et constituant un noyau de grammaire; nous y présentons notamment les constructions nominales, verbales, adjectivales, propositionnelles, ainsi que les entassements paradigmatiques (coordinations et disfluences). Enfin, dans la troisième partie nous illustrons le fonctionnement notre proposition avec l'analyse de quelques phénomènes syntaxiques, dont notamment le traitement des pronoms clitiques dans les constructions verbales, et celui des coordinations et des disfluences. Ce travail apporte à toute une partie de la linguistique descriptive une validation par son expression formelle, et à la linguistique formelle l'intégration de descriptions syntaxiques jusqu'ici non encore prises en considération. En outre, elle apporte une validation de GP en tant que formalisme linguistique en montrant ce qu'il permet par sa souplesse de représentation.
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Gong, Xun. "Le rgyalrong zbu, une langue tibéto-birmane de Chine du Sud-ouest. Une étude descriptive, typologique et comparative." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCF008/document.
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Cette thèse comporte deux volets complémentaires : d'une part, une description phonologique et morphologique du rgyalrong zbu, langue du groupe rgyalronguique du sino-tibétain ; d'autre part, une reconstruction de l'histoire de la flexion verbale de cette langue. Le volet descriptif vise à l'exhaustivité dans la description de la phonologie de cette langue, et pose les bases d'une grammaire de référence qui ambitionne notamment de situer sa morphologie flexionnelle dans une perspective de linguistique générale. Sur la base de cette description, élaborée au fil d'enquêtes de première main sur cette langue fortement en danger, un volet diachronique est proposé. Celui-ci contribue au projet général d'une reconstruction du groupe rgyalronguique, entreprise collective qui a des implications importantes pour la reconstruction du sino-tibétain dans son ensemble. Parmi les principaux résultats figurent une reconstruction du système de marquage de temps-aspect-modalité (TAM) de l'ancêtre commun le plus récent au japhug, au tshobdun et au zbu, désigné ici comme « proto-rgyalrong supérieur ». Cette reconstruction ouvre une perspective nouvelle pour bien distinguer entre éléments hérités et développements secondaires dans chacune des langues rgyalronguiques, ainsi qu'au sein du groupement supérieur (qianguique). Le volet diachronique comporte aussi un traitement comparatif de quelques verbes du zbu, à la lumière des données des langues qianguiques et lolo-birmanes, qui pourra servir de modèle pour un dictionnaire étymologique des verbes rgyalronguiquesThis thesis focuses on Zbu Rgyalrong, a Sino-Tibetan language of the Rgyalrongic branch, and consists of both a phonological and morphological description of the language and a reconstruction of the history of its verb inflection. This thesis aims at descriptive exhaustivity for its phonology and attempts to lay the foundation of a reference grammar, in order to characterize its inflectional morphology in the perspective of general linguistics. Based on the description of this highly endangered language, the thesis contains a diachronic discussion, which contributes to the project of reconstructing Proto-Rgyalrongic, a collective enterprise which has important implications for the reconstruction of Sino-Tibetan as a whole. Notably, a reconstruction is proposed of the time-aspect-modality (TAM) marking system of Proto-Upper-Rgyalrong, the most recent common ancestor of Japhug, Tshobdun and Zbu. This reconstruction provides new perspectives for distinguishing between inherited elements and secondary developments in each Rgyalronguic language, as well as within the kindred Qiangic languages. Also included in the diachronic part is a comparative treatment of some verbs in Zbu, examined with data from other Qiangic and Lolo-Burman languages, which can serve as a model for an etymological dictionary of Rgyalrongic verbs
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Kondic, Snjezana. "A Grammar of South Eastern Huastec, a Maya Language from Mexico." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO20052.
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La documentation et description du huastèque du sud-est (code d’Ethnologue HSF), une langue Maya du Mexique, est un projet doctoral en cotutelle entre l’ University of Sydney, Australie et l’Université Lyon 2 Lumière, France. La première partie de cette these (le Volume 1) consiste en la description grammaticale de cette langue Maya: sa phonologie, sa morphologie et sa syntaxe, ainsi que la description de l’expression de l’espace dans cette langue. Le Volume 2 de cette thèse représente les contes en HSF, une description deétaillée du projet de documentation, un long résumé en français, et les matériels pour la revitalisation de la langueThe documentation and description of South Eastern Huastec (Ethnologue code HSF), a Mayan language from Mexico, is a PhD project carried out in cotutelle between the University of Sydney, Australia and the Université Lyon 2 Lumière, France. The first part (the Volume 1) of this thesis is a grammatical description of this Mayan language: its Phonology, Morphology, and Syntax, as well as its Space encoding. The second volume (the Volume 2) of this thesis comprises HSF stories, a detailed description of the documentation project, a detailed summary in French, and the HSF revitalization materials
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Lindström, Eva. "Topics in the grammar of Kuot, a non-Austronesian language of New Ireland, Papua New Guinea." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-19184.
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This thesis describes certain areas in the grammar of the little-known Kuot language, spoken by some 1,500 people in New Ireland Province in Papua New Guinea. Kuot is an isolate, and is the only non-Austronesian (Papuan) language of that province. The analyses presented here are based on original data from 18 months of linguistic fieldwork. The first chapter provides an overview of Kuot grammar, and gives details of earlier mentions of the language, and of data collection and the fieldwork situation. The second chapter presents information about the prehistory and history of the area, the social system, kinship system and culture of Kuot speakers, as well as dialectal variation and prognosis of survival of the language. Chapter three treats Kuot phonology, with particular emphasis on the factors that govern allophonic variation, and on the expression of word stress and the functions of intonation. Word classes and the criteria used to define them are presented in Chapter four, which also contains a discussion of types of morphemes in Kuot. The last chapter describes in some detail the class of nouns in Kuot, their declensions, non-singular formation, and the properties of grammatical gender. Appendices give the full set of person-marking forms in Kuot, a transcription of a recorded text with interlinear glossing and translation, the Swadesh 100-word list for Kuot, and diagrams of kin relations and terminologyFör att köpa boken skicka en beställning till exp@ling.su.se/ To order the book send an e-mail to exp@ling.su.se
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Griefenow-Mewis, Catherine. "J. L. Krapf and his role in researching and describing East-African languages." Swahili Forum; 3 (1996), S. 161-171, 1996. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A11641.
Full textAbstract:
Dealing with the bibliographies and publications about and by J. L. Krapf, especially in the archives of the Basle Mission I was astonished and I got the feeling that such an amount and such a variety of work could not have been done by one person only. At fist, Krapf was a missionary by profession. He and Rebmann were called the pioneers of the East-African mission. Beyond this, however, different missionary societies were encouraged by the publications and proposals of Krapf to work in East Africa, e.g. the Church Missionary Society in the service of which Krapf and Rebmann started their work in Rabai Mpya, the Swedish Evangelical mission, the Methodist Mission, the St. Crishona Mission, the Hermannsburg Mission and the Berlin Evangelical Mission. Though all biographers cannot avoid to state that Krapf did not convince more than two (some biographies speak about only one) persons to the Christian belief during all of his missionary life there is no doubt that Krapfs visions influenced missionary work in East Africa. We can say that he was a strategist of Christian mission in East Africa
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Mheta, Gift. "A contextual analysis of compound nouns in Shona lexicography." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2459_1320660934.
Full textAbstract:
This research is in the area of lexicography and investigates the relationship between Shona terminology development and the culture of the language community for which the terminology is intended. It is a contextual analysis of compound nouns found in Shona terminological dictionaries. The study specifically explores how lexicographers together with health, music, language and literature specialists make use of their knowledge about Shona cultural contexts in the creation of compound nouns. Thus, this research foregrounds Shona socio-cultural contexts and meaning generation in terminology development. This study employs a quadruple conceptual framework. The four components of the framework that are utilised are the Traditional Descriptive Approach (TDA), Cognitive Approach (CG), Systemic Functional Approach (SFL), and Semiotic Remediation (SRM). TDA is used in the linguistic categorisation of Shona compound nouns. In addition, it provides the metalanguage with which to describe the constituent parts of Shona compound nouns. As TDA is mainly confined to the linguistic dimension, this research employs CG, SFL, and SRM to explore the cultural and socio-cognitive dimensions of terminology development.
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Benzitoun, Christophe. "Description morphosyntaxique du mot "quand" en français contemporain." Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00931845.
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Notre étude vient combler une lacune en linguistique française, puisque le mot quand n'a jamais fait l'objet d'une description syntaxique spécifique, contrairement à d'autres mots de la famille qu-. Pourtant, même sur des exemples considérés comme prototypiques de la "subordination", des questions intéressantes liées à l'analyse de son statut syntaxique ou catégoriel subsistent. Il suffit de consulter quelques grammaires pour se rendre compte de la diversité des traitements proposés et de la large palette d'emplois qu'offre cette "conjonction". Afin de décrire l'ensemble de ses fonctionnements, nous avons opté pour une étude sur des exemples tirés de vastes corpus écrits comme oraux non clos et analysés dans un cadre descriptif inspiré de l'approche pronominale (Blanche-Benveniste et alii, 1984). Ainsi, nous montrerons notamment que quand possède la distribution d'une proforme et qu'il intervient dans un large spectre de relations que la notion de "subordination" ne permet pas d'appréhender. Il résulte de notre travail un cadre apte à décrire l'ensemble des fonctionnements des mots qu-, du point de vue de la catégorie comme des relations qui relient la construction en qu- au contexte.
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Edelbrock, Allison J. "Estudio descriptivo de la traducción de tres cuentos de Roberto Bolaño al inglés dentro del marco de la lingüística cognitiva." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1588950966953305.
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Bark, Josefin. "Adversativa och deskriptiva betydelserelationer i svenskt teckenspråk." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-157150.
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Denna studie undersöker hur adversativa och deskriptiva betydelserelation markeras i satser och hur manuella och icke manuella signaler används för att markera dess betydelserelationer i det svenska teckenspråket. Olika områden i denna studie belyses för att de har betydelse för markering av adversativa och deskriptiva betydelserelationer och kan påverka för hur vi markerar tecken och icke-manuella signaler i teckenspråkssatser: teckenrummet, icke manuella signaler och ordföljd som kan variera. Det visar att det är både tecken och icke-manuella signaler som markerar de två betydelserelationerna beroende på kontexten i teckenspråkstexter. När man använder markörer för betydelserelationer så används tecknen i sina grundformer. Det kan också finnas några teckenvarianter på ett tecken. Tydliga markörer med icke-manuella signaler för betydelserelationer är blickriktning, upphöjda eller nerdragna ögonbryn och ögon som är uppspärrade eller kisande. Placering av tecken i teckenrummet kan betraktas som en markör.This study examines how adversative and descriptive semantic relations is marked in sentences and how signs and non-manual signals are used to mark these important relations in Swedish Sign Language. Different areas of this study are highlighted because they are significant and may influence how we select sign and non-manual signals in sentences of sign language: sign space, non-manual signals and word sequence that can vary. It is shown that both sign and non-manual signals that mark the two semantic relationships depend on the context of the sign language text. When one uses markers for semantic relations, the signs are being used in its basics forms. There can also be phonological variants of one sign. Clear markers with the non-manual signals for meaning relationships are eye gaze, raised or furrowed eyebrows, and eyes that are widened or squinting. Placement of signs in the space can be regarded as a marker.
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Tsui, Amy Bik-May. "A linguistic description of utterances in conversation." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1986. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7569/.
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This thesis is an attempt to characterize the utterances in conversation. Following the principles of Sinclair & Caulthard (1975), it proposes a descriptive framework which is based on the concepts of 'class', 'structure' and 'system'. Chapter One argues against the position that utterances are multi-functional and the illocutionary forces they carry are largely indeterminate, hence they are not describable in categorial terms. It points out that such a position is a misconception arising from the lack of consistent criteria when characterizing utterances. It then examines studies in three major areas which would give insight to the setting up of a descriptive framework: speech act theory, conversational analysis and discourse analysis. Chapter Two gives an overall account of the descriptive framework. Its basic theoretical assumption is that conversation is describable in terms of a hierarchical rank scale, consisting of acts, moves, exchanges, sequences and transactions. Utterances are characterized as different primary classes of acts according to which element of structure of an exchange they operate at . Three primary classes are identified: those operating at the head of an Initiating Move are Initiating Acts, those operating at the head of a Responding Move are Responding Acts and those operating at the head o:f a Follow-up Move are Follow-up Acts. For each primary class, subclasses are identified according to their predictive assessment of what follows. The choices of subclasses which are available at each element of structure are presented in the form of a system. Chapters Three to Six discuss the four subclasses of Initiating Act, Elicitations, Requestives, Directives and Informatives respectively. Chapter Seven discusses Responding Act and its subclasses; and Chapter Eight discusses Follow-up Act and its subclasses. In Chapter Nine, the entire descriptive framework is applied to a piece of conversation. Its merits and limitations are discussed.
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Dakalo, Takalani. "A descriptive analysis of the Tshimanda dialect : A linguistic approach." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/640.
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Thesis (M.A. (Translation studies and linguistics)) --University of Limpopo, 2009This mini-dissertation describess the phonological structure of Tshimanḓa dialect, comparing it with the standard Tshivenḓa. The study shows the historical background of Tshimanḓa dialect and also points out that Tshimanda is a dialect spoken by Vhalaudzi of Lwamondo, Gwamasenga, Tshimbupfe and Luonde in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The study has revealed two aspects which characterise Tshimanda dialect. Tshimanda dialect is characterized by the omission of two speech sounds, namely, ‘l’ and ‘w’. In some instances the omission of the speech sound ‘l’ in Tshimanda dialect gives a word a different meaning than the one in standard Tshivenda.
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Ng, Siu-cheung. "Linguistic features of Cantonese classifiers in medical description." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31573290.
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Ng, Siu-cheung, and 吳劭璋. "Linguistic features of Cantonese classifiers in medical description." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31573290.
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Lindell, Klara. "A standard case of subtitling. : A comparative analysis of the subtitling of Scrubs and House M.D. with a focus on medical terminology." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Engelska institutionen, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-78325.
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Toury’s first law of translation states that translation of all kinds entails standardisation and, moreover, that the more peripheral the status of a text is, the more standardised its translation will be. As such, the purpose of this essay was to investigate to what extent this holds true in the Swedish translations of the two US television hospital shows Scrubs and House M.D. Though they are both hospital shows, House M.D. – considering its unprecedented genre hybridity and unusual plot structure – is a less mainstream and, as such, more peripheral example of a hospital show than Scrubs, which is more mainstream and, consequently, has a more central position within this genre. The object of study concerned the genre-specific register shared by the two shows – i.e. the medical terminology – which was extracted together with its Swedish subtitles and analysed, mainly in terms of coupled pairs. The analysis consisted of identifying which translation strategies had been adopted in the transfer of terminology and, moreover, what these strategies had entailed in terms of semantic increase, decrease, or correspondence between the original texts and their translations. From this it was concluded that both texts were indeed standardised and, additionally, that House M.D. – as the more peripheral of the two texts – had undergone a more extensive standardisation than Scrubs – being the text holding a more central status.
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Watermeyer, Susan Jean. "Afrikaans-English in the Western Cape : a descriptive socio-linguistic investigation." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/21730.
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Bibliography: pages 181-189.I have attempted to give a broad description of the variety of English used by first-language (White) Afrikaans-speakers in the Western Cape. The first chapter outlines the aims of the thesis with respect to the study of English as a world phenomenon. Important work on other varieties of English, notably that of William Labov and that of Lesley Milroy, is discussed, with emphasis on variationist studies. The chapter also includes a description of the methods used for the collection of data. I did not use questionnaires but rather conducted 'participation interviews'. A brief outline of the areas that the informants were selected from is given. Chapters 2 and 3 give the historical and sociolinguistic background of the Afrikaners. This is important, as without an understanding of their history and social circumstances one cannot appreciate their present attitudes to language. The formative history of the Afrikaners includes a description of the policies of the British government at the Cape at the beginning of the nineteenth century and the subsequent emergence of national identity among the formerly Dutch community. The establishment of such organisations as the Afrikaner Bond, the Broederbond and the Ossewabrandwag all contributed to the identity of the Afrikaners today. The final section of chapter 3 deals with speech communities as well as the concept of social class, as applied to the White South African community. There is a brief outline of the differences between the White and Coloured Afrikaans-speaking communities of the Cape. The third section of this thesis (chapter 4) concerns language: acquisition, in particular theories of second language acquisition. I have outlined the development of (White) education in South Africa, with particular reference to medium of education, and have included a brief description of second language teaching in South Africa today. Bilingualism and ,communication strategies are discussed and I have grouped the informants according to their individual level of proficiency in English. The use of code-switching and code-mixing techniques is also discussed in this chapter, with a brief look at the structural differences between English and Afrikaans. The last, and major, part of the thesis, chapters 5 and 6, is a detailed description of the phonology, syntax, morphology and lexis of Afrikaans-English. The features of this variety are compared to those of standard South African English. The presence or absence of features in the speech of the informants is discussed and indicated in the tables given; the core features, i.e. those that are found even in the speech of the most fluent speakers, are noted. It is also shown that although all the features are possible, no single speaker will have the full set of variables in his/her speech. The presence of the features discussed in this section in Afrikaans- English, Coloured English and other, non-South African, varieties of English is shown; the presence of a feature in non-South African varieties of English appears to reinforce the use of that particular feature in Afrikaans-English. It is shown that Afrikaans-English overlaps phonologically with the continuum of first language South African English at either end of the spectrum on the one hand the accent of Afrikaans- English has features in common with Extreme South African English and at the other, LI-fluency end, it is almost indistinguishable from Respectable South African English. Mention is also made of syntactic, morphological and lexical features that spill over into LI varieties of South African English. Finally, I have appended a brief outline of each of the four competence groups and have given annotated extracts from the data for each. I have also included a collection of the comments regarding language made by the informants.
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af, Klintberg Juli. "Akademiskt svenskt teckenspråk : En undersökning av akademiska kännetecken." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-157244.
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Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka de kännetecken som kan betraktas ingå i akademiskt svenskt teckenspråk och som i sin tur kan bidra till att studenter kan författa sina uppsatser på akademiskt svenskt teckenspråk. Inspelat material från föreläsningar, gjorda av fyra döva akademiker och från teckenspråkskorpus, där två av de döva akademikerna även medverkande och några slumpmässigt valda informanter, undersöktes. Resultatet från akademiskt svenskt teckenspråk jämfördes med kännetecken som identifierats för amerikanskt akademiskt teckenspråk. Det behövs mer kunskap och forskning om ämnet.The purpose is to investigate the characteristics that may be considered in academic Swedish Sign Language and which in turn will help a larger number of students produce their essays in academic Swedish Sign Language. Recorded material from lectures, made by four deaf graduates and from the Sign Language corpus, where two deaf academics were also involved, and some randomly chosen in-formants, were investigated. The results from the academic Swedish Sign Language were compared to the characteristics that identify with the academic American Sign Language. There need to be more knowledge and research on this subject.
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Emami, Mohammad. "The dynamics of literary translation : a case study from English to Persian." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5955.
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This thesis aims to elucidate the translation process by devising a way of retrieving evidence of this process from its output. It further aims to assess the claims made by some scholars concerning the possible existence of Translation Universals. In order to isolate the interaction of texts and contexts, a corpus of American short stories was created, with their translations into Persian published after the 1979 Revolution. Three complementary methodologies gave a rounded picture: (1) Corpus-based Descriptive Translation Studies; (2) The pragmatic and rhetorically-based approach of Thinking Translation devised at St Andrews; and (3) The analytical framework mostly established by Halliday in his Systemic Functional Grammar. Approaching the process of translation in the specific order devised in this thesis provided four vantage points to analyse the data in a systematic way from linguistic, discourse, cultural and literary views before reaching what are at once the most personal and most characteristic aspects of a translator's work. The research begins with a literature review of the field and an account of linguistic constraints and of all Translation Universals hypothesised so far, followed by an extensive analysis of data in two consecutive chapters. With reference to the choices made in this corpus, it is discussed in the Conclusions chapter that most of the Translation Universals so far claimed are not in fact universal. It is the role of the translator which has emerged as the determining factor in producing a translated text, and thus as the key to resolving the issues explored in this thesis. It seems there are no constraints beyond the translator's reach, and there are no parameters which do not involve the translator, who introduces his or her own choices, or manipulates certain parameters. Only when they have done so, will the translation, as both process and product, be accomplished.
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Harre, Catherine Elizabeth. "Tener + past participle : a case-study in linguistic description." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315143.
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Al-Saqqaf, Abdullah Hassan Shaikh. "A descriptive linguistic study of the spoken Arabic of Wadi Hadramawt, Yemen." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312419.
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JESUS, BIANCA FREITAS DE. "SAY IN PORTUGUESE: A DIALOGUE BETWEEN TRANSLATION, DESCRIPTION AND COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2016. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=27758@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
Os profissionais que traduzem textos do inglês para o português deparam-se com uma exigência dos clientes quanto à tradução de diálogos: diversificar os verbos de elocução, com o intuito de evitar a repetição do verbo dizer. Em resposta, esta pesquisa visa à elaboração de um glossário dos verbos que introduzem discurso relatado, chamados de verbos de elocução. Para tanto, conduzimos um estudo descritivo com base em corpus, com o intuito de compilar um léxico dos verbos de elocução do português. Assim, esta pesquisa promoveu um amplo levantamento dos verbos de elocução, estabeleceu os padrões de uso nos quais esses verbos costumam ser empregados e, ainda, propôs uma classificação desses verbos em grupos de sentido. Nosso estudo traz, portanto, dois objetivos principais, que se traduzem em contribuições concretas: (i) a elaboração de um glossário dos verbos introdutores de discurso relatado para tradutores, chamado DISSE, e (ii) a descrição dessa classe de verbos no português, tomando um viés semântico e com base em grandes corpora. Como contribuições secundárias, mas não menos importantes e já em fase final de implementação, destacam-se (iii) a criação e a disponibilização de um corpus anotado quanto aos verbos do grande grupo de dizer, também chamados de verbos de comunicação e (iv) a colaboração na elaboração de sistemas capazes de identificar automaticamente citações em textos da língua portuguesa.
Professionals that translate from English to Portuguese often face a certain demand from clients when it comes to translating dialogues: diversifying the verbs that introduce reported speech, in an attempt to avoid repeating the verb dizer (say) in Portuguese. In order to help solve such problem, this study aims at developing a glossary of verbs that introduce reported speech. To reach that aim, we conducted a corpus-based descriptive research, in order to compile a quotation verbs lexicon for the Portuguese language. Thus, this study promoted a wide collection of quotation verbs, as well as stablished patters of usage in which these verbs are commonly found and put forward a classification of these verbs into groups of meaning. This study proposes two main objectives, which have led to concrete contributions: (i) the elaboration of a reported speech verbs glossary for translators of Portuguese, which is called DISSE (said, in Portuguese), and (ii) the description of such verb class in Portuguese, with a semantic approach and based on large corpora. As secondary contributions, but far from unimportant and close to final implementation, it is possible to highlight (iii) the creation and the public availability of annotated corpora, including a semantic annotation for reported speech verbs and (iv) the collaboration with the preparation of systems capable of automatically identifying quotations in Portuguese-written texts.
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Marley, Dawn. "A sociolinguistic description of Perpignan." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1991. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10926/.
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This thesis reports on a research project conducted in Perpignan in 1988. The object of the project was to discover and describe the varieties of language present in the town, patterns of language use and language attitudes among inhabitants. Perpignan has been part of France and therefore officially French-speaking for over three hundred years, but it is historically a Catalan-speaking town, and Catalan is still spoken there, although it is now a minority language. Several other minority languages are also spoken, due to the presence of immigrant communities, most notably Spanish, Portuguese and Arab. The research took the form of a questionnaire survey, used with a representative sample of the population. The major part of the thesis consists of a presentation of the findings of the survey. It presents the responses of the sample as a whole, and then discusses in greater detail the responses of each ethno-linguistic group. The survey revealed that Catalan, the historically indigenous language of the region, is quite widely known, but little used. 54.5% of the sampled population claim some knowledge of this language, but only 19.2% actually use it regularly. The majority of the sample seems to be well-disposed towards the language on a cultural level, yet see little or no use for it in practical terms. Use of and attitudes towards other minority languages are also discussed, with particular reference to Spanish, Portuguese and Arab immigrants. The study reveals a great linguistic diversity in Perpignan, and a number of conflicting movements and attitudes relating to those languages. There is a widespread feeling that it is inevitable and even necessary that all inhabitants of the town should become monolingual French speakers, yet at the same time there is an awareness of the value of maintaining minority languages, expressed mainly in attitudes towards Catalan.
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Wikström, Joakim. "El uso de adjetivos pre- y posnominales en el discurso coloquial de hablantes no nativos." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Romanska och klassiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-157880.
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El propósito de la presente monografía es investigar si un grupo de hablantes no nativos de español, todos de nivel muy avanzado, usan los adjetivos modificadores en su discurso espontáneo de una manera parecida a la nativa, y más particularmente en qué medida los colocan de manera idiomática delante o detrás del substantivo. El material usado consiste, por un lado, de entrevistas, en las cuales los participantes cuentan de sus propias vidas, y por el otro lado, de una tarea en la que comentan la acción en un videoclip de la película Tiempos Modernos (de Charlie Chaplin). Los participantes del estudio son diez suecos que residen en Chile desde hace por lo menos 5 años. La hipótesis es que, dada una constatada tendencia conservadora general en los hablantes de una segunda lengua que los llevaría a “ir por lo seguro“, los sujetos sobreusarían la opción no marcada, o sea, la posposición, en la colocación de los adjetivos. Los adjetivos están categorizados en dos grupos: uno de adjetivos cotidianos que tienden a anteponerse al sustantivo (bueno, malo, pequeño, grande, pobre, puro, nuevo, viejo, alto), y los restantes adjetivos, que por defecto aparecen en posición posnominal (p.ej. laboral, sueco, libre, desnudo, rápido, cultural, blanco, redondo, privado etc.). Los resultados no apoyan la hipótesis, en el sentido de que los participantes no nativos tienden a sobreusar la posposición. Estos participantes son comparados con un grupo de control que consiste de diez hablantes de español L1 que residen en Chile. Un aspecto que discrepa en el grupo de hablantes no nativos es el uso del adjetivo grande, para el cual los no nativos prefieren la posposición. También destaca el hecho que los participantes nativos son más propensos a usar adjetivos en general en comparación con el grupo no nativo.The purpose of this thesis is to investigate to what extent a group of non-native Spanish speakers, all of whom are highly proficient users of L2 Spanish, use modifying adjectives in spontaneous discourse in a targetlike manner and, particularly, to what extent they place them idiomatically before or after the noun. The corpus used consists of interviews, in which the subjects talk about their lives, and another task in which they comment the action of a videoclip from the movie ‘Modern Times’ (by Charlie Chaplin). The subjects of the study are ten Swedes that have lived in Chile for at least 5 years. The assumption being the tendency for second language speakers to be generally conservative and choose to ‘go for what's safe’, it is hypothesized that the L2 users would overuse the unmarked option for placing adjectives, namely after the noun. The adjectives are divided into two categories: one consisting of everyday adjectives that strongly tend to be placed ahead of the noun (bueno, malo, pequeño, grande, nuevo, pobre, puro, viejo, alto) and the other of adjectives that appear in postposition by default (e.g. laboral, sueco, libre, desnudo, rápido, cultural, blanco, redondo, privado etc.). The results don’t support the hypothesis, in the sense that the non-native participants tend to overuse postposition. The L2 participants have been compared to a control group consisting of ten L1 Spanish speakers living in Chile. One aspect that differs in the non-native group is the use of grande, for which the non-native speakers, unlike the natives, prefer postposition. What also stands out is the fact that native speakers are more prone to using adjectives in general compared to the non-native group.
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Cane, Graeme. "A linguistic description of spoken Brunei English in the 1990s." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1993. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21242.
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The thesis discusses the variety of English that is spoken today in Brunei Darussalam and assesses its status as a 'New English'. Using a corpus of spoken data which was recorded and transcribed by the author, the thesis attempts to produce an empirically based linguistic description of the grammatical, lexical and discourse features found in spoken Brunei English and to discuss the ways in which these features differ from the equivalent features in Standard British English. The final part of the study is concerned with the pedagogical and language planning implications of recognizing the existence of a Bruneian variety of English, and with proposing an appropriate English language teaching model for the Bruneian education system.
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Zwanenburg, Widingsjö Monique. "Pippi Langkous : Een vergelijking van eerdere met latere drukken & een vertaalanalyse." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Avdelningen för nederländska, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-72293.
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Inmiddels is Pippi een internationaal onderzoeksobject geworden. De Duitse literatuuronderzoekster Astrid Surmatz heeft een grote bijdrage geleverd met haar proefschrift Pippi Långstrump als Paradigma (2005b). Wat volgens mij nog ontbrak is een grondige analyse van de Nederlandse vertaling, en wat er met de boeken gebeurd is na hun oorspronkelijke vertaling. Het respect voor kinderboeken in vertaling laat nog al eens te wensen over en uitgeverijen nemen soms grote vrijheden. Geldt dat ook voor de Nederlandse uitgaven van Pippi Langkous?Deze scriptie geeft een aanzet tot het antwoord met behulp van een analyse van de vertaalnormen uit de Descriptive Translation Studies van Toury, aangevuld met de vertaalmethoden van Newmark. De conclusie is dat de eerste Nederlandse druk een adequate (Toury) of getrouwe (Newmark) vertaling is, en dat de wijzigingen in de volgende drukken er toe geleid hebben dat de tekst en de illustraties steeds meer zijn gaan afwijken van het Zweedse origineel, en dat er nu van een aanvaardbare (Toury), of idiomatische of zelfs vrije vertaling (Newmark) gesproken moet worden. Dat Nederlanders toch weten hoe Pippi door Astrid Lindgren is neergezet, is onder andere te danken aan de tv-serie, de films en de merchandise met de tekeningen van illustratrice Ingrid Vang Nyman.
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Engström, Elin. "Från Mister Yummy till Herr Mums : Översättning med kommentar: bildspråk i en novell av Stephen King." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Tolk- och översättarinstitutet, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-143874.
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Uppsatsen redogör för översättningen av en novell skriven av Stephen King. Förutsättningar för vald översättningsprincip är polysystemteori, deskriptiv översättningsvetenskap, tänkt målgrupp och resultatet av en stilanalys av källtexten där en riklig förekomst av bildspråk tydliggjordes. En analys av bildspråk i måltexten visade på en övervägande adekvansinriktad översättningsstrategi och på Stephen Kings status i målkulturen som hög snarare än låg. Problem under översättningsprocessen var främst översättningen av bildspråk.This study deals with the translation of a short story written by Stephen King. Prerequisites for the selected translation principle were polysystem theory, descriptive translation studies, intended audience, and the result of a style analysis of the source text in which an abundance of imagery was clear. An analysis of the imagery in the target text found that a predominantly adequacy-oriented translation strategy was used and that Stephen King's status in the target culture can be viewed as high rather than low. Problems during the translation process were mainly associated with the translation of imagery.
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Wagner, Karl Olaw Christian. "An Intonational Description of Mayan Q'eqchi'." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2014. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4151.
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Q'eqchi' is one of many Mayan languages spoken in Guatemala, C.A. This study provides the first Tone Break and Indices (ToBI) transcription system (Silverman et al., 1992) labeling of Q'eqchi' within the Autosegmental-Metrical (AM) model of intonation (Liberman, 1975; Pierrehumbert, 1980; Ladd, 1996). As an exploratory study into the basic intonation patterns of the language, observations were made on a variety of phenomenon relating to the intonational structure and contour pattern of the language. Three native male speakers of Q'eqchi' each provided 75 spoken sentences designed to best observe the basic patterns of intonation in the language. Each spoken utterance was analyzed through the labeling of pitch accents, phrase accents, and boundary tones in accordance with ToBI transcription guidelines (Beckman & Hirschberg, 1994; Beckman & Elam, 1997). The study reinforces previous observation on the stress pattern in the language, identifies the pitch accents and boundary tones which best describe the behavior of the intonational contour of the Q'eqchi' speakers, and proves the existence of prosodic phrases which dictate the intonational patterns of speech. In addition, the different patterns observed in declarative, imperative, and interrogative sentences are exemplified and discussed along with other phenomenon observed in the spoken data.
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Alotaibi, Ahmad S. "The copula in Arabic : description and analysis." Thesis, University of Essex, 2018. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/21096/.
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This thesis provides a description and analysis of the copula in Arabic. More precisely, it concerns the copula in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). First, the thesis describes the copula syntactically. This includes defining the copula in Arabic, stating strategies used to form copular sentences, indicating possible complements of the copula and clarifying contexts in which the copula is absent. Second, the thesis classifies copular sentences in MSA into four types: equational sentences, predicational sentences, specificational sentences and identificational sentences. However, it concludes that equationals and predicationals are the basic copular sentence types in MSA. Third, the present study analyses the overt copula in MSA syntactically within the Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) framework. With regard to the semantic contribution of the copula, the thesis shows that MSA has two copulas: a copula of identity and a copula of predication. The former licenses equational sentences, while the latter licenses predicational sentences. Fourth, within HPSG this study analyses verbless sentences in MSA. It argues that there is a null copula in verbless sentences. It also argues that there are two types of the null copula: an equative null copula and a predicative null copula. Fifth, as there is a verbal element in verbless sentences and sentences with an overt copula, the thesis provides a unified account for the copula in MSA by postulating a system of types and constraints. Essentially, the last four points represent the thesis’ original contribution to knowledge.