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Journal articles on the topic 'Descriptive syntax'
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1
Zhou, Xuan, and Zheng Lu. "The Interpretation of Place Phenomenology Based on Space Syntax Theory." Advanced Materials Research 664 (February 2013): 422–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.664.422.
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Since earlier linking phenomenology to space syntax by the research of David Simon, studying place image based on phenomenology explanation is always the common focus between space syntax and phenomenology. With the common focus further studied, some issues such as descriptive pattern on place space, place configuration and place sense will be combined with space syntax theory. In this paper, based on the internal relations between space syntax and architectural phenomenology, the mechanism of place description, place configuration and place self-adaptive mechanisms were analyzed by space syntax, and a method also will be presented to interpret place phenomenon by using space syntax.
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Murni, Tri, Robert Sibarani, Eddy Setia, and Gustianigsih Gustianingsihh. "MOVEMENT TRANSFORMATION IN GAYO SYNTAX." Language Literacy: Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Language Teaching 3, no. 1 (July 5, 2019): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30743/ll.v3i1.906.
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The purpose of this study is to present syntactic descriptions of how movement transformational rules apply in Gayo syntax and to examine the status of movement transformational rules in Gayo language (henceforth GL) in the theoretical framework of Transformational Linguistics (TL) proposed by Chomsky (1965, 1981) and Suhadi (2018). In this theory there are three kinds of syntactic rules: Movement Rule, Deletion Rule and Substitution Rule. The discussion focuses on Movement Transformational Rules in GL. Transformation is the inter-related process between the deep structure and the surface structure of a sentence by the application of one or more transformational rules. The method used in this study was descriptive qualitative approach as noted by Martin (2004). Descriptive research is to portray accurately the characteristics of a particular situation or group or individual with or without special initial hypotheses about the nature of these characteristics. Thus, descriptive research design was applied to give a detail description of a certain case accurately. The data were analyzed from two angles: the application and the status of movement rules in GL, which can be compulsory, optional, and restricted. The data of this research derived from some sentences in the folklore story written in GL and the invention of the writer herself as the native speaker of the language. The finding shows that all the twelve kinds of movement transformational rules proposed by Suhadi (2018) are relevant to apply in GL. After the application of movement rules, the main finding is on the status of movement transformational rules in GL in which it is found that four movement rules are compulsory, eight are optional and there is no restricted rule in the language.
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Sabio, Frédéric. "On the syntax of spoken French." Revue Romane / Langue et littérature. International Journal of Romance Languages and Literatures 53, no. 1 (August 10, 2018): 6–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rro.00004.sab.
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Abstract This paper gives an account of the research carried out by the Groupe Aixois de Recherche en Syntaxe (GARS, Aix-Marseille University), in the field of spoken French description. Our framework explicitly states the need for two independent but related levels of grammatical description, namely the microsyntactic and macrosyntactic levels. Elaborating a twofold model has allowed us to propose a descriptive method differing from traditional sentence-based analyses, which raise considerable difficulties, especially in the domain of spoken language description. Regarding the “maximal-units” of syntactic description, our framework suggests that two different kinds of units should be postulated: Government-Units and Utterance-Units. The paper illustrates the distinction between the micro- and macro-syntactic components by introducing examples mostly drawn from spoken French corpora.
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Boyadzhieva, Ellie. "Rethinking Inversion in English Syntax." English Studies at NBU 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33919/esnbu.18.1.3.
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The article deals with some internal theoretical controversies in the concept and the use of the term inversion in English syntax as used in some descriptive and most pedagogical grammars of Modern English. The analysis focuses mainly on the formation of interrogative and emphatic negative structures in English by applying some basic concepts of generative grammar. The aim of the analysis is to explain the transposition of the subject and the verbal predicate by following the Occam Razor' s principle of scientific description requiring the employment of a minimal number of principles and technicalities in the course of analysis which results in higher explanatory adequacy. This aim is achieved through the application of the terms operator and operator fronting in the cases of both obligatory and reversive inversion. The obligatory visualization of the operator in a series of syntactic structures is also discussed and a general rule is formulated.
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Tsai, Cheng-Yu Edwin. "The syntax and semantics of descriptive V-de constructions." International Journal of Chinese Linguistics 5, no. 1 (August 10, 2018): 59–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijchl.17006.yu.
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Abstract This paper tackles the long-standing problem of the phrase structure of the descriptive V-de construction in Mandarin, and proposes a variant of the Primary Predication analysis. I argue that the suffix -de is a nominalizing head that turns the verb to which it attaches into a nominal event argument, which is in turn predicated over by the descriptive adjectival phrase, the primary predicate of the construction. This syntactic analysis allows for a straightforward explanation for the presupposition-focus semantics of this construction based on structured event quantification. In addition, it is shown that previous arguments that go against the Primary Predication hypothesis (including the distribution of the A-not-A form and negation, and the scope relation between an IP-level element and the adjectival phrase) either do not constitute counterevidence or are simply irrelevant. Further support for the proposal is provided that draws on a number of syntactic properties of the descriptive V-de construction and on the distinction between the descriptive adjectival phrase on the one hand and secondary predicates and adverbial adjuncts on the other hand.
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Hyman, Larry M., and Francis X. Katamba. "Tone, syntax, and prosodic domains in Luganda." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 53 (January 1, 2010): 69–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.53.2010.393.
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"The documentation of... descriptive generalizations is sometimes clearer and more accessible when expressed in terms of a detailed formal reconstruction, but only in the rare and happy case that the formalism fits the data so well that the resulting account is clearer and easier to understand than the list of categories of facts that it encodes.... [If not], subsequent scholars must often struggle to decode a description in an out-of-date formal framework so as to work back to... the facts.... which they can re-formalize in a new way. Having experienced this struggle often ourselves, we have decided to accommodate our successors by providing them directly with a plainer account." (Akinlabi & Liberman 2000:24)
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Laleko, Oksana, and Maria Polinsky. "Between syntax and discourse." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 6, no. 4 (March 25, 2016): 396–439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.14018.lal.
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Abstract This article examines the knowledge of topic and subject particles in heritage speakers and L2 learners of Japanese and Korean. We assume that topic marking is mediated at the syntax-information structure interface, while subject marking pertains to narrow syntax. In comparing phenomena mediated at different levels of linguistic organization, we provide evidence for the hypothesis that information structure-level phenomena present greater challenges for bilingual speakers than those mediated within syntax. While these results may be interpreted as evidence of generalized interface-related deficits, we show that such a global explanation is not supported. Instead, a more nuanced account is developed, based on the recognition of different types of topic (anaphoric, generic, and contrastive) and different types of subject (descriptive and exhaustive). Under the proposed account, non-native speakers’ deficits follow from three unrelated effects: the status of topic as an interface category, structural complexity, and the memory demands necessary for its interpretation in context.
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Basith, Abdul. "PANDANGAN TAMĀM HASSĀN TENTANG ‘ĀMIL DALAM ILMU NAHWU." Adabiyyāt: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 7, no. 1 (July 31, 2008): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/ajbs.2008.07102.
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In Arabic Linguistics, Nahwu or Arabic Syntax has established for centuries. However, its complexities make the modern Arabic linguists re-formulate it so that it can be comprehended better by the native and speakers of Arabic as a second language. One of those linguists is Tamâm Hassân, who put Arabic language in a more (al-manhaj alwashfi) established position by perfecting its phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantic. His view over ‘âmil as a central theme and pillar in Arabic syntax or Nahwu reformulates the Arabic syntax by using descriptive approach (al-manhaj al-washfi). This makes Nahwu become more comprehensible.
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Luthfi, Khabibi Muhammad. "PENERAPAN USHUL AN-NAHW DALAM PENYUSUNAN MATERI PEMBELAJARAN NAHW PEDAGOGIS." LiNGUA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra 11, no. 2 (December 29, 2016): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/ling.v11i2.3594.
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The study of Arabic syntax and the foundation is essentially in the Arab world there is a group that reconstruct the foundation in order to prepare syntactic and group developing pedagogical syntax essentially Arab and foundation combined with Western linguistics, but do not link it with language learning. This article would describe the concept of syntax as a basic foundation of Arabic linguistics epistemology that could be the basis of linguistic pedagogical education in Arabic. Furthermore, this article would identify its application in the preparation of teaching materials for students of pedagogical syntax Indonesia. While the study of Arabic syntax and essentially foundation in Indonesia, many educational institutions Arabic ignore their correlation. Based on linguistic approach to educational and library data analyzed by the text of discourse found that the basic foundation of Arabic syntax is the sama', qiyas, ijma', ta'lil, ta'wil, istihsan 'amil and istishhab. The application of the basic foundation of syntax as the basis for the preparation of learning materials is a pedagogical syntactic analysis of the basic foundations of syntax in generating syntax, allowance rules of syntax, classification of syntactic descriptive elements, comparing element with Indonesian and Arabic syntax and arrrange the teaching materials.
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BACHE, CARL. "Narrative when in English." English Language and Linguistics 20, no. 2 (May 24, 2016): 273–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674316000071.
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This article examines the so-called ‘narrative when’ construction in English. No one has come up with an entirely satisfactory description of this construction which accounts appropriately for both its syntax and content. The descriptive challenge is to explain the unusual balance between the main clause and the when clause: unlike an ordinary temporal when clause (which offers circumstantial information in relation to the main clause), a narrative when clause expresses the primary situation while the main clause merely has a supporting textual function. This article suggests a simple framework for the description of all when clauses within which narrative when clauses are very comfortably accommodated as one of the metaphorical extensions of the basic meaning and syntax of when.
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Stalmaszczyk, Piotr. "THE DESIGN OF LANGUAGE: AN INTRODUCTION TO DESCRIPTIVE LINGUISTICS.Terry Crowley, John Lynch, Jeff Siegel, & Julie Piau. Auckland: Longman Paul, 1995. Pp. xv + 471." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 20, no. 3 (September 1998): 449–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263198313078.
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The Design of Language is a comprehensive introduction to general descriptive linguistics and the typology of language. The book is divided into nine chapters, which discuss linguistic levels, sounds and phonemes, more abstract phonology, grammatical categories, morphemes, morphophonemics, morphosyntax, syntax, and more abstract syntax. The chapters on abstract phonology and syntax introduce slightly more advanced issues (such as underlying levels, transformational rules, and Universal Grammar); otherwise, the book covers topics introduced at the undergraduate level. The supplementary readings at the end of most sections refer students to other textbooks and primary literature.
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Gehrke, Berit, and Louise McNally. "Idioms and the syntax/semantics interface of descriptive content vs. reference." Linguistics 57, no. 4 (July 26, 2019): 769–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2019-0016.
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AbstractThe syntactic literature on idioms contains some proposals that are surprising from a compositional perspective. For example, there are proposals that, in the case of verb-object idioms, the verb combines directly with the noun inside its DP complement, and the determiner is introduced higher up in the syntactic structure, or is late-adjoined. This seems to violate compositionality insofar as it is generally assumed that the semantic role of the determiner is to convert a noun to the appropriate semantic type to serve as the argument to the function denoted by the verb. In this paper, we establish a connection between this line of analysis and lines of work in semantics that have developed outside of the domain of idioms, particularly work on incorporation and work that combines formal and distributional semantic modelling. This semantic work separates the composition of descriptive content from that of discourse referent introducing material; our proposal shows that this separation offers a particularly promising way to handle the compositional difficulties posed by idioms, including certain patterns of variation in intervening determiners and modifiers.
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van Dam, Kellen Parker. "The syntax of intensifiers in Muishaung." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 43, no. 1 (August 28, 2020): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltba.19002.dam.
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Abstract The Tangsa-Nocte languages of the India/Myanmar border region employ a system of suffixes to modify descriptive words. These may be reduplicated under certain conditions, determined by the stress patterns of the larger utterance. Previously referred to as intensifiers (Morey n.d.; van Dam 2018), these affixes modify their stems to cover a wide range of different meanings, with each stem having a limited and sometimes unique set of applicable modifiers. Such intensifiers are found throughout the Pangwa varieties of Tangsa-Nocte and occur with the majority of basic adjectives derived from monosyllabic verbal stems.
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Makhmudova, S. M. "Formal Features of the Structural-Semantic Categories of One-Part Sentences in the Rutul Language." Язык и текст 7, no. 2 (2020): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/langt.2020070210.
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While syntax attracts the attention of an increasing number of linguists in the world, syntactic theories are created based on the linguistic material of most natural languages, the syntax of Dagestani languages remains a kind of lacuna, not known even in a simple descriptive plan. One of the most poorly studied Islands in the Dagestani syntax is single - part sentences that have not been analyzed either in terms of composition or in terms of forms of expression. In the existing research on the syntax of Dagestani languages, single-part sentences are either not considered at all, or are considered very superficially. Meanwhile, single-part sentences are a fairly developed constructive class in Dagestani languages. This work contains an attempt to analyze single-part sentences in the Rutulian language, the syntax of which has not been subjected to special research until now.
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Mohd Rafi, Fakhrur Razi, Yayan Nurbayan, and M. Zaka Al Farisi. "Syntax Errors in The Qur'an." ADDIN 13, no. 1 (June 26, 2019): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/addin.v13i1.2507.
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<p>This research is motivated by the thought of an orientalist–‘Abdallah ‘Abd al-Fadi–which states that the Qur’an has no perfection. He poured his thoughts into a book Is The Qur’an Infallible? In his book, he states that the Qur’an contains 22 Arabic syntax errors. His thoughts effected in many Muslims doubtful towards the authenticity of the Qur’an. In addition, non-Muslims also increasingly undermine the authenticity of it. Considering that this issue is a matter that must be addressed, the researcher will research further in this case. The purpose of this study is to refute the thoughts of ‘Abdallah ‘Abd al-Fadi and to maintain the purity, image, and authenticity of the Qur’an. The research method used in this research is descriptive analysis with the qualitative approach. The finding of this research indicates that ‘Abdallah ‘Abd al-Fadi’s thoughts on Qur’anic verses are wrong and this is due to his lack of understanding of Arabic theories especially the theories of Arabic syntax.</p>
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Anisa, Ramelia Dwi, Rusdinal Rusdinal, and Firman Firman. "Dampak COVID-19 terhadap Aktivitas Sosial Masyarakat Di Kota Lubuklinggau." Syntax Idea 3, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/syntax-idea.v3i3.1076.
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Coronavirus Diseases (Covid-19) is one of the many viruses that can attack humans, ranging from those without symptoms, with mild symptoms to severe symptoms. What is known is that the incubation period for Covid-19 in the human body ranges from 5-6 days and the longest incubation period is 14 days. In the current Covid-19 era, there are a lot of social activities in society that are not disturbed and cannot even be done to anticipate the spread of Covid-19 in their neighborhood. There are also community activities that have undergone changes and concerts must be carried out as a result of Covid-19. The purpose of this study was to identify the impact of Covid-19 on the social activities of the people of Lubuklinggau City. This research uses descriptive field research with qualitative research methods. The data techniques used in this study were observation, documentation and interviews and used descriptive analysis methods as data analysis techniques. The results obtained from the impact are anything that arises as a result of changes that occur in people's lives and can produce a change with a positive impact and a negative impact on the survival of the community. The results obtained in conducting research related to the impact of Covid-19 on community activities, the authors found that there are impacts that arise as a result of the existence of Covid-19, both positive and negative impacts that appear in the midst of society today
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Blache, Philippe. "Representing syntax by means of properties: a formal framework for descriptive approaches." Journal of Language Modelling 4, no. 2 (November 25, 2016): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.15398/jlm.v4i2.129.
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Reesink, Ger P. "Lexicon and syntax from an emic viewpoint." Studies in Language 32, no. 4 (September 12, 2008): 866–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.32.4.04ree.
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Each language has its own limited inventory of constructions from which speakers have to choose when they want to communicate their conceptualizations. This paper discusses a highly productive complex figure construction (Croft 2001:326) in the Papuan language Moi, which requires a number of different translations in English. In both SVO and SOV Papuan languages perceived events are normally expressed in coordinating complex figure constructions, but can appear in figure-ground constructions when pragmatically marked. To capture the genius of a language, interlinear and free translations in descriptive grammars should signal the language-specific links between form and meaning. The conclusion discusses to what extent and under what conditions cross-linguistic comparison of emic constructions is possible.
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Mu'arifin, Hidayatul, and Peri Irawan. "Analisis Kinerja Keuangan Perusahaan Ditinjau dari Rentabilitas, Likuiditas dan Solvabilitas." Syntax Idea 3, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/syntax-idea.v3i3.1088.
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The purpose of this study is to analyze the financial performance of PT Sentul City Tbk and its Subsidiaries in 2018-2019 in terms of profitability, liquidity and solvency and to determine the effect of profitability, liquidity and solvency on Company Value both simultaneously and partially. The research object was carried out on the official website of PT Sentul City and at LQ45. The type of data used is secondary data. Methods of data collection using quantitative methods and descriptive methods, namely data in the form of exact numbers and analyze data from the company's financial statements. And it can be concluded that the level of analysis of profitability, liquidity and solvency is very influential on Firm Value and from the analysis the company can be categorized in a multi-state condition or not.
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Suherman, Rudi. "THe The Attentional System in The Case of Harvey Weinstein Sexual Abuse Allegations on International Online News." Syntax Literate ; Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia 6, no. 3 (March 20, 2021): 1388. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/syntax-literate.v6i3.1030.
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The study aims to find out the attention system, especially, the focus of attention patterns, on news articles related to the Harvey Weinstein sexual harassment allegations case. Qualitative descriptive methods were used in this study. The data was taken from the BBC and the stylist's broadcasting article about the case. The results show that the figure-ground organization as an element in the focus of attention patterns is mapped and clearly constructed. Weinstein, who fits the role of the perpetrator, reasoned on the victim and the attention of the news writer's article that formed the ground, while the victim and other entities set the ground in the sentence. This reasoned and background phenomenon shows that the cognition of victims and news writers places more attention and perception on perpetrators than other entities.
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Sunardi, Sunardi, Raden Arief Nugroho, and Budi Harjo. "Identifikasi Permasalahan Pembelajaran Mahasiswa Tunanetra Pada Mata Kuliah Sintaksis Bahasa Inggris: Studi Kasus di Universitas Dian Nuswantoro." INKLUSI 1, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/ijds.010209.
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This study focuses on identifying the problems faced by visually impaired students in teaching-learning process of English syntax course at Faculty of Humanities, Dian Nuswantoro University in 2014. English syntax, as one of the subjects studied in the English study program, is considered as a challenging subject for visually impaired students as it involves visual perception, such as graphics and images. This research was a descriptive qualitative one. The researchers collected the data by using an in-depth interview. This involved 2 visually impaired students who experienced the learning process of English syntax and 3 lecturers of Dian Nuswantoro University. The discussion was limited on the issues around the needs for creating an accessible learning media and kinds of difficulties faced by the visually impaired students. From the in-depth interview, there are three major findings that are highlighted: a) the needs to overcome all inaccessible English syntax learning materials; b) general difficulties faced by visually impaired students in English syntax subject; c) technical difficulties in drawing tree structure diagrams. Then, these highlighted problems and findings are used as to formulate the recommendations of this study.
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Wulandari, Nourma Pramestie, Faishal Wahiduddin, Ulfa Lu'luilmaknun, Mohammad Archi Maulyda, and Ratih Ayu Apsari. "Teaching Macro Excel on Pre-service Mathematics Teachers: Analysis Error in Solving the Syntax Manually." JTAM (Jurnal Teori dan Aplikasi Matematika) 5, no. 1 (April 17, 2021): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31764/jtam.v5i1.3313.
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The aim of this study is to describe errors output when pre-service mathematics teachers were writing output of the syntax that given in macro excel manually. This research is a qualitative descriptive research with 101 participants from 2nd year pre-service mathematics teachers from one of state university at Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia. Instrument used consists of one syntax that has 8 outputs when it is run and that will be analysed using Newman’s procedures. The eight outputs come from 3 types of output, namely text, numbers, and count. The result showed that the average percentage of syntax output writing errors was 87.13%. It also indicated to reading errors of 48.51%, comprehension errors of 18.81%, transformation errors of 83.17%, process skill errors of 20.79%, and encoding errors of 87.13%. Based on the result, errors occur when participants incorrectly write output and wrong in writing the result of the count. In addition, factors that caused these errors are 1) participants were not trained in providing information that was in the problem, 2) participants did not read the instructions in the problem correctly, and 3) participants did not pay attention to the suitability of syntax and output as was learned before. This research can be a reference for lecturers to develop learning about programming languages that can make students understand the use of syntax with the emphasis on manual syntax learning which will make their logic easier when applyng the syntax on a computer.
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Apriani, Indah, and Rudi Hartono Manurung. "Fungsi “Fukugoudoushi –Te Iru” Dalam Novel Jiorama Karya Natsuo Kirino." Lingua Cultura 5, no. 2 (November 30, 2011): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/lc.v5i2.387.
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Japanese is a language that comprises a unique grammar. Internal structure is its uniqueness and can be studied like syntax. One study of Japanese language syntax is functions of “fukugoudoushi” 「て いる」. This theme was chosen to understand the whole functions of “fukugoudoushi” 「ている」. As the corpus of data, a Natsuo Kirino’s novel Jiorama is used. This study implements descriptive analytical method and literature review. From the results obtained, it is concluded that fukugoudoushi "て いる" has six functions, where the main function shows sustained activity and activity result.
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Humaidi, Humaidi. "LINGUISTIK MODERN PERSEPEKTIF DOKTOR MAHMUD FAHMI AL-HIJAZI." Al-Fathin: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra Arab 3, no. 01 (August 9, 2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32332/al-fathin.v3i01.2001.
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Abstract
Linguistics is the study of language scientifically. In his study, linguistics has the scope of studies and methods of study. The scope of linguistic studies is phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics. Phonology research is the study of language sounds. Morphology is the field of linguistics that studies about word formation and morphemes in a language. Syntax is the study of the structure of language. And the last semantics is the study of meaning. While the methodology of linguistic studies are comparative linguistics, descriptive linguistics, historical linguistics, and contrastive linguistics.
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Salsabila, Ainan. "Augmenting Students’ Speaking Skill Through Vlog as an Innovation in Learning." Syntax Idea 3, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): 1782. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/syntax-idea.v6i8.1405.
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In this era of globalization, technology media has become an important role that can be used in the world of education. Especially vlog can be used as content to explore creative potential for everyone to augment speaking skills. Vlog defines as the documentation using video component as a medium media to record that they want to talk about it. The purpose of this research article of the innovation in learning through vlog is to augment students’ confidence speaking skill in their classroom. The data of this research used case study in the form of descriptive analysis using qualitative research methods. Data collection techniques were collected by observation of eight grader graduate in SMP Darul Ulum Depok. The results of this research revealed that after the students conducted the vlog, the students successfully in the criteria points for improving speaking skill and they more enjoy in speaking performance. Besides, the use innovation through vlog can enhanced students’ fluency, pronunciation, vocabulary, and good performance.
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Berybe, Gregorius Antariksa, Elisabeth Oktaviani Hanggu, and Maria Beatrix Rahinart Wellalangi. "The Awareness Towards Quality of Service From Homestay Providers In Premium Tourism Destination." Syntax Literate ; Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia 6, no. 4 (April 20, 2021): 1705. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/syntax-literate.v6i4.2526.
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This research aims to know the understanding of homestay providers about the quality of service. The research design of this study is descriptive quantitative where data collected from the questionnaires that given to the homestay providers at Liang Ndara Village, Labuan Bajo, with factors of analysis are: 1) Tourism Awareness, 2) Sanitation and Hygiene, 3) Psychology of Service, 4) Guest Service and English for Communication. The result of this study shows that 84,9% of respondents are not aware of the importance of sanitation and hygiene. English as a communication shows about 78,2% of respondents are not using English as daily communication with the foreign guest. This lack of interaction because of the effect of the psychology of service (8%) of respondents are less confident having interaction. While factors shown by the respondents are highly aware such as tourism awareness (100%) and 86,9% respondents have shown their awareness of service. Providing quality of service is required commitment from respondents to aware of those factors.
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Willi, Andreas. "Further Thoughts on the Syntax of Il. 5.265-269." Mnemosyne 70, no. 5 (September 13, 2017): 859–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568525x-12342320.
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AbstractIn response to a recent article by P. Probert on the same passage, it is argued that we need not assume that Il. 5.265-269 obliquely refers to an otherwise unknown ‘stud farm’ of Zeus if we want to maintain that the phenomenon of attractio relativi is only attested in post-Homeric times. The relative pronoun ἧς on which Probert’s reading is based should rather be understood as representing either a ‘descriptive’ genitive or, even more likely, an early instance of the genitive of price.
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Armelia, Lisa. "Critical Discourse Analysis On �Spiderman�." Syntax Literate ; Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia 4, no. 9 (September 20, 2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/syntax-literate.v4i9.708.
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Talking about CDA or �Critical Discourse Analysis� means talking about power domination, ideologies and concepts employ in certain community. The reflection of power, ideologies, concepts or event traditional values can be found easily nowadays in the entertainment section with products like movies, songs, advertising, and many more. Since the values are packed with attractive features, some people are allured with the features and forget the power that drives some people to create the products which enable them to portray their beliefs and values. This research is trying to reveal the critical aspect of the movie �Spiderman� (2002) which contain Christian beliefs, bias concepts in American�s humanity and heroism. The method employs in the research is descriptive analysis based on the data taken from the scenes of the movie, tagline, dialogues. The result shows that through this movie, American unveils the ideology of liberalism covered with the values of humanity and heroism to drive people into the hegemony: American is the only power domination and the source of great heroes.
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Nugraha, Wildan, and Direstu Amalia. "Covid-19 and Implementation of Airport Health and Safety Procedures: The Safety Culture Perception." Syntax Literate ; Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia 6, no. 4 (April 20, 2021): 2070. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/syntax-literate.v6i4.2565.
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The Covid-19 pandemic that is currently happening has become a scourge for the community and has had a quite wide impact on almost all industrial sectors, especially in the aviation industry. Government directions that require individuals to carry out social and physical distancing have made noteworthy changes to the flight forms and methods. The aim of this research is to assess the effect of implementing policies or regulations issued by the government regarding the handling of Covid-19 on aviation safety, especially in the airport operations sector. The approach of this research is descriptive qualitative, while data collection uses interview techniques and distributing questionnaires to airport personnel and airport management. This study resulted in findings that the aspect of aviation safety, especially for users of air transportation services, remains a top priority for airport operators even though during the Covid-19 pandemic, this is evidenced by the application of Biosafety Management and Biosecurity Management in the implementation of flight operations at airports. however, it is necessary to establish good collaboration and coordination with operators between modes of transportation other than aircraft in the airport area to prioritize the safety of users of transportation services by implementing health protocols.
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Terenghi, Silvia. "Demonstrative-reinforcer constructions and the syntactic role of deictic features." Linguistics in the Netherlands 36 (November 5, 2019): 192–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.00032.ter.
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Abstract In this paper I take Romance demonstrative-reinforcer constructions as a way to test whether the deictic features encoded by demonstrative and locative forms are active in the syntax. From a descriptive point of view, I claim that demonstrative systems can be best accounted for by making reference to two binary deictic person features: [dem [±Author]] and [dem [±Participant]]. Then I show how these features combine in demonstrative-reinforcer constructions, providing a comprehensive overview of demonstrative-reinforcer constructions in Italo-Romance varieties. Finally, I argue that deictic person features are inactive in the syntax of demonstrative and locative forms: this is suggested by the shortcomings that Agree-based accounts face when dealing with demonstrative-reinforcer constructions. Therefore, I contend that the best analysis for such constructions is a non-core syntactical one, the relevant derivation point being either within the morphological component or at the interface between syntax and semantics.
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Allerton, D. J. "David Kilby, Descriptive syntax and the English verb. London: Croom Helm, 1984. Pp. 198." Journal of Linguistics 22, no. 1 (March 1986): 204–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700010653.
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Purwati, Tuti. "USING MOBILE APPLICATION TO PROMOTE AUTONOMOUS LEARNING FOR SYNTAX SUBJECT." E-Structural 1, no. 02 (January 11, 2019): 142–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33633/es.v1i2.2142.
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This is a descriptive qualitative research aiming at exploring the use of mobile apps to promote autonomous learning for students of English Education study program in Syntax subject. Syntax is given in the fourth semester and the lesson objective is students are able to analyze sentence construction in their correct structures. There are three mobile apps used namely Quizlet, Socrative, and Sli.do. They are used randomly based on certain subtopic in the semester. Purposive sampling is applied for data collection. The data are then analyzed using content based analysis. It is found out that the use of mobile apps is able to promote students’ autonomous learning since they are eager to dig more and learn further to find materials for their subject namely Syntax. They are challenged to find answers to some problems given by the lecturer. They become more creative in presenting ideas as well as doing tree diagram analysis on sentence constructions.
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Debi, Fanesia, Latifah Riyaningrum, Luthfiana Yunita Dewi, and Chafit Ulya. "Analisis kesalahan berbahasa tataran sintaksis pada pidato Presiden Jokowi dalam Sidang Umum PBB." Jurnal Genre (Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pembelajarannya) 3, no. 1 (September 4, 2021): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26555/jg.v3i1.3392.
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The purpose of this research is (1) to describe the speaking errors in terms in the syntax on a speech the President Jokowi of the UN general assembly contained in the portal news Kompas.com Edition 23 September 2020 (2) to provide improvements in the syntax to the speech of the President Jokowi of the UN general assembly contained in the portal news Kompas.com Edition of 23 December 2020. This research is descriptive qualitative research. The data techniques used is the technique of intensive reading and technique of note. The results of the error in terms of the syntax show that the error in terms most found on the type of error the use of excessive or redundant. In addition, there is also a type of error in another language i.e. the use of prepositions that is not appropriate, a double, the omission of conjunctions, the use of conjunctions excessive, and the use of foreign terms
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Fariani Siregar, Nelia. "Improving Students’ Ability To Describe in Speaking Competence By Using Note Card, Known As Cue Card." Syntax Literate ; Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia 5, no. 7 (July 20, 2020): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/syntax-literate.v5i7.1470.
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Speaking actually, is very important to be mastered because it can help us to communicate with others well. Speaking is used as a communicate tool to express the idea’s feeling, accept and transfer the information to other people. In another statement, it is the activity for sharing the information. Speaking enables students to receive information from people by their conversation. Based on preliminary research, the researcher found that there are some problems in speaking at Senior High School. Most of students are still afraid to speak English in front of the class because students are not confident to speak using English and they are lack of vocabulary. The students consider that English is a hard foreign language; they are fear of making mistakes, especially in Grammar. Thus, to make them have courage in speaking English, they need bugs motivation from the teacher. There are still many students asks question or answer teacher’s question by using first language (mother tongue) than using English. Most of students still feel anxious, shy and fear. This situation makes students have low achievement in speaking subject. Based on the brief explanation above, there are some problems in speaking. However, there is a way to solve the problems; one of way is using cue card as media in teaching speaking. Cue card is not something now in English teaching.
Keywords: Cue Card, Speaking; Descriptive Text
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Islam, Karem Rouby. "Video Analysis "Bisa Kembali Normal? Obat Covid-19 Sudah Ditemukan!!" From Communication Philosophy Perspective." Syntax Literate ; Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia 6, no. 3 (March 20, 2021): 1240. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/syntax-literate.v6i3.2144.
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The video entitled “Bisa Kembali Normal? Obat Covid-19 Sudah Ditemukan!!” is a video containing an interview between Anji and Hadi Pranoto who claims that he has succeeded in finding a Covid-19 antibody drug, that can prevent and cure patients who have been infected with the coronavirus in just 2-3 days. Many experts also doubt Hadi Pranoto's statements in the video. With the many reactions from the public regarding the video, Cyber Indonesia General President reported Anji and Hadi in August 2020 of violating laws in Indonesia. This article uses a Descriptive Analytic Method. This Article aims to explain the concepts of Human Understanding and Communicating Effectivity in Communication Philosophy. The Concept of Human Understanding is the information provided will form an understanding in society, and the Concept of Communication Effectivity is information/ideas that are conveyed that will effectively change people's behavior. In this case, it was understood that Hady Pranoto had found an anti-COVID-19 drug that could prevent and cure. Then from the information provided, it will result in those who agree to believe what Hadi Pranoto said, will buy the antibody-drug, but those who disagree such as the experts will deny the information provided by Hadi Pranoto, which can also be considered as hoax news. This effect will affect the behavior of people watching the video, which leads to community disorders.
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McFADDEN, THOMAS. "OV–VO in English and the role of case marking in word order." English Language and Linguistics 9, no. 1 (May 2005): 63–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674305001541.
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It is shown that the connection posited by Roberts (1997) between the loss of case marking and the shift from OV to VO in English is contradicted by the facts of English and the other Germanic languages. It is argued that this failure is not the result of an incorrect handling of the syntactic or morphological details, but of the way that the proposal straddles the syntax–morphology interface. Parallels are explored with research on verb raising and agreement, and it is proposed that, in order to be more than a descriptive generalization, the claim that some morphological property has a syntactic effect must be couched in terms that both the morphology and the syntax can refer to in a principled way.
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Gumelar, Naufal Allam, Rullyani Kuncoro Putri, Silvia Nita Nur Aryanti, and Chafit Ulya. "Analisis kesalahan berbahasa tataran sintaksis pada artikel “Inovasi Pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia Melalui Pendekatan Proses â€." Jurnal Genre (Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pembelajarannya) 3, no. 1 (September 4, 2021): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.26555/jg.v3i1.3388.
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This study aims to explain the form of language error in rhetorical journal entitled "Innovation of Indonesian Language Learning through Process Approach" in syntax level, as well as describe the cause of the error. This research is a descriptive qualitative research. Data collection using techniques in the form of observation of the writings of an article from the journal Rhetoric. Data in the study is divided into two scopes, namely literature research and field research Analysis techniques used include, collecting data in the form of errors in terms of syntax, identifying errors, explaining errors, and evaluating errors. The results of this study are descriptions of the form of language errors include: (1) the unity of ideas, (2) word frugality, (3) logic, and (4) word carefulness.
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Suliwati, Suliwati. "Korelasi Kompetensi Pedagogik Guru PAI dengan Motivasi Belajar Peserta Didik Di Sekolah Inklusi." Syntax Idea 3, no. 2 (February 20, 2021): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/syntax-idea.v3i2.939.
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This study aims to determine whether there is a correlation between the pedagogical competence of Islamic Education Teachers and the learning motivation of students in Islamic Education subjects in inclusive schools at SMP IT Nidaul Hikmah, Salatiga in the academic year 2018/2019. The subjects in this study were 62 students of class VII B and VIII B including students with special needs with disabilities and learning difficulties (slow learner). This approach of research is a quantitative correlation. The method used to obtain data or information by using a questionnaire or questionnaire sheet. The analysis used in this research is using descriptive analysis and the product-moment correlation hypothesis testing which is assisted by the application program SPSS version 25.00. The results of this study showed that the pedagogical competence of Islamic Education teachers in the very low category was 3.2%, the low category was 27.9%, the moderate category was 48.4% and the high category was 20.9%. The learning motivation of students in the Islamic Education subject in the very low category was 27.4%, the low category was 27.4%, the moderate category was 33.9% and the high category was 11.3%. The correlation between Islamic Education teacher pedagogical competence and learning motivation in the Islamic Education subjects based on the calculation of the correlation stated that the null hypothesis (Ho) was rejected and the alternative hypothesis (Ha) was accepted with the value of > r table with 0.495 > 0.244. Indicated that the correlation between the Islamic Education teacher pedagogical competence and students learning motivation in Islamic Education subjects has a positive moderate category and significant correlation.
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Embleton, Sheila M. "David Kilby. Descriptive Syntax and the English Verb. London: Croom Helm. 1984. Pp. 198. $28.00." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 31, no. 3 (1986): 306–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100011828.
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Constantino Soares, Antonio. "SYNTACTIC CATEGORY AND ITS FUNCTIONS." Lire Journal 2, no. 1 (August 25, 2018): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/lire.v2i1.17.
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This research described about the“Syntactic Category and its Functions” of English language which only implemented on the “present tense”. This research was more focused on some certain sentences elements and expanded into some type of verbs such as ordinary intransitive, complex-intransitive, semitransitive, ordinary monotransitive,complex-transitive, ditransitive and prepositional partial of ditransitive. This research was intended to increase the English learners and teachers’ abilities to have a better understanding related to the sentence elements of English language in the future time. The theories of syntax proposed by Huddleston and Pullum (2005) and Verhaar (2012) were appliedto determine the syntax category and its functions in this research.The introspective reflexsive method was applied to gain the data in this research, however the qualitative descriptive method was applied to analyse the data in this research.
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Brennan, Roland K. "Conditional sentences in the Old East Frisian Brokmonna Bref." NOWELE. North-Western European Language Evolution 72, no. 1 (2019): 11–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/nowele.00018.bre.
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Abstract This paper offers a descriptive account of conditional sentences in the Brokmonna Bref (Brookmen’s Charter), an Old East Frisian regional law text of the thirteenth century. The text shows peculiarities of compositional design, particularly the systematised employment of verb-initial conditional sentences, attested to a lesser degree in other East Frisian texts, and which a comparative perspective reveals as sporadic outside Old Frisian. The descriptive approach provides a suitable opportunity to revisit, from the syntactic side, questions of phraseological inheritance in the language of Old Frisian law. In presenting data, this research takes initial steps towards further study of Old Frisian syntax and its relationship to West Germanic structures.
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Güngör, Onur, and Ebru Harman Aslan. "Defining urban design strategies: an analysis of Iskenderun city center’s imageability." Open House International 45, no. 4 (October 19, 2020): 407–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-07-2020-0104.
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Purpose Legibility, intelligibility, mental images and cognitive and syntactical mapping are significant issues that help expose the spatial knowledge necessary for effective urban design. They also help us understand how a city’s new image is forming. This paper aims to present a new holistic approach to define urban design strategies that improve a city’s imageability through cognitive and syntactic concepts. Design/methodology/approach The study establishes a coherent framework by including residents’ mental images and space syntax theory’s descriptors to understand how residents perceive their physical environment. Using a mixed-methods research design, the authors studied the Iskenderun city center’s image and spatial design. First, the authors used descriptive analysis techniques (questionnaires, verbal interviews and cognitive mapping) and consulted 110 Iskenderun residents. Second, the authors used analytical analysis techniques to investigate the structural relations among city elements with the help of space syntax descriptors. Findings The results demonstrated the importance of applying combined descriptive and analytic techniques to provide an understanding of the city’s image. The authors also offered a proposal including the appropriate urban design strategies to promote Iskenderun city center’s imageability. Originality/value Applying this new coherent framework can support design decision-making for redesigning cities at the micro level and for planning new cityscapes at the macro level.
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Sunarto, M. J. Dewiyani. "The Development of Flipped Learning Model Based on MyBrilian to Support Planned Online Learning." Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengkajian Ilmu Pendidikan: e-Saintika 5, no. 1 (March 23, 2021): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36312/e-saintika.v5i1.379.
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The Covid 19 pandemic period has changed the learning system, including the presence of online learning. Literature reviews from various sources state that the Flipped Learning model is an alternative model for planned online learning. Even so, the Flipped Learning model cannot be implemented directly, but it must be adapted to the conditions where students learn. The development of the Flipped Learning model in this study is supported by a Moodle-based e-learning campus, which is called MyBrilian, through the following syntax: (1) Introduction, (2) Exploration, (3) Study, (4) Exposure, and (5) Assessment. This study involved 66 students of Information System study program of Universitas Dinamika who took Basic Mathematics courses. The instrument used is the Lesson Plans, Student Learning Materials and Test Instruments. Data analysis through statistical descriptive and qualitative descriptive techniques. Based on the data analysis, it can be concluded that the learning is classified into increased knowledge on a high scale, namely N-Gain of 0.7, and based on student response questionnaire, it shows satisfactory results in each syntax. The conclusion is that the flipped learning model can be adopted as an implementation of planned online learning, by adjusting to local learning conditions and with the support of technology.
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Cahyani, Ida. "SYNTAX AND SEMANTICS INTERFACE ANALYSIS ON VERB TELICITY IN ENGLISH SENTENCE." CLLiENT (Culture, Literature, Linguistics, and English Teaching) 1, no. 02 (November 30, 2019): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32699/cllient.v1i02.951.
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As the core of a sentence, a verb can be analysed using syntax and semantic interface based on the verb situation type. One aspect in the verb situation is telicity which shows the process shown by the verb whether involve a bounded activity or unbounded activity with inherent endpoint. This paper analyzes the verbs telicity based on the verb classes proposed by Vendler (1967) namely achievement, accomplishment, activites and states. The aim of the analysis is to find the semantic feature of a verb using syntax and semantics interface. The data in form of sentences were taken from Hemingway’ short story The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber. The analysis employs descriptive qualitative method using observation technique. The data was presented in both formal and informal method. The results show that ity can be analysed both syntactically and semantically. Accomplishment and achievement verbs are while activities and state verbs are a.
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Fox, Catherine A., Charles Tarnocai, Gabriele Broll, Monika Joschko, David Kroetsch, and Elizabeth Kenney. "Enhanced A Horizon Framework and Field Form for detailed field scale monitoring of dynamic soil properties." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 94, no. 2 (May 2014): 189–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss2013-079.
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Fox, C. A., Tarnocai, C., Broll, G., Joschko, M., Kroetsch, D. and Kenney, E. 2014. Enhanced A Horizon Framework and Field Form for detailed field scale monitoring of dynamic soil properties. Can. J. Soil Sci. 94: 189–208. Taxonomic protocols for A horizon description are limited when detailed monitoring of soil change in dynamic soil properties is required for determining the effectiveness of best management practices, remediation efforts, and assessing subtle impacts on soil properties from environmental and anthropogenic stressors. The A Horizon Framework was designed by consolidating protocols from national and international description systems and expert opinion to optimize descriptive capability through use of additional enhanced lowercase designators. The Framework defines new protocols and syntax resulting in a unique soil fingerprint code. Five levels of enhanced lowercase A horizon designators are defined: Level 1, Soil processes and environmental context; Level 2, Soil structure-bulk density; Level 3, Organic carbon; Level 4, pH and electrical conductivity; and, Level 5, Soil and landscape context (i.e., soil texture, surface conditions, current land use, slope character). An electronic Field Form based on the new Framework syntax automatically records the soil fingerprint code in an enhanced (all Levels included) and a minimum detail mode focused on the key dynamic properties. The soil fingerprint codes become a powerful tool by which to identify trends of soil change and small alterations in the dynamic soil properties. Examples of soil fingerprint codes from selected Canada and Germany long-term experimental studies are presented.
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Muchti, Andina. "KESALAHAN SINTAKSIS TULISAN MAHASISWA ASING PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INDONESIA UNIVERSITAS BINA DARMA." Jurnal Ilmiah Bina Edukasi 11, no. 2 (February 14, 2019): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.33557/jedukasi.v11i2.222.
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Study has objectives, (1) describe the mistakes in the language in the field of syntax in the essay writing of foreign students in the regular class, and (2) describe the analysis of the mistakes in the language in the field of syntax in the essay writing of foreign students in the regular class in Bina Darma University. This research is a descriptive qualitative research. Sources of data in this study iswriting of foreign students in the regular class in UBD. The data is a form of language errors in the essay writting. Analyzed using a unified method and agih. Results can be divided into nine aspects, there are (1) sentence structure not standard, (2) sentence is ambiguous, (3) sentence is unclear, (4) diction is not appropriate in forming sentences, (5) contamination sentence, (6) coherence, (7) word redundant, (8) the word uptake used in a sentence, and (9) logic sentence.
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Wolff, John U. "Bloomfield as an Austronesianist." Historiographia Linguistica 14, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1987): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.14.1-2.16wol.
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Summary Bloomfield’s contribution to Austronesian linguistics was quantitatively small, but qualitatively of high importance. He published only one book and one article on Philippine languages. His gigantic Tagálog Texts with Grammatical Analysis (1917) is still, after seventy years, the best single source of information in existence for an Austronesian language. It exemplified a successful application of descriptive analytical method to material dictated by an informant, and as such was an important step in the development of Bloomfield’s principles of linguistic analysis. As such, it represents a major advance over his 1914 Introduction to the Study of Language. The importance and value of his Tagálog Texts have never been given fully adequate recognition. His other contribution, the short “Outline of Ilocano Syntax” (1942) is a tour de force in demonstrating the possibility of making so economical statement as to cover in less than seven pages the entire taxonomic syntax of a language.
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Della Herpriyanti, Yovita, and Bintang R. Simbolon. "Maintaining The Teacher’s Performance of Saint Peter Primary School Kelapa Gading Teachers During Home Online Learning Amidst Covid 19 Pandemic." Jurnal Syntax Transformation 2, no. 2 (February 23, 2021): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.46799/jurnal-syntax-transformation.v2i2.227.
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This qualitative research which has purpose to analyze how to maintain teacher’s performance during home online learning is using descriptive analysis method. Saint Peter Primary School has been using Microsoft 365 and Zoom application in all process of teaching learning and interaction between colleagues and all students during the pandemic time. The use of digital application features have been formed the primary basis of school administration which is conducted individually by teacher of Saint Peter Primary School and was monitored by the school principal. This research was conducted by processing the qualitative data obtained from in-depth interview towards informant of school staff and teachers of Saint Peter Primary School. The data collection was conducted through observation, in-depth interview towards informant and so was documentation. The subjects of this research are the school principal and also the teachers. In this qualitative research it is known that teacher’s performance appear in preparing, implementing and assessing the teaching learning with the use of digital applications during the online learning in pandemic time. Despite the all the weakness circumstances of home online learning, it is known that the quality of education is obviously adequate.
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Van Der Wurff, Wim. "The syntax of participial adjuncts in Eastern Bengali." Journal of Linguistics 25, no. 2 (September 1989): 373–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700014158.
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In this article I will discuss the syntactic properties of participial adjuncts in Eastern Bengali. From a GB-point of view, these constructions are quite interesting, because they can contain a nominative which is apparently not assigned by AGR, and because they show a quite intricate pattern of possibilities for coreference and disjoint reference, with some seemingly arbitrary differences among the three types of adjuncts. In Section 2, I shall present the empirical data for these constructions. In Section 3 I will discuss the relevant general syntactic principles of Eastern Bengali, specifically those responsible for Case-assignment, word-order, pro-drop (including ergative verbs) and binding properties. In Section 4, I will show that the characteristics of the participial constructions, including the apparently haphazard binding properties, follow from the general syntactic principles of Eastern Bengali, if we assume one simple statement for each type of adjunct. No further construction-specific stipulations need be made. To the extent that the analysis I propose can be upheld, it will constitute indirect support for the GB-mechanisms that are crucially involved in it. Apart from various principles of configurationality and binding, I will make use of the idea that there is no abstract AGR, in these cases at least, and also of the analysis of pro-drop as a silent clitic phenomenon, proposed in Safir (1985). It is of course a fact that the principles of grammar I appeal to still need to be investigated more carefully, and may have to be modified on the basis of data not yet taken into account or accurately analyzed. However, as they stand, the relevant principles of GB-theory appear to be able to account for the Eastern Bengali facts I discuss here. Apart from these more theoretical concerns, this paper naturally has an important descriptive component too, which I hope will make it also interesting to linguists working in a different theoretical framework and may stimulate linguists specifically concerned with Bengali to explore further the intricascies of this area of Bengali grammer.
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TENUTA, Adriana Maria, Ana Larissa A. M. OLIVEIRA, and Bárbara Malveira ORFANÓ. "How Brazilian learners express modality through verbs and adverbs in their writing: a corpus-based study on n-grams." DELTA: Documentação de Estudos em Lingüística Teórica e Aplicada 31, no. 2 (December 2015): 333–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-445071548936077492.
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Based on the view of modality in the theoretical framework of descriptive syntax, this study examined a corpus of learners compared with a corpus of native speakers of English, aiming to identify different patterns of expression of modal meanings, particularly, adverbs and modal verbs. Therefore, the study focused its analysis on n-grams containing modal verbs and adverbs that express modality. This analysis revealed the prevalence of epistemic values in both corpora, and the existence of distinct patterns in the expression of this type of modality. In the non-native corpus, the expression of modality is restricted when compared to the native speakers'. In the corpus of native speakers, there was a prevalence of adverbs with modalizing meanings. In addition, learners tend to use some modal verbs differently. This study may contribute to the emerging field of corpora linguistic studies as well as to the area of syntax, with possible implications for the teaching of academic writing in English.