Academic literature on the topic 'Desert plants'

The patterns seen in both the phyllotaxis and surface morphologies in the vicinity of the shoot apical meristems of plants are discussed. We begin with many pictures and a narrative descriptive of both the universal and anomalous features of desert and other plants. We then briefly outline explanations and open challenges. Although many of the special features of phyllotaxis have been known for over four centuries, only now are mechanistic explanations beginning to emerge.

20 pp.<br>Arid urban environment increases the potential insect problems in shrubs and trees. Urban stress conditions include extreme temperatures, salty irrigation water, and heavy soils. Further, many trees and shrubs available in nurseries are not adapted to these arid climates. This publication discusses in detail how to prevent or reduce insect and disease problems for desert-adapted plants by following proper planting, pruning, irrigation, and weed control practices.

Background. Caryophyllaceae is a large and cosmopolitic flowering plant family, however the systematics of many of its basal groups has been unclear, due to a lack of unambiguous morphology. Some members of Caryophyllaceae are used medicinally, e.g. Corrigiola roots in Morocco. Monitoring the trade in medicinal plants is complicated due to the absence of useful identification characters in plant products such as roots, bark, and powders. This thesis aims at elucidating the systematics and the ethnobotany of some of the basal clades in Caryophyllaceae. Methods. A comprehensive sampling from herbarium as well as market and field collected material was used in systematic studies combining morphological investigation, molecular phylogenetic and molecular dating analyses. Results. The data show that Polycarpon is polyphyletic, that Sphaerocoma is sister to Pollichia and shows some intraspecific variation, that Sanctambrosia falls within the genus Spergularia, and that both Spergula and Spergularia are monophyletic. Preliminary data suggest that Polycarpaea is polyphyletic and should be split into three larger and several smaller genera, that the members of Paronychia subgen. Anaplonychia will need to be transferred to Herniaria to maintain monophyly, and that Caryophyllaceae emerged during the Paleocene. All the major extant lineages originated in the Oligocene and diversified later. Using molecular identification it was possible to identify around 50% of the Moroccan medicinal roots to species level and an additional 30% to genus level. Discussion and conclusions. The polyphyletic Polycarpon needs to be split into at least three separate genera, but no name changes were made pending further research. The two species of Sphaerocoma were merged into one species with two subspecies. The San Ambrosio Island endemic Sanctambrosia, the only tree-like plant in Caryophyllaceae, is probably the result of a long distance dispersal event and its woody habit and gynodioecy are probably caused by inbreeding depression. Sanctambrosia manicata is transferred to Spergularia. Molecular identification put into practice on traded medicinal roots has a somewhat lower success rate than most theoretical studies, indicating that a global barcoding database would need to include reference sequences from a broad range of populations for each species.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-07T19:20:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-07-24. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-03-07T19:24:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000854407_20170724.pdf: 663761 bytes, checksum: 60eaa36c360bd21a72c549385424c3ff (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2017-07-24T11:34:16Z: 000854407_20170724.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2017-07-24T11:35:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000854407.pdf: 8174488 bytes, checksum: 9e24d2d63d9e50b4f003bc5a41502cda (MD5)<br>Os fungos são considerados fontes promissoras de compostos bioativos com potencial aplicação na indústria alimentícia, agricultura e medicina, e de fato, diversos medicamentos utilizados na saúde pública são originárias de fungos. Estes são encontrados em vários ecossistemas, entre os quais podemos citar os que vivem no interior das espécies vegetais. Estes micro-organismos são denominados de endófitos e tem se revelado uma fonte promissora de metabólitos bioativos. Dentro deste contexto, este trabalho foi idealizado, objetivando a obtenção de substâncias potencialmente bioativas a partir do estudo químico e biológico dos extratos produzidos pelos fungos endofíticos Camarops sp., Periconia atropurpurea e Pseudofusicoccum stromaticum isolados de espécies vegetais do Cerrado e, o estudo epigenético de Phoma sp. isolado de espécie vegetal do Deserto de Sonora, utilizando no cultivo o modificador epigenético SAHA. Estes endófitos foram cultivados em escala reduzida em meios de cultivo líquidos e sólidos para obtenção dos extratos brutos, os quais foram submetidos a análises químicas (CCDC, HPLC e RMN de 1H) e biológicas (antifúngico, anticolinesterásico e citotóxico). Todos os extratos brutos apresentaram pelo menos uma atividade biológica, o que adicionado às análises químicas permitiram selecionar os meios de cultivo adequados para o crescimento em escala ampliada e, isolamento dos metabólitos secundários. Do cultivo de Camarops sp. no meio sólido de Milho isolou-se cinco substâncias, das quais quatro são inéditas 3-((1S,2S)-1,2-dihidroxibut-3-enil)-4-((E)-pent-1-enil)furan-2(5H)-ona (1), 3, 5, 9-trihidroxi presilfiperfolano (2), deacetilbotridial (3), ácido (E)-2,4-dimetilocta-2-enóico (4) e, ácido (E)-2,4-dimetilnon-2-enóico (5), os compostos 4 e 5 foram ativos na inibição da enzima acetilcolinesterase. Do extrato, obtido do meio líquido de Malte, de...<br>Fungi are considered promising sources of bioactive compounds with potential application in the food, agriculture and medicine industry, and in fact, many drugs used in public health originate from fungi. These are found in various ecosystems, among which we can mention those who live inside the plant species. These microorganisms are called endophytes and have proved to be a promising source of bioactive metabolites. Within this context, this work was carried out, aiming to obtain potentially bioactive substances from chemical and biological study of extracts produced by the endophytic fungi Camarops sp., Periconia atropurpurea and Pseudofusicoccum stromaticum isolated from plant species of the Cerrado and epigenetic studies of Phoma sp. isolated from plant species of the Sonoran Desert using in cultivation the epigenetic modifier SAHA. These endophytes were grown on small scale in liquid culture media and solid to obtain the crude extract. These were subjected to chemical analysis (TLC, HPLC and 1H NMR) and biological (antifungal, anticholinesterase and cytotoxic). All crude extracts showed at least one biological activity, which added the chemical analysis allowed to select the culture medium of appropriate for growth in large scale and isolation of secondary metabolites. The growing of Camarops sp. in solid medium of corn were isolated five compounds of which four are new 3-((1S,2S)-1,2-dihydroxybut-3-enyl)-4-((E)-pent-1-enyl)furan-2(5H)-one (1), 3, 5, 9-trihydroxy presilphiperfolane (2), deacetyl-botrydial (3), (E)-2, 4-dimetilocta-2-enoic acid (4), and (E)-2, 4-dimetilnon-2-enoic acid (5), compounds 4 and 5 were active in inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. From the extract obtained from the liquid medium Malt, of P. atropurpurea were isolated the compounds 4,5-diethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrobenzo[c][1,6]dioxecine-1,8-dione (6) and periconicina B (7). From the cultivation of P. stromaticum...