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1
Lister, Andrew. "Markets, desert, and reciprocity." Politics, Philosophy & Economics 16, no. 1 (February 2017): 47–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470594x16684813.
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This article traces John Rawls’s debt to Frank Knight’s critique of the ‘just deserts’ rationale for laissez-faire in order to defend justice as fairness against some prominent contemporary criticisms, but also to argue that desert can find a place within a Rawlsian theory of justice when desert is grounded in reciprocity. The first lesson Rawls took from Knight was that inheritance of talent and wealth are on a moral par. Knight highlighted the inconsistency of objecting to the inheritance of wealth while taking for granted the legitimacy of unequal reward based on differential productive capacity. Rawls agreed that there was an inconsistency, but claimed that it should be resolved by rejecting both kinds of inequality, except to the extent they benefitted the worst off. The second lesson Rawls learned from Knight was that the size of one’s marginal product depends on supply and demand, which depend on institutional decisions that cannot themselves be made on the basis of the principle of rewarding marginal productivity. The article claims that this argument about background justice overstates its conclusion, because the dependence of contribution on institutional setup is not total. Proposals for an unconditional basic income may therefore have a strike against them, as far as a reciprocity-based conception of desert is concerned. If we follow Knight’s analysis of the competitive system, however, so too does the alternative of leaving determination of income up to the market.
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Dokka, Roy K., and Christopher J. Travis. "Late Cenozoic strike-slip faulting in the Mojave Desert, California." Tectonics 9, no. 2 (April 1990): 311–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/tc009i002p00311.
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Keshen, Jeff. "The Media and the Military: From Crimea to Desert Strike." American Journalism 17, no. 2 (April 2000): 107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08821127.2000.10739245.
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Young, Bruce A., and Malinda Morain. "The use of ground-borne vibrations for prey localization in the Saharan sand vipers (Cerastes)." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 5 (March 1, 2002): 661–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.5.661.
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SUMMARYSand vipers of the genus Cerastes are specialized semi-fossorial snakes that launch predatory strikes at rodents and lizards while partially buried in the soft sand of the Saharan desert. This study attempted to document which environmental stimuli are used by these snakes as a trigger for the ambush behavior. Denervating the olfactory and vomeronasal organs produced no changes in prey capture behavior in Cerastes cerastes. Occluding the eyes of the denervated specimens resulted in significant decreases in strike distance, diversity of strike angle and strike accuracy, demonstrating the importance of visual stimuli for target acquisition in this species. Nevertheless, every olfactory-denervated, temporarily blinded specimen succeeded in capturing free-ranging mice in every trial. Presentation of chemosensory-neutral targets to the olfactory-denervated, temporarily blinded specimens resulted in similar predatory behaviors, whether the target was isothermic to the environment or heated to mammalian body temperature. Collectively, these results provide evidence for the importance of visual stimuli during foraging in C. cerastes, the first experimental evidence for foraging by vibration detection in snakes and the strongest evidence to date that snakes are capable of ‘hearing’ vibrational stimuli.
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Burke, Anthony. "Review: The Media and the Military: From Crimea to Desert Strike." Media International Australia 88, no. 1 (August 1998): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x9808800123.
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White, N. D. "COMMENTARY ON THE PROTECTION OF THE KURDISH SAFE-HAVEN: OPERATION DESERT STRIKE." Journal of Conflict and Security Law 1, no. 2 (December 1, 1996): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcsl/1.2.197.
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MENARD, ANDREW. "Striking a Line through the Great American Desert." Journal of American Studies 45, no. 2 (April 12, 2010): 267–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875810000034.
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During the early 1840s, as the right to rule the continent found a slogan in manifest destiny, nothing was seen as a greater barrier to expansion than the region, between the Mississippi and the Rockies, known as the Great American Desert. As a rhetorical figure, it was nearly ubiquitous – shaping everything from the expedition reports of Zebulon Pike and Edwin James to the western narratives of James Fenimore Cooper and Washington Irving. The first serious challenge to this image was a report John Charles Frémont presented to Congress after leading an Army expedition to South Pass. Frémont knew that his report had to refute the empirical evidence for a Great Desert to strike it down it as a rhetorical barrier to emigration. Thus he developed a distinctive mode of description that focussed on “topographic geology” while utilizing an aesthetic of the picturesque. This allowed him to create a rocky specificity and contrast where once a grassy and arid uniformity had reigned supreme. In the process, he began to create a nexus between scenery and science that would make both more deliberate and exacting – and the American landscape as a whole more uniquely “western.” By the end of the report, Frémont's ardent impressions of the West were so multiple and intense that the Great American Desert suddenly seemed without significance as a place or a name.
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Vollin, Marina F., and Timothy E. Higham. "Tail Autotomy Alters Prey Capture Performance and Kinematics, but not Success, in Banded Geckos." Integrative and Comparative Biology 61, no. 2 (May 14, 2021): 538–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icab076.
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Abstract Tails are versatile structures with diverse forms and functions across vertebrates. They are involved in almost all behaviors critical to survival including locomotion, feeding, and predator avoidance. Although the tail’s role in locomotion and stability has been widely studied, its role in prey capture is relatively unknown. Lizards are an ideal system to examine the tail’s impact on prey capture as most are capable of autotomizing, or dropping, their tail in response to predation and intraspecific competition. Tail autotomy can lower reproduction, decrease locomotor performance, impart instability during jumping, and decrease social status. Desert banded geckos (Coleonyx variegatus) frequently capture evasive prey in nature and appear to use their tail during strikes. However, it is unclear if these tail movements are important for the strike itself, or if they simply draw attention to that part of the body. We used high-speed 3D videography to quantify prey capture performance and kinematics of C. variegatus striking at crickets before and after total caudal autotomy. Trials were conducted within 2 h of autotomy and then repeatedly over a 2-week period. Overall, prey capture success was unaffected by caudal autotomy. However, maximum strike velocity decreased significantly after autotomy, highlighting the importance of the tail during prey capture. Strike kinematics were altered after autotomy in several ways, including geckos adopting a more sprawled posture. Maximum pectoral girdle and mid-back height were significantly lower during post-autotomy strikes, whereas maximum pelvic girdle height was unaffected. However, individual variation was considerable. This downward pitching of the body after tail loss suggests that the tail is necessary for counterbalancing the anterior portion of the body and resisting the rotational inertia incurred after pushing off with the hindlimbs. Utilizing autotomy to test tail function in prey capture can provide valuable insight into how the tail is used in terrestrial predation across a wide variety of species and ecological niches.
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Palmieri, Daniel. "Crossing the desert – the ICRC in Iraq: analysis of a humanitarian operation." International Review of the Red Cross 90, no. 869 (March 2008): 137–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383108000118.
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AbstractFor almost 60 years, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has been doing its best to provide humanitarian assistance to those groups in Iraq that need it most. This article describes the humanitarian operations of the ICRC in Iraq from 1950 to the present day, in particular the support it has given to different minorities in the country and its humanitarian responses to the various armed conflicts. It shows that the legal framework that provides the basis for the ICRC's humanitarian activities also limits its ability to take action in situations beyond the scope of its mandate. In armed conflicts the ICRC faces the risk of being used by governments for their own ends. The challenge for the ICRC is to strike a balance between meeting its treaty-based obligations and exercising its right of humanitarian initiative, and to avoid selecting the recipients of its aid on the sole basis of opportunities made available by governments.
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Liu, Zhengyao, Zhibao Dong, and Xujia Cui. "Morphometry of lunette dunes in the Tirari Desert, South Australia." Open Geosciences 10, no. 1 (September 14, 2018): 452–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2018-0035.
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Abstract Morphometry and formation processes are key research problems in the study of aeolian sandy landforms. Based on morphometric parameters inferred from satellite images and the calculation of the drift potential (DP), we examined general characteristics of lunette dunes in the Tirari Desert, South Australia, along with their morphometry and formation processes to determine how this landform type initially formed and its relationship to surrounding linear dune distribution. Results show that the morphometric parameters of lunette dunes and connective lake systems exhibit moderate correlations. It suggests that the morphology of these dunes is controlled by the lakes. Spatially, the lunette dunes present regular arrangement, and the strike of their alignment are approximately in accordance with the linear dunes. The calculated DP implies that the lunette dunes developed under a low-wind-energy environment, which is a wind regime similar to that required for the formation of the surrounding linear dunes. Even though, the resultant DP demonstrates that the summer wind should be responsible for the growth of the lunette dunes. However, accompanied with the repeated drying of lakes and even its disappearance during the dune development process, it not only contributes to the development of lunette dunes but also promotes their transformation to linear dunes.
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Heath, Joseph. "On the Very Idea of a Just Wage." Erasmus Journal for Philosophy and Economics 11, no. 2 (September 10, 2018): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.23941/ejpe.v11i2.326.
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The way that wages are determined in a market economy produces results that strike most people as morally counterintuitive, if not positively unjust. I argue that there is an important and easily defensible principle underlying the system—it is designed to channel labour to its best employment, the way that it does any other resource. But many consider this defence too minimal, and so strive to find a thicker, more robust moral principle that can be used to defend the market, using concepts like ‘contribution’, ‘effort’, ‘laziness’, ‘skill’ or ‘talent’—all of which combine to provide a concept of ‘desert’, or ‘fairness’ in compensation. The objective of this paper is to caution against such overreach. I begin by articulating what I take to be the central principle underlying the determination of wages. I go on to discuss three different ways that both critics and defenders of the market have sought to go further than this, by introducing thicker moral concepts to the discussion, and why each of these initiatives fails. My central contention will be that markets are structurally unable to deliver ‘just’ wages, according to any everyday-moral understanding of what justice requires in cooperative interactions.
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Floyd, Michael, Gareth Funning, Yuri Fialko, Rachel Terry, and Thomas Herring. "Survey and Continuous GNSS in the Vicinity of the July 2019 Ridgecrest Earthquakes." Seismological Research Letters 91, no. 4 (February 12, 2020): 2047–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220190324.
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Abstract The Mw 6.4 and Mw 7.1 Ridgecrest, California, earthquakes of July 2019 occurred within 34 hr of each other on conjugate strike-slip faults in the Mojave Desert, just north of the central Garlock fault. Here, we present the results of a survey of 18 Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) sites conducted in the immediate aftermath of the earthquakes, including five sites that recorded the motion of the second earthquake after having been set up immediately following the first, as well as processed results from continuous GNSS sites throughout the region. Our field work in response to the earthquakes provides additional constraints on the ground displacement due to both earthquakes, complementing data from a spatially sparser network of continuously recording GNSS sites in the area, as well as temporally sparser Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar data that were able to capture a combined deformation signal from the two earthquakes.
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Chambers, Iain. "Maritime Criticism and Theoretical Shipwrecks." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 125, no. 3 (May 2010): 678–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2010.125.3.678.
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All visible objects, man, are but as pasteboard masks. But in each event—in the living act, the undoubted deed—there, some unknown but still reasoning thing puts forth the mouldings of its features from behind the unreasoning mask. If man will strike, strike through the mask! How can the prisoner reach outside except by thrusting through the wall? To me, the white whale is that wall, shoved near to me. Sometimes I think there's naught beyond. But 'tis enough.—Herman Melville, Moby-Dick; or, The WhaleFamiliar Landscapes are Today Challenged by Illicit Sea Journeys. The Southern Shores of Occidental Modernity are beached by the uninvited guest, by the arrival of histories and cultures that exceed its desires and augment its fears. Like a nemesis from the sea, the interrogative presence of the migrant, who announces planetary processes that are not ours to manage and define, draws Europe and the rest of the West to the threshold of a modernity that exceeds itself. In Isaac Julien's video installation Western Union: Small Boats (2007), the cruel passage of northward migration—across the inhospitable desert and perilous sea—proposes a dramatic poetics that seeks to force apart the conclusive framings of existing political, cultural, and historical narratives. Contorted black bodies gasping in the foam, abandoned on the beach in silver body bags among the sunbathers or writhing on the palace floors of European hierarchies replay the black Atlantic, memories of slavery, and racial oppression in the modern-day Mediterranean.
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López, Raúl E., Ronald L. Holle, Andrew I. Watson, and Jon Skindlov. "Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Lightning over Arizona from a Power Utility Perspective." Journal of Applied Meteorology 36, no. 6 (June 1, 1997): 825–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450-36.6.825.
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Abstract This study was designed to determine whether a spatially significant and temporally persistent variation in cloud-to-ground lightning frequency exists across the Salt River Project (SRP) region of central Arizona. Cloud-to-ground lightning data for 8 years from the Bureau of Land Management detection network were compiled to develop maps of lightning strike density across Arizona and the SRP region. In space, lightning frequency varied significantly across both of these topographically diverse regions. There was nearly five times more lightning over the high-altitude eastern border of the SRP region than over the lower western desert portion. The spatial pattern was consistent through time, so that more substantial lightning protection is warranted over the eastern SRP region than over the west. However, lightning frequency is highly variable from month to month and year to year on both the state and SRP scales, so that the value of newly installed lightning protection cannot be judged on experiences from a few years.
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Madani, Ahmed. "Discrimination of Jurassic Volcanicity in Strike-Slip Basin, Jabal Al Maqtal Area, South Eastern Desert, Egypt, Using ASTER and Field Data." Journal of King Abdulaziz University-Earth Sciences 23, no. 2 (2012): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/ear.23-2.1.
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Sakran, Shawky, and Said Mohamed Said. "Structural setting and kinematics of Nubian fault system, SE Western Desert, Egypt: An example of multi-reactivated intraplate strike-slip faults." Journal of Structural Geology 107 (February 2018): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2017.12.006.
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Ezzelarab, Mohamed, Mohamed O. Ebraheem, and Jiří Zahradník. "A recent Mw 4.3 earthquake proving activity of a shallow strike-slip fault in the northern part of the Western Desert, Egypt." Journal of African Earth Sciences 139 (March 2018): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.12.021.
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Davies, L. G., D. C. Thompson, R. Gillett, and M. B. Smith. "Prescribing in the prehospital environment: a review of the pharmaceutical Module 501 on UK Military Exercise SAIF SAREEA 3. Can such analysis assist with the scaling of healthcare assets?" BMJ Military Health 166, no. 6 (April 27, 2020): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjmilitary-2019-001363.
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IntroductionModule 501 provides core medications which are fundamental to the capability of a prehospital treatment team (PHTT). The quantities of each medication in the module inventory undergo regular review, but these do not correspond to a population at risk (PAR) figure or deployment length for which they intend to be used. This article proposes how the quantities of Module 501 drugs can be scaled for a given deployment, in this example using statistics taken from static PHTTs on Exercise Saif Sareea 3 (SS3).MethodsThe statistics were gathered using a custom-built search of electronic records from the Deployed Defence Medical Information Capability Programme in addition to written record-keeping, which were aligned to the weekly PAR at each PHTT location throughout their full operational capability periods. A quotient was then derived for each module item using a formula.ResultsAmong the 10 most commonly prescribed drugs were four analgesics and three antimicrobials. 42 of the 110 studied drugs were not prescribed during SS3.DiscussionThe data from SS3 reflect the typical scope of disease encountered in the deployed land setting. Employing these data, the use of a formula to estimate the drug quantities needed to sustain a Strike Armoured Infantry Brigade over a 28-day period is demonstrated.RecommendationsFurther study of Module 501 across varied deployment environments would be valuable in evolving this approach to medicinal scaling if proven effective for the warm desert climate. It could then be applied to other modules to further inform future Strike medical planning.LimitationsSeveral considerations when drawing deductions from the data are mentioned, including the inaccuracy of predictor variables taken from the EpiNATO-2 reports.ConclusionThe proposed formula provides an evidence-based framework for scaling drug quantities for a deployment planning. This may improve patient safety and confer logistical, storage and fiscal benefits.
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Ciesielkiewicz, Monika, and Oscar Garrido Guijarro. "Saharawi Women - Educators and Promoters of Peace." Issues in Social Science 5, no. 2 (September 11, 2017): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/iss.v5i2.11313.
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The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of Saharawi women as educators and promoters of peace. The study includes published research on the topic, as well as two interviews conducted with a Paz Martín Lozano, a Spanish politician who is an expert on Saharawi issues, and Jadiyetu El Mohtar, a Saharawi activist and representative of the National Union of Saharawi Women (UNMS) who was well known by the Spanish media due to the hunger strike that she went on at the Lanzarote Airport in 2009. Despite the unbearable extreme conditions, Saharawi people were able to organize their political, economic and social life in refugee camps in the middle of a desert, mainly thanks to the incredible Saharawi women who educate their children to fight for the liberation of the territory of Western Sahara in a peaceful and non-violent way. They are striving for the recognition of the Saharawi cause at the international level and raising awareness of their right to self-determination through a free and fair referendum. They provide an excellent example for their children and transmit the values of peace, non-violent resistance, and not despairing in the face of difficult circumstances.
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Mohamed K. El-Shafei, Mohamed K. El-Shafei. "Structural Control on Banded Iron Formation (BIF) and Gold Mineralization at Abu Marawat Area, Central Eastern Desert, Egypt." journal of king abdulaziz university earth sciences 22, no. 2 (January 7, 2011): 155–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/ear.22-2.7.
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Abu Marawat area is considered as a promising site for exploration of gold mineralization, where many ancient gold mines, hydrothermal alteration zones, and intervening quartz veins are present. This study is a field-based structural analysis that aims at revealing the relationship between mineral occurrences and local structural setting. The area is a part of a back-arc volcanosedimentary sequence associated with banded iron formation (BIF) that has undergone extensive ductile and brittle deformation history. This multiple deformation is manifested by four phases. D1 and D2 are the product of compressional stresses and are expressed by F1, F2 and F3 folds in low-grade regionally metamorphosed rocks. D1 was a progressive deformational phase started with F1 folds, which in a later stage were overprinted by F2 folds. It resulted from NW-SE-oriented pure shear and is associated with imbricate thrust stacks, which control the locations of listwanite bearing gold. NE-SW-oriented compressive stress during D2 is displayed by F3-slip folds at the early stage followed by N-S- to NW-trending dip-slip normal faults and related shear zones. Mineralized quartz veins (MQV) were developed post-D2 and pre-D3. Folding and refolding in addition to thrust movement play a significant role in shortening and thickening of the iron formation bands located at the summit of Gebel Abu Marawat. D3 and D4 are expressed by brittle deformation. D3 is displayed by conjugate shear planes represented by sinistral-NW-oriented and dextral-NE–oriented strike-slip faults that led to the dislocation and redistribution of gold mineraliztion associated with both MQV and listwanite. Barren quartz veins trending E-W were also developed along gash fractures formed during this phase of deformation.
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Moustafa, A. R., and M. H. Khalil. "Rejuvenation of the eastern Mediterranean passive continental margin in northern and central Sinai: new data from the Themed Fault." Geological Magazine 131, no. 4 (July 1994): 435–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800012085.
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AbstractThe Themed Fault marks the southernmost border of the Early Mesozoic passive continental margin of north Sinai. This 200-km long fault transects the northern part of the Tih Plateau that supposedly occupies a tectonically stable area. Post-Middle Eocene–pre-Early Miocene rejuvenation of this fault proceeded by right-lateral wrenching and represents a newly recognized phase of deformation in the history of north and central Sinai. The minimum estimate for the strike-slip movement on this fault is about 300–750 m. To the north of the Themed Fault is a narrow fault belt (Sinai hinge belt) that marks the boundary between a tectonically unstable crustal block to the north (the north Sinai fold belt area) and a tectonically stable crustal block to the south, the main part of the Tih plateau area.Four phases of dextral wrenching rejuvenated the faults of the Early Mesozoic passive continental margin in northern Egypt; one of them affected the Themed Fault. The oldest (Dl) deformation is early Late Senonian and is related to the closure of Neotethys and the Eastern Mediterranean basin. The D1 deformation proceeded by pure wrenching in the north Western Desert of Egypt. In contrast, it proceeded by transpression in north Sinai due to the irregular plate boundary and the relationship of this boundary to the slip vectors. D2 deformation (post-Middle Eocene–pre-Early Miocene) is clear in the Themed Fault area although reported herein for the first time; it is related to continued closure of the Eastern Mediterranean basin and proceeded by pure wrenching. D3 deformation (Late Oligocene–Early Miocene) proceeded by divergent wrenching in the north Eastern Desert and is kinematically related to the transfer of slip from the nearby faults of the Suez rift. D4 deformation (post-Early Miocene to Recent) affected the Sinai hinge belt by pure wrenching and is probably related to the left-lateral slip on the Dead Sea Transform and the related drag of the eastern edges of the fault blocks of this hinge belt. Recent seismic activity in the Sinai hinge belt perhaps indicates that the D4 deformation has continued to the present time, although morphological expression of recent tectonic movement is lacking. In contrast, the Themed Fault is seismically quiet at present.
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Singleton, John S., Nikki M. Seymour, Stephen J. Reynolds, Terence Vomocil, and Martin S. Wong. "Distributed Neogene faulting across the western to central Arizona metamorphic core complex belt: Synextensional constriction and superposition of the Pacific–North America plate boundary on the southern Basin and Range." Geosphere 15, no. 4 (July 26, 2019): 1409–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02036.1.
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Abstract We present fault data from a belt of Miocene metamorphic core complexes in western and central Arizona (USA) to determine patterns of brittle strain during and after large-magnitude extension, and to evaluate the magnitude of postextensional dextral shear across the region. In the White Tank Mountains, coeval WNW- to NW-striking dextral, normal, and oblique dextral-normal faults accommodated constrictional strain with extension subparallel to the direction of ductile stretching during core complex development. Northwest-striking oblique dextral-normal faults locally accommodated similar strain in the Harquahala Mountains, whereas in the South Mountains, constriction was primarily partitioned on NE-dipping normal faults and conjugate NW- and north-striking strike-slip faults. We interpret brittle constrictional strain to have developed during the late stages of large-magnitude extension associated with core complex development and folding of detachment fault corrugations. The oblique orientation of the Arizona core complex belt with respect to the extension direction likely resulted in a minor component of dextral transtension, accounting for much of the constrictional strain. In addition, far-field stresses associated with the transtensional Pacific–North America plate boundary may have contributed to constriction, which characterizes most Neogene detachment fault systems in the southwest Cordillera. Following cessation of detachment fault slip across the Arizona core complex belt (ca. 14–12 Ma), distributed NW-striking dextral and oblique dextral–NE-side-up (reverse) faults modified the topographic envelope of corrugations to an orientation clockwise of the core complex extension direction. Based on our analysis of this misalignment, we interpret the postdetachment fault dextral shear strain to increase northwestward from 0.03 across the South Mountains (0.5–0.6 km total slip across 18 km) to >0.03–0.07 across the Harquahala and Harcuvar Mountains (1.2–2.5 km of total slip across ∼35 km) and ∼0.2 across the Buckskin-Rawhide Mountains (7–8 km across 36 km). This along-strike variation in dextral shear is consistent with the regional pattern of distributed strain associated with the Pacific–North America plate boundary, as cumulative dextral offset in the lower Colorado River region increases toward the eastern Mojave Desert region to the northwest.
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Pechmann, James C., Walter J. Arabasz, and Ethan D. Brown. "Seismotectonics of the 1987–1988 Lakeside, Utah, Earthquakes." Seismological Research Letters 64, no. 3-4 (July 1, 1993): 225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.64.3-4.225.
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Abstract From September 1987 through March 1988, an earthquake sequence which induded shocks of ML 4.8 and 4.7 on September 25 and October 26, respectively, and a total of 8 moderate-sized events of ML ≥ 3.8, occurred in NW Utah beneath a desert basin west of the Great Salt Lake (center of activity: 41° 12.0′ N, 113° 10.5′ W). Wood-Anderson seismograms indicate nearly identical magnitudes for the two largest earthquakes but a factor of two to five larger seismic moment for the first. Significant aspects of the 1987–1988 sequence induded: foreshock activity, proximity (epicentral distance, Δ, of 7 to 12 km) to a major pumping facility completed in early 1987 to lower the level of the Great Salt Lake, an unambiguous strike-slip focal mechanism for the ML 4.8 mainshock, and the lack of a clear association with late Quaternary surface faults. Despite constraints on accessibility to the epicentral area, the stations of the regional seismic network (Δ ≥ 60 km) were supplemented with local stations—initially four portable seismographs and later up to four telemetered stations (2 ≤ Δ ≤ 27 km) that operated continuously from October 7, 1987, through March 1988. Well-located aftershock foci form a 6-by-6-km zone between 6 and 12 km depth which is steeply dipping and trends SSE, parallel to the right-lateral nodal plane of the mainshock focal mechanism. Despite coincidental timing and proximity of the earthquakes to major pumping activity at the surface, the case for induced seismicity related to the pumping is weak.
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Mubako, Stanley, Omar Belhaj, Josiah Heyman, William Hargrove, and Carlos Reyes. "Monitoring of Land Use/Land-Cover Changes in the Arid Transboundary Middle Rio Grande Basin Using Remote Sensing." Remote Sensing 10, no. 12 (December 11, 2018): 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10122005.
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Expanding urbanization in highly fragile desert environments requires a thorough understanding of the current state and trends of land uses to achieve an optimal balance between development and the integrity of vital ecosystems. The objectives of this study are to quantify land use change over the 25-year period 1990–2015 and analyze temporal and spatial urbanization trends in the Middle Rio Grande Basin. We conclude by indicating how the results can inform on-going water resource research and public policy discussion in an arid region. Results show that the predominant upland mixed vegetation land cover category has been steadily declining, giving up land to urban and agricultural development. Urban development across the region of interest increased from just under three percent in 1990 to more than 11 percent in 2015, mainly around the major urban areas of El Paso, Ciudad Juárez, and Las Cruces. Public policy aspects related to results from this study include transfer of water rights from agriculture to land developers in cities, higher risk of flooding, loss of natural ecosystems, and increased water pollution from point and non-point sources. Various stakeholders can find the study useful for a better understanding of historical spatial and temporal aspects of urban development and environmental change in arid regions. Such insights can help municipal authorities, farmers, and other stakeholders to strike a balance between development needs and protecting vital ecosystems that support the much needed development, especially in regions that are endowed with transboundary natural resources that often are incompletely represented in single nation data.
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Leitch, Katherine J., Francesca V. Ponce, William B. Dickson, Floris van Breugel, and Michael H. Dickinson. "The long-distance flight behavior ofDrosophilasupports an agent-based model for wind-assisted dispersal in insects." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 17 (April 20, 2021): e2013342118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2013342118.
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Despite the ecological importance of long-distance dispersal in insects, its mechanistic basis is poorly understood in genetic model species, in which advanced molecular tools are readily available. One critical question is how insects interact with the wind to detect attractive odor plumes and increase their travel distance as they disperse. To gain insight into dispersal, we conducted release-and-recapture experiments in the Mojave Desert using the fruit fly,Drosophila melanogaster. We deployed chemically baited traps in a 1 km radius ring around the release site, equipped with cameras that captured the arrival times of flies as they landed. In each experiment, we released between 30,000 and 200,000 flies. By repeating the experiments under a variety of conditions, we were able to quantify the influence of wind on flies’ dispersal behavior. Our results confirm that even tiny fruit flies could disperse ∼12 km in a single flight in still air and might travel many times that distance in a moderate wind. The dispersal behavior of the flies is well explained by an agent-based model in which animals maintain a fixed body orientation relative to celestial cues, actively regulate groundspeed along their body axis, and allow the wind to advect them sideways. The model accounts for the observation that flies actively fan out in all directions in still air but are increasingly advected downwind as winds intensify. Our results suggest that dispersing insects may strike a balance between the need to cover large distances while still maintaining the chance of intercepting odor plumes from upwind sources.
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Mian, Afsar. "Ecological Impact of Arab Falconry on Houbara Bustard in Baluchistan." Environmental Conservation 13, no. 1 (1986): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900035852.
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The love for ancient desert sport, dwindling of the population of Houbara Bustard (Chlamydotis undulata) in the traditional hunting grounds of the Gulf States, Middle East, and North Africa, and also in some accessible parts of Pakistan through hectic mechanized hunting, has attracted the now-rich Arab falconers to strike at the populations wintering in relatively inaccessible areas of Baluchistan during the last 5–10 years. The present paper is the first known attempt at analysing the multidirectional effects of falconry in that last area, and depends upon the information collected during the Author's tours of different areas of Baluchistan and through information collected from various agencies.The falconry that is now being done in the wintering grounds of the Houbara Bustard in Baluchistan is liable to have a very severe impact on the birds' population as the summering population is packed in some 1/8th of its summering grounds, thus yielding a very high density of birds. The falconry activities not only constitute a direct assault on the population of the Asian Race of Houbara, with a hunting toll of 4,955 during 1984–85 (a progressive increase from 418 during 1981–82 as reported but in reality expected to be much higher). There is also a significant effect on the population of falcons, some 300–400 being used every year, though the actual toll is probably much higher, as many are lost during trapping, training, transportation, and selling. The hunting parties are also responsible for direct and/or indirect killing of associated wildlife including hares, various deer, See-see Partridges, sandgrouses, Stone Curlew, and Cream-coloured Courser, while some 200 head of antelope were taken out of their ecosystems and sold to, or wasted in the hands of, falconry parties during the 1983–84 season.The hectic activity of the falconers in the area, and their associated men and materials, are responsible for disturbing the biological phenomena of the animal wildlife, including hormonal balance and feeding activities. The period of mating and reproduction of most of the desert animals coincides with the falconry in the area, and hence these activities result in the production of malnourished, biologically unbalanced individuals.The indiscriminate killing of Houbara and falcons may result in unbalanced ecosystem, with the massive elimination of Houbara resulting in increases in the populations of harmful organisms lying at lower trophic levels, and decreases in the populations of organisms lying at higher trophic levels. The elimination of raptorial falcons has probably resulted in increases in the populations of rodents in the northeastern part of Baluchistan and hence increased damage to agricultural crops or water channels. The falconry also has the potential of physically destroying the habitat through crushing of the slow-growing plants, denuding the camping sites through movement of men and materials, dumping of nondegradable wastes, and woodcutting for camp fires. The movement of heavy hunting vehicles sometimes causes severe damage to small earthfilled dams that are used for storing irrigation water, slowing rapid runoff, and recharging ground-water resources.
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Zoheir, Basem, Mohamed Abd El-Wahed, Amin Beiranvand Pour, and Amr Abdelnasser. "Orogenic Gold in Transpression and Transtension Zones: Field and Remote Sensing Studies of the Barramiya–Mueilha Sector, Egypt." Remote Sensing 11, no. 18 (September 12, 2019): 2122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11182122.
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Multi-sensor satellite imagery data promote fast, cost-efficient regional geological mapping that constantly forms a criterion for successful gold exploration programs in harsh and inaccessible regions. The Barramiya–Mueilha sector in the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt contains several occurrences of shear/fault-associated gold-bearing quartz veins with consistently simple mineralogy and narrow hydrothermal alteration haloes. Gold-quartz veins and zones of carbonate alteration and listvenitization are widespread along the ENE–WSW Barramiya–Um Salatit and Dungash–Mueilha shear belts. These belts are characterized by heterogeneous shear fabrics and asymmetrical or overturned folds. Sentinel-1, Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR), Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER), and Sentinel-2 are used herein to explicate the regional structural control of gold mineralization in the Barramiya–Mueilha sector. Feature-oriented Principal Components Selection (FPCS) applied to polarized backscatter ratio images of Sentinel-1 and PALSAR datasets show appreciable capability in tracing along the strike of regional structures and identification of potential dilation loci. The principal component analysis (PCA), band combination and band ratioing techniques are applied to the multispectral ASTER and Sentinel-2 datasets for lithological and hydrothermal alteration mapping. Ophiolites, island arc rocks, and Fe-oxides/hydroxides (ferrugination) and carbonate alteration zones are discriminated by using the PCA technique. Results of the band ratioing technique showed gossan, carbonate, and hydroxyl mineral assemblages in ductile shear zones, whereas irregular ferrugination zones are locally identified in the brittle shear zones. Gold occurrences are confined to major zones of fold superimposition and transpression along flexural planes in the foliated ophiolite-island arc belts. In the granitoid-gabbroid terranes, gold-quartz veins are rather controlled by fault and brittle shear zones. The uneven distribution of gold occurrences coupled with the variable recrystallization of the auriferous quartz veins suggests multistage gold mineralization in the area. Analysis of the host structures assessed by the remote sensing results denotes vein formation spanning the time–space from early transpression to late orogen collapse during the protracted tectonic evolution of the belt.
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Kugler, Jacek, Lewis W. Snider, and William Longwell. "From Desert Shield To Desert Storm: Success, Strife, Or Quagmire?" Conflict Management and Peace Science 13, no. 2 (February 1994): 113–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073889429401300202.
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Bolatkale, Mustafa, Çağdaş Can, and Ahmet Çağdaş Acara. "For whom the desert bell tolls: heat stroke or stroke." Journal of Emergency Practice and Trauma 3, no. 2 (August 29, 2016): 73–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/jept.2016.04.
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Sodeika, Tomas. "MIESTO METAFIZIKA: DYKUMOS TĖVŲ PROFENOMENAS ARBA TOBULO TYLĖJIMO PAMOKOS." Religija ir kultūra 5, no. 2 (January 1, 2008): 62–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/relig.2008.2.2780.
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Prie diskursyvaus santykio su mistine literatūra pripratusiam šiuolaikiniam žmogui keblu suvokti Dykumos Tėvų posakius ir taikyti juos kasdieniame gyvenime. Pirmiausia tokį skaitytoją trikdo tai, kad čia primygtinai pabrėžiama askezės būtinybė. Dykumos Tėvams tai nebuvo problema. Patirtis, kurią Dievas savąja begaline meile suteikia tiems, kas Jo siekia visa širdimi, visuomet yra dovana ir todėl negali būti užsitarnauta. Dykumos dvasingumo esmė yra tai, kad čia nėra doktrinos, kurios būtų galima mokyti. Dykumos Tėvai tiesiog atkakliai dirbo, stengdamiesi kiekvieną savo kūno ir sielos dalį atgręžti į Dievą. Ši pastanga yra ne kas kita, kaip malda. Malda jiems buvo ne vien keletą kartų per dieną atliekamas veiksmas, bet ir gyvenimas nuolat atsigręžus į Dievą tyloje.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: Dykumos Tėvai, malda, tyla.Metaphysics of a City: The Archetypal Phaenomenon of the Desert Fathers, or the Lessons of the Perfect SilenceTomas Sodeika SummaryThe modern man, used to a discursive reading and explanation in mystical literature may find the Sayings of Desert Fathers difficult to assimilate and to apply to everyday life. The first thing that strikes a reader is the insistence in the stress laid on the necessity of askesis. Such a problem was unknown to the Desert Fathers. The experience which God in His infinite love gives to those who seek Him with their whole heart is always a gift and cannot therefore be deserved. The essence of the spirituality of the desert is that there is no doctrine that would be learned. Desert Fathers had the hard work of striving to re-direct every part of body and soul to God, and that is what they meant by prayer. Prayer was not only an activity undertaken for a few times each day, but rather a life continually turned towards God in silence.Keywords: Desert Fathers, prayer, silence.
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Wittlinger, M., R. Wehner, and H. Wolf. "The desert ant odometer: a stride integrator that accounts for stride length and walking speed." Journal of Experimental Biology 210, no. 2 (January 15, 2007): 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.02657.
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Van Linn, Peter F., Kenneth E. Nussear, Todd C. Esque, Lesley A. DeFalco, Richard D. Inman, and Scott R. Abella. "Estimating wildfire risk on a Mojave Desert landscape using remote sensing and field sampling." International Journal of Wildland Fire 22, no. 6 (2013): 770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf12158.
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Predicting wildfires that affect broad landscapes is important for allocating suppression resources and guiding land management. Wildfire prediction in the south-western United States is of specific concern because of the increasing prevalence and severe effects of fire on desert shrublands and the current lack of accurate fire prediction tools. We developed a fire risk model to predict fire occurrence in a north-eastern Mojave Desert landscape. First we developed a spatial model using remote sensing data to predict fuel loads based on field estimates of fuels. We then modelled fire risk (interactions of fuel characteristics and environmental conditions conducive to wildfire) using satellite imagery, our model of fuel loads, and spatial data on ignition potential (lightning strikes and distance to roads), topography (elevation and aspect) and climate (maximum and minimum temperatures). The risk model was developed during a fire year at our study landscape and validated at a nearby landscape; model performance was accurate and similar at both sites. This study demonstrates that remote sensing techniques used in combination with field surveys can accurately predict wildfire risk in the Mojave Desert and may be applicable to other arid and semiarid lands where wildfires are prevalent.
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JEON, HYEONG MIN, EUI BUM CHOI, JAE HOON HEO, and GWANG MOON EOM. "ANKLE JOINT MOMENTS IN DIFFERENT FOOT STRIKE METHODS DURING STAIR DESCENT." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 19, no. 07 (November 2019): 1940031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519419400311.
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The purpose of this study was to compare the ankle joint moments in different foot strike patterns during stair descent and to find a better strategy. Methods: Twenty young subjects participated in this study. Subjects performed two trials of descending stairs in rearfoot strike (RFS) and forefoot strike (FFS) strategies. Kinematic and kinetic data were measured by a motion capture system and force plates. Ankle joint moments, ground reaction forces, and moment arms in three planes of motion were calculated from the measured data. The root-mean-squared means of ankle joint moments, ground reaction forces, and moment arms were compared between different foot strike patterns for each phase of stair descent (weight acceptance, forward continuance, and controlled lowering). Results: In the weight acceptance phase, FFS showed greater ankle joint moments than RFS in all three (dorsi/plantar-flexion, inversion/eversion, and internal/external rotation) directions ([Formula: see text]). In the forward continuance phase, FFS showed greater dorsi/plantar moments than RFS ([Formula: see text]). In controlled lowering phase, FFS showed smaller dorsi/plantar moments than RFS ([Formula: see text]). Discussion: The greater ankle joint moments of FFS in the weight acceptance phase were influenced by both the greater GRF magnitudes and greater moment arms. The greater dorsi/plantar moments of FFS in the forward continuance phase and the smaller dorsi/plantar moment of FFS in the controlled lowering phase were dominated by the greater moment arm and the smaller ground reaction force, respectively. RFS strategy resulted in smaller ankle joint moments in the majority of stair descent phases (weight acceptance and forward continuance), therefore, RFS would be a better strategy than FFS for stair descent in terms of ankle joint load.
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Dupeyroux, Julien, Julien R. Serres, and Stéphane Viollet. "AntBot: A six-legged walking robot able to home like desert ants in outdoor environments." Science Robotics 4, no. 27 (February 13, 2019): eaau0307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.aau0307.
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Autonomous outdoor navigation requires reliable multisensory fusion strategies. Desert ants travel widely every day, showing unrivaled navigation performance using only a few thousand neurons. In the desert, pheromones are instantly destroyed by the extreme heat. To navigate safely in this hostile environment, desert ants assess their heading from the polarized pattern of skylight and judge the distance traveled based on both a stride-counting method and the optic flow, i.e., the rate at which the ground moves across the eye. This process is called path integration (PI). Although many methods of endowing mobile robots with outdoor localization have been developed recently, most of them are still prone to considerable drift and uncertainty. We tested several ant-inspired solutions to outdoor homing navigation problems on a legged robot using two optical sensors equipped with just 14 pixels, two of which were dedicated to an insect-inspired compass sensitive to ultraviolet light. When combined with two rotating polarized filters, this compass was equivalent to two costly arrays composed of 374 photosensors, each of which was tuned to a specific polarization angle. The other 12 pixels were dedicated to optic flow measurements. Results show that our ant-inspired methods of navigation give precise performances. The mean homing error recorded during the overall trajectory was as small as 0.67% under lighting conditions similar to those encountered by ants. These findings show that ant-inspired PI strategies can be used to complement classical techniques with a high level of robustness and efficiency.
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Freymiller, Grace A., Malachi D. Whitford, Timothy E. Higham, and Rulon W. Clark. "Escape dynamics of free-ranging desert kangaroo rats (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) evading rattlesnake strikes." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 127, no. 1 (March 27, 2019): 164–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blz027.
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Henningsson, Per, and Richard J. Bomphrey. "Time-varying span efficiency through the wingbeat of desert locusts." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 9, no. 71 (November 23, 2011): 1177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2011.0749.
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The flight performance of animals depends greatly on the efficacy with which they generate aerodynamic forces. Accordingly, maximum range, load-lifting capacity and peak accelerations during manoeuvres are all constrained by the efficiency of momentum transfer to the wake. Here, we use high-speed particle image velocimetry (1 kHz) to record flow velocities in the near wake of desert locusts ( Schistocerca gregaria , Forskål). We use the measured flow fields to calculate time-varying span efficiency throughout the wing stroke cycle. The locusts are found to operate at a maximum span efficiency of 79 per cent, typically at a plateau of about 60 per cent for the majority of the downstroke, but at lower values during the upstroke. Moreover, the calculated span efficiencies are highest when the largest lift forces are being generated (90% of the total lift is generated during the plateau of span efficiency) suggesting that the combination of wing kinematics and morphology in locust flight perform most efficiently when doing the most work.
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Lovvorn, J. R., D. A. Croll, and G. A. Liggins. "Mechanical versus physiological determinants of swimming speeds in diving Brunnich's guillemots." Journal of Experimental Biology 202, no. 13 (July 1, 1999): 1741–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202.13.1741.
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For fast flapping flight of birds in air, the maximum power and efficiency of the muscles occur over a limited range of contraction speeds and loads. Thus, contraction frequency and work per stroke tend to stay constant for a given species. In birds such as auks (Alcidae) that fly both in air and under water, wingbeat frequencies in water are far lower than in air, and it is unclear to what extent contraction frequency and work per stroke are conserved. During descent, compression of air spaces dramatically lowers buoyant resistance, so that maintaining a constant contraction frequency and work per stroke should result in an increased swimming speed. However, increasing speed causes exponential increases in drag, thereby reducing mechanical versus muscle efficiency. To investigate these competing factors, we have developed a biomechanical model of diving by guillemots (Uria spp.). The model predicted swimming speeds if stroke rate and work per stroke stay constant despite changing buoyancy. We compared predicted speeds with those of a free-ranging Brunnich's guillemot (U. lomvia) fitted with a time/depth recorder. For descent, the model predicted that speed should gradually increase to an asymptote of 1.5-1.6 m s-1 at approximately 40 m depth. In contrast, the instrumented guillemot typically reached 1.5 m s-1 within 10 m of the water surface and maintained that speed throughout descent to 80 m. During ascent, the model predicted that guillemots should stroke steadily at 1.8 m s-1 below their depth of neutral buoyancy (62 m), should alternate stroking and gliding at low buoyancies from 62 to 15 m, and should ascend passively by buoyancy alone above 15 m depth. However, the instrumented guillemot typically ascended at 1.25 m s-1 when negatively buoyant, at approximately 1.5 m s-1 from 62 m to 25 m, and supplemented buoyancy with stroking above 25 m. Throughout direct descent, and during ascent at negative and low positive buoyancies (82–25 m), the guillemot maintained its speed within a narrow range that minimized the drag coefficient. In films, guillemots descending against high buoyancy at shallow depths increased their stroke frequency over that of horizontal swimming, which had a substantial glide phase. Model simulations also indicated that stroke duration, relative thrust on the downstroke versus the upstroke, and the duration of gliding can be varied to regulate swimming speed with little change in contraction speed or work per stroke. These results, and the potential use of heat from inefficient muscles for thermoregulation, suggest that diving guillemots can optimize their mechanical efficiency (drag) with little change in net physiological efficiency.
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MALONZA, PATRICK K., STEPHEN SPAWLS, BRIAN FINCH, and AARON M. BAUER. "A new of species of the Agama lionotus Boulenger, 1896 complex (Squamata: Agamidae) from northern Kenya." Zootaxa 4920, no. 4 (February 2, 2021): 543–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4920.4.5.
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Kenya has a high diversity of agamid lizards and the arid northern frontier area has the highest species richness. Among the Kenyan agama species, Agama lionotus has the widest distribution, occurring from sea level to inland areas in both dry and moist savanna as well as desert areas. This species mostly prefers rocky areas, both in granitic/metamorphic and volcanic rocks, although it also makes use of tree crevices as well as man-made structures. Recently in Marsabit, northern Kenya, a small-sized agama species, distinct from A. lionotus, was collected within a rocky lava desert area. This new species is characterized by its small size (mean SVL ~83 mm) as compared to typical A. lionotus (mean SVL ~120 mm). Past studies have shown the value of adult male throat coloration for the identification of species within the A. lionotus complex. Herein we also highlight female dorsal color pattern, which is a key character for distinguishing the new species from others in the group, including the similar A. hulbertorum. As in A. lionotus, displaying adult males have an orange to yellow head, a vertebral stripe, a bluish body coloration and an annulated white/blue tail. But the most diagnostic character is the coloration of females and non-displaying males, which exhibit a series of regular pairs of dark spots along the vertebrae as far posterior as the tail base. In addition, females have a pair of elongated orange or yellow marks on the shoulders and another on the dorsolateral margins of the abdomen. This study shows that more cryptic species in the Agama lionotus complex may still await discovery. The new species was found inhabiting dark desert lava rocks but should additionally be present in suitably similar sites in the northern frontier area. This underscores the need to re-examine populations of Agama lionotus from different microhabitats in this country.
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PETRICIUC, Lilia. "CONTRASTIVE-COMPARATIVE STUDY ON STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS OF USING LITERARY TEXTS AS AUTHENTIC LANGUAGE LEARNING RESOURCES." Revista de Pedagogie - Journal of Pedagogy LXVII, no. 1 (July 2019): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26755/revped/2019.1/123.
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Irschick, D. J., and B. C. Jayne. "Effects of incline on speed, acceleration, body posture and hindlimb kinematics in two species of lizard Callisaurus draconoides and Uma scoparia." Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 2 (January 15, 1998): 273–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.2.273.
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We examined the effects of incline on locomotor performance and kinematics in two closely related species of iguanian lizards that co-occur in sandy desert habitats. Callisaurus draconoides differs from Uma scoparia of equal snout-vent length by being less massive and having greater limb and tail lengths. We analyzed high-speed video tapes of lizards sprinting from a standstill on a sand-covered racetrack which was level or inclined 30 degrees uphill. C. draconoides sprinted significantly faster than U. scoparia on both level and uphill sand surfaces, although U. scoparia is considered to be more specialized for sandy habitats. Initial accelerations (over the first 50 ms) did not differ significantly either between species or between inclines within species. Overall, the effects of incline were more pronounced for C. draconoides than for U. scoparia. For example, the incline caused a significant decrease in the maximum stride length of C. draconoides but not in that of U. scoparia. For C. draconoides, uphill stride durations were significantly shorter than on the level surface, and this partially compensated for the effects of shorter uphill stride lengths on velocity. C. draconoides ran bipedally more often than did U. scoparia on both the level and uphill surfaces.
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Hanninen, Mikael, and Naeem Dean. "An Unusual Case of Stroke and Fevers in a Traveler Returning from Arizona." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 35, no. 1 (March 2008): 119–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100007691.
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Primary coccidioidal infection caused by inhalation of spores growing several inches below the surface of desert soil in the San Joaquim valley in southern Arizona and central California is well documented in the literature. Most infections resolve quickly with minimal symptoms, although some individuals develop a subacute process called “Valley Fever”, which is characterized by shortness of breath, chest pain, cough and fevers lasting from weeks to months. Skin manifestations, including erythema nodosum and erythema multiforme may also be present and generally resolve with resolution of the respiratory tract illness. A recent retrospective study found that 6003 adult and 332 pediatric patients were hospitalized with endemic mycosis in 2002, but the overall incidence has been estimated at about 150,000 infections per year. We report a unusual case of recurrent stroke temporally associated with a CNS Coccidiomycosis infection in a traveler to a region where the fungus is endemic.
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Richardson, G. A., W. N. Dawes, and A. M. Savill. "An unsteady, moving mesh CFD simulation for Harrier hot-gas ingestion control analysis." Aeronautical Journal 111, no. 1117 (March 2007): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000004395.
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Hot gas ingestion (HGI) can be a problematic feature of short take-off vertical landing (STOVL) aircraft during the descent phase of landing, or while on the ground. The hot exhaust gases from the downwards pointing nozzles can be re-ingested into the engine intakes, causing power degradation or reduced engine surge margin. The flow-fields that characterise this phenomenon are complex, with supersonic impinging jets and cross-flows creating large ground vortices and fountain up-wash flows. A flow solver has been developed to include a suitable linear mesh deformation technique for the descending aircraft configuration. The code has been applied to predict the occurrence of HGI, by simulating experimental results from a 1/15th scale model of a descending Harrier. This has enabled an understanding of the aerodynamic mechanisms that govern HGI, in terms of the near-field and far-field effects and their impact on the magnitude of temperatures at the engine intake. This paper presents three sets of CFD results. First a validation exercise shows predicted results from the twin-jet with intake in crossflow test-case. This is an unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes (URANS) solution for a static geometry (there is no moving mesh). This allows comparison with experiment. Secondly, a full descent phase URANS Spalart-Allmaras (SA) turbulence model calculation is done on an 8·5m cell mesh for half the flow domain of the Harrier model and test-rig without dams/strakes. This shows how the HGI flow mechanisms affect the engine intake temperature profiles, for the case where there are no flow control methods on the underside of the aircraft. Thirdly, the full descent phase URANS SA turbulence model calculation is done on a 22·4m cell mesh for the full flow domain of the Harrier model and test-rig, with the dam/strake geometry included in the structured mesh region.
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Jeon, Hyeong-Min, Ki-Kwang Lee, Jun-Young Lee, Ju-Hwan Shin, and Gwang-Moon Eom. "Energy absorption at lower limb joints in different foot contact strategies while descending stairs." Technology and Health Care 29 (March 25, 2021): 433–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/thc-218041.
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BACKGROUND: Joint loads in different walking strategies during stair descent have been investigated in terms of the joint moment in association with the risk of osteoarthritis. However, the absorption mechanisms of the potential energy loss are not known. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to compare the mechanical energy absorptions in lower limb joints in different initial foot contact strategies. METHODS: Nineteen young subjects walked down on instrumented stairs with two different strategies, i.e., forefoot and rearfoot strike. Power and energy at lower limb joints during stance phase were compared between strategies. RESULTS: Lower limb joints absorbed 73 ± 11% of the potential energy released by descending stairs and there was no difference between strategies. Rearfoot strategy absorbed less energy than forefoot strategy at the ankle joint in the 1st phase, which was compensated mainly by more energy absorption at the knee in the 2nd phase and less energy generation at the hip joints in the 3rd phase. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that a leg absorbs most of the potential energy while descending stairs irrespective of the walking strategies and that any reduction of energy absorption at one joint is compensated by other joints. Greater energy absorption at the knee joint compared to the other joints suggests high burden of knee joint muscles and connective tissues during stair-descent, which is even more significant for the rearfoot strike strategy.
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Li, Jianjun, and Gaoqing Ji. "Intelligent Control System in Desert Areas Based on Photovoltaic Microgrid Power Supply." Mobile Information Systems 2021 (July 20, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9514211.
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With the advent of the global energy crisis, the use of sustainable green energy has become more and more widespread and the utilization rate of photovoltaic industry in high-altitude desert areas is getting higher and higher. This article mainly studies the intelligent control system in desert area based on photovoltaic microgrid power supply. The system uses shielded twisted pair to transmit signals, and electrostatic interference and electromagnetic induction interference are effectively suppressed. After ensuring that the encoder feedback is correct and the motor movement direction is consistent with the command direction and the safety of the movement stroke, the PID parameters of the motor are tuned in PAMCturningpro. For the performance test of this system, the design and implementation of the test plan should be carried out according to the concurrent support target and response time target proposed in the performance analysis of the system. Concurrent users use the LoadRunner tool to create the customer test machine to simulate the concurrent access and operation of the system. In each iteration process, the test results are recorded in the same way as the benchmark test and finally the system can still achieve the expected performance when the actual concurrency reaches the limit of 5007. The results show that the intelligent control system in this paper has the advantages of low cost, convenient operation, perfect function, high precision, stable and reliable operation, etc. and has good practical value.
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May, Simon Matthias, Dirk Hoffmeister, Dennis Wolf, and Olaf Bubenzer. "Zebra stripes in the Atacama Desert revisited – Granular fingering as a mechanism for zebra stripe formation?" Geomorphology 344 (November 2019): 46–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.07.014.
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Djamal, Esmeralda C., Rizkia I. Ramadhan, Miranti I. Mandasari, and Deswara Djajasasmita. "Identification of post-stroke EEG signal using wavelet and convolutional neural networks." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 9, no. 5 (October 1, 2020): 1890–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v9i5.2005.
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Post-stroke patients need ongoing rehabilitation to restore dysfunction caused by an attack so that a monitoring device is required. EEG signals reflect electrical activity in the brain, which also informs the condition of post-stroke patient recovery. However, the EEG signal processing model needs to provide information on the post-stroke state. The development of deep learning allows it to be applied to the identification of post-stroke patients. This study proposed a method for identifying post-stroke patients using convolutional neural networks (CNN). Wavelet is used for EEG signal information extraction as a feature of machine learning, which reflects the condition of post-stroke patients. This feature is Delta, Alpha, Beta, Theta, and Mu waves. Moreover, the five waves, amplitude features are also added according to the characteristics of the post-stroke EEG signal. The results showed that the feature configuration is essential as distinguish. The accuracy of the testing data was 90% with amplitude and Beta features compared to 70% without amplitude or Beta. The experimental results also showed that adaptive moment estimation (Adam) optimization model was more stable compared to Stochastic gradient descent (SGD). But SGD can provide higher accuracy than the Adam model.
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LOWORN, J. R., D. R. JONES, and R. W. BLAKE. "Mechanics of Underwater Locomotion in Diving Ducks: Drag, Buoyancy and Acceleration in a Size Gradient of Specffis." Journal of Experimental Biology 159, no. 1 (September 1, 1991): 89–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.159.1.89.
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1. The effects of accelerational swimming and body size on mechanical energy costs of diving were examined by comparing canvasback (Aythya valisineria Wilson), redhead (A. americana Eyton) and lesser scaup (A. affinis Eyton) ducks (mean body mass 1.275, 1.013 and 0.817kg, respectively) in steady versus unsteady models of locomotion. Steady models assume constant speed, whereas unsteady models incorporate acceleration and deceleration with each propulsive stroke. 2. The surface areas of the ducks increased linearly with body mass (r2=0.96), with all species falling on the same curve. 3. Body drag D of frozen ducks towed under water increased with body mass M and speed U according to the relationship D = −0.946+0.826M+0.614U+0.825U2, r2=0.95. 4. In kinematic analyses, regression curves of percentage of total stroke distance versus percentage of stroke duration did not vary within individuals, sometimes varied between individuals and always varied between species. In diving ducks, analyses of a single sequence per individual and several individuals per species will usually provide an accurate kinematic description for the species. 5. The degree of acceleration and deceleration during a stroke increased with decreasing body size among species. 6. The power phase lasted for 66–70% of stroke duration, and the ducks accelerated for the first 84% of this phase. During the power phase, work against drag was 10–12%, work against buoyancy was 36–38%, and inertial work in acceleration was 49–54° of the total mechanical work done. 7. Mechanical energy costs of descent, as estimated by the unsteady model, were 47–75% higher than estimates from the steady model. Accelerational stroking had greater effects on descent costs as body size decreased. Note: Present address: Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
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Abatzoglou, John T., and Timothy J. Brown. "Influence of the Madden–Julian Oscillation on Summertime Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Activity over the Continental United States." Monthly Weather Review 137, no. 10 (October 1, 2009): 3596–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009mwr3019.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Summertime cloud-to-ground lightning strikes are responsible for the majority of wildfire ignitions across vast sections of the seasonally dry western United States. In this study, a strong connection between active phases of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) and regional summertime lightning activity was found across the interior western United States. This intraseasonal mode of lightning activity emanates northward from the desert Southwest across the Great Basin and into the northern Rocky Mountains. The MJO is shown to provide favorable conditions for the northward propagation of widespread lightning activity through the amplification of the upper-level ridge over the western United States and the development of midtropospheric instability. Given the relative predictability of the MJO with long lead times, results allude to the potential for intraseasonal predictability of lightning activity and proactive fire management planning.
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Keene, Keith L., Hyacinth I. Hyacinth, Joshua C. Bis, Steven J. Kittner, Braxton D. Mitchell, Yu-Ching Cheng, Guillaume Pare, et al. "Genome-Wide Association Study Meta-Analysis of Stroke in 22 000 Individuals of African Descent Identifies Novel Associations With Stroke." Stroke 51, no. 8 (August 2020): 2454–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.120.029123.
Full textAbstract:
Background and Purpose: Stroke is a complex disease with multiple genetic and environmental risk factors. Blacks endure a nearly 2-fold greater risk of stroke and are 2× to 3× more likely to die from stroke than European Americans. Methods: The COMPASS (Consortium of Minority Population Genome-Wide Association Studies of Stroke) has conducted a genome-wide association meta-analysis of stroke in >22 000 individuals of African ancestry (3734 cases, 18 317 controls) from 13 cohorts. Results: In meta-analyses, we identified one single nucleotide polymorphism (rs55931441) near the HNF1A gene that reached genome-wide significance ( P =4.62×10 −8 ) and an additional 29 variants with suggestive evidence of association ( P <1×10 −6 ), representing 24 unique loci. For validation, a look-up analysis for a 100 kb region flanking the COMPASS single nucleotide polymorphism was performed in SiGN (Stroke Genetics Network) Europeans, SiGN Hispanics, and METASTROKE (Europeans). Using a stringent Bonferroni correction P value of 2.08×10 −3 (0.05/24 unique loci), we were able to validate associations at the HNF1A locus in both SiGN ( P =8.18×10 −4 ) and METASTROKE ( P =1.72×10 −3 ) European populations. Overall, 16 of 24 loci showed evidence for validation across multiple populations. Previous studies have reported associations between variants in the HNF1A gene and lipids, C-reactive protein, and risk of coronary artery disease and stroke. Suggestive associations with variants in the SFXN4 and TMEM108 genes represent potential novel ischemic stroke loci. Conclusions: These findings represent the most thorough investigation of genetic determinants of stroke in individuals of African descent, to date.
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DiDomenico, Angela, Tamara L. Cohen, and Timothy Joganich. "Effect of Stair Tread Markings on Foot Placement During Stair Descent." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 62, no. 1 (September 2018): 865–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931218621197.
Full textAbstract:
Falls during stair descent are common and can result in serious injury or even death. Many falls during stair descent are attributed to interactions with imperfections or defects in the stair construction, particularly, defects in the stair treads or nosing. While prior research has examined the placement of the foot related to the stair nosing during normal ambulation, limited research has examined the force distribution underneath the foot as it makes contact with the stair tread throughout the duration of the stride. An understanding of the location of the foot relative to the nosing and the force distribution underneath the foot is essential to evaluate the effect of stair imperfections during stair descent. As part of a larger laboratory study, the aim of this research was to determine the effect of markings placed on stair treads that represent pressure sensors, on descent speed, and on foot placement relative to the stair nosing. Ten healthy individuals descended a wooden staircase with and without markings placed on two stair treads while motion data of the feet were collected. Results showed that the presence of markings on the stair treads did not alter descent speed or foot placement relative to the tread nosing. Findings suggest that the presence of pressure sensors and other similar markings on stair treads do not alter descent speed or foot placement relative to the stair nosing.