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Journal articles on the topic 'Desethylchloroquine'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Ofori-Adjei, D., O. Ericsson, B. Lindstrom, and F. Sjoqvist. "Protein binding of chloroquine enantiomers and desethylchloroquine." British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 22, no. 3 (September 1986): 356–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.1986.tb02900.x.

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2

Ogunbona, FA, CO Onyeji, OO Bolaji, and SE Torimiro. "Excretion of chloroquine and desethylchloroquine in human milk." British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 23, no. 4 (April 1987): 473–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.1987.tb03078.x.

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3

Ansari, Aslam M., and J. Cymerman Craig. "Metabolites of Chloroquine:Some Observations on Desethylchloroquine andN‐Acetyldesethylchloroquine." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 83, no. 7 (July 1994): 1040–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600830722.

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4

Rombo, Lars, Örjan Ericsson, Gunnar Alvän, Björn Lindström, Lars L. Gustafsson, and Folke Sjöqvist. "Chloroquine and Desethylchloroquine in Plasma, Serum, and Whole Blood." Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 7, no. 2 (June 1985): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007691-198506000-00013.

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5

Adjepon-Yamoah, K. K., D. Ofori-Adjei, N. M. Woolhouse, and B. Lindström. "Whole-Blood Single-Dose Kinetics of Chloroquine and Desethylchloroquine in Africans." Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 8, no. 2 (June 1986): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007691-198606000-00012.

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6

Ofori-Adjei, David, Örjan Ericsson, Björn Lindström, Jörgen Hermansson, Kenneth Adjepon-Yamoah, and Folke Sjöqvist. "Enantioselective Analysis of Chloroquine and Desethylchloroquine after Oral Administration of Racemic Chloroquine." Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 8, no. 4 (December 1986): 457–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007691-198612000-00014.

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7

Ogunbona, F. A., C. O. Onyeji, A. A. Lawal, C. M. Chukwuani, and O. O. Bolaji. "Liquid chromatographic analysis of chloroquine and desethylchloroquine in human plasma, saliva and urine." Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 380 (January 1986): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4347(00)83674-9.

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8

Law, Irwin, Kenneth F. Ilett, L. Peter Hackett, Madhu Page-Sharp, Francesca Baiwog, Servina Gomorrai, Ivo Mueller, Harin A. Karunajeewa, and Timothy M. E. Davis. "Transfer of chloroquine and desethylchloroquine across the placenta and into milk in Melanesian mothers." British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 65, no. 5 (May 2008): 674–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2008.03111.x.

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9

Augustijns, P. "Determination of Chloroquine and Desethylchloroquine in Biological Samples Using Perfusion Chromatography and Fluorescence Detection." Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies 20, no. 7 (April 1997): 1103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10826079708010962.

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10

Ansari, Aslam M., and J. Cymerman Craig. "A Convenient, Short Synthesis of Desethylchloroquine [7-Chloro-4-(4’-ethylamino-1’-methyl-butylamino)quinoline]." Synthesis 1995, no. 02 (February 1995): 147–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-1995-3886.

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11

Miller, Donald R., Shoukry K. W. Khalil, and Gloria A. Nygard. "Steady-State Pharmacokinetics of Hydroxychloroquine in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients." DICP 25, no. 12 (December 1991): 1302–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809102501202.

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Steady-state pharmacokinetics of hydroxychloroquine (HC) sulfate (Plaquenil) were studied in five volunteers with rheumatoid arthritis who had taken 6 mg/kg/d of the drug for at least six months. Blood samples were drawn at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours following an oral dose. Both whole blood and plasma were assayed by an HPLC method for HC and its metabolites desethylhydroxychloroquine, desethylchloroquine, and didesethylchloroquine. A 24-hour urine collection was obtained and assayed for the same compounds. The pharmacokinetics of HC and its metabolites conformed to the model predicted by single-dose studies. During the 24-hour period the absorption phase and both early and late distribution phases were seen. Variation in mean maximum/minimum concentration was 40 percent. Renal clearance accounted for only 16 percent of unchanged HC (22 percent of total drug and metabolites) and did not correlate with creatinine clearance.

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12

ANSARI, A. M., and J. C. CRAIG. "ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient, Short Synthesis of Desethylchloroquine (7-Chloro-4-(4′- ethylamino-1′-methylbutylamino)quinoline)." ChemInform 26, no. 31 (August 17, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199531151.

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13

Kyle, Dennis E., Ayoade M. J. Oduola, Samuel K. Martin, and Wilbur K. Milhous. "Plasmodium falciparum: modulation by calcium antagonists of resistance to chloroquine, desethylchloroquine, quinine, and quinidine in vitro." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 84, no. 4 (July 1990): 474–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(90)90004-x.

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14

Leroux, G., N. Costedoat-Chalumeau, J. S. Hulot, Z. Amoura, C. Frances, G. Aymard, P. Lechat, and J. C. Piette. "Relationship between blood hydroxychloroquine and desethylchloroquine concentrations and cigarette smoking in treated patients with connective tissue diseases." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 66, no. 11 (November 1, 2007): 1547–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ard.2007.072587.

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15

Walker, O., and O. G. Ademowo. "A Rapid, Cost-Effective Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Determination of Chloroquine and Desethylchloroquine in Biological Fluids." Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 18, no. 1 (February 1996): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007691-199602000-00015.

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16

A/karim, El Fatih I., Kamal E. Ibrahim, Mubarak A. Hassabalrasoul, Bakri O. Saeed, and Riad A. Bayoumi. "A study of chloroquine and desethylchloroquine plasma levels in patients infected with sensitive and resistant malaria parasites." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 10, no. 2-3 (February 1992): 219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0731-7085(92)80032-i.

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17

Yakasai, I. A. "An improved high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of chloroquine and its major metabolite, desethylchloroquine, in human plasma." European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics 31, no. 1 (March 2006): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03190634.

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18

Zuluaga-Idárraga, Lina, Natalia Yepes-Jiménez, Carlos López-Córdoba, and Silvia Blair-Trujillo. "Validation of a method for the simultaneous quantification of chloroquine, desethylchloroquine and primaquine in plasma by HPLC-DAD." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 95 (July 2014): 200–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2014.03.006.

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19

Dua, Virendra K., P. K. Kar, N. C. Gupta, and V. P. Sharma. "Determination of chloroquine and desethylchloroquine in plasma and blood cells of Plasmodium vivax malaria cases using liquid chromatography." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 21, no. 1 (October 1999): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0731-7085(99)00097-7.

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20

Chaulet, J. F., C. Mounier, O. Soares, and J. L. Brazier. "High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Assay for Chlorquine and its Two Major Metabolites, Desethylchloroquine and Bidesethylchloroquine in Biological Fluids." Analytical Letters 24, no. 4 (April 1991): 665–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00032719108052934.

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21

Chiowchanwisawakit, P., S. Nilganuwong, V. Srinonprasert, R. Boonprasert, W. Chandranipapongse, S. Chatsiricharoenkul, W. Katchamart, et al. "FRI0441 Risk factors of chloroquine maculopathy and role of plasma chloroquine and desethylchloroquine concentrations in predicting chloroquine maculopathy:." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 71, Suppl 3 (June 2013): 463.2–463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-eular.2898.

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22

Dua, V. K., N. C. Gupta, P. K. Kar, J. Nand, G. Edwards, V. P. Sharma, and S. K. Subbarao. "Chloroquine and desethylchloroquine concentrations in blood cells and plasma from Indian patients infected with sensitive or resistantPlasmodium falciparum." Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology 94, no. 6 (September 2000): 565–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00034983.2000.11813579.

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23

Mount, Dwight L., Bernard L. Nahlen, Leslie C. Patchen, and Frederick C. Churchill. "Field-adapted method for high-performance thin-layer chromatographic detection and estimation of chloroquine and desethylchloroquine in urine." Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 423 (January 1987): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4347(87)80349-3.

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24

Pukrittayakamee, Sasithon, Joel Tarning, Podjanee Jittamala, Prakaykaew Charunwatthana, Saranath Lawpoolsri, Sue J. Lee, Warunee Hanpithakpong, et al. "Pharmacokinetic Interactions between Primaquine and Chloroquine." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 58, no. 6 (March 31, 2014): 3354–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.02794-13.

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ABSTRACTChloroquine combined with primaquine has been the standard radical curative regimen forPlasmodium vivaxandPlasmodium ovalemalaria for over half a century. In an open-label crossover pharmacokinetic study, 16 healthy volunteers (4 males and 12 females) aged 20 to 47 years were randomized into two groups of three sequential hospital admissions to receive a single oral dose of 30 mg (base) primaquine, 600 mg (base) chloroquine, and the two drugs together. The coadministration of the two drugs did not affect chloroquine or desethylchloroquine pharmacokinetics but increased plasma primaquine concentrations significantly (P≤ 0.005); the geometric mean (90% confidence interval [CI]) increases were 63% (47 to 81%) in maximum concentration and 24% (13 to 35%) in total exposure. There were also corresponding increases in plasma carboxyprimaquine concentrations (P≤ 0.020). There were no significant electrocardiographic changes following primaquine administration, but there was slight corrected QT (QTc) (Fridericia) interval lengthening following chloroquine administration (median [range] = 6.32 [−1.45 to 12.3] ms;P< 0.001), which was not affected by the addition of primaquine (5.58 [1.74 to 11.4] ms;P= 0.642). This pharmacokinetic interaction may explain previous observations of synergy in preventingP. vivaxrelapse. This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under reference number NCT01218932.

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25

Projean, Denis, Bruno Baune, Robert Farinotti, Jean-Pierre Flinois, Philippe Beaune, Anne-Marie Taburet, and Julie Ducharme. "IN VITRO METABOLISM OF CHLOROQUINE: IDENTIFICATION OF CYP2C8, CYP3A4, AND CYP2D6 AS THE MAIN ISOFORMS CATALYZING N-DESETHYLCHLOROQUINE FORMATION." Drug Metabolism and Disposition 31, no. 6 (June 2003): 748–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/dmd.31.6.748.

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26

Chiowchanwisawakit, Praveena, Surasak Nilganuwong, Varalak Srinonprasert, Rasada Boonprasert, Weerawadee Chandranipapongse, Somruedee Chatsiricharoenkul, Wanruchada Katchamart, et al. "Prevalence and risk factors for chloroquine maculopathy and role of plasma chloroquine and desethylchloroquine concentrations in predicting chloroquine maculopathy." International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases 16, no. 1 (January 18, 2013): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1756-185x.12029.

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27

Luo, Xuemei, Ying Peng, and Weihong Ge. "A Sensitive and Optimized HPLC-FLD Method for the Simultaneous Quantification of Hydroxychloroquine and Its Two Metabolites in Blood of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients." Journal of Chromatographic Science 58, no. 7 (June 1, 2020): 600–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/bmaa023.

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Abstract Quantification of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and its two metabolites desethylchloroquine and desethylhydroxychloroquine in human blood can provide insight into the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic characteristics of HCQ for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), which is crucial for the optimization of the therapy. A simple, sensitive and optimized high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of HCQ and its two metabolites in human blood. After addition of internal standard chloroquine, the blood sample was deproteinized with 2-fold acetonitrile and separated on an YMC-Triart C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with a mobile phase of 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer solution containing 0.25% triethylamine (pH 8.0)—acetonitrile (60:40, v/v). The analytes were detected by using fluorescence detection at an excitation and emission wavelength of 337 and 405 nm, respectively. The method was linear over the range of 3–3000 ng/mL for all three analytes and the chromatographic run time was 9 min. The values for intra- and inter-day precisions were ranged from 1.3 to 7.3. This method was successfully applied to quantify the concentrations of HCQ and its two metabolites in blood of 92 SLE patients.

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28

Karunajeewa, Harin A., Sam Salman, Ivo Mueller, Francisca Baiwog, Servina Gomorrai, Irwin Law, Madhu Page-Sharp, et al. "Pharmacokinetics of Chloroquine and Monodesethylchloroquine in Pregnancy." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 54, no. 3 (January 19, 2010): 1186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01269-09.

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ABSTRACT In order to determine the pharmacokinetic disposition of chloroquine (CQ) and its active metabolite, desethylchloroquine (DECQ), when administered as intermittent presumptive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) for malaria, 30 Papua New Guinean women in the second or third trimester of pregnancy and 30 age-matched nonpregnant women were administered three daily doses of 450 mg CQ (8.5 mg/kg of body weight/day) in addition to a single dose of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. For all women, blood was taken at baseline; at 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 48, and 72 h posttreatment; and at 7, 10, 14, 28, and 42 days posttreatment. Plasma was subsequently assayed for CQ and DECQ by high-performance liquid chromatography, and population pharmacokinetic modeling was performed. Pregnant subjects had significantly lower area under the plasma concentration-time curve for both CQ (35,750 versus 47,892 μg·h/liter, P < 0.001) and DECQ (23,073 versus 41,584 μg·h/liter, P < 0.001), reflecting significant differences in elimination half-lives and in volumes of distribution and clearances relative to bioavailability. Reduced plasma concentrations of both CQ and DECQ could compromise both curative efficacy and posttreatment prophylactic properties in pregnant patients. Higher IPTp CQ doses may be desirable but could increase the risk of adverse hemodynamic effects.

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29

Brown, Richard R., Ronald M. Stroshane, and David P. Benziger. "High-performance liquid chromatographic assay for hydroxychloroquine and three of its major metabolites, desethylhydroxychloroquine, desethylchloroquine and bidesethylchloroquine, in human plasma." Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 377 (January 1986): 454–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4347(00)80809-9.

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30

Croes, K., P. T. McCarthy, and R. J. Flanagan. "Simple and Rapid HPLC of Quinine, Hydroxychloroquine, Chloroquine, and Desethylchloroquine in Serum, Whole Blood, and Filter Paper-Adsorbed Dry Blood." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 18, no. 5 (September 1, 1994): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/18.5.255.

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31

Marques, Marly M., Monica R. F. Costa, Franklin S. Santana Filho, José L. F. Vieira, Margareth T. S. Nascimento, Larissa W. Brasil, Fátima Nogueira, et al. "Plasmodium vivax Chloroquine Resistance and Anemia in the Western Brazilian Amazon." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 58, no. 1 (October 28, 2013): 342–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.02279-12.

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ABSTRACTData on chloroquine (CQ)-resistantPlasmodium vivaxin Latin America is limited, even with the current research efforts to sustain an efficient malaria control program in all these countries whereP. vivaxis endemic and where malaria still is a major public health issue. This study estimatedin vivoCQ resistance in patients with uncomplicatedP. vivaxmalaria, with use of CQ and primaquine simultaneously, in the Brazilian Amazon. Of a total of 135 enrolled subjects who accomplished the 28-day follow-up, parasitological failure was observed in 7 (5.2%) patients, in whom plasma CQ and desethylchloroquine (DCQ) concentrations were above 100 ng/dl. Univariate analysis showed that previous exposure to malaria and a higher initial mean parasitemia were associated with resistance but not with age or gender. In the multivariate analysis, only high initial parasitemia remained significant. Hemoglobin levels were similar at the beginning of the follow-up and were not associated with parasitemia. However, at day 3 and day 7, hemoglobin levels were significantly lower in patients presenting CQ resistance. TheP. vivaxdhfr(pvdhfr),pvmrp1,pvmdr1, andpvdhpsgene mutations were not related to resistance in this small sample.P. vivaxCQ resistance is already a problem in the Brazilian Amazon, which could be to some extent associated with the simultaneous report of anemia triggered by this parasite, a common complication of the disease in most of the areas of endemicity.

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32

Kelly, Jane X., Martin J. Smilkstein, Roland A. Cooper, Kristin D. Lane, Robert A. Johnson, Aaron Janowsky, Rozalia A. Dodean, David J. Hinrichs, Rolf Winter, and Michael Riscoe. "Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of 10-N-Substituted Acridones as Novel Chemosensitizers in Plasmodium falciparum." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 51, no. 11 (September 10, 2007): 4133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00669-07.

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ABSTRACT A series of novel 10-N-substituted acridones, bearing alkyl side chains with tertiary amine groups at the terminal position, were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for the ability to enhance the potency of quinoline drugs against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites. A number of acridone derivatives, with side chains bridged three or more carbon atoms apart between the ring nitrogen and terminal nitrogen, demonstrated chloroquine (CQ)-chemosensitizing activity against the MDR strain of P. falciparum (Dd2). Isobologram analysis revealed that selected candidates demonstrated significant synergy with CQ in the CQ-resistant (CQR) parasite Dd2 but only additive (or indifferent) interaction in the CQ-sensitive (CQS) D6. These acridone derivatives also enhanced the sensitivity of other quinoline antimalarials, such as desethylchloroquine (DCQ) and quinine (QN), in Dd2. The patterns of chemosensitizing effects of selected acridones on CQ and QN were similar to those of verapamil against various parasite lines with mutations encoding amino acid 76 of the P. falciparum CQ resistance transporter (PfCRT). Unlike other known chemosensitizers with recognized psychotropic effects (e.g., desipramine, imipramine, and chlorpheniramine), these novel acridone derivatives exhibited no demonstrable effect on the uptake or binding of important biogenic amine neurotransmitters. The combined results indicate that 10-N-substituted acridones present novel pharmacophores for the development of chemosensitizers against P. falciparum.

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33

Cheomung, Anurak, and Kesara Na-Bangchang. "HPLC with ultraviolet detection for the determination of chloroquine and desethylchloroquine in whole blood and finger-prick capillary blood dried on filter paper." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 55, no. 5 (July 2011): 1031–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2011.03.001.

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34

Rombo, Lars, Anders Björkman, Emilia Sego, and Örjan Ericsson. "Whole blood concentrations of chloroquine and desethylchloroquine during and after treatment of adult patients infected with Plasmodium vivax, P. ovale or P. malariae." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 80, no. 5 (January 1986): 763–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(86)90380-9.

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35

ADEMOWO, O., O. SODEINDE, and O. WALKER. "The disposition of chloroquine and its main metabolite desethylchloroquine in volunteers with and without chloroquine-induced pruritus: Evidence for decreased chloroquine metabolism in volunteers with pruritus." Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 67, no. 3 (March 2000): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mcp.2000.104257.

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36

Van Pham, Toi, Phuong Pham Nguyen, Tho Nguyen Duc Khanh, Nhien Nguyen Thanh Thuy, Ca Nguyen Thuy Nha, Thomas Pouplin, Jeremy Farrar, Guy E. Thwaites, and Hien Tran Tinh. "An HPLC method with diode array detector for the simultaneous quantification of chloroquine and desethylchloroquine in plasma and whole blood samples from Plasmodium vivax patients in Vietnam , using quinine as an internal standard." Biomedical Chromatography 30, no. 7 (January 5, 2016): 1104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bmc.3657.

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37

de Sena, Luann Wendel Pereira, Amanda Gabryelle Nunes Cardoso Mello, Michelle Valéria Dias Ferreira, Marcieni Andrade de Ataide, Rosa Maria Dias, and José Luiz Fernandes Vieira. "Doses of chloroquine in the treatment of malaria by Plasmodium vivax in patients between 2 and 14 years of age from the Brazilian Amazon basin." Malaria Journal 18, no. 1 (December 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-3072-8.

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Abstract Background A total dose of chloroquine of 25 mg/kg is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) to treat malaria by Plasmodium vivax. In several endemic areas, including the Brazilian Amazon basin, anti-malarial drugs are dispensed in small plastic bags at a dosing regimen based on age. This practice can lead to suboptimal dosing of the drug, which can impact treatment outcomes. The aim of the present study was to estimate the extent of sub-dosing of chloroquine in children and adolescents with vivax malaria using an age-based dose regimen, in addition to investigating the influence of age on the plasma concentrations of chloroquine and desethylchloroquine. Methods A study of cases was conducted with male patients with a confirmed infection by P. vivax, ages 2 to 14 years, using a combined regimen of chloroquine and primaquine. Height, weight and body surface area were determined at admission on the study. The total dose of chloroquine administered was estimated based on the weight and on the body surface area of the study patients. Chloroquine and desethylchloroquine were measured on Day 7 in each patient included in the study by a high-performance liquid chromatographic method with fluorescence detection. Results A total of 81 patients were enrolled and completed the study. The median age was 9 years (2–14 years). All patients presented negative blood smears at 42 days follow-up. The total dose of chloroquine ranged from 13.1 to 38.1 mg/kg. The percentage of patients with a total dose of the drug below 25 mg/kg ranged from 29.4 to 63.6%. The total dose of chloroquine administered based on BSA ranged from 387 to 1079 mg/m2, increasing with age. Plasma chloroquine concentrations ranged from 107 to 420 ng/ml, increasing with age. For desethylchloroquine, the plasma concentrations ranged from 167 to 390 ng/ml, with similar values among age-groups. Conclusion The data demonstrated the widespread exposure of children and adolescents to suboptimal doses of chloroquine in the endemic area investigated.

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38

Austin, Donna, Catharine John, Beverley J. Hunt, and Rachel S. Carling. "Validation of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of hydroxychloroquine and metabolites in human whole blood." Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM), September 11, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2020-0610.

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AbstractObjectivesHydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an anti-malarial and immunomodulatory drug reported to inhibit the Corona virus, SARS-CoV-2, in vitro. At present there is insufficient evidence from clinical trials to determine the safety and efficacy of HCQ as a treatment for COVID-19. However, since the World Health Organisation declared COVID-19 a pandemic in March 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration issued an Emergency Use Authorisation to allow HCQ and Chloroquine (CQ) to be distributed and used for certain hospitalised patients with COVID-19 and numerous clinical trials are underway around the world, including the UK based RECOVERY trial, with over 1000 volunteers. The validation of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous determination of HCQ and two of its major metabolites, desethylchloroquine (DCQ) and di-desethylchloroquine (DDCQ), in whole blood is described.MethodsBlood samples were deproteinised using acetonitrile. HCQ, DCQ and DDCQ were chromatographically separated on a biphenyl column with gradient elution, at a flow rate of 500 μL/min. The analysis time was 8 min.ResultsFor each analyte linear calibration curves were obtained over the concentration range 50-2000 μg/L, the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 13 μg/L, the inter-assay relative standard deviation (RSD) was <10% at 25, 800 and 1750 μg/L and mean recoveries were 80, 81, 78 and 62% for HCQ, d4-HCQ, DCQ and DDCQ, respectively.ConclusionThis method has acceptable analytical performance and is applicable to the therapeutic monitoring of HCQ, evaluating the pharmacokinetics of HCQ in COVID-19 patients and supporting clinical trials.

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39

Pannu, Sumit, Md Jawaid Akhtar, and Bhupinder Kumar. "Analytical Methodologies for Determination of Hydroxychloroquine and Its Metabolites in Pharmaceutical, Biological and Environmental Samples." Current Pharmaceutical Analysis 17 (June 25, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573412917666210625123509.

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Background: Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) was initially launched as an antimalarial drug, but now it is also used as a slow-acting anti-rheumatic drug. It contains equal proportions of (-)-(R)-hydroxychloroquine and (+)-(S)-hydroxychloroquine. Introduction: Hydroxychloroquine, a synthetic 4-aminoquinoline derivative, possesses antimalarial, antirheumatic activity and also exerts beneficial effects on lupus erythematous disease. Substantial levels of three metabolites of HCQ, which are desethylchloroquine (DCQ), bisdesethylhydroxychloroquine (BDCQ), and desethylhydroxychloroquine (DHCQ), have been determined by various analytical techniques from blood and plasma. Methods: Various analytical techniques have been reported for asynchronous and simultaneous estimation of HCQ and their metabolites in pharmaceuticals and biological samples like serum, whole blood, and urine. The analytical techniques are Square-wave voltammetry employed with the cathodically pretreated boron-doped diamond electrode, fast UHPLC–fluorescent method, UV spectrophotometry, UHPLC-UV analysis, RP-HPLC, mass spectrometry, NMR, and CE. Results and discussion: We have complied with various analytical methods for detection of HCQ with its various metabolites simultaneous or alone in pharmaceutical dosage forms, biological and environmental samples. The authors believe that the above-mentioned studies compiled in this report will give a choice to readers to select the most appropriate and suitable method for the analysis of HCQ. Further, it is also believed that this study will help the researchers to develop a more sensitive, convenient, and rapid method based on literature reports.

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Chu, Cindy S., James A. Watson, Aung Pyae Phyo, Htun Htun Win, Widi Yotyingaphiram, Suradet Thinraow, Nay Lin Soe, et al. "Determinants of primaquine and carboxyprimaquine exposures in children and adults with Plasmodium vivax malaria." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, August 16, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01302-21.

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Background Primaquine is the only widely available drug for radical cure of Plasmodium vivax malaria. There is uncertainty whether the pharmacokinetic properties of primaquine are altered significantly in childhood or not. Methods Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase normal patients with uncomplicated P. vivax malaria were randomized to receive either chloroquine (25mg base/kg) or dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (dihydroartemisinin 7mg/kg and piperaquine 55mg/kg) plus primaquine; given either as 0.5 mg base/kg/day for 14 days or 1 mg/kg/day for 7 days. Pre-dose day 7 venous plasma concentrations of chloroquine, desethylchloroquine, piperaquine, primaquine and carboxyprimaquine were measured. Methemoglobin levels were measured on day 7. Results Day 7 primaquine and carboxyprimaquine concentrations were available for 641 patients. After adjustment for the primaquine mg/kg daily dose, day of sampling, partner drug, and fever clearance, there was a significant non-linear relationship between age and trough primaquine and carboxyprimaquine concentrations, and day methemoglobin levels. Compared to adults 30 years of age, children 5 years of age had trough primaquine concentrations 0.53 (95% CI: 0.39- 0.73) fold lower, trough carboxyprimaquine concentrations 0.45 (95% CI: 0.35- 0.55) fold lower, and day 7 methemoglobin levels 0.87 (95% CI: 0.58-1.27) fold lower. Increasing concentrations of piperaquine and chloroquine and poor metabolizer CYP 2D6 alleles were associated with higher day 7 primaquine and carboxyprimaquine concentrations. Higher blood methemoglobin concentrations were associated with a lower risk of recurrence. Conclusion Young children have lower primaquine and carboxyprimaquine exposures, and lower levels of methemoglobinemia, than adults. Young children may need higher weight adjusted primaquine doses than adults.

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Almeida, Anne C. G., Maria C. B. Puça, Erick F. G. Figueiredo, Laila R. Barbosa, Yanka E. A. R. Salazar, Emanuelle L. Silva, Marcelo A. M. Brito, et al. "Influence of CYP2C8, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5 Host Genotypes on Early Recurrence of Plasmodium vivax." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 64, no. 7 (May 4, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.02125-19.

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ABSTRACT Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are involved in the biotransformation of chloroquine (CQ), but the role of the different profiles of metabolism of this drug in relation to Plasmodium vivax recurrences has not been properly investigated. To investigate the influence of the CYP genotypes associated with CQ metabolism on the rates of P. vivax early recurrences, a case-control study was carried out. The cases included patients presenting with an early recurrence (CQ-recurrent individuals), defined as a recurrence during the first 28 days after initial infection and plasma concentrations of CQ plus desethylchloroquine (DCQ; the major CQ metabolite) higher than 100 ng/ml. A control group with no parasite recurrence over the follow-up (the CQ-responsive group) was also included. CQ and DCQ plasma levels were measured on day 28. CQ-metabolizing CYP (CYP2C8, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5) genotypes were determined by real-time PCR. An ex vivo study was conducted to verify the efficacy of CQ and DCQ against P. vivax isolates. The frequency of alleles associated with normal and slow metabolism was similar between the cases and the controls for the CYP2C8 (odds ratio [OR] = 1.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.51 to 4.14, P = 0.570), CYP3A4 (OR = 2.38, 95% CI = 0.92 to 6.19, P = 0.105), and CYP3A5 (OR = 4.17, 95% CI = 0.79 to 22.04, P = 1.038) genes. DCQ levels were higher than CQ levels, regardless of the genotype. Regarding the DCQ/CQ ratio, there was no difference between groups or between those patients who had a normal genotype and those patients who had a mutant genotype. DCQ and CQ showed similar efficacy ex vivo. CYP genotypes had no influence on early recurrence rates. The similar efficacy of CQ and DCQ ex vivo could explain the absence of therapeutic failure, despite the presence of alleles associated with slow metabolism.

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