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Journal articles on the topic 'Design-based simulations'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 13 July 2025

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Miková, Ľubica, Michal Kelemen, Ivan Virgala, and Maroš Michna. "Simulation Model of Manipulator for Model Based Design." Applied Mechanics and Materials 611 (August 2014): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.611.175.

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The subject of creation of simulation and mathematical models is nowadays more and more current and its application is in almost every aspect of life. The article deals with compiling a mathematical model of a pivoting arm using Lagrange equations of the second kind. Subsequently, the model will be created in the simulation program Matlab/Simulink. The simulation model will as well be assembled in the program Adams. The results of these simulations will be compared in the conclusion. This article presents a procedure for resolving a mechanical system from the beginning, from creation of a mathematical model through creation of a simulation model up to evaluation of the simulation results. This paper presents a procedure for resolving mechanical system from the beginning. Thus, it is done by creating a mathematical model through the creation of a simulation model to evaluate the results of the simulation. According to these simulations will produce a working model of the manipulator, which could be used for teaching purposes.

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Alviani, Vera, and R. Ramdana. "DESIGN OF ONLINE-BASED STUDY PROGRAM DETERMINATION APPLICATION." Journal of Sustainability Industrial Engineering and Management System 1, no. 1 (2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.56953/jsiems.v1i1.7.

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Application simulation for determining study programs based on online and implementing simulations to assist prospective students in choosing study programs at STMIK AKBA Makassar. The tests in this thesis include the DAT (Differential Attitude Test) test. Making this simulation using the PHP programming language and using the Bootstrap Framework where the database uses the MySql database. System testing has been carried out using the Black Box testing method. The results of this study indicate that this application can run well. This simulation does not precisely provide a decision on the problems faced by prospective students in determining the study program but only complements information before making a decision.

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Liu, Hui, Zhiliang Zhang, and Youcheng Pan. "Research on Diversified Visual Communication Design Based on Computer Digital Technology." Advances in Multimedia 2022 (October 11, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2573027.

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In order to improve the effect of diversified visual communication, this paper combines computer digital technology to design a multidimensional visual communication system. In order to improve lighting performance, parts of the surface of the secondary processing visually conveyed image have been processed with different diffusing materials, and the effects have been compared in simulations. There are two types of simulations: external simulation and internal simulation. Moreover, the cutting method based on the shape of the lighting area can design a rectangular lighting area, and the diffusing material can improve the lighting performance to a certain extent. In addition to this, according to the shape of the set target plane, a cut visual communication image is obtained. Through multiple simulation experiments, this paper verifies that the diversified visual communication design system based on computer digital technology can effectively improve the visual communication effect.

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Khan, Muhammad Azhar Ali. "Simulation Based Mold Design Optimization of a Spring Flap Casting." Solid State Phenomena 305 (June 2020): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.305.178.

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The complex nature of metal casting process brings about a need to simulate it before undertaken in a foundry. Casting simulations provide insights on flow of molten metal within the mold, solidification sequence, nature and location of defects etc. Moreover, mold design can be optimized to minimize defects without undergoing physical trials-and-errors as previously practiced in traditional metal casting. This study is based on casting an ASTM A216 WCB steel spring flap for automotive suspension system using a simulation based optimized mold design. The initial and optimized mold designs are simulated in MAGMASoft for mold filling, solidification, stress distribution and defects prediction. The results of simulations and actual castings are found to be in good agreement. It is concluded that simulations are accurate in modeling casting process and in predicting defects followed by their minimization through mold design optimization. The use of auxiliary components in a carefully designed mold can lead to a nearly defect-free and high quality cast product.

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Szufel, Przemysław, Bogumił Kamiński, and Piotr Wojewnik. "Controllling Simulation Experiment Design for Agent-Based Models Using Tree Representation of Parameter Space." Foundations of Computing and Decision Sciences 38, no. 4 (2013): 277–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fcds-2013-0014.

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Abstract An important aspect of the simulation modelling process is sensitivity analysis. In this process, agent-based simulations often require analysis of structurally different parameter specifications - the parameters can be represented as objects and the object-oriented simulation configuration leads to nesting of simulation parameters. The nested parameters are naturally represented as a tree rather than a flat structure. The standard tools supporting multi-agent simulations only allow only the representation of the parameter space as a Cartesian product of possible parameter values. Consequently, their application for the required tree representation is limited. In this paper an approach to tree parameter space representation is introduced with an XML-based language. Furthermore, we propose a set of tools that allows one to manage parameterization of the simulation experiment independently of the simulation model.

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Okada, Naoki, James B. Cole, Shigeki Yamada, Kensuke Ogawa, and Yoshifumi Katayama. "Nonstandard FDTD Simulation-Based Design of CROW Wavelength Splitters." Advances in Optical Technologies 2011 (June 1, 2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/265702.

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The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm has been used in simulation-based designs of many optical devices, but it fails to reproduce high-Q whispering gallery modes (WGMs). On the other hand, the nonstandard (NS) FDTD algorithm can accurately compute WGMs and can be used to make simulation-based designs of WGM devices. Wavelength splitters using the coupled resonator optical waveguides (CROWs) based on WGM couplings have recently attracted attention because they are potentially ultracompact. In this paper, we design a CROW wavelength splitter using NS FDTD simulations and demonstrate high interchannel extinction ratios of over 20 dB.

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Kato, Takumi, and Ryota Kamoshida. "Multi-Agent Simulation Environment for Logistics Warehouse Design Based on Self-Contained Agents." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (2020): 7552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217552.

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We propose a multi-agent simulation environment for logistics warehouses. Simulation is a crucial part of designing industrial systems, such as logistics warehouses. A warehouse is a multi-agent system (MAS) that consists of various autonomous subsystems with robots, material-handling equipment, and human workers. It is generally difficult to analyze the performance of a MAS thus, it is important to model a warehouse and conduct simulations to design and evaluate the possible system configurations. However, the cost of modeling warehouses and modifying the models is high because there are various components and interactions compared to conventional multi-agent simulations. We proposed a self-contained agent architecture and message architecture of a multi-agent simulation environment for logistics warehouses to reduce the simulation-model development and modification costs. We quantitatively evaluated our environment in terms of development costs by comparing such costs of our environment and a widely used multi-agent simulation environment.

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Guerrero, Joel, Luca Mantelli, and Sahrish B. Naqvi. "Cloud-Based CAD Parametrization for Design Space Exploration and Design Optimization in Numerical Simulations." Fluids 5, no. 1 (2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids5010036.

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In this manuscript, an automated framework dedicated to design space exploration and design optimization studies is presented. The framework integrates a set of numerical simulation, computer-aided design, numerical optimization, and data analytics tools using scripting capabilities. The tools used are open-source and freeware, and can be deployed on any platform. The main feature of the proposed methodology is the use of a cloud-based parametrical computer-aided design application, which allows the user to change any parametric variable defined in the solid model. We demonstrate the capabilities and flexibility of the framework using computational fluid dynamics applications; however, the same workflow can be used with any numerical simulation tool (e.g., a structural solver or a spread-sheet) that is able to interact via a command-line interface or using scripting languages. We conduct design space exploration and design optimization studies using quantitative and qualitative metrics, and, to reduce the high computing times and computational resources intrinsic to these kinds of studies, concurrent simulations and surrogate-based optimization are used.

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Benkhaoua, Larbi, Smail Mouissat, Mohamed Taoufik Benhabiles, and Mohamed Lahdi Riabi. "Design of subwavelength metamaterial resonator based on new self-coupling strategy." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 12, no. 3 (2019): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078719001259.

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AbstractIn this paper, edge-broad-side coupled spiral resonator (EBC-SR) is proposed to enhance the miniaturization of the metamaterial resonators. After a comparative analysis, it is found that the proposed strategy can drastically reduce the electrical size of metamaterial resonators. This is due to the use, at the same time, advantages of edge coupling, broad-side coupling, and self-coupling. A lumped element equivalent circuit model is proposed for the EBC-SR-loaded transmission line. This model is validated by comparing the results of electromagnetic simulations with the circuit simulations using the extracted parameter values. To validate the proposed strategy, a prototype of the EBC-SR embedded inside a drive loop is fabricated. The experimental results are presented with the simulation results.

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Denkena, B., H. C. Mohring, K. M. Litwinski, and D. Heinisch. "Automated design of fixtures based on FEM simulations." International Journal of Computer Aided Engineering and Technology 3, no. 3/4 (2011): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijcaet.2011.040046.

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Mathieu, Philippe, Gildas Morvan, and Sebastien Picault. "Multi-level agent-based simulations: Four design patterns." Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory 83 (April 2018): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.simpat.2017.12.015.

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Kitauchi, H., S. Nishiyama, and J. Song. "Design of falling rock preventive countermeasure based on three-dimensional simulation." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1124, no. 1 (2023): 012092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1124/1/012092.

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Abstract To rationally design rockfall countermeasures, detailed rockfall behavior must be predicted using numerical simulations based on the conditions of slopes and rockfalls. In this study, we perform a rockfall simulation using discontinuous deformation analysis. This method is used to analyze the motion between blocks composed of polygons of arbitrary elastic bodies; furthermore, the energy conservation law and the uniqueness/convergence of the solution are guaranteed for the entire analysis target. Additionally, the rockfall shape is reproduced in detail. Both the rockfall shape and a parameter known as the velocity energy ratio, which indicates the decay of energy at the collision time of the rockfall, significantly affect the rockfall behavior. In this study, we model the actual slope shape from data measured via airborne laser and quantitatively evaluate the effect via simulations by changing the rockfall shape and velocity energy ratio. In this paper, we consider how to use the simulation for the design of rockfall countermeasures based on the results such as the change in the amount of jumping due to the difference in slope shape, geology, and rockfall shape.

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Zhu, Lan, and Xiu Yang. "Design and Simulation for Microgrid System Based on Homer Software." Advanced Materials Research 361-363 (October 2011): 1874–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.361-363.1874.

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Aiming at some microgrid system in Shanghai, economic simulations and analyses are done. A microgrid including solar, wind power, microturbines, diesel engine, energy storage and other distributed power resources is constructed based on homer software and simulation parameters are set to make an optimum proposal. Further studies such as running on the grid, changing the cost of distributed energy and operating in the PV / wind power plant mode are discussed.

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Li, Huifang, Lidan Wang, and Shukai Duan. "A Memristor-Based Scroll Chaotic System — Design, Analysis and Circuit Implementation." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 24, no. 07 (2014): 1450099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127414500990.

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A scroll chaotic system containing a HP memristor model and triangular wave sequence is proposed in this article. Because the memristor is both a nonlinear element and a memory element intrinsically, it is considered a potential candidate to reduce system power consumption and circuit size. A reasonable mathematical structure of triangular wave sequence and the selection of appropriate amplitude, balance point and turning point reduce the dynamic range of signal input caused by the integrator. The proposed system produces a wealth of chaos, just by changing one parameter. Circuit simulations are conducted and the chaotic attractors can be observed. Theoretical analysis, computer simulation and calculation of maximum Lyapunov exponent have been used to research the basic dynamics of this system. The consistency of circuit implementation and computer simulations verifies the effectiveness of the system design.

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Richie, James E., and Cristinel Ababei. "Optimization of patch antennas via multithreaded simulated annealing based design exploration." Journal of Computational Design and Engineering 4, no. 4 (2017): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcde.2017.06.004.

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Abstract In this paper, we present a new software framework for the optimization of the design of microstrip patch antennas. The proposed simulation and optimization framework implements a simulated annealing algorithm to perform design space exploration in order to identify the optimal patch antenna design. During each iteration of the optimization loop, we employ the popular MEEP simulation tool to evaluate explored design solutions. To speed up the design space exploration, the software framework is developed to run multiple MEEP simulations concurrently. This is achieved using multithreading to implement a manager-workers execution strategy. The number of worker threads is the same as the number of cores of the computer that is utilized. Thus, the computational runtime of the proposed software framework enables effective design space exploration. Simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed software framework. Highlights A software framework for the optimization of the design of microstrip patch antennas. A simulated annealing algorithm to perform the design space exploration. The popular MEEP simulator is employed to evaluate explored solutions for accuracy. Multithreading is used as a technique to speed-up the proposed tool.

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Chen, Jing, Tao Song, and Deng Feng Wang. "Research on Air Deflector Optimal Design and Matching for Heavy-Duty Vehicle Based on Design of Experiment Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 404 (September 2013): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.404.188.

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The drag reduction characteristic of air deflector of a heavy-duty vehicle is examined through CFD simulations and wind tunnel test in this paper. The CFD model of the truck is built using the FLUENT software and the simulation results are compared with the wind tunnel test data to verify the accuracy of simulation model. An air deflector is designed for this truck, A design of experiments approach was chosen as an efficient technique to optimize the design parameter and match with the truck to obtain the optimal drag reduction performance.

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Zuo, Ming, Ying Liu, Yi Qian, Xiong Wen Hu, Xiao Chuan Zhao, and Jin Hua Wang. "Model-Based Design of UAV Autopilot Software." Advanced Materials Research 756-759 (September 2013): 2115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.756-759.2115.

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This paper presents a Model-Based approach to develop UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) autopilot software. It employs Simulink to design the flight controller, Stateflow to implement control logic and Matlab coder to automatically generate embedded C code from the model developed. Software in the loop (SIL) and hardware in the loop (HIL) simulations are performed in the laboratory to validate the software developed. Flight trial cost and risks are minimized and the design cycles are greatly shortened. The feasibility and the effectiveness of the approach are verified through results from lab simulations and field trials.

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Tzotzis, Anastasios, César García-Hernández, José-Luis Huertas-Talón, and Panagiotis Kyratsis. "CAD-Based Automated Design of FEA-Ready Cutting Tools." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 4, no. 4 (2020): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp4040104.

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The resources of modern Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software provide engineers with powerful mechanisms that can be used to investigate numerous machining processes with satisfying results. Nevertheless, the success of a simulation, especially in three dimensions, relies heavily on the accuracy of the cutting tool models that are implemented in the analyses. With this in mind, the present paper presents an application developed via Computer-Aided Design (CAD) programming that enables the automated design of accurate cutting tool models that can be used in 3D turning simulations. The presented application was developed with the aid of the programming resources of a commercially available CAD system. Moreover, the parametric design methodology was employed in order to design the tools according to the appropriate standards. Concluding, a sample tool model was tested by performing a number of machining simulations based on typical cutting parameters. The yielded results were then compared to experimental values of the generated machining force components for validation. The findings of the study prove the functionality of the tool models since a high level of agreement occurred between the acquired numerical results and the experimental ones.

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Sauer, C., B. Gerschütz, J. Bernsdorf, B. Schleich, and S. Wartzack. "A Machine Learning-Based Approach for Quick Evaluation of Live Simulations in Embodiment Design." Proceedings of the Design Society 2 (May 2022): 1757–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pds.2022.178.

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AbstractSupporting product developers in early design phases with Live-Simulation can enhance the quality of early product designs. Live-Simulation can also facilitate a democratization of simulation and puts away pressure from simulation experts. In this paper, a machine learning based quick evaluation tool is proposed to support product developers in interpreting Live-Simulation results. The proposed tool enables a quick evaluation of the Live-Simulation results and enables product developers to further enhance their simulations. The tool is shown within a use case in bike rocker switch design.

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Markovic, Milica, Shimon Ben-Shabat, Shahar Keinan, Aaron Aponick, Ellen M. Zimmermann, and Arik Dahan. "Molecular Modeling-Guided Design of Phospholipid-Based Prodrugs." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 9 (2019): 2210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092210.

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The lipidic prodrug approach is an emerging field for improving a number of biopharmaceutical and drug delivery aspects. Owing to their structure and nature, phospholipid (PL)-based prodrugs may join endogenous lipid processing pathways, and hence significantly improve the pharmacokinetics and/or bioavailability of the drug. Additional advantages of this approach include drug targeting by enzyme-triggered drug release, blood–brain barrier permeability, lymphatic targeting, overcoming drug resistance, or enabling appropriate formulation. The PL-prodrug design includes various structural modalities-different conjugation strategies and/or the use of linkers between the PL and the drug moiety, which considerably influence the prodrug characteristics and the consequent effects. In this article, we describe how molecular modeling can guide the structural design of PL-based prodrugs. Computational simulations can predict the extent of phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-mediated activation, and facilitate prodrug development. Several computational methods have been used to facilitate the design of the pro-drugs, which will be reviewed here, including molecular docking, the free energy perturbation method, molecular dynamics simulations, and free density functional theory. Altogether, the studies described in this article indicate that computational simulation-guided PL-based prodrug molecular design correlates well with the experimental results, allowing for more mechanistic and less empirical development. In the future, the use of molecular modeling techniques to predict the activity of PL-prodrugs should be used earlier in the development process.

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Larrea, L., J. Albizuri, I. Irizar, and J. M. Hernández. "Design and operation of SBR processes for small plants based on simulations." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 7 (2007): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.141.

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The paper firstly presents an experimental study in a SBR pilot plant operated at 20 °C for nitrogen removal from a very small village wastewater. The plant consisted of only one reactor fed continuously throughout the day and aerated intermittently. Two tests with seven and three intermittences of mixing/aerated phases were conducted and verification of the results by simulations of the activated sludge model (ASM) was also carried out. The experimental results and simulation showed that a wide range of effluent NO3-N can be obtained using different numbers of intermittences and values of the oxygen transfer coefficient (KLa). At the same time, the paper presents a design procedure for SBR processes based on an iterative process of simulations of the ASM model. After the selection of the cycle time, the mixing/aeration pattern, the initial volume, the solid retention time, and the duration of the phases, the simulation is undertaken, resulting in values for the effluent NH4-N and NO3-N, and the suspended solids before settling. Then, the latter parameters are verified to match the effluent and settling requirements. As an application of the design procedure, the effect on design and operation of different SBR configurations and of several operating conditions are analysed in three case studies.

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Qian, Qifeng, Ronghui Xiang, Xiaohua Zeng, Dafeng Song, and Xuanming Zhang. "Design of a Modularization-Based Automation Performance Simulation Framework for Multi-Vehicle Interaction System." World Electric Vehicle Journal 15, no. 4 (2024): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj15040138.

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With the electrification and connectivity of vehicles in transportation, traditional vehicles with single drivetrains are being replaced by pure electric or hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). This evolution has given rise to diverse electromechanical coupling drivetrains. There is a pressing need to update simulation software to assess the economic performance of vehicles in various environments, and promote sustainable development and energy conservation. This paper presents a unified framework for the construction and automated operation of large-scale automated vehicle simulations with multiple drivetrain types, facilitating synchronous information exchange among vehicles. Central to the framework is the development of a plug-and-play vehicle model based on a modular component design, facilitating the rapid assembly of vehicles with varied drivetrain configurations and standardizing simulation file management. Additionally, a standardized simulation process construction is established to accommodate the automated operation of simulations. Furthermore, a data scheduling method among vehicles is introduced to achieve multi-vehicle interconnection simulation. Finally, the effectiveness of the framework is demonstrated through a case study involving queue-following control for HEVs. This framework aims to provide a comprehensive solution for quickly establishing automated simulation environments for multi-vehicle interaction, enhancing model reusability and scalability.

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Manda, Rajasekhar, J. Kaliappan, K. Murali Babu, M. Gayathri, B. Akhila, and B. Aravind. "Graphene Based Terahertz Antenna Design for Modern Applications." International Journal of Innovative Research in Engineering and Management 8, no. 6 (2021): 1132–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.55524/ijirem.2021.8.6.223.

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In the Modern communication field, transmitting data through compact antennas like Microstrip patch antennas plays a major role. For Mobile radiolocation, satellite services, medical applications at Terahertz frequency range. Designing antennas for such applications at this frequency must have less weight and good characteristics. For this, graphene is the best suitable material for design due to its electrical, optical, and thermal conductivity properties. So, The Graphene-Based drilled substrate patch antenna 500 X 500 X 40 µm presents the simulation in the terahertz frequency. The prosed antenna structure is well suitable in the ISM (Industrial Scientific and Medical) band 1.36 THz-1.64THz 2.4 ~ 2.5 GHz. Its gives a high gain -20dB. Their Properties have been analyzed with CST for full-wave Simulations.

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Marco, Agostino De, Vittorio Trifari, Fabrizio Nicolosi, and Manuela Ruocco. "A Simulation-Based Performance Analysis Tool for Aircraft Design Workflows." Aerospace 7, no. 11 (2020): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace7110155.

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A simulation-based approach for take-off and landing performance assessments is presented in this work. In the context of aircraft design loops, it provides a detailed and flexible formulation that can be integrated into a wider simulation methodology for a complete commercial aviation mission. As a matter of fact, conceptual and preliminary aircraft design activities require iterative calculations to quickly make performance predictions on a set of possible airplane configurations. The goal is to search for a design that best fits all top level aircraft requirements among the results of a great number of multi-disciplinary analyses, as fast as possible, and with a certain grade of accuracy. Usually, such a task is carried out using statistical or semi-empirical approaches which can give pretty accurate results in no time. However, those prediction methods may be inappropriate when dealing with innovative aircraft configurations or whenever a higher level of accuracy is necessary. Simulation-based design has become crucial to make the overall process affordable and effective in cases where higher fidelity analyses are required. A common example when flight simulations can be effectively used to support a design loop is given by aircraft mission analyses and performance predictions. These usually include take-off, climb, en route, loiter, approach, and landing simulations. This article introduces the mathematical models of aircraft take-off and landing and gives the details of how they are implemented in the software library JPAD. These features are not present in most of the currently available pieces of preliminary aircraft design software and allow one to perform high fidelity, simulation-based take-off and landing analyses within design iterations. Although much more detailed than classical semi-empirical approaches, the presented methodologies require very limited computational effort. An application of the proposed formulations is introduced in the second part of the article. The example considers the Airbus A220-300 as a reference aircraft model and includes complete take-off and landing performance studies, as well as the simulation of both take-off and landing certification noise trajectories.

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Moarref, Rashad, and Mihailo R. Jovanović. "Model-based design of transverse wall oscillations for turbulent drag reduction." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 707 (August 2, 2012): 205–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2012.272.

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AbstractOver the last two decades, both experiments and simulations have demonstrated that transverse wall oscillations with properly selected amplitude and frequency can reduce turbulent drag by as much as $40\hspace{0.167em} \% $. In this paper, we develop a model-based approach for designing oscillations that suppress turbulence in a channel flow. We utilize eddy-viscosity-enhanced linearization of the turbulent flow with control in conjunction with turbulence modelling to determine skin-friction drag in a simulation-free manner. The Boussinesq eddy viscosity hypothesis is used to quantify the effect of fluctuations on the mean velocity in flow subject to control. In contrast to the traditional approach that relies on numerical simulations, we determine the turbulent viscosity from the second-order statistics of the linearized model driven by white-in-time stochastic forcing. The spatial power spectrum of the forcing is selected to ensure that the linearized model for uncontrolled flow reproduces the turbulent energy spectrum. The resulting correction to the turbulent mean velocity induced by small-amplitude wall movements is then used to identify the optimal frequency of drag-reducing oscillations. In addition, the control net efficiency and the turbulent flow structures that we obtain agree well with the results of numerical simulations and experiments. This demonstrates the predictive power of our model-based approach to controlling turbulent flows and is expected to pave the way for successful flow control at higher Reynolds numbers than currently possible.

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Dong, Feifei, Dichen Liu, Jun Wu, et al. "Design of SVC Controller Based on Improved Biogeography-Based Optimization Algorithm." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/939326.

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Considering that common subsynchronous resonance controllers cannot adapt to the characteristics of the time-varying and nonlinear behavior of a power system, the cosine migration model, the improved migration operator, and the mutative scale of chaos and Cauchy mutation strategy are introduced into an improved biogeography-based optimization (IBBO) algorithm in order to design an optimal subsynchronous damping controller based on the mechanism of suppressing SSR by static var compensator (SVC). The effectiveness of the improved controller is verified by eigenvalue analysis and electromagnetic simulations. The simulation results of Jinjie plant indicate that the subsynchronous damping controller optimized by the IBBO algorithm can remarkably improve the damping of torsional modes and thus effectively depress SSR, and ensure the safety and stability of units and power grid operation. Moreover, the IBBO algorithm has the merits of a faster searching speed and higher searching accuracy in seeking the optimal control parameters over traditional algorithms, such as BBO algorithm, PSO algorithm, and GA algorithm.

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Dörr, Matthias, Felix Leitenberger, Kai Wolter, Sven Matthiesen, and Thomas Gwosch. "Model-Based Control Design of an EHA Position Control Based on Multicriteria Optimization." Machines 10, no. 12 (2022): 1190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10121190.

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For the control of dynamic systems such as an Electro-Hydraulic Actuator (EHA), there is a need to optimize the control based on simulations, since a prototype or a physical system is usually not available during system design. In consequence, no system identification can be performed. Therefore, it is unclear how well a simulation model of an EHA can be used for multicriteria optimization of the position control due to the uncertain model quality. To evaluate the suitability for control optimization, the EHA is modeled and parameterized as a grey-box model using existing parameters independent of test bench experiments. A method for multi-objective optimization of a controller is used to optimize the position control of the EHA. Finally, the step responses are compared with the test bench. The evaluation of the step responses for different loads and control parameters shows similar behavior between the simulation model and the physical system on the test bench, although the essential phenomena could not be reproduced. This means that the model quality achieved by modeling is suitable as an indication for the optimization of the control by simulation without a physical system.

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., Lalit Maurya. "SIMULINK BASED DESIGN SIMULATIONS OF BAND PASS FIR FILTER." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 03, no. 02 (2014): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2014.0302028.

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Andersson, Niclas, Raoul Rinaldo, and Thomas Abrahamsson. "Feature-Based Response Classification in Nonlinear Structural Design Simulations." SAE International Journal of Vehicle Dynamics, Stability, and NVH 2, no. 3 (2018): 185–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/10-02-03-0012.

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Xu, Yan-Bing, Huan-Yu Wang, Xiang-Cheng Meng, et al. "Design and simulations for the detector based on DSSSD." Chinese Physics C 34, no. 12 (2010): 1846–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1137/34/12/011.

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Blöchl, Peter E., C. J. Först, C. R. Ashman, K. Schwarz, and A. Reyes Huamantinco. "Molecular design of interfaces based on density-functional simulations." Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 632, no. 12-13 (2006): 2075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.200670003.

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Yue, Ya Jie, Chen Ming Sha, and Xiao Jing Zhang. "Design of OLED Controlling Circuit Based on FPGA." Applied Mechanics and Materials 427-429 (September 2013): 1196–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.427-429.1196.

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Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) has many advantages such as ultra light, ultra thin, high brightness, high definition, self-luminous, wide angle, quick response.It quickly attracts peoples attention to make one of today's hottest panel display subject. Based on the characteristics and working principle of OLED, the OLED display controlling circuit using the decoding module of DSP and controlling module of FPGA is designed.According to it,the use of each module in the circuit and the working process of the whole circuit are analysed.The simulations and tests are done.Verilog HDL is used to design the controlling circuit in the whole system and a top-down design method is used which is penetrated into each layer from top to bottom and devided carefully.The simulation results show that the gray scale display of OLED can be achieved and better display performance is obtained.

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Duc, Le Minh, Amandeep Singh Sidhu, and Narendra S. Chaudhari. "Hierarchical Pathfinding and AI-Based Learning Approach in Strategy Game Design." International Journal of Computer Games Technology 2008 (2008): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/873913.

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Strategy game and simulation application are an exciting area with many opportunities for study and research. Currently most of the existing games and simulations apply hard coded rules so the intelligence of the computer generated forces is limited. After some time, player gets used to the simulation making it less attractive and challenging. It is also costly and tedious to incorporate new rules for an existing game. The main motivation behind this research project is to improve the quality of artificial intelligence- (AI-) based on various techniques such asqualitative spatial reasoning(Forbus et al., 2002),near-optimal hierarchical pathfinding(HPA*) (Botea et al., 2004),and reinforcement learning(RL) (Sutton and Barto, 1998).

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Vidana Morales, Ruth Yadira, Susana Ortega Cisneros, Jose Rodrigo Camacho Perez, Federico Sandoval Ibarra, and Ricardo Casas Carrillo. "3D Simulation-Based Acoustic Wave Resonator Analysis and Validation Using Novel Finite Element Method Software." Sensors 21, no. 8 (2021): 2715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21082715.

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This work illustrates the analysis of Film Bulk Acoustic Resonators (FBAR) using 3D Finite Element (FEM) simulations with the software OnScale in order to predict and improve resonator performance and quality before manufacturing. This kind of analysis minimizes manufacturing cycles by reducing design time with 3D simulations running on High-Performance Computing (HPC) cloud services. It also enables the identification of manufacturing effects on device performance. The simulation results are compared and validated with a manufactured FBAR device, previously reported, to further highlight the usefulness and advantages of the 3D simulations-based design process. In the 3D simulation results, some analysis challenges, like boundary condition definitions, mesh tuning, loss source tracing, and device quality estimations, were studied. Hence, it is possible to highlight that modern FEM solvers, like OnScale enable unprecedented FBAR analysis and design optimization.

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Eskil, M. Taner, Jon Sticklen, and Clark Radcliffe. "The routine design–modular distributed modeling platform for distributed routine design and simulation-based testing of distributed assemblies." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 22, no. 1 (2007): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060408000012.

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AbstractIn this paper we describe a conceptual framework and implementation of a tool that supports task-directed, distributed routine design (RD) augmented with simulation-based design testing. In our research, we leverage the modular distributed modeling (MDM) methodology to simulate the interaction of design components in an assembly. The major improvement we have made in the RD methodology is to extend it with the capabilities of incorporating remotely represented off-the-shelf components in design and simulation-based testing of a distributed assembly. The deliverable of our research is the RD-MDM platform, which is capable of automatically selecting intellectually protected off the shelf design components over the Internet, integrating these components in an assembly, running simulations for design testing, and publishing the approved design without disclosing the proprietary information.

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Bergmann, Benjamin, Berend Denkena, Sascha Beblein, and Tobias Picker. "FE-Simulation Based Design of Wear-Optimized Cutting Edge Roundings." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 5, no. 4 (2021): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp5040126.

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The performance of cutting tools can be significantly enhanced by matching the cutting edge rounding to the process and material properties. However, the conventional cutting edge rounding design is characterized by a significant number of experimental machining studies, which involve considerable cost, time, and resources. In this study, a novel approach to cutting edge rounding design using FEM-based chip formation simulations is presented. Based on a parameterized simulation model, tool temperatures, stresses and relative velocities can be calculated as a function of tool microgeometry. It can be shown that the external tool loads can be simulated with high agreement. With the help of these loads and the use of wear models, the resulting tool wear and the optimum cutting edge rounding can be determined. The final experimental investigations show a qualitatively high agreement to the simulation, which will enable a reduced effort design of the cutting edge in the future.

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Cho, Gyuhwan, and Jaekwon Ahn. "Case Study on Prediction of Temperature in Compartment Considering Fire Conditions in Buildings." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 21, no. 4 (2021): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2021.21.4.61.

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Current fire resistance standards for major structural members of buildings require uniform fire resistance performance (in hours). However, buildings may be vulnerable to various local-fire conditions, depending on the industry or business, so it is necessary to examine their differences through simulations. In this study, the existing room corner test (KSF ISO 9705) and simulation results were compared to verify the reliability of the simulations. Next, the similarity of the results was identified. Simulations of actual buildings were performed based on local-fire conditions, and it was verified that the temperature varies by location. Based on the results, it is necessary to focus on performance-based fire resistance design rather than the specification-based design, which requires uniform fire resistance performance in hours. Simulation case studies should be conducted to reflect the diversity of the fire and structural member conditions.

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Hao, Jiaxing, Xuetian Wang, Sen Yang, Hongmin Gao, Cuicui Yu, and Wentao Xing. "Intelligent Target Design Based on Complex Target Simulation." Applied Sciences 12, no. 16 (2022): 8010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12168010.

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The emergence and popularization of various fifth-generation fighter jets with supersonic cruise, super maneuverability, and stealth functionalities have raised higher and more comprehensive challenges for the tactical performance and operational indicators of air defense weapon systems. The training of air defense systems requires simulated targets; however, the traditional targets cannot simulate the radar cross-section (RCS) distribution characteristics of fifth-generation fighter aircrafts. In addition, the existing target aircrafts are expensive and cannot be mass-produced. Therefore, in this paper, a corner reflector and a Luneburg ball reflector with RCS distribution characteristics of a fifth-generation fighter in a certain spatial area are designed for target simulation. Several corner reflectors and Luneburg balls are used to form an array to realize the simulations. The RCS value and distribution characteristics of the target can be combined with fuzzy clustering and a single-chip microcomputer to design an intelligent switching system, which improves the practicability of the intelligent target design proposed in this paper.

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Kamberov, Konstantin, Georgi Todorov, and Blagovest Zlatev. "Virtual Prototyping-Based Development of Stepper Motor Design." Actuators 13, no. 12 (2024): 512. https://doi.org/10.3390/act13120512.

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This study presents a methodology used in the design development of stepper motors. The methodology unites virtual and physical techniques to assess the structure under development at its various design stages. Virtual prototyping is used twice, at the concept and early design stages. Concept check aims to give more general directions for further design development. In contrast, the simulations at the detailed design stage allow for assessing various design parameters at a high level of confidence. The testing of a physical prototype is used to validate simulation results. It is also used to check the design just before it is finished. The presented methodology is demonstrated in an industrial use case for stepper motor development for hydraulic valve application. The main contribution of this study is related to the way the combination of virtual and physical prototyping and testing at different product development stages applies to the development of stepper motors and other similar products.

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Zhu, Qiyao, Vikram Khipple Mulligan, and Dennis Shasha. "Heuristic energy-based cyclic peptide design." PLOS Computational Biology 21, no. 4 (2025): e1012290. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012290.

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Rational computational design is crucial to the pursuit of novel drugs and therapeutic agents. Meso-scale cyclic peptides, which consist of 7-40 amino acid residues, are of particular interest due to their conformational rigidity, binding specificity, degradation resistance, and potential cell permeability. Because there are few natural cyclic peptides, de novo design involving non-canonical amino acids is a potentially useful goal. Here, we develop an efficient pipeline (CyclicChamp) for cyclic peptide design. After converting the cyclic constraint into an error function, we employ a variant of simulated annealing to search for low-energy peptide backbones while maintaining peptide closure. Compared to the previous random sampling approach, which was capable of sampling conformations of cyclic peptides of up to 14 residues, our method both greatly accelerates the computation speed for sampling conformations of small macrocycles (ca. 7 residues), and addresses the high-dimensionality challenge that large macrocycle designs often encounter. As a result, CyclicChamp makes conformational sampling tractable for 15- to 24-residue cyclic peptides, thus permitting the design of macrocycles in this size range. Microsecond-length molecular dynamics simulations on the resulting 15, 20, and 24 amino acid cyclic designs identify designs with kinetic stability. To test their thermodynamic stability, we perform additional replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations and generate free energy surfaces. Three 15-residue designs, one 20-residue and one 24-residue design emerge as promising candidates.

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Rushton, Evan, and Seth Corrigan. "Game-Assisted Assessment for Broader Adoption: Participatory Design and Game-Based Scaffolding." Electronic Journal of e-Learning 19, no. 2 (2021): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/ejel.19.2.2143.

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21st Century Standards and the Deeper Learning movement emphasize the ability to think critically and solve complex problems, to work well in teams, and to communicate effectively. While traditional classroom activities can meet these objectives, digital games and simulations provide unique affordances. When designed to incorporate formative assessment functions, games and simulations can capture detailed data on learners’ performances and provide learners with immediate feedback. In spite of their strengths, barriers exist to practitioners’ adoption of game-based and simulation-based formative assessments. Adoption can be slowed where product designs do not account for unique local requirements of classrooms and schools. The current work investigates reduction and removal of barriers to adoption of games and simulations among classroom instructors through use of the Integrated BEAR Design System (IBDS). The IBDS provides a design process that accounts for local requirements by engaging practitioners in principled design and development of game-based formative assessments. The paper summarizes the IBDS and a single case in which the IBDS was applied to design a game-based formative assessment for collaborative-problem solving, Little Fish Lagoon. The game is accompanied by a stand-alone chat system, Libra Text, that allows collaborating players to send text messages to each other while they use the game. Study participants were six instructors from six U.S. schools. The participating instructors planned for broad adoption of the multiplayer collaboration game in their local classroom settings. The authors illustrate their use of the IBDS with the participating instructors in order to co-develop formative assessments that fit their local needs using data collected from the Little Fish Lagoon educational game and the Libra Text chat tool. The benefits of the IBDS, its implications for learning designers, potential improvements, and needed future research are discussed. The paper is expected to be of interest to learning and assessment designers working with educational games and simulations, and others interested in barriers to adoption of new technologies in general.

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EL AJALTOUNI, ELIE, MING ZHANG, AZZEDINE BOUKERCHE, and ROBSON EDUARDO DE GRANDE. "AN ADAPTIVE DYNAMIC LOAD BALANCING TECHNIQUE FOR GRID-BASED LARGE SCALE DISTRIBUTED SIMULATIONS." Journal of Interconnection Networks 10, no. 04 (2009): 391–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219265909002637.

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Dynamic load balancing is a key factor in achieving high performance for large scale distributed simulations on grid infrastructures. In a grid environment, the available resources and the simulation's computation and communication behavior may experience critical run-time imbalances. Consequently, an initial static partitioning should be combined with a dynamic load balancing scheme to ensure the high performance of the distributed simulation. In this paper, we propose a dynamic load balancing scheme for distributed simulations on a grid infrastructure. Our scheme is composed of an online network analyzing service coupled with monitoring agents and a run-time model repartitioning service. We present a hierarchical scalable adaptive JXTA service based scheme and use simulation experiments to demonstrate that our proposed scheme exhibits better performance in terms of simulation execution time. Furthermore, we extend our algorithm from a local intra-cluster algorithm to a global inter-cluster algorithm and we consider the proposed global design through a formalized Discrete Event System Specification (DEVS) model system

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Sahoo, Abhilipsa, and Kaushika Patel. "Machine Learning-based Inverse Design Model of a Transistor." Indian Journal Of Science And Technology 17, no. 7 (2024): 617–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/v17i7.3076.

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Objectives: To develop an inverse design model for transistors, utilizing machine learning algorithms to predict key design parameters specifically, the length and width based on specified gain and bandwidth requirements. And to conduct a comprehensive comparative analysis with existing literature, evaluating the efficacy and novelty of the proposed model in the context of semiconductor engineering challenges and methodologies. Methods: The comprehensive dataset, comprising 30,000 values generated through LTspice simulations, forms the basis for training the machine learning model. Utilizing a Random Forest regressor as the base model and a multi-output regressor as the main model, the project involves extensive data analysis, model development, and iterative fine-tuning. Findings: The outcomes demonstrate the efficacy of the developed model in accurately predicting transistor dimensions. Performance metrics, including Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Squared Error (MSE), and R-squared, highlight the precision of the model in fulfilling the specified objectives. Novelty: This study introduces a novel approach to semiconductor device design optimization, showcasing the potential of machine learning to streamline the inverse design process. The use of a multi-output regressor, feature engineering, and fine-tuning through log transformation contribute to the innovative nature of the developed model. Keywords: Machine Learning (ML) model, Random Forest regressor, multioutput regressor, Feature engineering, Finetuning

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Liu, Mao Fu, Xiong Hua Guo, and Hui Xian Han. "A Design-Analysis and Simulation Approach of Ball-End Cutter Based on OpenGL." Advanced Materials Research 139-141 (October 2010): 1281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.139-141.1281.

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A design-analysis and simulation approach of complex ball-end cutter was proposed by using computer graphics and OpenGL control in this paper. The mathematical models of rake face and flank face of a complex ball-end cutter were built as the simulation condition. A computer-aided design and simulation processing system of complex tool was presented through pre-modeling OpenGL control. Some 3D simulation models of complex ball-end cutter including spiral cylinder, ball-head (including rake face, chip groove, first flank face and second flank face) and grinding wheel were created respectively. According to mathematical models and VC++ software platform, transformation and machining animation simulations of ball-end cutter were designed and realized visually using OpenGL control interface technique. The results of Three-dimensional design and simulation will offer sufficient theory foundation for virtually manufacturing ball-end cutter.

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Rakhmat, Galih Ashari, and Rizki Fauzian. "Design and Build a Holomatrix-Based Tactical Combat Simulation Application." JURNAL SISFOTEK GLOBAL 12, no. 1 (2022): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.38101/sisfotek.v12i1.474.

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The application of Holomatrix-based information technology advances in the training process as a form of training technology system innovation model to meet the challenges of future tasks, training systems in the military environment, must be implemented in order to be able to provide realistic training in accordance with the description of the actual operating field. In this study, a Holomatrix-based Tactical Combat Simulation Application has been designed that can be used by every member of the various branches of the military, especially the Indonesian Army. The system built and upgraded will provide troops with an overview of modern Holomatrix-based simulations. By using a computer that is able to evoke a three-dimensional atmosphere so that it can display as if it were a physical 3D image. The modern Holomatrix-based simulation will be used to train Tactical Decision Making Procedures (PPKT) and subordinate commanders to map and model yudha so that they can provide an overview of the actual operating field. After testing, it was found that this simulation application can be used as a tactical training tool, where each military branch involved can coordinate properly as it is done in real combat.

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Kang, Yiran, Wei Shen, Shili Pan, et al. "Prescription Design of Sinomenine Gel Based on Molecular Dynamics Simulations." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 23 (2024): 12863. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms252312863.

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Sinomenine (SIN) is a drug for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, most of which is administered orally, but it is prone to adverse gastrointestinal effects. Gel can overcome the gastrointestinal adverse effects caused by oral administration. In this paper, a multiscale computational pharmaceutics strategy was developed to guide the systematic study of formulation factors of a SIN gel and, further, to guide the formulation design. A molecular dynamics (MD) simulations method was utilized to successfully screen the optimal prescription of SIN gel and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms affecting the quality of SIN gel. The optimal prescription was 3.0% of SIN, 1.0% of Carbopol (Cp), 30% of Ethanol (Eth), 5.0% of Glycerine (Gly) and 10.0% of Menthol (Men). The influence mechanism can be explained by the combination of multiple parameters, such as the microstructure diagram, the radius of gyration (Rg) and the radial distribution function (RDF). In vitro transdermal studies were carried out using a modified Franz diffusion cell method to evaluate the quality of the screened and reference prescriptions. The results showed that the cumulative penetration and penetration rate of the screening of prescription were better than the reference formulation. Most important of all, the simulation results are in good agreement with the in vitro release experiment, indicating that the strategy has good applicability. This study was able to accurately optimize the formulation and elucidate the molecular mechanism, which would provide a reference for further research on SIN and gel.

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Fujiwara, Eric, and Cristiano M. B. Cordeiro. "Model-Based Design and Simulation of Paraxial Ray Optics Systems." Applied Sciences 10, no. 22 (2020): 8278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10228278.

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A model-based design allows representing complex, multi-domain systems as interconnected functional blocks, yielding graphical, intuitive information about the overall project, besides simplifying simulation. This work proposes using the modular approach as an optical engineering design and educational tool for developing paraxial ray optics setups, providing further integration with mechatronics subsystems and control loops. An expanded version of the ABCD transfer matrix modeling is implemented in MATLAB Simulink environment to simultaneously perform ray tracing and dynamic simulations. The methodology is validated for different problems, including paraxial cloaking, transmission through a multimode optical fiber, a Fabry–Perot interferometer, and an optical pickup with automatic focus, yielding reliable results with prospective applications in optical engineering design and for creating virtual labs devoted to multiphysics and mechatronics engineering courses.

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Xia, Yaping, Minghui Yin, Ruiyu Li, De Liu, and Yun Zou. "Integrated structure and maximum power point tracking control design for wind turbines based on degree of controllability." Journal of Vibration and Control 25, no. 2 (2018): 397–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546318783363.

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A linearization model is obtained for a three-bladed horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT) consisting of blades and a drive-train. Sensitivity analysis of the degree of controllability (DOC) and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) efficiency with respect to the structural parameters of wind turbines is discussed by numerical simulations. It is observed from the simulation results that higher MPPT efficiency can be achieved with the increase of DOC. Based on the observation, this paper proposes a new integrated design method based on DOC to design and optimize the structural parameters of a HAWT. The designed turbine is tested by the commercial simulation software of wind turbines named Bladed. It is observed from simulations that when using the identical MPPT control strategy, the wind turbine whose structural parameters are optimized for a larger value of DOC can achieve higher MPPT performance.

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Stojanović, Goran, Milan Radovanović, and Vasa Radonić. "A New Fractal-Based Design of Stacked Integrated Transformers." Active and Passive Electronic Components 2008 (2008): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/134805.

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Silicon-based radio-frequency integrated circuits are becoming more and more competitive in wide-band frequency range. An essential component of these ICs is on-chip (integrated) transformer. It is widely used in mobile communications, microwave integrated circuits, low-noise amplifiers, active mixers, and baluns. This paper deals with the design, simulation, and analysis of novel fractal configurations of the primary and secondary coils of the integrated transformers. Integrated stacked transformers, which use fractal curves (Hilbert, Peano, and von Koch) to form the primary and secondary windings, are presented. In this way, the occupied area on the chip is lower and a number of lithographic processes are decreased. The performances of the proposed integrated transformers are investigated with electromagnetic simulations up to 20 GHz. The influence of the order of fractal curves and the width of conductive lines on the inductance and quality factor is also described.

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Muller, Candice, Maurizio Valle, Roman Buzas, and Filip Brtan. "Model-Based Simulation Framework for FlexRay Communication Systems." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 25, no. 11 (2016): 1650137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126616501371.

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Automotive communication systems are complex distributed systems. The design of the electrical physical layer (EPL) is a challenging task. Many parameters affect the signal integrity on the analog bus and the combination of parameter variations can lead to effects (e.g., signal reflections) which degrade the signal and compromise the system reliability. Model-based simulations have been widely proposed as the solution for the design, testing and verification of FlexRay networks. This paper proposes a model-based framework for the design and evaluation of FlexRay communication systems. The framework includes the development of FlexRay system components, the design of different network topologies and the simulation and analysis of EPL. The proposed framework has been developed and possible applications have been figured out. Furthermore, the validation of the proposed approach has been addressed. The validation focuses on the accuracy of the simulations in representing the analog signal on the bus, as well as the accuracy in representing the network timing characteristics. The validation exhaustively explores the system design space, achieving a rigorous analysis of the approach reliability: simulations of 40 different network topologies and 1,264 frames have been evaluated, by comparing simulation results with hardware measurements. The results demonstrate that the proposed framework accurately represents the hardware behavior, and it can be an useful toll during the design and early verification of FlexRay communication networks. Due to the lack of a formal validation approach for the validation of the electrical physical layer, the validation is valuable for the FlexRay community.

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