Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Design för Additiv tillverkning'
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Dash, Satabdee. "Design for Additive Manufacturing : An Optimization driven design approach." Thesis, KTH, Maskinkonstruktion (Inst.), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-281246.
Full textÖkad användning av Additive Manufacturing (AM) i industriell produktion kräver ett nytänkade av produkter (enheter, delsystem) ur AM-synvinkel. Simuleringsdrivna designverktyg spelar en viktig roll för att nå detta med designoptimering med hänsyn taget till AM-teknikens möjligheter. Därför ville bussramavdelningen (RBRF) på Scania CV AB, Södertälje undersöka synergierna mellan topologioptimering och Design för AM (DfAM) i detta examensarbete. I examensarbetet utvecklas en metodik för att skapa en DfAM-ramverk som involverar topologioptimering och åtföljs av ett tillverkningsanalyssteg. En fallstudieimplementering av denna utvecklade metodik utförs för validering och fortsatt utveckling. Fallstudien ersätter en befintlig lastbärande tvärbalk med en ny struktur optimerad med avseende på vikt och tillverkningsprocess. Det resulterade i en nästan självbärande AM-vänlig design med förbättrad styvhet tillsammans med en viktminskning på 9,5 %, vilket visar fördelen med att integrera topologioptimering och grundläggande AM-design tidigt i designfasen.
BÖCKER, SVEN-RUBEN, Kajetan Calczynski, and Simon Malmström. "Implementation of Additive Manufacturing in Uprights for a Formula Student Car." Thesis, KTH, Maskinkonstruktion (Inst.), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-192571.
Full textThis bachelor thesis focuses on the possibility to implement additive manufacturing on the upright, one of the key components in a Formula Student car. The goal was to get an insight into this manufacturing technology and to see if it would be suitable to change KTH Formula Student’s current aluminium (Alumec 89) uprights to titanium (Ti6AL4V) ones, without gaining weight and losing stiffness and strength. Based on the current geometry of uprights for KTH Formula Student’s latest car, the eV12, new titanium uprights were designed using SolidWorks. This was done by using experience in upright design and intuition, by analysing and altering the designs in an iterative process. Three designs were made: a lighter version of the existing one, a hollow version and an unconventional version that utilises design possibilities with additive manufacturing. To verify the three different titanium designs, an analysis of the existing aluminium upright was performed. Using the results of this analysis, stiffness and maximum stress goals were set on the new titanium uprights. None of the concepts fully met the set goals, but valuable insight into design, solid mechanics and manufacturing methods was gained. The fact that specific stiffness of titanium is lower than that of aluminium means that it would be hard to make a proper design without the use of topology optimisation software, if weight is one of the most important factors. With more time, the designs would likely meet the set goals.
Carlström, Mikael, and Hampus Wargsjö. "Printing Prosthetics : Designing an additive manufactured arm for developing countries." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-61869.
Full textThe traditional prosthetic arms that are being fitted in developing countries are facing major issues in suppling patients with proper assistive aids. Not only is the process time consuming with every single unit having to be customized for the user but some parts can’t be locally produced which drives up price even further. The objective of this master thesis was to develop a prosthetic arm for developing countries with the help of additive manufacturing (3D printing) for the client 3D Life Prints which are based in Nairobi, Kenya. A prosthesis is used to aid an amputee in daily living activities. With additive manufacturing the intention is that a local manufacturing process could be developed and improved which would reduce the time of fitting and distributing a prosthesis. The initial prosthesis, that was the origin of the design, was a below elbow prosthetic arm that was being developed by the client. The prosthesis was fabricated with the additive manufacturing process fused deposition modelling (FDM) which has the advantage of providing the cheapest printers. To summarize the aim of the project the research questions that was established was as followed 1. How are conventional prosthetic arms generally being manufactured, distributed and used compared to additive manufactured prostheses in Nairobi, Kenya? 2. Who is the primary user of prosthetic arms in developing countries, what problems are they facing with current solutions and what factors are considered as the most important? And why? 3. How should additive manufactured prostheses be designed for optimal usage in developing countries? In addition to answer the research questions the aim was that the development of the system would lead to enhanced functionality for the user and to facilitate manufacturing for the organization. To get a general overview of additive manufacturing prostheses the fields theories that was studied included context of developing countries, user centred design (since the aim was to approve on a product which needed to suit a specific user), upper limb prostheses and additive manufacturing. As a result, from different stages of the design process a final design was reached called the “3D Life Arm”. The final system was comprised of four main components, the Harness system, the Insert, the Cover and the Socket. These components used additive manufacturing in both rigid material (Harness parts, Socket and Insert) and flexible material (the Cover). Locally available components were used for parts not feasible to additive manufacture e.g. fishing wire and screws. The two factors that were concluded to be the most important for the user were the aesthetic appeal and cost. With social stigmas playing a major part according to users and experts in Nairobi, the prosthesis needs to resemble the missing limb as much as possible. It was concluded that cost was the major factor when designing prostheses for developing countries since user just wasn’t able to afford the prostheses that was being manufactured in Nairobi. In the end a cost and time analysis was conducted to verify what price the complete system would need to be manufactured. With three printers all parts could be printed for the price of 282 SEK and would take approximately 15 hours and 15 minutes to print which is considerably lower than that of the functional prosthesis being distributed in Nairobi. Further evaluations need to be done to establish that the prosthesis will manage the strains and stresses of daily living activities of the user and a complete fitting strategy needs to be evaluated further. It’s the authors belief however, that with the help of fully educated prosthetist there is a future for additive manufacturing of upper limb amputees.
Liljestrand, Mathias, and Kirill Ljungberg. "Utveckling av betong för additiv tillverkning." Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-230736.
Full text3D writing of concrete has great potential for future building engeneering. Other industries such as the automotive industry, pharmaceutical industry, aerospace industry, etc. have already additive manufacturing methods for commercial purposes. The reason for this is the high standards set in the construction industry as well as difficulties to balance the demanded properties. At the additive manufacturing creates objects through that the matter be placed in the warehouse incrementally. The objects are first created digitally as a 3D object, which is then divided into horizontal layers. Then a 3D printer follows a pre-programmed path where it places the material until the object has reached its final form. . Despite the major challenges so for additive manufacturing methods in the construction industry, with potential benefits that outweigh the difficulties; complex designs for low cost, no material waste, fast build time, less labor, , less environmental degradation, etc. Conventional concrete is unusable when the concrete for additive manufacturing methods require properties that have not previously been demanded. It should be fluid enough for pumping but at the same time rigid enough for stacking. The concrete opening time is required to be constant in order to avoid that the concrete starts to harden before it is printing. The report intends to contribute to the development of concrete adapted for additive manufacturing methods in the construction industry. This is accomplished through the development and analysis of new types of concrete. There are no standard and proven methods for assessing concrete adapted for additive manufacturing methods. How the manufacturing method affects the environment is examined with the aim of reducing environmental impacts. A good concrete mix for additive manufacturing methods is based not only on its structural purpose, but also on the type of nozzle used. Because of this, it is currently impossible to create a universal mix that is adapted for all of the nozzles and the printer system. The concrete requires a high cement share which leads to higher carbon dioxide emissions, but the percentage of concrete required is lower due to no material play. Additives are used to lower the cement share and achieve a more cohesive concrete mixture. The final concrete mixtures have room for improvement. Further adjustments of vct, additives, reinforcement and chemical admixtures should be made for the development of concrete for additive manufacturing methods.
BJÖRK, OSKAR. "Additiv Tillverkning i Försvarsapplikationer. : Förberedande studie för implementering av additiv tillverkning inom Försvarsmakten/FMV." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-263176.
Full textAdditive Manufacturing, or 3D-printing as it is most commonly known is one of the major trends in production today. The technique has a certain part in the future of production industry and is one clear contributor to the fourth industrial revolution, industry 4.0 (Additive Manufacturing at Industry 4.0, 2018). 3dD-printing and additive manufacturing is not to be viewed as one specific technique. It should be considered as a collection of techniques which could be described as computer controlled and the geometries being fabricated by adding material in layers. The development of additive manufacturing is mainly lead by the civil industry and there are today many successful commercial implementations of additive manufacturing within production and development. There are a few key factors pushing this development. First is the fact that you with additive manufacturing might be able to manufacture geometries otherwise not possible with traditional techniques. It could also be producing lighter products or achieve shorter lead times for development of components and systems The development of additive manufacturing for Security and defense is however generally behind in area and the Swedish Armed Forces and Swedish Material Administration Department (FMV) is no exception. There are though some clear positive potentials with additive manufacturing specific to a military application. For example, the ability to create better logistic support and spare part management with the unique possibility to manufacture complex components in an isolated environment. There are many barriers before implanting additive manufacturing within the Swedish Armed Forces and FMV. System safety and legal questions connected to 3D-printing of components is one of the major areas that must be considered. These questions could however be dealt with if they are handled in a structured way. This report therefore covers additive manufacturing in general and presents methods and processes to create a better understanding of how additive manufacturing could be implemented within FMV and the Swedish Armed Forces in the future.
Lundgren, Herman. "Participatory design of a 3D-printed furniture concept for learning spaces : A study of large-scale additive manufacturing opportunities and limitations." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik, konst och samhälle, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-86535.
Full textIdag sitter läromiljöer fast i den industriella epoken med rader av skrivbord och stolar. Differentierad undervisning och personlig inlärning är inte effektiv i traditionella läromiljöer och bör vara i fokus för att skapa framtidens klassrum (Kariippanon, 2017). Detta examensarbete tar upp hur inredning för inlärningsmiljöer kan förbättras och utformas genom en deltagande designprocess med Katedralskolan i Växjö med hjälp av återvunna material och additiv tillverkningsteknik. Arbetet har också undersökt möjligheterna att involvera intressenter för att skapa nytt lärande genom tillämpning av additiv tillverkning inom inredning och möbeldesign. Tillsammans med Katedralskolan och Sculptur har detta projekt undersökt ett koncept för skolor att ha integrerad utbildning i möbler genom semiotik och pedagogisk design som kommer att bidra till elevernas lärande samt utforska storskalig additiv tillverkning. Målet är att utforma en samling möbelkoncept som informerar och kommunicerar på utbildningsnivå och hur en cirkulär tillverkningsteknik är möjlig genom 3D-printnig med hjälp av kommuniationsdesign och semiotik. Målet är också att förstå Sculpturs produktutvecklings- och tillverkningsprocess genom storskalig additiv tillverkning. Projektets Mission statement var följande: Utveckla ett möbelkoncept baserat på en förståelse av behoven hos användargruppen i en samdesignprocess som ett fall för att studera storskalig additiv tillverkning tillsammans med de givna förutsättningarna från Sculptur. Examensarbetet har följt en iterativ designprocess som kallas design thinking process (The Interaction Design Foundation, 2021) tillsammans med en co-designprocess (Sanders, 2018). Design thinking är en designmetodik som ger en lösningsbaserad metod för att lösa problem. De fem faserna i design thinking är följande: Empathise, Define, Ideate, Prototype, Test. Genom studier, undersökningar och observationer skapades en lista över intressenters behov och användes när idéer utvecklades genom workshops, skisser och prototyper. Idéerna utvecklades sedan till koncept som sedan testades genom både mindre 3D-utskrift och storskalig additiv tillverkning. Koncepten utvärderades också av intressenter samt genom en konceptviktningsmatris (Wikberg N., et.al., 2015). Resultatet av detta examensarbete är sammanfattningen av möbelkonceptet samt studien av storskalig additiv tillverkning som industridesigner. Möbelkonceptet ”Unfold lounge chair” bygger på intressenternas behov samt tillverkningsrestriktioner. Det är också ett försök att använda teori för att skapa nästa generation av pedagogiska möbler med hållbara och cirkulära tillverkningstekniker. Genom design thinking skapades resultatet med ett mänskligt centrerat tillvägagångssätt för att integrera människors behov, teknikens möjligheter och kraven för produktens framgång (IDEO, n.d.).
Sarlak, Shannon. "Möjligheter för produktion med additiv tillverkning : - En fallstudie." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för handel och företagande, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-17739.
Full textBakgrund: Additiv tillverkning är en tillverkningsprocess som har på de senare åren börjat användas avsevärt det senaste 30 åren, inom industribranschen. Genom att addera material lager-för-lager bildas ett objekt och denna metod kallas för 3D-printing. Trots fördelen med att kunna tillverka ett objekt komplett utan att behöva montera ihop delar som i traditionell tillverkning, finns det många begränsningar med additiv tillverkning. Finns det fler möjligheter än svårigheter med additiv tillverkning eller är tillverkningsprocessen för avancerat för att ta över den traditionella tillverkningsprocessen helt? Syfte: Rapportens syfte är att öka förståelsen för möjligheter och svårigheter med additiva tillverkningsprocesser samt i vilken kontext det är lämpligt att använda. Vilka faktorer gör det mer eller mindre lämpligt med additiv tillverkning. Genomförande: I studiens teoretiska referensram har en fallstudie utförts genom att samla in och bearbeta data från tidigare studier. Här utformas studiens teori med fokus på innebörden av additiv tillverkning, jämförelse mellan traditionell tillverkning samt additiv tillverkning enbart i TR, möjligheter och svårigheter med tillverkningsprocessen, logistiska aspekter som fokuserar på den leveransserviceelement som samspelas mellan företag och kunder samt att detta inkluderar kvalité problem som uppstår med AM, orderkvalificerare och ordervinnare som gör företagen unika samt lämplighet av material för olika additiva tillverkningsprocesser. I empirin hittas data och information från två berörda företag som använder sig av additiv tillverkning inom produktionsområden och hur de går tillväga för att uppnå konkurrensfördelar. I analysen sammanställs den teoretiska referensram som utformats med hjälp av data från tidigare studier om additiv tillverkning, tillsammans med empirin som tagits fram med hjälp av dessa två berörda företag. Genom ett frågeställningsformulär och en utformad enkätstudie som gavs till respektive företag, kunde en informationsrik litteraturstudie utföras. Slutsats: Denna fallstudie visar likaså majoriteten av tidigare studier som berör additiv tillverkning, samma slutsats. Slutsatsen visar att additiv tillverkning leder till faktorer såsom kostnadsreducering gällande produktion, minskad bundet kapital, förkortade ledtider, färre transportsträckor, mer miljövänligt, skapa komplexa geometrier som är svårt att skapa på traditionellt vis. Det finns även skillnader mellan företagens valda AM-processer då företagen använder sig av olika tillverkningsprocesser och olika 3D-printer samt material. Materialutbudet är större hos Företag A som använder sig av plaster än hos Rise Swecast AB som använder sig av kvartssand vilket används inom metalltillverkning. Lämpligheten för additiv tillverkning passar mer vid uppbyggnad av komplexa geometrier, tillverkning av låga produktionsvolymer. Men lämpar sig mindre vid stora produktionsvolymer, begränsning vid materialval av olika AM-processer samt vid tillverkning av stora objekt. Det fanns även kvalitetsproblem gällande utskrifter då det inte finns några återkopplingsverktyg, men detta kontrolleras vid varje utskrift för att undvika variationer mellan utskrifter och processer. Additiv tillverkning kommer i framtiden att ta alltmer plats inom industribranschen och kommer även eventuellt att ersätta andra processer inom den traditionella tillverkningen just för att den bidrar med både med lönsamhet för företag samt kunder genom decentralisering, det vill säga att man inte behöver vara långt ifrån kunden samtidigt som man inte behöver investera i en hel fabrik.
Rosenqvist, Joel. "Applicering utav additiv tillverkning : Ett utredande arbete för HPG AB." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för kvalitetsteknik, maskinteknik och matematik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-25887.
Full textHolgert, Herman, and Victor Cardenas. "Förutsättningarna för additiv tillverkning ombord på svenska marinens ytfartyg." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254636.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis-project is to investigate if additive manufacturing (AM) can be a suitable resource on board the Swedish Navy's surface vessels to enable the manufacture of components and spare parts. Maintenance of the vessels within the Swedish Navy may at present be challenging as most vessels contains components that are no longer available for purchase. The reason for this may be that subcontractors have disappeared over time or that certain parts are no longer manufactured. Another challenge is the availability of components and spare parts out at sea, since the space on the vessels is limited. Additive manufacturing, is a term for different manufacturing techniques where material is laid out layer by layer and thus builds up a three-dimensional object. The technology can, within a few hours, create a physical object with complex geometry from a digital drawing. By using the technology as a manufacturing resource on board the naval surface vessel, a higher availability of spare parts and components can be achieved. Components and spare parts for the naval vessels today are distributed through a centralized logistics system that starts from a larger central warehouse out to the naval bases. AM enables decentralized manufacturing, which can create a more rapid and flexible logistics management, provided that the AM technology can manufacture the requested component. The thesis addresses the various AM methods that are available, but focus is placed on the methods Material Extrusion (FDM) and Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) which are considered to be of greater relevance for use in military applications. Interviews have been held with relevant persons from the Swedish Defence Materiel Administration and study visits have been made on board some of the naval surface vessels. The information from these sources has been analyzed based on relevant theory from our literature study in the area of AM. Based on the analysis, we can conclude that there are a number of challenges that make the implementation of AM in general within the Swedish Armed Forces and aboard the surface vessels difficult. These factors include vibrations, sea movements and the limited availability of digital models. In addition, the manufactured components must meet the system safety requirements to be approved for use. Currently, the Navy has a functioning maintenance organization where AM could be a valuable resource in the future. The needs that AM can meet is increased availability to certain consumables, spare parts and brand new products. With regard to the technical conditions on board and the properties of the AM machines, we found that the FDM method is the most suitable for use. A pilot implementation of FDM equipment by the Swedish Armed Forces should suitably be done on a smaller scale on board support vessels as it is in line with the activities carried out on board those vessels.
Bäckman, Tobias. "Utredning om konstruktion och beräkning för additiv tillverkning - Markforged." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Innovation och produktrealisering, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-40172.
Full textFöljande examensarbete är utfört av Tobias Bäckman mellan 2018-01-15 – 2018-06-01 på uppdrag av företaget Deva Mecaneyes. Deva Mecaneyes hade identifierat ett behov och ett möjligt användningsområde för additiv tillverkning baserat på en 3D-skrivare av modellen Markforged mark Two som de köpt in. Dock kvarstod det många frågetecken hur materialen i de utskrivna detaljerna beter sig, hur man skall konstruera mot denna tillverkningsmetod samt vilka tillämpningsområden som skulle kunna vara fördelaktiga. Vid uppstart av projektet identifierades de största begränsningarna till varför Deva Mecaneys inte implementerar 3D- utskrifter mer omfattande i deras konstruktionsarbete som delvis den bristande erfarenheten av additiva tillverkningsmetoder, men främst på grund av avsaknaden av trovärdig materialdata och beräkningsunderlag att tillämpa för fysiska 3D-utskrivna detaljer. Utifrån detta formulerades tre stycken forskningsfrågor. Dessa forskningsfrågor behandlar hur man skulle kunna ersätta traditionella tillverkningsmetoder, vilka materialsamband som är möjliga att identifiera samt vilka faktorer som bör tas hänsyn till vid konstruktion mot additiva tillverkningsmetoder.Huvuddelen av arbetet har därmed bestått av att producera materialdata för materialen som är kompatibla med Markforged Mark Two. Detta har skett baserat på ASTM-standarder som behandlar dragprover, böjprover och utmattningsprover.Två befintliga produkter från Deva Mecaneyes inom området lyftredskap valdes sedan ut för att omdesignas mot additiva tillverkningsmetoder. På så vis redovisas en alternativ väg att gå genom att ersätta de traditionella tillverkningsmetoderna med additiva tillverkningsmetoder. De omkonstruerade lyftredskapen tillverkades även för att dels verifieras mot den framtagna materialdatan men även för att redogöra förbättring alternativt försämring mot de befintliga lyftredskapen.De mätbara målen för arbetet var att kunna påvisa kostnads och tidsreducering med 50% genom att byta ut de traditionella tillverkningsmetoderna mot additiva tillverkningsmetoder. Resultatet påvisade två omkonstruerade lyftredskap med många förbättringsområden. Där framförallt en kostnadsreducering på cirka 80% respektive 90% identifierades.Under arbetets gång har ett antal materialsamband kunnat identifieras och nya erfarenheter angående utskrivna detaljer från Markforged Mark Two har uppstått. Författaren anser att arbetet, utöver de uppfyllda målen, har lagt en god grund till att börja förstå materialen mer och mer och därmed en god början till att börja erhålla en tillförlitlighet hos 3D-utskrivna detaljer som är en avgörande faktor till att börja ersätta vissa av de traditionella tillverkningsmetoderna.
Pettersson, Alexander. "Additiv tillverkning för högre teknisk tillgänglighet i internationella insatsområden." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-7431.
Full textI denna uppsats undersöks den millitära nyttan med additiv tillverkning av reservdelar för markförband under internationell insats och hur detta kan påverka den tekniska tillgängligheten på systemen. Internationella insatser kan kräva långa logistikkedjor vilket innebär att reservdelar som inte kan införskaffas i närområdet måste fraktas från en bakre underhållsnivå eller beställas direkt från leverantör. Vid vissa tillfällen med skador på system som kräver nyproduktion av reservdelar från tillverkare, kan det i dagsläget ta upp till 40-50 veckor. Med additiv tillverkning kan förloppet kortas ner betydligt och tillverkningstiden blir istället 4-10 veckor. Slutsatser som kan dras är att additiv tillverkning har en militär nytta och kan ge en högre teknisk tillgänglighet, förutsatt att en del tekniska svårigheter klaras ut. I dagsläget finns det brister i mängden kvalificerade material för utskrifter till vanliga fordon vilket gör det svårt för industrin att godkänna reservdelarna som en ordinarie reparationsmetod i sina produkter. Vinsten i teknisk tillgänglighet är också kopplad till hur svårtillgängligt insatsområdet är. Desto svårtillgängligare området är desto större vinst medför additiv tillverkning.
Fagerberg, Waldemar, and Alexander Osbakk. "Additiv tillverkning för serieproduktion : Under vilka förutsättningar lämpar det sig?" Thesis, KTH, Industriell produktion, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-102580.
Full textAdditive manufacturing (AM) is the ISO-standard term on the production method that builds artifacts by adding material layer by layer. It is a technique that has mainly been used for prototyping and still does so, but it more and more begins to take hold as a manufacturing method for end-use products. The purpose of this report is to examine the conditions under which AM is suitable as a method of manufacturing parts made of plastic. The conditions are divided into an economic, technical and knowledge-based perspective. The result of this work show that there are certain clear conditions within each category but also that many factors are crucial because the AM include multiple technologies. It is therefore difficult to identify a well-defined area where AM is appropriate. Generally good conditions are however complex artifacts, small batches, consumer-friendly and customized features and details that occur in many custom variations. Furthermore, the results show that there are some obvious advantages and disadvantages. The benefits seen are especially shorter lead times, easier inventory management, production to order and the possibility of otherwise impossible geometries. The major disadvantages are mainly the lack of standards and the limited material supply. The data collected in the work consists of four interviews with independent sources and a case study of two specific features and the results and conclusions are thus based on this.
Håkansson, Burelius Martin, and Dennis Blomqvist. "Off-line-programmering av en industriell robotcell för automatiserad additiv tillverkning : - En nybörjarvänlig dokumentation." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för maskinteknik (MT), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-104974.
Full textIn order for industries to stay technically up-to-date, it is necessary that students, who eventually become staff, receive education that strives for modernization. An important part of modernization today is automation via, for example, automated additive manufacturing and off-line programming (OLP), both of which have great potential, not least in the manufacturing industry. Unfortunately, there is a lack of documentation on how this process goes step by step to the finished product, so this study aims to try to cover this knowledge gap by providing a beginner-friendly documentation on the processes. The documentation should be able to contribute as a reference tool for educational purposes, where the user can through beginner-friendly guides follow the process step-by-step from CAD model in SolidWorks to the creation of robot paths via the 3D printer program Slic3r and through the simulation programs RoboDK and MotoSim perform OLP leading to simulation of additive manufacturing. The approach developed in this study is also validated through automated additive manufacturing in real robot cells. Various problems and ideas about future research are also addressed in this study in order to be able to develop and optimize the process.
Hassanzadeh, Rahman. "Design och tillverkning av universell förstärkarmodul för trådtöjningsgivare." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-74443.
Full textThe degree project assigned to me was to build a universal amplifier module for a strain gauge that could be used in 3 different states ie. quarter, half or full wheatstone bridge. The printed circuit card to be built for a company shall fulfil many needs and it is intended for industrial purposes. The most important is measuring the force on an object. This is accomplished with the help of a wheatstone bridge since voltage is directly proportional to resistance and furthermore resistance is proportional to force. This means that a change in resistance results in an increment or decrement of voltage. The important factor in this module is that it should register the least possible change in resistance so that a value gets recorded in the bridge. The reasons for using quarter, half or full bridge are explained later in the report. Measurement voltage for the module is +15 and -15 volts. The module should not give out a signal because of temp drift or imbalance of the object in measure at the point of zero balancing it. To attain this goal, I used: A microprocessor (ATmega 16) that has a built-in A/D converter. A D/A converter of 10 bits. In long distance measurements, the idea of monitoring current instead of voltage sounded better. This is because current remains the same along the line(wire) whereas voltage subsides the longer the wire. Calculation of voltage when resistance and current are given is pretty simple. The construction was partly done with the help of the program Multisim while the printed circuit card was manufactured with the help of Ultiboard. The result was a complete card with components mounted and constructed according to the company’s demands and specifications.
Stenford, Rebecka, and Rebecca Röing. "Den nya revolutionen? Additiv tillverknings potential för spridning till modeindustrin." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-10240.
Full textTechnological development and innovation are driving forces behind economic growth. Having the will and ability to innovate are also crucial factors for companies as successful innovation creates competitive advantage. Additive manufacturing is a new production process with the potential to revolutionise the way products are being manufactured. The technique disrupts competitive conditions by enabling cost-effective production of small lot sizes, production close to the decoupling point and customisation. The fashion industry is a complex and highly competitive industry, companies are in a constant quest for means of differentiation. In order to be successful, companies must create advantages over the competitors. Several sectors have already started using additive manufacturing and companies create successful competitive advantage by implementing the technology. In the fashion industry however, additive manufacturing has been used sparsely and not for production of consumer products. Our interest was awaked to further investigate whether or not it is appropriate to extend the use of this new technology. The purpose of this study is to immerse the discussion of diffusion of new technology by studying additive manufacturing’s potential of spreading to the fashion industry. The study was conducted with a deductive approach and the central theories have been Schumpeter’s theories of innovation and Rogers’ theories of diffusion of innovations. The study has been of a qualitative nature and semi-structured interviews with representatives from companies using additive manufacturing and researchers in the textile field were conducted to collect the empirical data. The conclusion is that additive manufacturing is not yet suitable for production of clothing. Nonetheless, when the empirical data was analysed in relation to the theories used, multiple matches between the benefits of additive manufacturing and the characteristics of the fashion industry were revealed. Consequently, implementing additive manufacturing can, in the future, pose opportunities for fashion companies to create competitive advantage. The thesis is written in Swedish.
Thunell, Björn. "Kostnadsbesparingar på EM7 : Omkonstruktioner för billigare tillverkning." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-176477.
Full textEriksson, Emma. "Biokomposit : Kommersiell potential med 3D-print." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för industriell ekonomi, industridesign och maskinteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-36276.
Full textNyberg, Louise. "Konceptutveckling av ett slalomarmskydd : För paraalpinåkare med förkortad underarm." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för kvalitets- och maskinteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-42842.
Full textEveryone should have an equal opportunity to practice sports on equal terms. Parasport is sports for people with some form of disability such as visual impairment, intellectual disabilities or mobility impairment. In parasport, there is alpine skiing that involves getting down the slope as quickly as possible in a marked course. The range of professional equipment for both alpine and other sports that can be individually adapted to the athlete's needs is very limited, although not non-existent. The project was initiated by the national team coach for the alpine parasport association, Henrik Bergqvist. The purpose of this project is to enable a better tackle of a slalom gate for para-alpine skiers with a shortened forearm. The goal of the project is to produce a concept material to be able to manufacture an alpine slalom arm guard. The concept material will include three-dimensional drawings for the product as well as material selection and manufacturers. This report covers a product development process that includes five phases, feasibility study, product specification, concept generation, evaluation and selection of concepts, prototype and detailed design. The result of the project was generated in a concept data for a slalom arm protection for para-alpine skiers with a shortened forearm. This concept has functions to tackle the slalom gate while at the same time being ergonomic against the forearm and having a material that can withstand the stresses to which the protection will be exposed. The project and its results are handed over to the client with good conditions to be able to further manufacture this slalom arm guard.
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Touma, Rikard, and Nathalie Pettersson. "3D-printing med träEn möjlighet för framtiden?" Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-92364.
Full text3D printers have many uses and they have become common in many industries. Today, thistechnology is seen as a possible route to more sustainable construction. The technology isconsidered promising in construction engineering, among other things because it has beenshown that it can reduce material waste and provide shorter production times. To someextent, the technology is already being used for building construction, but then mainly withconcrete.The aim of this study is to describe current knowledge regarding 3D printing with woodbasedpulp and to investigate the possibility of using a wood-based pulp consisting ofsawdust, water and lignin for 3D printing.In order to reach the goal, a combination of literature search and laboratory experiments wasused. The literature search was used both to investigate previously conducted studiesregarding wood-pulp based materials in 3D printing and as inspiration for the ingredients andproportions used in the laboratory experiments.Only studies on wood-based 3D printing were studied. The test objects produced in thelaboratory experiments were evaluated in strength, dimensional stability and adhesion. Theresults of the laboratory work indicate that the produced material can be extruded, but that ithas low tensile strength. The layers bonded well for all tests, while the compressive strengthresults varied. The highest compressive strength was given by the mixture with the highestproportion of lignin and the longest drying time.The conclusion is that the material might be useful, but that the correct area of use should bedetermined, as the material cannot withstand excessive loads.Keywords:
Nordborg, Tobias, and Alexander Lyrbo. "Produktutveckling av skalkonstruktion för 3-axiellt styrt maskinstativ." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för maskinteknik (MT), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-54235.
Full textThis thesis covers the product development of a multi-axial driven machine frame, which at a later stage will be intended to be used in additive manufacturing. The work that has been performed has led to concept development, material selection and manufacturing of a shell construction for a 3-axially driven machine construction. Tests and simulations have been done to verify if the machine design can be used by the specifications set by the host company. The construction was well within its tolerance of 100 microns at room temperature but showed some error margins at the operating temperature of 600 degrees Celsius. The results obtained have been analyzed in order to provide further suggestions for improvement of the structure when there still remain implications in ensuring the tolerances at operating temperature.
Dahl, Annika. "Tillverkning av pardörr i ramverksteknik : Efter äldre förlaga och anpassning för ny plats." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för design, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-37536.
Full textLennaárd, Max. "MADE IN SWEDEN : Förslag till en möbel av lokala hållbara material tillverkad med nya digitala produktionsverktyg." Thesis, Konstfack, Industridesign, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:konstfack:diva-5899.
Full textAsplund, Simon, Malm Johan Haglund, Patrik Pivén, Apell Linus Skjutar, and Jack Ulfstedt. "Design, konstruktion och tillverkning av E.K.R.R. – En autonom robot för dans, ljuseffekter, Twitterinteraktion och ljudanalys." Thesis, KTH, Maskinkonstruktion (Inst.), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-184238.
Full textAs a final part of the bachelor thesis in mechatronics 2013 the students were given the task to design a robot to pop artist Robyn. The work is a group project in which five students with specializations in different fields collaborate to construct a more complex, composite system. The requirements were that the robot would be able to interact either with Robyn herself or her audience. The project was limited by time as well as economics. In a preliminary study important keywords based on Robyn and her music were established. The key words became the basis for the subsequent concept generation. Examples of keywords are independence, publicly loved, headstrong and unpredictable. The work resulted in a robot that can communicate via Twitter, dancing to the beat of the music, and create different lighting effects. The entire robot is built in a housing from an old radio from the 60's. The robot is by no means a perfect design, but illustrate a concept with great potential.
Blomström, Tommy, and Victor Lindberg. "Strategier för att minimera porositet vid tillverkning med Electron Beam Melting : Hur smältstrategier och geometrisk utformning påverkar porositet och porfördelning i komponenter tillverkade med EBM." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för kvalitets- och maskinteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-39682.
Full textAdditive manufacturing (AM) is a manufacturing method that creates components by adding material where there previously was none, this enables fabrication of geometries which otherwise had been impossible or very time consuming. Electron Beam Melting is a powder based AM-method where a metallic powder is melted by an electron beam. The two largest issues with powder based AM is its high surface roughness and internal porosity of manufactured components. The uneven surface is remedied where necessary by making the part larger than its final dimensions and machining it to size while the porosity today is rectified with HIP, Hot Isostatic Pressing. This works aims to minimize the porosity in situ in order to improve the reliability and repeatability of the material properties of EBM-manufactured parts through the optimization of the melting strategy. This has been done through an experiment in which five melting strategies have been applied to four different test rods after which the porosity was examined in terms of porosity and pore distribution. The five strategies were S0, Standard; S1, One-way hatch before contour; S2.0, Only contour outside and in; S2.1, Only contour inside and out; S2.2, Like S2.1 without MultiBeam, and the four test bar designs were a cuboid, a cylinder, a tube with 3 mm thick walls and an hourglass. The lowest porosity was given by S2.1 with a mean average density of 99 993% and highest was S2.0 with 98.63% density whereas S0 resulted in a mean average density of 99.94%.
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Jonasson, Jack, and Jens Ottosson. "Utveckling av insatsmodul till en Arcam S12 EBM-maskin : För möjliggörande av småskaliga tester med mindre pulveråtgång." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för kvalitets- och maskinteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-38227.
Full textThis thesis work is focused on the product development of an insert module for an ARCAM S12 Electron Beam Melting machine The need for an insert module comes from the fact that the machine requires a full tank of building material to operate as intended. With concern to the large building volume the original machine cannot be seen as a viable alternative for materials research, because such research often uses expensive experimental materials. The goal for the module is therefore to lower the use of building material, and trough that make the machine viable for materials research without permanently affecting the original function. Another important function of the new module is the possibility to control and synchronize the amount of material dispensed between layers of the build. During the length of the thesis, the entire development process of the module is discussed. From the target specification, to the finished blueprints. The process started with the establishment of a target specification, followed by a phase of concept development containing both creative and stringent methods. After these concepts had been evaluated and culled through structured methods a final concept was selected. This concept was then modeled in Solid Works and technical drawings of the model was made for the blueprint. The result of the thesis work is a finished blueprint for an insert module that fits an ARCAM S12 EBM machine. This module has lowered the build volume to 110x110xthe build height in millimeters, and has the possibility to synchronize the amount of material dispensed between layers.
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Liljare, Mattias, and Övrebö Theodore Silveira. "Utveckling av betong för 3D-skrivare." Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-259896.
Full text3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a manufacturing method that has revolutionized many industries and has grown widely both in industry and private use. The technique means using a layer-upon-layer method to manufacture different objects. With today's technology, it is possible to print objects of, for example, metal, plastic, concrete and several other materials. Additive manufacturing of concrete structures can be used to create new smart design solutions, which means significant material savings and reduced material waste. Production costs and time reduction may also be achieved using the method due to lower labor requirements and reduced costs for manufacturing and assembling of molds. This study contributes to an increased understanding of what is required to develop a functioning concrete material for additive manufacturing. In order for additive manufacturing to be standardized, become commercial and be broadly used, a deeper understanding of the concrete properties is required. This is because the material used in 3D printing differs from conventional concrete. The purpose of this project is to develop a concrete mixture adapted for additive manufacturing. A survey is made to find (i) a concrete mixture with suitable mechanical material properties, and (ii) a concrete mixture well adapted to 3D printers. The most important thing for a concrete mix to be used for additive production is that the mixture can be pumped through the system and extracted through the nozzle during manufacture and that the final material shows good buildability. Pumpability is a prerequisite for the concrete to be used in a 3D printer. The concrete must be sufficiently flexible to be pumped out through a nozzle, but also have a sufficiently good internal cohesion so as not to deform after it has been pumped out. Pumpability is largely affected by the type of pump system used. The results vary depending on the pump, nozzle and hose used in the material tests. It seems that a general mix adapted to several different pump systems is difficult to achieve. In this work, six different mixtures with different variations have been tested. This led to 38 mixtures that underwent various tests. The mixtures with the best results after fine adjustments were mix 4.1 and 5.1, they showed high quality for pumpability and buildability. Mixture 4.1 contains water, plant cement, starvis 3040, glenium, CERW, crush ballast and glass fibers and mixture 5.1 is similarly fixed with fly ash instead of CERW.
Vingerhagen, Kristian, and Julia Alfredsson. "Additive manufacturing of spare parts for the mining industry a pilot study on business impact from an aftermarket perspective." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-92306.
Full textSyftet med denna förstudie var att identifiera och utvärdera olika affärsmöjligheter för Epirocs Parts & Services-division (PSD) gällande användningen av additiv tillverkning (AM), även känd som 3D-printning, för deras reservdelar inom gruvindustrin. Denna studie presenterar ett tillvägagångssätt för hur reservdelar passande för AM kan identifieras och visar på svårigheterna med AM. Studien följer "design research methodology" (DRM), vilket kan översättas till designforsknings-metodologin, som är vanligt förekommande vid forskning inom produkt- och processutveckling. Genom intervjuer och litteratursökningar tillämpades en "top-down"-metod. Detta åtföljdes av en utvecklad kostnadsnyttomodell som tillsammans användes för att identifiera och utvärdera potentiella reservdelar för AM från Epirocs nuvarande reservdelsportfölj. Resultaten utvärderades som lovande för flertalet av reservdelarna vad gäller reducerad kostnad för tillverkning, inköp, verktyg och minskad ledtid, vilket resulterar i ökad drifttid för kunden. Med minskade ledtider ökar tillgängligheten för kunden, som kan öka Epirocs försäljning och eftermarknadsintäkter på lång sikt. Det finns också en stor potential i att minska kostnaderna för lagerhållning, där reservdelar med låg efterfrågan kan få sina lager att reduceras eller elimineras genom att säkra utbudet genom tillverkning vid behov. Även om många intressanta affärsmöjligheter har identifierats och utvärderats har det uppmärksammats att CNC-bearbetning i många fall kan vara det billigare alternativet. Trots detta är det värt att investera i AM ur en strategisk synvinkel eftersom det ses som ett verktyg för framtiden. Innan AM kan anammas och implementeras bör Epiroc göra testförsök med företag som erbjuder AM-tjänster. Dessa kan användas för att uppdatera och justera kostnadsnyttomodellen i enlighet med detta för att öka dess validitet och reliabilitet. Modellen kan också utvecklas vidare för att införliva AM:s ytterligare fördelar, såsom vikt- och materialreduktion genom design för additiv tillverkning (DfAM).
Josefin, Rosendahl. "Resursplanering : Visualisering av resursplanering för tillverkande företag." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-73025.
Full textThis project has been performed at Hellgrens Lastvagnsservice in Skellefteå. The company manufactures most wood chip trucks and bodyworks for wood chips trucks. The products are relatively complex and consist of many different parts and products. In this work, the focus will be on a specific customer order when creating a resource plan. The task consisted of selecting several sub-products based on an existing production order and analyzing the production resources, especially the hours required for each component. This was done by analyzing the current situation, through interviews with staff, and looking into the current production plan on how the work is performed today. The aim of the project was to make a proposal for a resource planning that the company then can apply to other customers orders. Today, the company doesn’t use a resource planning. Everything goes through the production managers. They have previously had a resource planning, but it has not been used since 2016. Because of that they do not have a resource planning, the workers are completely dependent on the production manager and that they have no idea at all when the various parts of one project should be finished. This often led to increased workload and long overtime when the staff hadn’t completed a sub-product before the next operation requests it. During this work, problem areas were identified in production planning, resource needs and workload. From the problem areas and through interviews with staff, a requirement specification was created about what resource planning should improve and visualize. Clear picture of who does what, how long the different moments take, even workloads between workers, the ability to start the final assembly as early as possible and to have no or as little inventory as possible is examples of some requirement they had. The requirements were weighted against, own opinion and from the interviews with the manufacturing staff, to determine which requirements are most important for the resource planning to meet. Through a creative process, three different concepts were created, a concept that focused on visualizing the various parts of the project with the number of workers needed in each operation. The second concept was the focus on getting as little inventory as possible. The last concept was based on allocating workload between workers as much as possible to reduce overtime for staff. Based on the evaluation, concept 2 “minskat mellanlager” and concept 3 “jämnare arbetsbelastning” both got almost the same score. As a result, a concept could not be chosen solely based on weight of the requirement specification. To choose of the final concept I returned to the interviews with the staff and the current state analysis done on the company earlier in this project, to see what appeared to be the biggest problem. What most workers demanded was a clear plan where they could see what would be done and when everything would be done, not depend on production managers and something they could easily see if they were on time with their work. Concept 2 “minskat mellanlager “didn’t meet the requirement of even workload for the staff as good as concept 3 “jämnare arbetsbelastning” did. But at concept 2, “minskat mellanlager “, almost no inventory was formed at all. Because everyone in the staff requested some kind of plan to show who would do what and when it should be ready, I considered the requirement evener workload more important than the requirement that nothing or a small inventory be created. Consequently, the definitive concept becomes concept 3 as it meets this requirement best. The company should use concept 3 “jämnare arbetsbelastning” as a template for setting up a planning for other projects. This concept gives the workers an opportunity to plan their work better and can keep track of what to do and they do not have to depend on the production manager.
Jansson, Emelie, and Salach Miriam Sandberg. "Surface mounting for outdoor furniture : Development of a standardized and modularized anchoring detail." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279500.
Full textGharechaie, Arman Tommy, and Omid Darab. "Achieving New Standards in Prosthetic Socket Manufacturing." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Innovation och produktrealisering, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-45231.
Full textFörord: Denna forskning om produktutvecklingsprocessen av en armprotes genomfördes av två studenter från Mälardalens universitet, avdelningen för innovation, design och teknik. Bakgrund: Den senaste offentliga undersökningen visar att cirka 5 miljoner människor i Kina är amputerade, varav en betydligt stor del är under-armbågsamputerade. Armproteser som säljs till underarmsamputerade individer är utrustade med endast två yt-elektromyografiska sensorer, har låg komfort, har problem med perspiration och hög vikt. Den nuvarande standarden för armproteser har inte förändrats under årtionden. Forskningsfrågor: Följande forskningsfrågor har bestämt riktningen för forskningen: (1) Vilka mätbara faktorer bidrar till en praktisk och ergonomisk funktionsdesign i underarmsproteser ur slutanvändarens perspektiv? (2) Hur kan vikten och funktionaliteten förbättras för att åstadkomma en underarmsprotes som är bättre anpassad för slutanvändaren med avseende på den befintliga underarmsprotesen? (3) Vilket material och tillverkningsmetod är lämpligt för att producera kostnadseffektiva och anpassade underarmsproteser? Forskningsmetod: Forskningsmetoden styrdes av den femte upplagan av Product Design and Development av Ulrich & Eppinger (2012) där produktutvecklingsprocessen är uppdelad i sex faser. I denna forskning användes de fem första faserna från planering till testning och justering. Tekniker för datainsamling och analys som användes i denna forskning styrdes av Research Methods for Students, Academics and Professionals av Williamson & Bow (2002). Intervjuer genomfördes med fem olika intressenter för att hitta kravspecifikationer och för att konkretisera subjektivitet för vad som definierar kvalitet och ergonomi. Implementering: Underarmsamputerade individer beställer för närvarande armproteser från ortopediska kliniker. Armprotesen identifierades som en produkt av Ottobock. Undersökningar gjordes för att hitta optimala lösningar för kravspecifikationen. Resultat: Konceptutvecklingen av en armprotes utformades för additiv tillverkning med hjälp av en multi-jet-fusion-skrivare. Analys: Det här konceptet hade betydande förbättringar av parametrar: högre grad av anpassningsbarhet, 30 % minskad vikt, 48 % kostnadsreduktion, ett nytt produktionsflöde med 93,5 % automatisering och en 69 % minskning av manuella arbetstider. Slutsatser: Data från denna forskning indikerar att det finns starkt potential för att förbättra designtekniker och utgångar av underarmsproteser genom implementering av additiva tillverkningsprocesser. Detta kan visa sig vara fördelaktigt för att uppnå mer konkurrenskraftiga proteser och tillhörande tjänster.
Helldal, Michael, and Sofia Tenne. "Positiva miljöeffekter i kölvattnet av Lean produktion : Kan en integrering av miljöaspekter och Lean produktion bidra till att nå synergieffekter och minska risken för suboptimering?" Thesis, Linköping University, Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-17649.
Full textDenna rapport är resultatet av ett examensarbete utfört vid Institutionen för industriell och ekonomisk utveckling vid Linköpings universitet på uppdrag av konsultbolaget Sustainia AB. Lean produktion, ofta benämnt Lean, har det senaste decenniet blivit en allt mer attraktiv produktionsfilosofi för att minska kostnader och öka kundnöjdhet genom förbättrad leveransservice och effektivare flöde. Ett flertal författare har påpekat att införandet av Lean direkt kan förbättra ett företags miljöprestanda, främst till följd av det minskade slöseri som Lean avser ge upphov till. Vidare finns studier som visar att vissa möjligheter till förbättringar och kostnadsbesparingar riskerar att gå oupptäckta om verksamheten ses ur ett strikt Lean-perspektiv. Med ett miljösynsätt finns dock chans att dessa blir upptäckta. Detta indikerar att såväl kostnads- som miljömässiga fördelar kan nås genom en integration av arbetet med Lean och miljöaspekter.
Syftet med detta examensarbete har varit att undersöka hur ett företags arbete med Lean respektive miljöaspekter påverkar varandra för att ta reda på om och hur väl de båda arbetssätten skulle kunna fungera tillsammans. Om det visade sig att en integration av Lean och miljö vore möjlig och fördelaktig ur affärsmässig synvinkel skulle sedermera ett förslag tas fram på hur en sådan modell skulle kunna se ut. Arbetets syfte har uppfyllts genom en kombination av litteraturstudier och intervjuer. Fyra svenska företag som arbetar enligt Lean och även har ett uttalat aktivt miljöarbete intervjuades gällande sitt sätt att arbeta med Lean och miljöfrågor samt hur de såg på en eventuell integration av de två arbetssätten.
Utifrån resultaten från litteratur- och intervjustudien kan konstateras att flera av grundtankarna inom såväl Lean som miljöarbete stöder varandra. Inom båda arbetssätten ses kontinuerliga förbättringar och eliminering av slöseri som viktiga inslag, och båda främjar en organisationskultur där personalen uppmuntras att lösa problem och förbättra företagets prestation. Vissa enskilda verktyg inom Lean riskerar emellertid att ha en negativ inverkan på företagets miljöprestanda, något som i många fall dock kan avhjälpas genom god planering.
Till ett företags miljöarbete kan Lean bidra med ett proaktivt förhållningssätt och strukturerat arbetssätt och därmed få organisationen att arbeta mer förebyggande och långsiktigt med miljöfrågor. De intervjuade företagen ansåg att Lean generellt hade en positiv inverkan på deras miljöarbete, även om de inte hade gjort någon utvärdering av hur arbetet med Lean påverkat deras miljönyckeltal. De kvantitativa data som erhölls från litteraturstudien pekade på att arbete med Lean kan leda till en direkt minskning av företagets miljöpåverkan inom flera områden. Med utgångspunkt i dessa kvantitativa och kvalitativa data anser författarna således att det finns starka och tydliga tecken som visar på att Lean kan ha en positiv inverkan på miljörelaterade nyckeltal. Ett aktivt miljöarbete kan å sin sida bidra till arbetet med Lean genom att besparingsmöjligheter, som annars skulle riskerat att förbli oupptäckta, uppdagas.
Studien visade vidare att det inte bara är möjligt att integrera arbete med Lean och miljö, utan att en sådan integration dessutom har potential att vara fördelaktigt ur såväl ett ekonomiskt som ett miljömässigt perspektiv. En integrering kan minska risken för suboptimeringar, och synergieffekter kan erhållas som innebär att större framgångar kan uppnås än vad som skulle ha varit möjligt om arbetet med Lean och miljö hade bedrivits isolerat. Med vetskapen om att en integration är möjlig och har potential att vara fördelaktig ur företagsekonomisk och miljömässig synvinkel utarbetade författarna en modell för hur Lean och miljöarbete kan bedrivas integrerat. I samråd med Sustainia AB bestämdes att denna modell skulle kallas Green Lean, vilket således åsyftar en miljöanpassad, ”grön” form av Lean.
This report is the result of a master thesis written at the Department of Management and Engineering at Linköping University commissioned by the consultancy firm Sustainia AB.
Lean production, also known as Lean, has during the last decade increasingly become a more attractive production philosophy for decreasing costs and increasing customer satisfaction by improving customer service and obtaining more efficient production flows. Several authors have pointed out that Lean has the potential to directly improve the environmental performance of a company, mostly by decreasing waste generation. Further, there are studies showing that some possibilities for improvement and cost savings risk not being discovered if the operations are seen strictly from a Lean perspective. When an environmental perspective is included there is a chance that these improvements and cost savings are discovered. This indicates that both environmental and cost related advantages might be achieved by integrating the Lean approach with that of the environment.
The purpose of this master thesis was to investigate how the work with Lean and environmental aspects affect one another. If applying the two principles together was shown to be both possible and beneficial from a business point of view, the authors would propose how these two concepts could be integrated into a single model. A combination of literature studies and interviews were used to fulfill the purpose. Four Swedish enterprises, which work according to the Lean principles and also have an active environmental profile, were interviewed about their way of working with the two approaches, as well their views on an integration of these.
From the findings in this study the authors concluded that several of the fundamental concepts concerning Lean and environmental aspects support each other. Within both, continuous improvements and waste elimination are seen as important components, and they both support an organisational culture where the personnel are encouraged to solve problems and improve the performance of the company. Conversely the authors found that there is a risk that certain of the Lean tools risk having a negative influence on the company’s environmental performance. However, in many cases this can be avoided by proactive planning.
Lean can contribute to a company’s environmental work by its proactive approach, structured way of operating and long-term way of thinking. In general the interviewed companies regarded Lean as having a positive influence on their environmental work, even though none of them had carried out an evaluation on how their work with Lean affected their environmental key performance indicators. The quantitative data obtained from the literature study indicates that Lean can lead to a direct decrease of a company’s environmental impact within several areas. As a result of these qualitative and quantitative data the authors of this thesis have found clear indications showing that Lean might have a positive impact on environmental key performance indicators. An active environmental work can also contribute to the work with Lean. Potential cost saving, which might not have been discovered with the Lean perspective, can be revealed when the organisation is studied from an environmental point of view.
The study further showed that it not only is possible to integrate Lean and environmental work, but that it also has potential to be beneficial from both a business and an environmental standpoint. An integration of Lean and environmental issues can reduce the risk of sub optimisations, and synergies can be achieved, meaning that the two systems can accomplish more together than they would in isolation. With this knowledge, the authors composed a model for how Lean and environmental work can be practised and integrated. In consultation with Sustainia AB it was decided that this model should be called Green Lean, which hence refers to an environmentally favourable, “green”, version of Lean.
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