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1
Pirchio, Michel, Marco Fontanelli, Christian Frasconi, Luisa Martelloni, Michele Raffaelli, Andrea Peruzzi, Lisa Caturegli, et al. "Autonomous Rotary Mower versus Ordinary Reel Mower—Effects of Cutting Height and Nitrogen Rate on Manila Grass Turf Quality." HortTechnology 28, no. 4 (August 2018): 509–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04064-18.
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High-quality sports turfs often require low mowing and frequent maintenance. Sports turfs often consist of hard-to-mow warm season turfgrasses, such as zoysiagrass (Zoysia sp.) or bermudagrass (Cynodon sp.). Although autonomous mowers have several advantages over manually operated mowers, they are not designed to mow lower than 2.0 cm and are consequently not used on high-quality sports turfs. All autonomous mowers are only equipped with rotary mowing devices and do not perform clipping removal. An ordinary autonomous mower was modified to obtain a prototype autonomous mower cutting at a low height. The prototype autonomous mower was tested on a manila grass (Zoysia matrella) turf and compared its performance in terms of turf quality and energy consumption with an ordinary autonomous mower and with a gasoline reel mower. A three-way factor experimental design with three replications was adopted. Factor A consisted of four nitrogen rates (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg·ha−1), factor B consisted of two mowing systems (autonomous mower vs. walk-behind gasoline reel mower with no clipping removal), and factor C consisted of two mowing heights (1.2 and 3.6 cm). Prototype autonomous mower performed mowing at 1.2-cm mowing height whereas ordinary autonomous mower mowed at 3.6-cm mowing height. The interaction between the mowing system and mowing height showed that the turf quality was higher when the turf was mowed by the autonomous mower and at 1.2 cm than at 3.6 cm. Autonomous mowing not only reduced the mowing quality, but also reduced the leaf width. Lower mowing height induced thinner leaves. Nitrogen fertilization not only increased the overall turf quality, reduced weed cover percentage, but also reduced mowing quality. Autonomous mowers also had a lower energy consumption if compared with the reel mower (1.86 vs. 5.37 kWh/week at 1.2-cm mowing height and 1.79 vs. 2.32 kWh/week at 3.6-cm mowing height, respectively). These results show that autonomous mowers can perform low mowing even on tough-to-mow turfgrass species. They could also be used on high-quality sports turfs, thus saving time as well as reducing noise and pollution.
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Yi, Jiang Miao, Dong Qiang Gao, Huan Lin, and Zhi Guo Chang. "The Design of Slope Mower." Applied Mechanics and Materials 215-216 (November 2012): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.215-216.111.
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Past mowers only work on flat ground and are difficult to adapt to the slope lawn job. To improve this situation, some improvements in the transmission system are made by referring to properties and parameters of the similar mechanical. Then a mower is designed for operating on slope and structural simulation is made by Pro/E. The mower has the characteristic of self-propelled mower because it is driven by engine and rear wheel can get suitable driving force through triple reduction of belt drive, worm drive and gear drive. Also machine can operate on slopes with good lubrication. This will undoubtedly make significant and effective contribution to a further development of more advanced congeneric product.
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Grossi, Nicola, Marco Fontanelli, Elisa Garramone, Andrea Peruzzi, Michele Raffaelli, Michel Pirchio, Luisa Martelloni, et al. "Autonomous Mower Saves Energy and Improves Quality of Tall Fescue Lawn." HortTechnology 26, no. 6 (December 2016): 825–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech03483-16.
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Battery-powered autonomous mowers are designed to reduce the need of labor for lawn mowing compared with traditional endothermic engine mowers and at the same time to abate local emissions and noise. The aim of this research was to compare autonomous mower with traditional rotary mower on a tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) lawn under different nitrogen (N) rates. A two-way factor experimental design with three replications was adopted. In the study, four N rates (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg·ha−1) and two mowing systems (autonomous mower vs. gasoline-powered walk-behind rotary mower equipped for mulching) were used. As expected, N fertilization increased turf quality. At the end of the trial, the autonomous mower increased turf density (3.2 shoots/cm2) compared with the rotary mower (2.1 shoots/cm2) and decreased average leaf width (2.1 mm) compared with the rotary mower (2.7 mm). Increased density and decreased leaf width with autonomous mowing yielded higher quality turf (7.3) compared with the rotary mower (6.4) and a lower weed incidence (6% and 9% cover for autonomous mower and rotary mower, respectively). Disease incidence and mowing quality were unaffected by the mowing system. The autonomous mower working time was set to 10 hours per day (≈7.8 hours for mowing and 2.2 hours for recharging) for a surface of 1296 m2. The traditional rotary mower working time for the same surface was 1.02 hours per week. The estimated primary energy consumption for autonomous mower was about 4.80 kWh/week compared with 12.60 kWh/week for gasoline-powered rotary mowing. Based on turf quality aspects and energy consumption, the use of autonomous mowers could be a promising alternative to traditional mowers.
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Zheng, Xin, Xing Song Wang, and Yu Liang Mao. "Research of Intelligent Mower Based on High Accuracy 3D Electronic Compass." Applied Mechanics and Materials 532 (February 2014): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.532.22.
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This paper introduces an intelligent mower with directional navigation features. This kind of mower uses electronic compass made by MEMS magnetoresistive sensor and three-axis acceleration sensor with high precision tilt compensation function. This paper also describes the advantages and applications of this kind of mower, as well as electronic compass measurement principle, system design and software algorithms, and electronic compass error analysis and elimination. This cost-effective system can be normally used in the field of intelligent mowers.
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Liu, Xing. "Innovative Design and Stress Analysis of the Mower." Advanced Materials Research 912-914 (April 2014): 1855–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.912-914.1855.
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As people's living conditions have become increasingly demanding, increasing domestic urban green area of lawn machinery has entered a rapid development period. Through research and analysis of the existing lawn mower, the existing problems, combined with innovative ways of thinking based on a systematic theory of constraints on mower innovative designs were proposed to trim shrubs and grass and trim the corners mechanical integration , innovative design out of a small area of green space suit, while low noise and environmentally friendly multifunctional mower. And using computer software to carry out important parts of the mower mechanical analysis.
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Zhang, Li Zhen, Jun Li, and Jin Wen Chen. "Development and Experimental Study of a Small Type Submarine Mower." Key Engineering Materials 419-420 (October 2009): 857–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.419-420.857.
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In view of the current situation that landscape waterfronts are small, dispersed, increasing, and it is difficult for big mowers to cut aquatic grass, a small type submarine mower-SGW1.2 type submarine mower, is developed for small waterfront. Based on the definition of the swath, the cut depth, the machine’s outline size, productivity and other technical parameters, and combined with the knowledge of hydrodynamics and theoretical naval architecture and so on, the reciprocating cutters, propeller and auxiliary structures are selected and designed, and then the design of the submarine mower is accomplished. The experiments showed that SGW1.2 type submarine mower’s cutting depth is adjustable among the required range, and all the parameters including the turning radius, the productivity, the speed and the fuel consumption meet the demands as anticipated. The average omission rate and average cutting leakage rate are small. The experiments proved that the submarine mower has a good ability for continuous cutting and harvesting, and is appropriate to cut aquatic grass in small-scale waterfronts.
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Malakov, Alexander, Sergiy Burlaka, and Anatoliy Yelenych. "OPTIMIZATION OF MECHANISM PARAMETERS FLOWERING PLANT WEIGHT MACHINES-TRAILERS TRAILER KPP-4,2." ENGINEERING, ENERGY, TRANSPORT AIC, no. 2(109) (August 27, 2020): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2520-6168-2020-2-5.
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The article proposes a method of parametric synthesis of the device of flattening the plant mass of the mower-flatter of the trailed KPP-4,2. A method of modernization of the parameters of the flattening mechanism has been developed, which can be used in both trailed and self-propelled mowers. It is established that the stability of plant mass flattening through the streets of the planting apparatus directly influences the energy costs of deformation of plant mass and indirectly the magnitude and rate of loss of moisture and nutrients in the flattened mass, which is largely determined by the structure and parameters of the mechanism of flattening (MP). The analytical solution to the design problem of the flattening device KPP-4,2 has an iterative implementation of the analysis procedures based on the formed FMM, as well as the procedures of comparison and selection of options in the procedure of parametric synthesis of MP. It is to choose a combination of internal parameters of the flattening device, according to the selected structure of the MP, which, while satisfying the functional constraints, simultaneously stabilizes the pressure from the upper to the lower roller. The analytical dependences of the operation of the trailed mower-conditioner KPP-4.2 on the height, density of grass stand, culture, agrotechnical requirements, field topography and physical and chemical composition of the soil have been established. Depending on the listed factors, the initial data and coefficients used in modeling change. As a result, we obtain the corresponding dependencies, show how the productivity and useful work of the mower changes from changes in the environmental parameters of the mowed mass and operating modes. Directly from the data obtained, it is possible to recommend the operating modes of the mower to obtain maximum performance on a particular background of work. As a result, we received optimization data to improve the operation of the trailed mower-conditioner KPP-4,2 taking into account all variables and coefficients.
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Liu, Sha, Yun Qi Wang, Lei Wei, and De Cheng Wang. "A Design of a Small Self-Propelled Mower by Building the Key Curves Based on the Internal Structure." Advanced Materials Research 591-593 (November 2012): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.591-593.106.
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Based on the internal structure of a small self-propelled mower, extract key points and make the main outlines of the machine by connecting the points in four ways: straight lines connect, arcs connect, free curves connect and data fitting. Then start from the main outlines and make the morphological evolution by the rules of "tilt", "fillet" and the characteristic of curves to obtain lots of basic shapes of the machines. Choose and modify the shapes by a unified style to get the final design of the mower. The period of the R&D of the small self-propelled mower is shorten and the final design is simple and effective in line with the appearance needs of such kind of products. Moreover the final shells of the mower are better match with the structural components. That verifies the feasibility of the design method and its better effect.
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Foong, Tan Qing, and Siti Zubaidah Ismail. "DESIGN, FABRICATION, AND ANALYSIS OF A SMART MOWER." Journal of Modern Manufacturing Systems and Technology 3 (October 1, 2019): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmmst.v2i2.2734.
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This paper focusses on optimisation of vibration and sound levels of a lawnmower from process cutting with the cutting blade. Technical requirements have been defined for the project including customer requirement, cost model of the product, the checklist of product design specification, concept generation, concept selection and prototyping. These are the fundamental technical requirement to build a safe and efficient of Smart Mower. The experiment was analysed using 200 to 900 wedge angles of cutting blade to cutting grass field simulation for the test of levels of vibration and sound. From the results, it is observed that the analysis of changing wedge angle will provide changes on levels of vibration and sound. The obtained results indicate that the smaller wedge angle gives smaller levels of vibration and sound. The results can also significantly meet all customer requirement according to product development. Therefore, the wedge angle is promising the reduction of vibration level and sound level. At last, this result can reduce the cost, time to market and improve product reliability and customer confidence.
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Wang, Fa Yu, Zhen Li Gao, and Hong Yu Yin. "Design of Robot Lawn Mower Based on Computer Vision." Applied Mechanics and Materials 404 (September 2013): 624–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.404.624.
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In this paper, we introduce a new research about mowing robot on obstacle avoidanceand path tracking controlling theoretically and practically, and propose the mowing control methodwhich based on computer vision. Lawn images collected by camera, through the extraction ofprogramming dealing with lawn, obstacles and boundary characteristics to achieve edge separation.Through special processing algorithm to determine boundary arises and obstacles location, size andspeed of the robot, with real-time capturing and processing. This paper gives the complete imagerecognition processing, and analyzes several methods of image filtering and edge detection, andproposes simple control algorithm for obstacle avoidance, and applies MATLAB for obstacleavoidance simulation. The results show that: the method can correctly identify the obstacles andboundaries, through the output about location, size of the obstacles and boundary, border slope andspeed of the robot to control robot mower. Most importantly, that computer vision applying in themowing robot itself is an innovation.
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Siregar, Ikhsan, Anggi Ridho, Dinda Gustia, Agung Triono, and Yulia Shafira. "Product design of a lawn mower tool for agriculture." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 420 (October 1, 2018): 012140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/420/1/012140.
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Luo, Ya Lan, and Chun Hua Zhao. "Design and Experimental Study of a Mower Conditioner Drive System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 488-489 (January 2014): 1169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.488-489.1169.
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According to the forage of mountain region harvesting requirements, a transmission of montanic mower conditioner was designed. The drive system was combined with automatic tension sprocket and double chain wheel of upper and lower crushers, firstly, to realize the automatic regulation and relative motion of two flattening roller, secondly, the power was passed to reel device and achieved forage feeding function; the off-center slider crank mechanism drove the horizontal header to realize the grass cutting function. Through the theoretical analysis and experimental study of the system working performance, applied comprehensive scoring method to obtain the optimal combination of working parameters: the cutting ration was3, the press roller circumferential speed was 4.5m/s, the reel speed ratio was 3. Measured with the optimal combination of operational parameters, the results showed that: the working stubble was 40mm, the recutting rate was 0.8%, the flattening ratio was 42.8% and the crushed grass loss rate was 2.3%, which could meet the demand of forage harvest operation.
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Ohoiwutun, John. "RANCANG BANGUN MESIN PEMOTONG RUMPUT TENAGA SURYA UNTUK NAVIGASI." Electro Luceat 1, no. 1 (May 14, 2015): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32531/jelekn.v1i1.4.
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Utilization of conventional energy sources such as coal, fuel oil, natural gas and others on the one hand has a low operating cost, but on the other side of the barriers is the greater source of diminishing returns and, more importantly, the emergence of environmental pollution problems dangerous to human life. This study aims to formulate the kinematics and dynamics to determine the movement of Solar Power Mower. In this study, using solar power as an energy source to charge the battery which then runs the robot. Design and research was conducted in the Department of Mechanical Workshop Faculty of Engineering, University of Hasanuddin of Gowa. Control system used is a manual system using radio wave transmitter and receiver which in turn drive the robot in the direction intended. Experimental results showed that treatment with three variations of the speed of 6.63 m / s, 8.84 m / s and 15.89 m / sec then obtained the best results occur in grass cutting 15.89 sec and high-speed cutting grass 5 cm. Formulation of kinematics and dynamics for lawn mowers, there are 2 control input variables, x and y ̇ ̇ 3 to control the output variables x, y and θ so that there is one variable redudant. Keywords: mobile robots, lawn mower, solar power
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Liao, Juinne-Ching, Shun-Hsing Chen, Zi-Yi Zhuang, Bo-Wei Wu, and Yu-Jen Chen. "Designing and Manufacturing of Automatic Robotic Lawn Mower." Processes 9, no. 2 (February 15, 2021): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9020358.
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This study is about the manufacturing of a personified automatic robotic lawn mower with image recognition. The system structure is that the platform above the crawler tracks is combined with the lawn mower, steering motor, slide rail, and webcam to achieve the purpose of personification. Crawler tracks with a strong grip and good ability to adapt to terrain are selected as a moving vehicle to simulate human feet. In addition, a lawn mower mechanism is designed to simulate the left and right swing of human mowing to promote efficiency and innovation, and then human eyes are replaced by Webcam to identify obstacles. A human-machine interface is added so that through the mobile phone remote operation, users can choose a slow mode, inching mode, and obstacle avoidance mode on the human-machine interface. When the length of both sides of the rectangular area is input to the program, the automatic robotic lawn mower will complete the instruction according to the specified path. The chip of a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) TMS320F2808 is used as the core controller, and Raspberry Pi is used as image recognition and human-machine interface design. This robot can reduce labor costs and improve the efficiency of mowing by remote control. In addition to the use as an automatic mower on farms, this study concept can also be used in the lawn maintenance of golf courses and school playgrounds.
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Kukhmazov, Kukhmaz, Vladimir Konovalov, and Andrey Malyshev. "Justification of the parameters of the floating crop lifter when mowing crops." E3S Web of Conferences 164 (2020): 06010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016406010.
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When harvesting dead plants the reapers and mowers are equipped with crop lifters, which lift and feed dead plants (stems) to the cutter. High-quality work of well-known crop lifters is not always ensured due to poor following the relief of the mowed area. Therefore, the aim of the study was to improve the design of a stem lifter of a mower or header and to justify its parameters experimentally. The floating crop lifter is proposed for the use. It consists of a runner pivotally attached to the base, and the base is attached to the finger bar of the header cutter. A lifting pen is rigidly fixed to the runner at an angle of 35°. Between the base of the runner and the lifting pen, a gas strut with excess pressure is installed. The manufactured laboratory unit made it possible to carry out experimental studies. Implementation of the experimental design and computer processing of the obtained results made it possible to justify the optimal values of a number of indicators of the design of the crop lifter. The smallest material losses (less than 1%) were observed at coded values of the factors: X1 = 0...0.5; X2 = -0.25...0.25; X3 = -0.5...0. This corresponded to the natural values of the studied factors: runner length l = 450-500 mm; the load of the gas strut P = 45-55 N; operating speed of the unit υ = 1.2-1.6 m/s. The obtained exponential dependence on the parabolic function of these factors adequately describes the experimental results.
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Tan, Chung Ming, and Gin Yei Lin. "Study on Roll Forming of Reel Mower Helical Blades." Key Engineering Materials 703 (August 2016): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.703.39.
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This research is focused on the helical blades used in the reel mower machine which uses 5 to 10 helical blades. These blades are normally manufactured using the roll forming process which has certain tolerance. This research is to develop an iterative methodology to optimize the manufacture of blades using roll forming. To save cost, time and waste of material the computerized simulation process is being used. The design of the blade and the die for the roll forming and modification are done using software SolidWorks. Simulation is performed using software DEFORM-3D. The simulation result and the actual design are compared using software Geomagic. This study also shows the potential applications of computer aided engineering and its benefits in verifying and reinventing the part manufacturing process.
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Esen, Hikmet, Abdullah Kapicioglu, and Onur Ozsolak. "Design and Implementation of Automatic Wheat Mower Based on Smart Sensor Fed by a Photovoltaic." International Journal of Photoenergy 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5410759.
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The biggest problems of our time are environmental pollution and the reduction of fossil fuel resources. In recent years, photovoltaic (PV) has started to be used efficiently in order to produce electrical energy from solar energy throughout the world. In this study, a wheat mover machine taking its energy with PV technology transformation from the sun was designed supported by smart sensors. The designed vehicle was tested in two wheat fields in Sivas in Turkey. It was seen that daily average sunshine rates were not lower than 700 Watt/m2during the testing dates and time. The amounts of electrical charge used to mow 5 m2and 50 m2areas are obtained as 500 mAh and 3395 mAh, respectively. Also maximum power is calculated from used PV panel as 26.15 Watt during the day of the experiments. The range of solar radiation intensity is found 4.5 kWh/m2/day at the studied kWh which was$0.140 USD on the date of November 2015. This system is 94.5% more economic than conventional mowers over an area of 1000 m2.
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Tan, Chung Ming, and Gin Yei Lin. "An Innovative Compression Mold Design for Manufacture of Reel Mower Helical Blades." Applied Mechanics and Materials 851 (August 2016): 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.851.255.
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This research is focused on the helical blades used in the reel mower machine which uses 5 to 10 helical blades. These blades are normally manufactured using the roll forming process which has certain demerits. This research is done to develop a new process known as compression process for the manufacture of blades using computer aided engineering. To save cost, time as well as waste of material the computerized simulation process is being used. The design of the blade and the die for the compression and modification are done using software SolidWorks. Simulation is performed using software DEFORM-3D. The simulation result and the actual design are compared using software Geomagic. This study also shows the potential applications of computer aided engineering and its benefits in verifying and reinventing the part manufacturing process.
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Popov, Sergey, Dmitry Komissarov, Alexander Lavrov, Anatoly Gulyaev, and Valery Davydov. "Design features of agricultural transporting technological device equipped with agrophilic wheel mower." E3S Web of Conferences 193 (2020): 01033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019301033.
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Now days there is no a single mass-produced vehicle for agriculture which does not match requirements of the state standard for the maximum allowable impact of movers on the soil. This leads to significant losses and under-harvest of agricultural products. As a promising direction for increasing the efficiency of the transport infrastructure of agricultural production, it is proposed to develop an environmentally friendly transport and technological chassis for agricultural purposes.
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Sportelli, Mino, Luisa Martelloni, Aura Orlandi, Michel Pirchio, Marco Fontanelli, Christian Frasconi, Michele Raffaelli, Andrea Peruzzi, Salvatore Brunello Consorti, and Paolo Vernieri. "Autonomous Mower Management Systems Efficiency Improvement: Analysis of Greenspace Features and Planning Suggestions." Agriculture 9, no. 6 (June 3, 2019): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9060115.
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Autonomous mowers are battery-powered machines designed to mow turfgrass autonomously and continuously improving turfgrass quality and helping the person who takes care of the turf to save time and energy. However, autonomous mowers work in a way that sometimes does not match with the greenspace’s design. The aim of this study was to analyze greenspace features that can be a hindrance for autonomous mowers in order to provide greenspaces design suggestions and management solutions when using an autonomous mowing system. Seven greenspaces managed by autonomous mowers ranging from 200–9000 m2 were selected and studied. Interviews with the owners and on-site inspections were carried out to understand if manual interventions were required and to identify local plant communities. The results of the interviews showed that manual finishing work such as mowing grass along curbs and walls was needed in all the cases. Some cases needed manual interventions since autonomous mowers got stuck on because of shallow tree roots. Among the seven areas studied, the largest was chosen to be thoroughly analyzed in order to suggest two alternative design and management solutions and to carry out an economical comparison with the current state. When the inspection of this area was carried out, three autonomous mowers were used. Analyzing different management solutions showed that using only two autonomous mowers with specific technological devices was more advantageous. The costs of the current management solution using three autonomous mowers exceeded the costs of the suggested scenarios respectively of 2118.79 € and of 1451.15 €. Moreover, redesigning greenspaces with curbs slightly lower than grass and choosing trees with tap-root systems will help to avoid manual interventions. In this way, the efficiency of autonomous mowers will be enhanced, helping to obtain all the benefits derived from using autonomous mowers.
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Rios-Gutierrez, Fernando, and Rocio Alba-Flores. "Robotics Focused Capstone Senior Design Course." American Journal of Engineering Education (AJEE) 8, no. 1 (May 31, 2017): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/ajee.v8i1.9962.
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This work describes the educational experiences gained teaching the Senior Design I & II courses, a senior level, two-semester sequence in the Electrical Engineering (EE) program at Georgia Southern University (GSU). In particular, the authors present their experiences in using robotics as the main area to develop the capstone senior design, with focus in interdisciplinary interactions and teamwork for the design and implementation of autonomous mobile robots. Other main purpose of the capstone design course sequence is for the students to experience working in an engineering application project researching and analyzing the sustainability, ethical and social impact issues related to their projects. The students work for two semesters as a team to design, test and build a mobile robot project for a particular application. Some of these projects have been fabricated to participate in different robotic competitions, including the IEEE sponsored hardware competition, the lawn mower competition, and the robot waiter competition.
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Savoie, P., G. F. Tremblay, and H. V. Petit. "Ruminal degradability of alfalfa and corn after processing or maceration." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 79, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a98-010.
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The effects of mechanical treatment on ruminal degradability of alfalfa and corn were determined in three experiments using nylon bags incubated in the rumen of two fistulated dry cows. The first experiment was a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design applied to chopped alfalfa at two levels of mechanical treatment (processing with two corrugated rolls in a forage harvester or no processing), two throughput rates (medium or high) and two moisture contents (after a 4-h or a 24-h field wilting period prior to processing). The second experiment was a 2 × 2 factorial design applied to chopped corn at two levels of mechanical treatment (processed or not) and two throughput rates (medium or high). In these two experiments, forages were immediately frozen (not fermented) for later degradability measurements. In the third experiment, alfalfa was mowed either with a conventional mower-windrower or an experimental mower-macerator with three corrugated rolls. After 40 h of field wilting, alfalfa was dehydrated and processed into pellets. In the first experiment (chopped and frozen alfalfa), throughput, processing and wilting period had no effect (P > 0.05) on the effective degradability of DM, CP, NDF and ADF. In the second experiment, DM degradability of chopped corn decreased with an increased throughput (46.4% vs. 43.7%) but increased with processing (43.9% vs. 46.2%). Processing also increased CP degradability of corn. In the third experiment, maceration with subsequent field wilting during 40 h and dehydration produced alfalfa pellets with a higher degradability of DM (56.0% vs. 50.4%) and of NDF (27.1% vs. 17.3%) than pellets from non-macerated alfalfa. These results suggest that the increase in ruminal degradability is greater with alfalfa macerated and wilted in the field (exp. 3) than with alfalfa frozen immediately after harvesting and processing (exp. 1). Maceration probably reduced the loss of nutrients by decreasing field respiration. Processing of corn may have increased the ruminal degradability because of increased kernel breakage that facilitated starch digestion. Key words: Maceration, crop processing, ruminal degradability, alfalfa, corn
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Komaha, Vitalii, Oleksii Tokarchuk, and Mykhailo Zamrii. "INVESTIGATION OF THE MECHANICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF FODDER CROPS TO DETERMINE THE PARAMETERS OF THE WORKING BODIES OF MOWER CONDITIONERS AND OPTIMAL MODES OF THEIR OPERATION." ENGINEERING, ENERGY, TRANSPORT AIC, no. 1(108) (August 27, 2020): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2520-6168-2020-1-2.
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In modern conditions, with insufficient resource supply for agriculture, the most popular in fodder production is resource-saving technologies that increase production of highly nutritious feed at a low cost of labor and money. In field fodder production, resource conservation can be achieved through the wider use of new approaches and crops in the harvesting - perennial leguminous grasses for harvesting hay, which have high environmental sustainability and competitive ability. The most important task of intensifying livestock in the winter is the harvesting of hay (haylage) from crops with a high content of protein and protein (carotene). As a result of the study of the size-mass characteristics of the most valuable feed-rich crop, rich in protein and amino acids, which is important when developing methods for preparing fodder from perennial leguminous herbs - alfalfa. Knowing the properties of alfalfa will allow to really reach the design and technological parameters. The linear dimensions of alfalfa are given to enable the design of mower conditioners with vertical placement of conditioner rollers (sizes of working bodies, their setting and operating modes). According to the long-term results of the study of the size-mass characteristics of alfalfa, the features of varying the marked features and their correlation are established. Research data after mathematical processing made it possible to identify the correlation between the length of the stalk of alfalfa and its stability, which is an important indicator in the design of working bodies and the establishment of appropriate operating modes of mower conditioners with a vertical conditioner.
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Rutkevych, Volodymyr. "DEVELOPMENT OF A MOWER FOR THE MULLING OF OPTIMUM TREES OF TREES IN." ENGINEERING, ENERGY, TRANSPORT AIC, no. 3(106) (November 29, 2019): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2520-6168-2019-3-3.
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The article describes the current state of soil retention near the trees of the intensive garden. The disadvantages of the main soil retention systems in perennial fruit plantations and the inappropriateness of using a wide range of systemic and contact chemicals for the cultivation of fruit and berry crops are noted. It is established that the most rational and accessible system of soil retention in gardens is sod-humus with mowing vegetation as mulch. The disadvantages of the lack of technical means in the field of horticulture are noted: decrease of labor productivity, lack of harvest by 40-50%, the main restraining factor of introduction of modern highly efficient technologies. The design and technological scheme of the rotor mower has been developed for mulching of the accessory strips of trees in intensive gardens, which will allow to increase the water, temperature, air regime of the soil, to activate microbiological activity in it, to ensure the reduction of erosion processes. The hydraulic drive of the rotary mower is offered, which will allow to mow, grind and send the plant mass into the adjacent area of the garden for mulching more qualitatively.
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ALDOSHIN, NIKOLAY V., ALEKSANDR S. VASILIEV, ANDREY V. KUDRYAVTSEV, and VYACHESLAV V. GOLUBEV. "RESEARCH RESULTS OF THE MODIFIED WORKING TOOL OF THE COMBINED ROTARY MOWER." Agricultural engineering, no. 3 (2021): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/2687-1149-2021-3-10-18.
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Currently, there are practically no mechanization tools on the market that combine grass removal (mowing) and the levelling loosening of the upper soil layer, while cutting the root systems contained in the soil in one pass. The purpose of the study was to provide a theoretical rationale of the modifi ed design of the working tool of the combined rotary mower, as well as to conduct its laboratory and fi eld studies. Complex theoretical, laboratory and fi eld studies were carried out using the equipment of the Department of Technological and Transport Machines and Complexes, the Department of Technology of Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products of Tver State Agricultural Academy and recognized methods of experimental research. In the course of theoretical studies, the main parameters of the new working tool were determined, which enabled two technological processes to be carried out in one pass: grass mowing and cutting with loosening of the top soil layer (0…10 cm). On the basis of the obtained data, a workable model of the working tool was designed. When tested in laboratory conditions, regardless of the operating modes and the initial state of the cultivated soil, improved agrophysical properties were observed in terms of absolute humidity and saturation with root residues. It was found that the most optimal level of absolute humidity for the impact of the working tool on soils of light-loamy granulometric composition was 20%, while the best structural and density indicators were observed at all values of soil saturation with root residues; thgey averaged 2.24 units and 1.26 g/cm3. It has been established that at low operating speeds, it is advisable to use a higher rotation speed of the working tool (at 150 rpm), at the same time, with an increase in speed, the speed of rotation should be reduced (to 110 rpm). As a result of fi eld experiments, convincing data were obtained on the feasibility of using a new working tool that provides eff ective mowing of grassland vegetation (the purity of the stem cut is 95.6%) and loosening of the surface layer of the soil (0…10 cm), increasing the structural coeffi cient by 26.8% while optimizing the density and grinding of root systems. The next stages of the study include developing and manufacturing a workable design of a combined rotary mower prototype that ensures the optimal energy intensity of performance and the required quality of technological processes.
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Zhang, Ning, Man Quan Zhao, Xiao Zhi Zhang, and Yan Hua Shi. "Double Disc Mower Gear Parametric Modeling and Modal Analysis Based on Pro/E and ANSYS." Advanced Materials Research 753-755 (August 2013): 1489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.753-755.1489.
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Following the involute forming principle, establish the accurate tooth surfaces involute equation, use the Pro/E to parametric modeling the straight bevel gear and virtually assemble. Only need simply modify the relevant parameters, on the basis of the relationship between each variable and parameters of module, number of teeth etc, automaticity regenerate straight bevel gear model. In this paper, using the finite element software ANSYS workbench modal analysis of the gear .The research shows that, the frequency of mode from 6375.2HZ to 19215HZ,which is can provide an effective method for the dynamic design of the gear.
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Mccloy, B. L., and S. R. White. "The key to successful second year white clover seed crops." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 6 (January 1, 1996): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.6.1995.3382.
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In recent years there has been an increase in the number of white clover seed crops taken for a second harvest. Traditionally yields from second year crops are substantially lower than first year crops. A trial was established investigating techniques to increase yields in second year crops. The trial was located in a dryland crop of white clover (cv. Grasslands Demand) 4 km east of Methven, mid Canterbury. It involved 10 herbicide treatments and 8 'inter-row' treatments arranged in a split block design. Number of mature flower heads were recorded on all treatments at harvest as an indirect estimate of yield. Additionally, selected treatments were cut and collected using a rotary type mower, threshed, and machine dressed for direct estimates of seed yield. Flower number and machine dressed seed yield were significantly (P
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Edwards, S. A., J. Weddell, C. Fordyce, A. Cadenhead, and J. Rooke. "Intake and Digestibility of Silage by Pregnant Sows and Effects of Silage Treatment with Maxgrass Additive." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1994 (March 1994): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600026994.
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Grass silage provides an alternative feed for extensively kept sows, but previous experiments have indicated very variable intake and utilisation, dependant on silage quality. ‘Maxgrass’ silage additive (BP Nutrition) is a blend of compounds including ammonium hexamethanoate, ammonium hexapropanoate and octanoic acid. It is designed to modify fermentation, so that the resulting silage retains a higher proportion of water soluble carbohydrates. This should improve the nutritive value for pigs.The experiment comprised two parts: an intake/growth study and a separate digestibility study. The same two experimental silages, either treated with Maxgrass or an untreated control, were offered to groups of pregnant sows in a randomised block experimental design in each experiment. Second cut, mainly perennial ryegrass herbage was cut by mower conditioner and direct ensiled. Alternate loads were left untreated or treated with Maxgrass at a mean rate of 6.04 litres/tonne.
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Wang, Ruying, James W. Hempfling, Bruce B. Clarke, and James A. Murphy. "Sand Size Affects Topdressing Removed by Mowing and Anthracnose on Annual Bluegrass Putting Green Turf." HortScience 55, no. 2 (February 2020): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci14396-19.
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Sand size can affect the ability to incorporate topdressing into the turf canopy and thatch on golf course putting greens; unincorporated sand interferes with mowing and play. This 3-year field trial was initiated to determine the effects of sand size on sand incorporation, surface wetness, and anthracnose (caused by Colletotrichum cereale Manns sensu lato Crouch, Clarke, and Hillman) of annual bluegrass [Poa annua L. f. reptans (Hausskn) T. Koyama] maintained as a putting green. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications; treatments included a non-topdressed control and three topdressing sands (medium-coarse, medium, or medium-fine) applied every 2 weeks at 0.15 L·m−2 during the summer. Topdressing with medium-coarse sand was more difficult to incorporate than the medium and medium-fine sands, resulting in a greater quantity of sand collected with mower clippings. Analyzing the particle distribution of sand removed by mowing confirmed that coarser sand particles were more likely to be removed in mower clippings. Surface wetness measured as volumetric water content (VWC) at the 0- to 38-mm depth zone was greater in non-topdressed plots than topdressed plots on 35% of observations. Few differences in VWC were found among sand size treatments. Turf responses to topdressing were not immediate; however, as sand accumulated in the turf canopy, topdressed plots typically had lower anthracnose severity than non-topdressed turf after the first year. Additionally, topdressing with medium and medium-fine sands produced similar or occasionally lower disease severity than topdressing with medium-coarse sand. The lack of negative effects of medium and medium-fine sands combined with better incorporation after topdressing and less disruption to the putting surface should allow golf course superintendents to apply topdressing at frequencies and/or quantities needed during the summer to maintain high-quality turf and playing conditions.
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Bilston, Sarah. "QUEENS OF THE GARDEN: VICTORIAN WOMEN GARDENERS AND THE RISE OF THE GARDENING ADVICE TEXT." Victorian Literature and Culture 36, no. 1 (March 2008): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150308080017.
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The nineteenth century was an era of enormous changes in garden design and garden practice. A wealth of new and exotic plants, located and shipped back by adventurous plant hunters from southern Europe and other, warmer continents, changed the look and character of the garden beyond recognition. The repeal of the glass tax and advances in iron and glass production initiated the craze of the glass house. “Bedding out” consequently became popular, a system in which delicate plants grown under glass could be planted straight outside in warmer months, producing instant colour and ending the frustrating months of bare beds during which gardeners waited for native perennials to bloom. And there were many other important technological advances to ease the lot of the Victorian gardener, such as the patenting of the first lawn mower in 1830 and improvements in tool design. Moreover, with huge advances in printing press technology and distribution, a slew of gardening magazines and gardening manuals sprang up to educate and aid the amateur gardener. The rise of the middle class, housed in suburban terraces and villas with small gardens front and back, produced a ready market for such texts.
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Charmley, E., P. Savoie, K. B. Mcrae, and X. Lu. "Effect of maceration at mowing on silage conservation,voluntary intake, digestibility and growth rate of steers fed precision chopped or round bale silages." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 79, no. 2 (June 1, 1999): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a98-084.
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Four silages were made from the primary growth of an orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata)/white clover (Trifolium repens) sward in mid-June. Precision chopped (PC) and round bale (RB) silages were made from wilted forage that had been cut either with a regular mower conditioner (CON) or a mower macerator (MAC). Silages were fed to growing steers in a 10-wk feeding trial using a 2 × 2 factorial design. To determine apparent digestibility, silages were fed to wether sheep and ruminally incubated in nylon bags using two canulated cows. The DM concentration of silages ranged between 273 and 362 g kg−1 and was higher in RB than PC silage. Maceration increased fibre concentration in RB silage but had little influence on PC silage. Nitrogen and its fractions were not influenced by treatment. Maceration increased total acid concentration in PC silages but lowered it in RB silage. Lactic acid accounted for a higher proportion of total acids in macerated silages than in control silages. Steers fed RB silage consumed 35% more DM than those fed PC silage (P < 0.001). Maceration reduced intake of PC silage by 18% but did not affect intake of RB silage (interaction; P < 0.05). Maceration had no effect on BW gain in steers fed PC silage, but in RB silage gains were increased from 0.87 kg d−1 to 1.09 kg d−1 (interaction; P < 0.05). Feed utilization efficiency was poorer for RB than PC silage (P < 0.001) and maceration improved feed utilization (P < 0.001). The DM, OM and NDF digestibility coefficients were reduced by maceration in RB but not in PC silage (interaction; P < 0.05); a similar trend was observed for ADF (interaction; P < 0.10). Apparent N digestibility was less in MAC than CON silage (P < 0.01). Dry matter disappearance from nylon bags was not influenced by maceration in PC silage but was higher in RB-MAC than RB-CON silage. It is concluded that influences of maceration on intake and gain is dependent upon the physical form of the silage. Key words: Maceration, silage, round bale, precision chop, growth, beef
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Davies, O. D. "The effect of compound level and silage quality on the performance of October calving dairy cows." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1989 (March 1989): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600010230.
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With the introduction of milk quotas, a greater emphasis was placed on reducing input costs in milk production systems. This has led to a reduction in compound feed usage and a greater dependance on home produced forage. The objective of this trial was to examine the effects upon silage intake, milk yield, milk quality and cow performance of feeding a flat rate of 3 or 6 kg of a 160 g/kg crude protein, cereal based compound feed to October calving Friesian dairy cows receiving ad libitum grass silage harvested either during mid May or early June.In each of two years, forty multiparous, October calving Friesian dairy cows were used in a 2 x 2 factorial design experiment to examine the effects of feeding two levels of compound feed as a supplement to grass silage harvested at two cutting dates.In each year silage was made from primary growths of late flowering perennial ryegrass swards harvested from the same fields either during mid May (H) or about fourteen days later in early June (L). The herbage was cut using a disc mower/conditioner, and left in the swath for about 24 hours prior to harvesting with a precision chop forage harvester.
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Cushnahan, A., C. S. Mayne, and E. A. Goodall. "Effect of stage of maturity of grass and period of ensilage on milk production with grass silage-based diets." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (March 1995): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600027938.
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It is generally assumed that lactating dairy cows offered grass silage consume less dry matter than cows offered fresh pasture. The aim of this study was to identify the effect of specific components of the ensilage process on food intake and animal performance.Thirty-six lactating dairy cows were offered the following diets in a changeover design experiment:Gl = primary growth perennial ryegrass zero grazed between 11/5/94 and 31/5/94 (high digestibility).Sl,3 = silage made from Gl and allowed to ferment for 3 weeks prior to feeding.Sl,9 = silage made from Gl and allowed to ferment for 9 weeks prior to feeding.G2 = primary growth perennial ryegrass zero grazed between 1/6/94 and 21/6/94 (low digestibility).S2,3 = silage made from G2 and allowed to ferment for 3 weeks prior to feeding.S2,9 = silage made from G2 and allowed to ferment for 9 weeks prior to feeding.Each treatment forage was offered for a period of 3 weeks, with food intake and animal production data from week 3 used in the statistical analysis. Forage was obtained from the primary growth of a perennial ryegrass sward, which had received 135 kg N, 19 kg P2O5 and 38 K2O/ha. All grass was pre-mown with a rotary mower, then lifted using a round baler. Bales were offered directly to the cows or wrapped in black plastic, stored and allowed to ferment. No additive was applied at ensiling.
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Tsuruike, Masaaki, and Todd S. Ellenbecker. "Serratus Anterior and Lower Trapezius Muscle Activities During Multi-Joint Isotonic Scapular Exercises and Isometric Contractions." Journal of Athletic Training 50, no. 2 (February 1, 2015): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.80.
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Context: Proper scapular function during humeral elevation, such as upward rotation, external rotation, and posterior tilting of the scapula, is necessary to prevent shoulder injury. However, the appropriate intensity of rehabilitation exercise for the periscapular muscles has yet to be clarified. Objective: To identify the serratus anterior, lower trapezius, infraspinatus, and posterior deltoid muscle activities during 2 free-motion exercises using 3 intensities and to compare these muscle activities with isometric contractions during quadruped shoulder flexion and external rotation and abduction of the glenohumeral joint. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Health Science Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 16 uninjured, healthy, active, male college students (age = 19.5 ± 1.2 years, height = 173.1 ± 6.5 cm, weight = 68.8 ± 6.6 kg). Main Outcome Measure(s): Mean electromyographic activity normalized by the maximal voluntary isometric contraction was analyzed across 3 intensities and 5 exercises. Intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated for electromyographic activity of the 4 muscles in each free-motion exercise. Results: Significant interactions in electromyographic activity were observed between intensities and exercises (P < .05). The quadruped shoulder-flexion exercise activated all 4 muscles compared with other exercises. Also, the modified robbery free-motion exercise activated the serratus anterior, lower trapezius, and infraspinatus compared with the lawn-mower free-motion exercise. However, neither exercise showed a difference in posterior deltoid electromyographic activity. Conclusions: Three intensities exposed the nature of the periscapular muscle activities across the different exercises. The free-motion exercise in periscapular muscle rehabilitation may not modify serratus anterior, lower trapezius, and infraspinatus muscle activities unless knee-joint extension is limited.
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Martins, Bruno Henrique, Cezar Francisco Araujo Junior, Mario Miyazawa, Karen Mayara Vieira, Carlos Alberto Hamanaka, and Auro Sebastião da Silva. "Weed control methods and coffee shrub residue effects on carbon stocks in a Latosol under conservation management practices." Agronomy Science and Biotechnology 2, no. 2 (November 30, 2017): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33158/asb.2016v2i2p68.
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Weed control methods in coffee crops can significantly influence carbon (C) stocks of soil humic substances. The aim of this study was to evaluate C stocks in an experimental coffee crop submitted to conservation agriculture for weed control between coffee rows. The study was carried out in a very clayey Dystroferric Red Latosol, Londrina, Paraná state (23°21’30” S; 51°10’17” W), cultivated with cultivar Mundo Novo IAC 379-19. In 2008, the experiment was established as randomized block design with four replicates within split-split plot scheme. Seven weed control methods between coffee rows were considered (hand weeding; portable mechanical mower; herbicides application; two cover crops; weed check and spontaneous). In September 2013, coffee shrub pruning was conducted and residues were distributed along inter rows. The weed control methods were considered as the main-plot factor and sampling period (March 2014 and February 2015) as the split-plot. Soil samples were collected at the center of the inter rows at four depth increments. C stocks evaluation included total organic carbon determination by chromic acid wet oxidation. Humic substances were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Most of the considered weed control methods did not affect organic carbon storage in 0 – 40 cm layer, nevertheless led to increase at topsoil. In 2015, the humin fraction C stock was 54 % higher at superficial layer than subsequent depth, presenting 39 % average increase at the 2014/2015 interval. Although C stocks from humic and fulvic acids did not vary, more conjugated/condensed characteristic for the fulvic fraction was observed.
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Pecenka, Ralf, Jadir Nogueira Silva, Detlef Ehlert, and Gerd Volkhard Scholz. "MECHANISED HARVEST OF ENERGY WOOD: STATE-OF-THE-ART AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS." REVISTA ENGENHARIA NA AGRICULTURA - REVENG 24, no. 1 (May 4, 2016): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.13083/reveng.v24i1.638.
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Energy wood from fast growing trees, also called short rotation coppice (SRC) such as poplar, willow and eucalyptus, may provide a secure source of income for farmers, provided that production technologies, logistic chains and end user facilities are well designed in farmers’ regional structures. One of the key problems at present is the lack of inexpensive harvesting machinery. Analyzing the process chain of fast growing trees, chip lines seem to be most costefficient for harvest, and the modification of forage harvesters is a promising option. But the high machine weight of forage harvesters is a serious disadvantage for harvest in rain-laden or mountainous regions. Furthermore, for economic operation of these expensive harvest systems cultivation areas of more than 300 ha are required. Therefore, a simple and low weight tractor-mounted mower-chipper for medium sized standard tractors has been developed. The chipper is designed for flexible harvest of wood from fast growing trees (max. stem diameter 15 cm). The total weight of the harvester (tractor and chipper) is less than 50 % of the forage harvester combination resulting in much more flexible field operation and lower harvest costs. The machine has been successfully tested in the last three harvest seasons on an area of more than 110 ha. At harvest of 4 years old poplars (10 - 15 cm stem diameter) an average field performance of 0.5 ha h-1 has been realized. Due to the robust design and performance of the prototype the development of a reinforced model is considered at present. Such a new model could be designed for harvest of poplar or eucalyptus trees with stem diameters of more than 20 cm.
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Small, J. C., and F. J. Gordon. "The effect of system of harvesting grass for silage on the output of silage and milk per hectare." Journal of Agricultural Science 111, no. 2 (October 1988): 369–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600083325.
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SummaryFour systems of harvesting grass for silage were evaluated in terms of in-field losses, in-silo losses and milk output per hectare. The systems were: single-chop flail harvester direct cutting (SCD); doublechop flail harvester direct cutting (DCD); mown with a rotary mower and picked up with a precisionchop harvester either immediately (PCU) or after wilting until the dry-matter concentration had increased by approximately 100 g/kg (PCW). The in-field and in-silo losses were measured at each of three consecutive harvests during 1984 and during the following winter the resulting silages were evaluated through eight British Friesian cows in a balanced change-over design experiment using four periods each of 5 weeks duration.There was a greater quantity of herbage ensiled with the two direct cutting systems (SCD and DCD) than with the systems involving pre-mowing and picking up with the ensiled yields, being 12·4, 11·8, 10·8 and 10·8t OM/ha for the SCD, DCD, PCU and PCW systems respectively. These differences were only partly reflected in greater mechanical in-field losses with the pre-mown systems.Losses during the in-silo period tended to be greater with the wilted than the unwilted silages being 98, 76, 83 and 132 g/kg OM with the SCD, DCD, PCU, and PCW systems, respectively.Animals offered the PCW silage tended to have a higher silage organic-matter intake and had a significantly higher milk yield than those offered the other silages with fat corrected milk yields being 25·1, 24·5, 24·5 and 25·9 kg/day for the SCD, DCD, PCU and PCW systems, respectively. Milk outputs per hectare, at 30·3, 27·8, 25·7 and 240 for the SCD, PCD, PCU and PCW systems respectively, was lowest for the PCW treatment.
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Zhang, Lufeng, and Kai Wang. "Design and analysis of PMLSM with SIN + 3rd shaping mover." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 37, no. 6 (November 5, 2018): 2158–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-11-2017-0459.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the electromagnetic performances of the permanent magnet linear synchronous machines (PMLSM) with sine and third harmonic (SIN + 3rd) shaping mover in comparison with the PMLSM with sine (SIN) shaping mover and conventional shaping mover. Design/methodology/approach The optimal amplitude of the injected third harmonic to re-shape the SIN + 3rd shaping permanent magnet (PM) for maximizing the thrust force is analytically derived and confirmed by finite element method (FEM). Furthermore, the PM edge thickness, the pole arc to pole pitch ratio and the tooth to slot ratio are optimized. It is found that the optimal amplitude of the injected third harmonic is one-sixth of the fundamental one, the optimal PM edge thickness, the pole arc to pole pitch ratio and the tooth to slot ratio are 0, 0.85 and 0.5 mm, respectively. In addition, the electromagnetic performances are analyzed and quantitatively compared for the PMLSM with SIN + 3rd shaping mover, SIN shaping mover and conventional shaping mover. Findings The average thrust force and efficiency of the PMLSM with SIN + 3rd shaping mover are improved significantly, while the thrust ripple is not increased, comparing to those of the PMLSM with SIN shaping mover. Meanwhile, the thrust ripple is lower than that of the conventional shaping mover. Research limitations/implications The purely sinusoidal currents are applied in this analysis and the influences of harmonics in the current on electromagnetic performances are not considered. Originality/value This paper presents a PMLSM with SIN + 3rd shaping mover to improve the thrust force and efficiency without increasing the thrust ripple, considering the effects of the amplitude of the injected third harmonic to re-shape the SIN + 3rd shaping PM, the PM edge thickness, the pole arc to pole pitch ratio and the tooth to slot ratio.
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Bietila, Eric, Erin M. Silva, Anne C. Pfeiffer, and Jed B. Colquhoun. "Fall-sown cover crops as mulches for weed suppression in organic small-scale diversified vegetable production." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 32, no. 4 (July 27, 2016): 349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170516000259.
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AbstractCover crop-based reduced tillage (CCBRT) has achieved positive impacts in organic row crop systems, contributing to the conservation of soil resources and the facilitation of weed management. This technique, which uses cover crop residues as mulches to suppress weeds, has shown more variable success in organic vegetable production systems. This experiment examined CCBRT for small-scale organic vegetable production in the upper Midwestern USA, specifically evaluating weed suppression, labor inputs and crop yields. Cereal rye (Secale cerealeL.) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) were fall-sown in 2012 and 2013 in a strip-plot design, including control treatments with no cover crop and spring-applied oat straw mulch. Cover crop plots were strip-tilled in mid-April to establish a planting zone, with cover crops terminated in late May at anthesis with a hand-tractor mounted sickle-bar mower. Bell peppers (Capsicum annuumL. var. ‘Revolution’), snap beans (Phaseolus vulgarisL. var. ‘Tavera’), and potatoes (Solanum tuberosumL. var. ‘Red La Soda’) were hand-planted either as transplants or seed in each treatment immediately following cover crop termination. During each summer growing season, weeds were completely eliminated from each plot by hand approximately every 10–14 days, with time for manual weeding recorded for each treatment. Vegetable crop yields and quality were measured at harvest during 2013 and 2014. Cereal rye and winter wheat produced similar biomass at the time of termination. Greater weed biomass was collected in the wheat treatment as compared with the cereal rye, increasing the in-season labor required for manual weeding. Bean yields were decreased in the all CCBRT treatments compared with control treatments in both years of the study. Pepper yields did not differ in CCBRT treatments as compared with the control in both 2012 and 2013, although the CCBRT treatments did yield lower marketable peppers compared with the straw mulch plots. Potato tuber yields were not different in the CCBRT treatments as compared with the control in 2012, but were lower in 2013. These data indicate that, if CCBRT is to be more widely adopted in small-scale vegetable production, further optimization of the system must be achieved to ensure consistent and adequate weed suppression while maintaining crop yield and quality.
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Mäkinen, H., J. Järvenpää, P. Valkama, J. Väyrynen, F. Amjad, M. Siuko, J. Mattila, L. Semeraro, and S. Esque. "Concept design of the cassette toroidal mover." Fusion Engineering and Design 86, no. 9-11 (October 2011): 2092–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2011.04.060.
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Wang, Peixing, Jikai Si, Haichao Feng, Yihua Hu, and Wenping Cao. "Mover design and characteristics analysis of 2DoFDDIM." IET Electric Power Applications 12, no. 3 (December 18, 2017): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-epa.2017.0533.
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Alkhwildy, Ekhlas, and Issa Morad. "Impact Factor in Thermoacoustic Prime Mover Design." Energy Procedia 74 (August 2015): 643–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.800.
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Sato, Mitsuhide, Shoma Irie, Jianping Zheng, Tsutomu Mizuno, Fumiya Nishimura, and Kaname Naganuma. "Generator Design Considering Mover Action to Improve Energy Conversion Efficiency in a Free-Piston Engine Generator." Electronics 10, no. 17 (September 3, 2021): 2142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10172142.
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In a free-piston engine generator (FPEG), the power of the engine can be directly regenerated by linear generators without a crank. The mover motion of this system is interrelated with engine and power generation efficiencies due to the direct connection between the mover of the generator and the piston of the engine. The generator should be designed to improve the overall energy conversion efficiency. The dimensions and mass of the mover limit its operating stroke and drive frequency. Herein, we propose a method for designing linear generators and constructing FPEG systems, considering the mover operation to improve engine efficiency. We evaluated the effect of mover operation on the engine and generation efficiencies using thermal and electromagnetic field analysis software. The proposed design method improves the overall energy conversion efficiency compared with a generator that considers only the maximization of generation efficiency. Setting the mover operation for higher engine efficiency and designing a linear generator to realize the operation can effectively improve the energy conversion efficiency of FPEGs.
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Eriksson, Roy L., and Stephen Zendegui. "Segmental Design of The Harbour Island People Mover." PCI Journal 30, no. 4 (July 1, 1985): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15554/pcij.07011985.38.51.
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Saadha, Aminath, CV Aravind, Preshant Krishna, and F. Azhar. "Design Analysis of Taper Width Variations in Magnetless Linear Machine for Traction Applications." MATEC Web of Conferences 152 (2018): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815204001.
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Linear motors are being used in a different application with a huge popularity in the use of transport industry. With the invention of maglev trains and other high-speed trains, linear motors are being used for the translation and braking applications for these systems. However, a huge drawback of the linear motor design is the cogging force, low thrust values, and voltage ripples. This paper aims to study the force analysis with change in taper/teeth width of the motor stator and mover to understand the best teeth ratio to obtain a high flux density and a high thrust. The analysis is conducted through JMAG software and it is found that the optimum teeth ratio for both the stator and mover gives an increase of 94.4% increases compared to the 0.5mm stator and mover width.
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NEUNER, Florian, and Ulrich GRAF. "People Mover – Design of a Guideway for Suspended Vehicles." IABSE Congress Report 16, no. 17 (January 1, 2000): 671–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137900796297743.
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Bashi, Nazli, Marlien Varnfield, and Mohanraj Karunanithi. "A Smartphone App for Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome (MoTER-ACS): User-Centered Design Approach." JMIR Formative Research 4, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): e17542. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/17542.
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Background Postdischarge interventions are limited for patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) due to few scheduled visits to outpatient clinics and the need to travel from remote areas. Smartphones have become viable lifestyle technology to deliver home-based educational and health interventions. Objective The aim of this study was to develop a smartphone-based intervention for providing postdischarge support to patients with ACS. Methods The content of Mobile Technology–Enabled Rehabilitation for Patients with ACS (MoTER-ACS) was derived from a series of small studies, termed prestudy surveys, conducted in 2017. The prestudy surveys were conducted in Prince Charles Hospital, Queensland, Australia, and consisted of questionnaires among a convenience sample of patients with ACS (n=30), a focus group discussion with health care professionals (n=10), and an online survey among cardiologists (n=15). Responses from the patient survey identified educational topics of MoTER-ACS. The focus group with health care professionals assisted with identifying educational materials, health monitoring, and self-management interventions. Based on the results of the cardiologists’ survey, monitoring of symptoms related to heart failure exacerbation was considered as a weekly diary. Results The MoTER-ACS app covers multimedia educational materials to adopt a healthy lifestyle and includes user-friendly tools to monitor physiological and health parameters such as blood pressure, weight, and pain, assisting patients in self-managing their condition. A web portal that is linked to the data from the smartphone app is available to clinicians to regularly access patients’ data and provide support. Conclusions The MoTER-ACS platform extends the capabilities of previous mobile health platforms by providing a home-based educational and self-management intervention for patients with ACS following discharge from the hospital. The MoTER-ACS intervention narrows the gap between existing hospital-based programs and home-based interventions by complementing the postdischarge program for patients with ACS.
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Cortez, Jorge Wilson, Carlos Eduardo Angeli Furlani, Rouverson Pereira da Silva, and Salvio Napoleão Soares Arcoverde. "MANEJO DA PALHADA E ADUBAÇÃO NA PRODUÇÃO DA SOJA E COBERTURA DO SOLO." Nativa 7, no. 5 (September 12, 2019): 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v7i5.7206.
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Diversos fatores podem interferir no desenvolvimento da cultura da soja, dentre os quais pode-se citar o manejo de restos culturais e o método de aplicação do adubo. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar os equipamentos de manejo da palhada (rolo-faca, triturador de palhas e roçadora) e sistemas de adubação (em pré-semeadura e na semeadura), na produção da soja e cobertura do solo. O experimento foi conduzido em Latossolo Vermelho utilizando-se um esquema fatorial 2 x 3 em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados: estande inicial e final, distribuição longitudinal, altura de planta e inserção da primeira vagem, número de vagens por planta e número de grãos por vagem, massa de 100 grãos e produtividade além da porcentagem de cobertura do solo e biomassa seca no solo. Os sistemas de manejo da palhada, individualmente, influenciaram as variáveis: estande, altura de inserção da primeira vagem e número de vagens por planta. A interação manejo da palhada e adubação, seja na semeadura ou pré-semeadura, não influenciaram a produtividade da soja. A cobertura do solo foi maior para o tratamento com rolo-faca com adubação em pré-semeadura. A massa seca no solo foi maior após manejo para o triturador na adubação em pré-semeadura.Palavras-chave: resíduos agrícolas; desenvolvimento de cultura; uniformidade de distribuição. STRAW MANAGEMENT AND FERTILIZATION IN SOYBEAN PRODUCTION AND SOIL COVER ABSTRACT: Several factors can interfere in the development of the soybean crop, among which we can mention the management of cultural remains and the method of applying the fertilizer. The objective of this study was to evaluate straw management equipment (knife roller, rotary mower and straw crusher) and fertilization systems (before sowing and sowing), soybean production and soil cover. The experiment was conducted in Red Latosol using a 2 x 3 factorial randomized block design with four replicates. The initial and final stand, longitudinal distribution, plant height and insertion of the first pod, number of pods per plant and number of grains per pod, mass of 100 grains and yield in addition to the percentage of soil cover and dry biomass in the soil . The straw management systems, individually, influenced the variables: stand, height of insertion of the first pod and number of pods per plant. The interaction between straw management and fertilization, whether at sowing or before sowing, did not influence soybean yield. Soil cover was higher for the treatment with a knife roller with fertilization in pre-sowing. The dry mass in the soil was higher after handling to the straw crusher in the before seeding fertilization.Keywords: agricultural wastes; growth stages; distribution uniformity.
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Xu, Liang, Wen Xiang Zhao, Jing Hua Ji, and Guo Hai Liu. "Design and Analysis of a New Linear Fault-Tolerant Flux-Reversal Permanent-Magnet Machine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 416-417 (September 2013): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.416-417.3.
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This paper proposes a new linear fault-tolerant flux-reversal permanent-magnet machine for urban rail transit. The key of the proposed machine is that the magnetizer divides the short mover into two modules. As a result, the two modules of the short mover have the complementary magnetic circuit, and the detent force of the proposed machine is reduced. Also, it possesses more symmetrical and sinusoidal back electromotive force (back-EMF). In addition, the mutual inductances of the propose machine are much lower than the self-inductances, hence offering fault-tolerant capability. The finite-element results confirm the validity of the proposed machine.
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Zahid, Atif, Faisal Khan, Naseer Ahmad, Irfan Sami, Wasiq Ullah, Nasim Ullah, Noman Ullah, and Hend I. Alkhammash. "Design and Analysis of Dual Mover Multi-Tooth Permanent Magnet Flux Switching Machine for Ropeless Elevator Applications." Actuators 10, no. 4 (April 16, 2021): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act10040081.
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A dual mover yokeless multi-tooth (DMYMT) permanent magnet flux switching motor (PM-FSM) design is presented in this article for ropeless elevator applications. The excitation sources, including a field winding and permanent magnet, are on the short mover in the proposed design structure, whereas the stator is a simple slotted iron core, thus reducing the vertical transportation system cost. The operational principle of the proposed DMYMT in PM-FSM is introduced. The proposed dual mover yokeless multi-tooth Permanent Magnet Flux Switching Motor is analyzed and compared for various performance parameters in a Finite Element Analysis package. The proposed machine has high thrust force and cost-effectiveness compared to conventional dual permanent magnet motor. Finally, this paper also develops an analytical model for the proposed structure, validated by comparing it with Finite Element Analysis simulation results. Results show good agreement between analytical prediction and Finite Element Analysis results.