Academic literature on the topic 'Design thinking'

Abstract A developing interdisciplinary dialogue (Design Think Space Group) across diverse dialects of academia, commercial enterprise, research practice and legislative governance has aggregated a common-heuristic that focuses on the domain of innovation for the Circular Economy.

Orientador : Profª. Drª. Maria do Carmo Duarte Freitas
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência, Gestão e Tecnologia da Informação. Defesa: Curitiba, 04/08/2015
Inclui referências : f. 184-188
Resumo: O lean thinking e o design thinking são modos de pensar aplicados ao desenvolvimento, produção e gestão de bens e serviços. O primeiro articula-se em função da atribuição de valor pelo cliente e é voltado para a redução do desperdício. O segundo tem suas ações centradas no usuário e é voltado para a inovação. Baseando-se na análise dos seus princípios, este trabalho de pesquisa identifica as aproximações teóricas e as relações entre as duas áreas. A metodologia envolve a revisão de literatura e a análise qualitativa da amostra constituída pelos textos com os princípios do lean thinking e do design thinking e cinco artigos sobre cada um dos dois temas. O tratamento qualitativo dos dados utiliza a estratégia de codificação e pauta-se na Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados (TFD). Para a operacionalização do trabalho de análise qualitativa por meio de codificação utiliza-se o software ATLAS.ti. Os diferentes níveis de codificação permitem identificar 12 aspectos de aproximação entre as duas áreas. Uma análise final desse conjunto leva aos cinco mais relevantes: cliente, experiência, iteração, inovação e valor. Desta análise também deriva uma convergência teórica que possibilita entender como estes aspectos se relacionam entre si em termos de identificação do agente, definição do processo e constituição do ativo. Também permite inferir que a atribuição de valor é o aspecto que estrutura as relações entre o lean thinking e o design thinking. Os resultados da pesquisa apresentam um novo olhar sobre a dinâmica das relações destas duas áreas e abrem horizontes para aplicação prática destas conexões assim como para novos estudos sobre o tema.
Abstract: Lean thinking and design thinking are ways of thinking applied to the development, production and management of goods and services. The first is articulated according to the value assignment by the client and is aimed at reducing waste. The second has its actions focused on the user and is geared towards innovation. Based on the analysis of its principles, this research identifies the theoretical approaches and the relationship between the two areas. The methodology involves a literature review and a qualitative analysis of two texts with the principles of lean thinking and design thinking and five articles on each of the two themes. The qualitative data processing uses the coding strategy and is referenced on the Grounded Theory. In order to implement qualitative analytical work through coding is used ATLAS.ti software. The different levels of coding allow to identify 12 aspects of rapprochement between the two areas. From this set, a final analysis led to the five most relevant: customer, experience, iteration, innovation and value. This analysis also derives a theoretical convergence that enables to understand how these aspects relate to each other in terms of agent identification, process definition and constitution of assets. Also allows to infer that the value assignment is the aspect that structures the relationship between lean thinking and the design thinking. The research results present a fresh look at the dynamics of the relationship of these two areas and open horizons for practical application of these connections as well as for further studies on the subject.

The fashion system is contributing to the environmental and social crises on an ever increasing scale. The industry must transform in order to situate itself within the environmental and social limits proposed by economist Kate Raworth, and the 17 sustainable development goals set out by the United Nations. This research explored methods of eliminating textile waste through utilising zero waste pattern cutting to expand the outcomes possible within industrial contexts and speculates as to the implications for the wider industry and society. Employing an experimental and phenomenological approach, this thesis outlines the testing of known strategies in the context of industry and responds with new emergent strategies to the challenges that arose. A series of interviews were conducted with designers who have applied zero-waste fashion design in an industry context – both large and small scale – to unpack the strategies used and contextualise the difficulties faced. The findings that emerged from the iterative design practice and the experience of working within the field tests inform the surrounding discussions and reflections. This reflection brings into sharp relief the inherent conflicts that exist within the fashion system and has led to the development of a series of theoretical models.The implications for design and industry are broad. Firstly that while this thesis outlines garment design strategies, and broader – company-wide – approaches that can work to reduce waste in a given context, this research finds that a holistic transformation of the internal design and management processes of the industry is required for them to be successful. In response, theoretical models have been developed which seek to articulate the constraints, roles and actions of design within broader company practices, while contextualising these within the economic system it operates. It is clear that reducing waste will only have a minor positive effect on the environmental outcomes unless we also reduce consumption of raw materials through reducing yield or reducing consumption – ideally both. These findings and models point towards a necessary recalibration of the industry as a whole – small changes are not enough as the existing methods, processes and ethos are deeply embedded, and its agents are resistant to change. The results concur with previous research and conclude that a fundamental shift in thinking is required – one that prioritises a different set of constraints to those the industry and society currently focus on – in order to make the rapid and meaningful change necessary.

Der Untersuchungsgegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist, die mit dem Begriff „Design Thinking“ verbundenen Diskurse zu bestimmen und deren Themen, Konzepte und Bezüge herauszuarbeiten. Diese Zielstellung ergibt sich aus den mehrfachen Widersprüchen und Vieldeutigkeiten, die die gegenwärtigen Verwendungen des Design-Thinking-Begriffs charakterisieren und den kohärenten Gebrauch in Wissenschaft und Wirtschaft erschweren. Diese Arbeit soll einen Beitrag dazu leisten, „Design Thinking“ in den unterschiedlichen Diskurszusammenhängen grundlegend zu verstehen und für zukünftige Verwendungen des Design-Thinking-Begriffs eine solide Argumentationsbasis zu schaffen.
This thesis’ research objective is to distinguish the discourses to which the term “design thinking” refers, to carve out their central themes and concepts, as well as to debate the conceptual relations between them. The background of this objective lies in the ambiguity and the inherent contradictions of how “design thinking” is generally applied and referred to, hindering coherent and consistent usage both in academia and the business world. This thesis shall therefore contribute to elucidate the diversity of meanings of design thinking as well as to point out conceptual interrelations and coherences in order to establish a more solid foundation for future design thinking discourse.

Med globaliseringen har världen snabbt förändrats och designerns roll är inte längre lika självklar. Vi har tittat på hur man kan expandera begreppet design och utnyttja designerns kvalitéer inom nya områden. Magisterexamensarbetet "Design Thinking in Business Innovation" syftar till att undersöka hur man kan utnyttja designyrkets kreativa och innovativa processer inom affärsutveckling. I vårt exjobb har vi jobbat med ett av Storbritanniens ledande vitvaruföretag, GDHA, och har tillsammans med marknadsföringsstudenter från Stockholms Universitet tagit fram affärsstrategier för hur de kan agera på en framtida marknad. Kombinationen av kreativt tänkande och traditionell affärsutveckling genererade nya innovativa koncept med syfte att utifrån företagets förutsättningar stärka dess konkurrenskraft och skapa nya affärsmöjligheter. "Design Thinking in Business Innovation" resulterade i en ny arbetsmetod samt tre koncept som visualiserar resultatet av en kreativ affärsutvecklingsprocess. Dessa koncept sträckte sig från konventionell produktutveckling för differentiering till utveckling av nya försäljningskanaler samt en helt ny affärsidé som bygger vidare på GDHAs kärnverksamhet. Koncepten konkretiserades i form av en modell av ett kylskåpskoncept, samt tre stycken animerade kortfilmer.Som ett resultat av vårt exjobb har vi startat Remotel, ett design kontor som fokuserar på affärsutveckling genom användarorienterad research, kreativa processer och visuell kommunikation (mer info på www.remotel.se).
The world is undergoing change and the disintegration of the old economy is becoming evident. Production is moving to low cost countries and competition is growing fierce. In order to stay competitive, companies around the world recognises the need to become more innovative. In order to achieve this it is imperative to balance and compliment the linear business thinking that still rule the managerial body. Leading research in this area suggest that the key to innovation in business development lies within the creative thinking of the design field. This paper describes a joint master degree project that seeks to test these theories and develop methods and protocols to put them into practice. So the question is, what happens when one use industrial  design as a tool to innovate business in the Creative Economy? The research group consists of four industrial designers from Konstfack, University of Arts, Crafts and Design in Stockholm and four marketing students from School of Business, Stockholm University. During the project we applied action research and introspection in a case study where new business strategies where formulated for a live company as our empirical base. The process proved more difficult but also more rewarding than initially anticipated and resulted in several new potential strategies for the company while providing valuable insight and experience in interdisciplinary team work in this field. This paper presents suggestions to how design thinking and business thinking can be combined in the process of developing business strategies and accentuates some of the skills and qualities that inherently drive this process. The collaboration investigates the synergy between designers and business managers and illustrates the potential in combining these competences to find new ways to create, re-define and develop businesses in the creative economy.

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This research presents the interface between Education and Design Thinking, which is a method that uses a wide range of knowledge to solve proposed challenges in different areas. In using this methodology to search for changes on the dynamics and relations at school, Education opens the possibility to rethink its characteristics and problems. The present work realizes a research on a second grade mid school’s classroom of a private school in São Paulo, in order to raise its problems and find solutions based on the tools of Design Thinking. For this purpose, analyses, along with the coordination, teachers, inspectors and the canteen’s owner, which obstacles they notice on the teaching-learning process of the school, asking the students, through a printed survey, the positive and negative aspects of this process and what they would like to be improved. The result of the research and its analysis was the creation of a specific Design Thinking tools kit for this school.
A presente pesquisa apresenta a interface entre Educação e Design Thinking, que se trata de um método que usa de conhecimentos variados para resolver desafios propostos em diferentes áreas. A Educação, ao utilizar essa metodologia para buscar mudanças nas relações e dinâmicas escolares, abre a possibilidade de repensar suas características e também seus problemas. Desse modo, este trabalho realiza uma pesquisa em uma sala de aula do segundo ano do ensino médio de uma escola privada de São Paulo a fim de levantar seus problemas e encontrar soluções para eles com base nas ferramentas do Design Thinking. Para isso, investiga, junto ao coordenador, aos professores, aos inspetores e à dona da cantina, quais são os obstáculos que percebem no processo de ensino-aprendizagem da escola em questão, e indaga os alunos, por meio de um questionário impresso e distribuído à turma, a respeito dos pontos positivos e negativos desse processo e do que gostariam que fosse melhorado. O resultado da pesquisa e de sua análise foi a criação de um kit de ferramentas de Design Thinking específico para essa escola.

This thesis explores the role of interpretation in design activity through the development of a computational model of constructive interpretation. It asks the question: how does the construction of interpretations from expectations within a situation affect design activity? This work hypothesises that designers construct their world from their expectations through interpretation. In interpreting their own work designers are able to make unexpected discoveries and explore the implicit knowledge held within their expectations of the world. These expectations are grounded in experience. A conceptual model for constructive interpretation is described. Knowledge held by designers is represented in a perceptual symbol system, in which knowledge organised in a hierarchy. Within this hierarchy, higher layers represent an increased level of abstraction. Knowledge is learnt through experience in an environment. The topmost layer in this hierarchy is the situation.Interpretation occurs through pull from the expectations. Expectations in a layer are changed by the layer above. The construction of expectations utilises knowledge about the world that the designer gains through experience. A computational framework for this conceptual model is described: (i) based upon conceptual spaces, where expectations within the situation perturb each other; and (ii) based upon a hierarchy of unsupervised learning networks, where prototypes represent convergence zones within conceptual space. Constructive interpretation is implemented in a number of demonstrations utilising modified self-organising maps linked together to represent layers in the conceptual model. Demonstrations show: (i) how situations are changed through construction from implicit expectations; (ii) how situations co-ordinate concepts through expectations that are grounded in experience; (iii) how construction from expectations produces stability in a chang ing environment; and (iv) how useful rather than accurate in! terpreta tions can be produced by constructing from expectations. A model of constructive interpretation in design is developed in which a system iterates through generation of designs from expectations and constructive interpretation. In one experiment an agent has experience with a number of floor plans. It uses its experience to draw in a design medium and interpret its own work. Through constructive interpretation from implicit expectations the situation changes leading to a new space of designs. It provides a model of the way that designers make unexpected discoveries within their work that are useful to the design task, through expectations, and relevant to the source, as the basis for constructing the interpretation. Another experiment uses sets of growth indicators about countries as concepts. The model shows how the space of designs changes through constructive interpretation and explores the effects of salience weighting upon the construction of interpretations. The work looks towards a situated model of design: a model of design that integrates interpretation, expectation and memory into the one cognitive framework. Constructive interpretation has applications for models of analogy and computational creativity. Future work in constructive interpretation is described.

This doctoral thesis adopted a phenomenographic approach to study the qualitatively different ways in which educators experience design thinking teaching in higher education at a global level. The study found four qualitatively different ways of experiencing design thinking teaching in the higher education context, and extends design thinking teaching practice to a more holistic structural understanding of design thinking pedagogy.

This study aims to explore the value and values of design thinking as an approach. More specifically, this study interrogates and explores the value and values of characteristics in design thinking. Moreover, this study specifically focuses on and interrogates characteristics identified by Charles Owen and Tim Brown in more detail. An attempt is made to critically discuss preconceived ideas regarding the nature of design thinking as a methodology and process. As a result, the characteristics identified in this study serve as the main point of departure. These inform and guide the study towards an understanding of value and values within design thinking. The understanding of design thinking relies on an understanding of design, but more specifically, the changing nature of design as a discipline and field of study. Therefore, this study begins with a brief history of design praxis, which serves as a foundation for contextualising design thinking. In addition, the history of design covered in this study serves as the foundation on which design thinking itself is based. This study especially seeks to uncover the history and origins of design thinking from various points of view. The history of design thinking is fairly complex, thus the various points of origin assist in a better understanding thereof. These points of origin are critiqued and compared in an attempt to further illuminate the value and values of design thinking as an approach. As a result, the different origins of design thinking are linked to the characteristics identified by Owen (2005a:12-14; 2006a:3-5; 2006b:24-25) and Brown (2008a; 2009a:49-62, 71-77, 85-86), which further communicate the need for value and values in design thinking. In addition, this study investigates various criticisms against design thinking, in an attempt to understand many of the uncertainties surrounding the term. Moreover, the various criticisms are discussed and critiqued in order to build a case for design thinking, as well as the value and values it may add to any future outcome. Lastly, this study briefly explores the ethical values that underpin certain responsibilities within design thinking. Ethics and responsibilities play a key role in any design and design thinking outcome, and are discussed with this in mind. This study aims to explore the value and values of design thinking as an approach. More specifically, this study interrogates and explores the value and values of characteristics in design thinking. Moreover, this study specifically focuses on and interrogates characteristics identified by Charles Owen and Tim Brown in more detail. An attempt is made to critically discuss preconceived ideas regarding the nature of design thinking as a methodology and process. As a result, the characteristics identified in this study serve as the main point of departure. These inform and guide the study towards an understanding of value and values within design thinking. The understanding of design thinking relies on an understanding of design, but more specifically, the changing nature of design as a discipline and field of study. Therefore, this study begins with a brief history of design praxis, which serves as a foundation for contextualising design thinking. In addition, the history of design covered in this study serves as the foundation on which design thinking itself is based. This study especially seeks to uncover the history and origins of design thinking from various points of view. The history of design thinking is fairly complex, thus the various points of origin assist in a better understanding thereof. These points of origin are critiqued and compared in an attempt to further illuminate the value and values of design thinking as an approach. As a result, the different origins of design thinking are linked to the characteristics identified by Owen (2005a:12-14; 2006a:3-5; 2006b:24-25) and Brown (2008a; 2009a:49-62, 71-77, 85-86), which further communicate the need for value and values in design thinking. In addition, this study investigates various criticisms against design thinking, in an attempt to understand many of the uncertainties surrounding the term. Moreover, the various criticisms are discussed and critiqued in order to build a case for design thinking, as well as the value and values it may add to any future outcome. Lastly, this study briefly explores the ethical values that underpin certain responsibilities within design thinking. Ethics and responsibilities play a key role in any design and design thinking outcome, and are discussed with this in mind. This study aims to explore the value and values of design thinking as an approach. More specifically, this study interrogates and explores the value and values of characteristics in design thinking. Moreover, this study specifically focuses on and interrogates characteristics identified by Charles Owen and Tim Brown in more detail. An attempt is made to critically discuss preconceived ideas regarding the nature of design thinking as a methodology and process. As a result, the characteristics identified in this study serve as the main point of departure. These inform and guide the study towards an understanding of value and values within design thinking. The understanding of design thinking relies on an understanding of design, but more specifically, the changing nature of design as a discipline and field of study. Therefore, this study begins with a brief history of design praxis, which serves as a foundation for contextualising design thinking. In addition, the history of design covered in this study serves as the foundation on which design thinking itself is based. This study especially seeks to uncover the history and origins of design thinking from various points of view. The history of design thinking is fairly complex, thus the various points of origin assist in a better understanding thereof. These points of origin are critiqued and compared in an attempt to further illuminate the value and values of design thinking as an approach. As a result, the different origins of design thinking are linked to the characteristics identified by Owen (2005a:12-14; 2006a:3-5; 2006b:24-25) and Brown (2008a; 2009a:49-62, 71-77, 85-86), which further communicate the need for value and values in design thinking. In addition, this study investigates various criticisms against design thinking, in an attempt to understand many of the uncertainties surrounding the term. Moreover, the various criticisms are discussed and critiqued in order to build a case for design thinking, as well as the value and values it may add to any future outcome. Lastly, this study briefly explores the ethical values that underpin certain responsibilities within design thinking. Ethics and responsibilities play a key role in any design and design thinking outcome, and are discussed with this in mind. This study aims to explore the value and values of design thinking as an approach. More specifically, this study interrogates and explores the value and values of characteristics in design thinking. Moreover, this study specifically focuses on and interrogates characteristics identified by Charles Owen and Tim Brown in more detail. An attempt is made to critically discuss preconceived ideas regarding the nature of design thinking as a methodology and process. As a result, the characteristics identified in this study serve as the main point of departure. These inform and guide the study towards an understanding of value and values within design thinking. The understanding of design thinking relies on an understanding of design, but more specifically, the changing nature of design as a discipline and field of study. Therefore, this study begins with a brief history of design praxis, which serves as a foundation for contextualising design thinking. In addition, the history of design covered in this study serves as the foundation on which design thinking itself is based. This study especially seeks to uncover the history and origins of design thinking from various points of view. The history of design thinking is fairly complex, thus the various points of origin assist in a better understanding thereof. These points of origin are critiqued and compared in an attempt to further illuminate the value and values of design thinking as an approach. As a result, the different origins of design thinking are linked to the characteristics identified by Owen (2005a:12-14; 2006a:3-5; 2006b:24-25) and Brown (2008a; 2009a:49-62, 71-77, 85-86), which further communicate the need for value and values in design thinking. In addition, this study investigates various criticisms against design thinking, in an attempt to understand many of the uncertainties surrounding the term. Moreover, the various criticisms are discussed and critiqued in order to build a case for design thinking, as well as the value and values it may add to any future outcome. Lastly, this study briefly explores the ethical values that underpin certain responsibilities within design thinking. Ethics and responsibilities play a key role in any design and design thinking outcome, and are discussed with this in mind. This study aims to explore the value and values of design thinking as an approach. More specifically, this study interrogates and explores the value and values of characteristics in design thinking. Moreover, this study specifically focuses on and interrogates characteristics identified by Charles Owen and Tim Brown in more detail. An attempt is made to critically discuss preconceived ideas regarding the nature of design thinking as a methodology and process. As a result, the characteristics identified in this study serve as the main point of departure. These inform and guide the study towards an understanding of value and values within design thinking. The understanding of design thinking relies on an understanding of design, but more specifically, the changing nature of design as a discipline and field of study. Therefore, this study begins with a brief history of design praxis, which serves as a foundation for contextualising design thinking. In addition, the history of design covered in this study serves as the foundation on which design thinking itself is based. This study especially seeks to uncover the history and origins of design thinking from various points of view. The history of design thinking is fairly complex, thus the various points of origin assist in a better understanding thereof. These points of origin are critiqued and compared in an attempt to further illuminate the value and values of design thinking as an approach. As a result, the different origins of design thinking are linked to the characteristics identified by Owen (2005a:12-14; 2006a:3-5; 2006b:24-25) and Brown (2008a; 2009a:49-62, 71-77, 85-86), which further communicate the need for value and values in design thinking. In addition, this study investigates various criticisms against design thinking, in an attempt to understand many of the uncertainties surrounding the term. Moreover, the various criticisms are discussed and critiqued in order to build a case for design thinking, as well as the value and values it may add to any future outcome. Lastly, this study briefly explores the ethical values that underpin certain responsibilities within design thinking. Ethics and responsibilities play a key role in any design and design thinking outcome, and are discussed with this in mind. This study aims to explore the value and values of design thinking as an approach. More specifically, this study interrogates and explores the value and values of characteristics in design thinking. Moreover, this study specifically focuses on and interrogates characteristics identified by Charles Owen and Tim Brown in more detail. An attempt is made to critically discuss preconceived ideas regarding the nature of design thinking as a methodology and process. As a result, the characteristics identified in this study serve as the main point of departure. These inform and guide the study towards an understanding of value and values within design thinking. The understanding of design thinking relies on an understanding of design, but more specifically, the changing nature of design as a discipline and field of study. Therefore, this study begins with a brief history of design praxis, which serves as a foundation for contextualising design thinking. In addition, the history of design covered in this study serves as the foundation on which design thinking itself is based. This study especially seeks to uncover the history and origins of design thinking from various points of view. The history of design thinking is fairly complex, thus the various points of origin assist in a better understanding thereof. These points of origin are critiqued and compared in an attempt to further illuminate the value and values of design thinking as an approach. As a result, the different origins of design thinking are linked to the characteristics identified by Owen (2005a:12-14; 2006a:3-5; 2006b:24-25) and Brown (2008a; 2009a:49-62, 71-77, 85-86), which further communicate the need for value and values in design thinking. In addition, this study investigates various criticisms against design thinking, in an attempt to understand many of the uncertainties surrounding the term. Moreover, the various criticisms are discussed and critiqued in order to build a case for design thinking, as well as the value and values it may add to any future outcome. Lastly, this study briefly explores the ethical values that underpin certain responsibilities within design thinking. Ethics and responsibilities play a key role in any design and design thinking outcome, and are discussed with this in mind.
Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
Visual Arts
MA
Unrestricted