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1
Smed, Jens. "Hydrographic Work of the INGOLF Expedition (1895 and 1896) to Icelandic and West Greenland Waters." Earth Sciences History 27, no. 2 (November 3, 2008): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.27.2.801g72r073445011.
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The Danish expedition in the summers of 1895 and 1896 on board the cruiser Ingolf to Icelandic and West Greenland waters mainly had zoological tasks, the results of which are treated in the present issue by Wolff. However, the expedition also obtained significant results in physical oceanography. The existence of a vast subsurface ridge, the Reykjanes Ridge, was proved. On the basis of the hydrographic stations worked, the expedition's physicist and chemist Martin Knudsen was able to describe the hydrographic situation of the area. He proved the division of the Irminger Current into an easterly and westerly branch northwest of Iceland, and the extent and magnitude of the East Icelandic Polar Current were established. The existence of an overflow over the Iceland-Faroe Ridge of cold, low-salinity bottom water from the Norwegian Sea into the Atlantic was demonstrated. Knudsen designed a new, reliable reversing thermometer for use on the expedition, and he constructed an instrument that made it possible to measure aboard the ship the content of oxygen and nitrogen dissolved in the water. He showed that the supersaturation of surface water with oxygen might be explained from the photosynthetic processes of phytoplankton.
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Churchill, Robin R. "The Barents Sea Loophole Agreement: A "Coastal State" Solution to a Straddling Stock Problem." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 14, no. 4 (1999): 467–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180899x00282.
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AbstractIn May 1999 Iceland, Norway and Russia signed an agreement (the "Loophole Agreement") designed to resolve a six-year dispute over unregulated fishing by Icelandic vessels for straddling stocks in an enclave ("the Loophole") of high seas in the central Barents Sea. The Agreement, which gives Iceland fishing rights in the Norwegian and Russian EEZs in return for ceasing fishing in the Loophole, is an example of direct co-operation between coastal and high seas fishing states over the management of straddling fish stocks on the high seas which the 1995 UN Agreement on the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks envisages as a possible alternative to management through a regional fisheries organisation. The article explains why the parties have chosen this model rather than utilising the existing regional fisheries organisation or establishing a new regional fisheries arrangement; and compares the Loophole Agreement with arrangements for some other high seas enclaves.
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Ármannsson, Pétur H. "Concrete’s Furthest North. Early 20th Century Heritage of Modern Civil Engineering in Iceland." Bridges and Infrastructures, no. 45 (2011): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.52200/45.a.etpc9u3y.
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In 1935–36, the English writer and design critic Philip Morton Shand (1888-1960), proponent of Modernism, translator of Walter Gropius and founder of MARS group (Modern Architectural Research Group) published two articles in the magazine “The Concrete Way”. The first one was entitled “Concrete´s furthest north”, highlighting the advanced and wide–ranging use of concrete construction in Iceland. With the second article were photographs of newly built public buildings by architect Sigurdur Gudmundsson (1885-1958) as well as bridges designed in the 1920s and 1930s by the engineers of the Icelandic State Highways Department. Shand was impressed by the work of the “gifted and thoroughly modern minded architect such as any country might be proud of” as well as the work of “first rate–engineers” of this “geographically remote island which at that time had only 100,000 inhabitants and 2,000 motorcars. He also points at the photos "as evidence of the wonderful clearness of the air which is characteristic of Iceland´s brief Arctic summers."
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Pétursdóttir, Eyrún, Hrund Ó. Andradóttir, and Halldóra Hreggviðsdóttir. "Lykilþættir í innleiðingu blágrænna ofanvatnslausna á Íslandi." Icelandic Journal of Engineering 23 (September 13, 2017): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33112/ije.23.5.
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Existing urban drainage structures that collect stormwater in underground piping networks face increased pressure with urban densification and increased rainfall intensity with global warming. Urban flooding may become more frequent in the future posing economic, environmental and health risks. Sustainable Drainage Solutions (SuDS) are increasingly being considered as a natural and economical approach to surface water management. Ponds, vegetated swales, rain gardens and green roofs slow down the surface water flow and break down pollutants stemming from traffic, asphalt wear and roof materials. SuDS has been designed for one neighbourhood in Iceland, Urriðaholt. The Icelandic Planning Act and National Planning Strategy have set the base for the implementation of SuDS. Iceland, however, lacks a comprehensive strategy to obtain the benefits of SuDS. This article presents the key success factors for implementing SuDS in Iceland, based on a review of Sweden's and England ́s decadal experience, and current legal, planning, knowledge and data environment in Iceland. Firstly, it is important to clarify the strategic goals of urban runoff management in governmental policy documents. Secondly, the implementation of SuDS needs to be intertwined with the planning process both in municipal and detailed planning phases. A collaborative effort must be undertaken between sewer specialists, planners and other professionals to develop novel surface water collection approaches with respect to local conditions. Collaboration, roles and responsibilities must be clear and identified throughout the SuDS life cycle, from strategy, planning and design, to construction, operation and maintenance. More interdisciplinary research needs to be conducted with regards to SuDS, and communicated to local stakeholders to improve their general knowledge on SuDS.
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Ólafsdóttir, Jóna, Steinunn Hrafnsdóttir, and Tarja Orjasniemi. "Depression, anxiety, and stress from substance-use disorder among family members in Iceland." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 35, no. 3 (May 29, 2018): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1455072518766129.
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Aims: This research was designed to explore the extent to which the use of alcohol or drugs by one member of a family affects the psychosocial state of other family members. The study asks whether family members of substance abusers are more likely to report increased depression, anxiety and stress then the general population in Iceland? Are there significant differences between family members; e.g., spouses, parents, adult children and siblings by gender, age, education and income? Data and methods: The instrument used for this purpose is the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS), which is designed to measure those three related mental states. It was administered to 143 participants (111 women and 32 men) with ages ranging from 19–70 years on the first day of a four-week group therapy programme for relatives of substance use disorder (SUD) at The Icelandic National Centre for Addiction Treatment (SÁÁ) from August 2015 to April 2016. Thirty participants are adult children of a parent with SUD, 47 are a spouse, 56 are parents of a child with SUD and 10 are siblings. The subscales of the DASS for depression, anxiety, and stress were utilised to examine which family member – parent, child, partner, or sibling – presented the behaviour associated with SUD. Results: 36% or more of the respondents in all three subscales had average, serious, or very serious depression, anxiety, and/or stress. This is higher than in DASS studies of the general population in Iceland. However, the analysis indicates that it made little difference to the family’s wellbeing which family member was affected by SUD.
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Gonzalez Rodriguez, Milton Fernando. "Compliment responses in Icelandic." Language and Dialogue 10, no. 2 (September 4, 2020): 194–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ld.00066.gon.
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Abstract Compliment responses are speech acts assumed to mirror cultural appropriateness. In this sense, a review of responses to compliments offers cues about the ways in which speakers react to dialogic strategies of politeness. In order to examine how Icelanders react to compliments, an Elicitation Experiment (EE) was designed to evoke natural responses. It consisted in asking a group of 81 Icelandic informants (46 female, 35 male) to read tongue-twisters in Dutch and Spanish during a set of interviews. Informants were complimented based on their performance and their responses were recorded. Based on 162 exchange tokens, it is possible to conclude that not agreeing to compliments is the most common way of reacting to compliments in Iceland.
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Kristjansson, Alfgeir L., Michael J. Mann, Jon Sigfusson, Ingibjorg E. Thorisdottir, John P. Allegrante, and Inga Dora Sigfusdottir. "Implementing the Icelandic Model for Preventing Adolescent Substance Use." Health Promotion Practice 21, no. 1 (June 4, 2019): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524839919849033.
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This is the second in a two-part series of articles about the Icelandic Model for Primary Prevention of Substance Use (IPM) in this volume of Health Promotion Practice. IPM is a community collaborative approach that has demonstrated remarkable effectiveness in reducing substance use initiation among youth in Iceland over the past 20 years. While the first article focused attention on the background context, theoretical orientation, evaluation and evidence of effectiveness, and the five guiding principles of the model, this second article describes the 10 core steps to practical implementation. Steps 1 to 3 focus on building and maintaining community capacity for model implementation. Steps 4 to 6 focus on implementing a rigorous system of data collection, processing, dissemination, and translation of findings. Steps 7 to 9 are designed to focus community attention and to maximize community engagement in creating and sustaining a social environment in which young people become progressively less likely to engage in substance use, including demonstrative examples from Iceland. And Step 10 focuses on the iterative, repetitive, and long-term nature of the IPM and describes a predictable arc of implementation-related opportunities and challenges. The article is concluded with a brief discussion about potential variation in community factors for implementation.
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Kabošová, Lenka, Stanislav Kmeť, and Dušan Katunský. "Digitally Designed Airport Terminal Using Wind Performance Analysis." Buildings 9, no. 3 (March 7, 2019): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings9030059.
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Over the past few decades, digital tools have become indispensable in the field of architecture. The complex design tasks that make up architectural design methods benefit from utilizing advanced simulation software and, consequently, design solutions have become more nature-adapted and site-specific. Computer simulations and performance-oriented design enable us to address global challenges, such as climate change, in the preliminary conceptual design phase. In this paper, an innovative architectural design method is introduced. This method consists of the following: (1) an analysis of the local microclimate, specifically the wind situation; (2) the parametric shape generation of the airport terminal incorporating wind as a form-finding factor; (3) Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis; and (4) wind-performance studies of various shapes and designs. A combination of programs, such as Rhinoceros (Rhino), and open-source plug-ins, such as Grasshopper and Swift, along with the post-processing software Paraview, are utilized for the wind-performance evaluation of a case study airport terminal in Reykjavik, Iceland. The objective of this wind-performance evaluation is to enhance the local wind situation and, by employing the proposed architectural shape, to regulate the wind pattern to find the optimal wind flow around the designed building. By utilizing the aforementioned software, or other open-source software, the proposed method can be easily integrated into regular architectural practice.
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Jónsson, Árni, and Erik Hestnes. "The proposed open-pit protection of Bolungarvík, Iceland." Annals of Glaciology 32 (2001): 345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756401781819049.
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AbstractSnow avalanches threaten a large part of the residential area of Bolungarvik, a town of 1100 inhabitants located in the Vestfirðir peninsula, northwest Iceland. Methods for the complete protection of all the houses were requested by the Ministry of Environment. As conventional deflecting and catching dams were not feasible due to avalanche velocities of > 40 m s–1 in the actual defence area, a huge open pit built into the lower mountainside was proposed. The pit is designed to dissipate the energy of avalanches of any expected size. It is 1000 m long, and the upper and lower pit walls are 30–40 and 15–20 m high, respectively. The downhill side of the pit is increased to 30 m by a nearly vertical, 10–15 m high dam. The bottom is 25–40 m wide, and the effective cross-sections are 700–2300 m2. The total storage capacity is approximately 106 m3. Cost-benefit analyses indicate that the development cost of the pit protection is favourable compared to the value of the houses as well as alternative safety solutions.
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Pálsdóttir, Auður, and Lára Jóhannsdóttir. "Signs of the United Nations SDGs in University Curriculum: The Case of the University of Iceland." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 10, 2021): 8958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13168958.
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Sustainability is a pressing topic in all universities. Institutions are determining what the implications of such a development are, e.g., on how courses that students are provided with should develop, what to change, what to add, and how these changes could be brought about. The purpose of this research was to provide an overview of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the curriculum of five schools at the University of Iceland and an overview of individual SDGs for the university, to identify the main challenges and opportunities for improvement. Data collection included analysis of every single university’s course description and learning outcomes using a curriculum analysis key designed for the SDGs. Results indicated strong signs of SDG 4 (quality education) at the School of Education and the School of Social Sciences and SDG 3 (good health and well-being) at the School of Health Sciences. For the university, the results revealed a very limited emphasis on four SDGs, i.e., SDG 1 (no poverty), SDG 2 (zero hunger), SDG 6 (clean water and sanitation), and SDG 13 (climate actions). The results can serve as a benchmark for other universities, e.g., for comparison of results and their situation when creating policy and practices that include implementing the SDGs. Additionally, they can be used for comparison within the University of Iceland as a whole or within each school to monitor change.
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Danner, Ragnar Ingi, Utra Mankasingh, Kesara Anamthawat-Jonsson, and Ragnheidur Inga Thorarinsdottir. "Designing Aquaponic Production Systems towards Integration into Greenhouse Farming." Water 11, no. 10 (October 13, 2019): 2123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11102123.
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Aquaponics is a sustainable method of food production, whereby aquaculture and hydroponics are combined in one circular system. A few aquaponics startup companies are emerging in Europe with a limited production area of a few hundred or a few thousand square meters, whereas hydroponics is a common practice in a commercially viable manner most often with production units of several hectares. In Iceland, greenhouse farmers operate on relatively small production units, often between 2000 and 5000 m2. The aim of the present study was, therefore, to develop and design aquaponic production systems towards integration into small greenhouse farming strengthening economic viability and sustainability. Since the local market in Iceland is small and import is relatively expensive due to the distance from other markets, the suitability of commercially available fish feed and the selection of plant species were assessed in relation to production efficiency and available market and resources. The effects of water flow on plant growth and on nutrient utilization in culture water were measured and evaluated. Four aquaponics test systems were designed, built and operated, and results were used to develop a pilot commercial aquaponics system implemented for greenhouse farming in Iceland. One of the test systems was a media filled flood and drain system and the other three were deep water culture systems. Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), one of the most popular fish in aquaculture, was reared in all systems, while different leafy greens and fruiting vegetables were grown in the hydroponics. The fish was fed with commercial aquaculture feed made for cod and charr. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was used to assess the effectiveness of feed on fish growth. The FCR observed in this research was between 0.9 and 1.2, within the typical values for tilapia growth in aquaculture. The production of the leafy green plants (e.g., pak-choi) was approximately four times, by weight, that of the production of fish, a similar yield as shown in other researches in the field. The continuous rise of nitrate and phosphate concentrations in the aquaponic system indicated the potential to support even higher crop yield. Long daylength in the summer in Iceland is clearly beneficial for crop production in aquaponics. Based on the results, it is concluded that aquaponics can be a feasible opportunity for greenhouse farming at least to diversify the current business model. Not only can the fish provide an extra income but also the effluent from the aquaculture is easily used as fertilizer for the plants, thus the circular production system offers new innovative ideas for diversifying and value-adding the business further, for example into crayfish production and/or into educational and experience tourism.
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Skinner, A. C., P. Bowers, S. Þórhallsson, G. Ómar Friðleifsson, and H. Guðmundsson. "Design, Manufacture, and Operation of a Core Barrel for the Iceland Deep Drilling Project (IDDP)." Scientific Drilling 10 (September 1, 2010): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sd-10-40-2010.
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The science program of the Iceland Deep Drilling Project (IDDP) requires as much core as possible in the transition zone to supercritical and inside the supercritical zone (>374°C), in the depth interval 2400–4500 m. The spot coring system selected has a 7 1/4" (184.15 mm) OD at 10 m length and collects a 4" (101.6 mm) diameter core using an 8 1/2" (215.9 mm) OD core bit. It incorporates design characteristics, materials, clearances and bearings compatible with operation of the core barrel at temperatures as high as 600°C. Special attention was given to the volume of flushing which could be applied to the core barrel and through the bit while running in and out of the borehole and while coring. In November 2008 a successful spot coring test using the new core barrel was performed at 2800 m depth in the production well RN-17 B at Reykjanes, Iceland, where the formation temperature is 322°C. A 9.3-m hydrothermally altered hyaloclastite breccia was cored with 100% core recovery, in spite of it being highly fractured. A core tube data logger was also designed and placed inside the inner barrel to monitor the effectiveness of cooling. The temperature could be maintained at 100°C while coring, but it reached 170°C for a very short period while tripping in. The effective cooling is attributed to the high flush design and a top drive being employed, which allows circulation while tripping in or out, except for the very short time when a new drill pipe connection is being made. <br><br> doi:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2204/iodp.sd.10.05.2010" target="_blank">10.2204/iodp.sd.10.05.2010</a>
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Mingo, Laurent, and Gwenn E. Flowers. "An integrated lightweight ice-penetrating radar system." Journal of Glaciology 56, no. 198 (2010): 709–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214310793146179.
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AbstractWe describe a portable low-frequency impulse radar system intended for ground-based surveys that employs off-the-shelf hardware integrated with custom-designed software. The hardware comprises a 1–200 MHz transmitter, digitizer, computer and GPS receiver, which together weigh ∼1.5 kg. The entire system, including waterproof enclosures and batteries suited for >8 hours of continuous operation, weighs <10 kg plus the weight of the antenna housing. The system design is flexible, permitting hardware components such as the digitizer or navigation device to be exchanged. The software includes acquisition parameter control, real-time visual ice-depth rendering and data management capabilities using a hierarchical data format. The system described here has been successfully used to sound polythermal ice up to ∼220 m thick in ski-based surveys in the Yukon, Canada, and temperate ice up to ∼550 m thick in machine-based surveys in Iceland.
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Beierwaltes, Patricia, David Clisbee, and Sandra K. Eggenberger. "An Educational Intervention Incorporating Digital Storytelling to Implement Family Nursing Practice in Acute Care Settings." Journal of Family Nursing 26, no. 3 (July 18, 2020): 213–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1074840720935462.
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This project describes implementation of an educational intervention designed to initiate practice changes that support families and nurses during acute illness. An academic–practice partnership and digital storytelling methodology provided a foundation. A quasi-experimental research design included quantitative and qualitative measurement before and after the educational intervention. Themes identified in digital stories of nurse experiences caring for families provided direction for the educational intervention including the digital stories, empirical evidence, and proposed changes in nursing practice focused on families. Nurse participants ( n = 160) in the educational intervention reported positive responses on a qualitative questionnaire. Comparing pretest and posttest results of the Family Nurse Practice Scale reflected positive, though not significant change. Family members ( n = 49) reported significantly improved perceptions of support on 7 of the 14 items on the Iceland Perceived Family Support Questionnaire. This project highlighted digital storytelling’s power to promote family interventions and move family nursing knowledge into practice.
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Souza, Fernanda P., Edna B. Foa, Elisabeth Meyer, Kátia G. Niederauer, and Aristides V. Cordioli. "Psychometric properties of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: Revised (OCI-R)." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 33, no. 2 (March 11, 2011): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462011000200008.
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OBJECTIVE: The present study was designed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory - Revised. METHOD: The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory - Revised was administered toa total of 260 participants: a clinical sample of 130 patients with anxiety disorders (64 with a diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder patients, 33 diagnosed with social phobia, and 33 with panic disorder) and a sample of 130 non-clinical subjects. RESULTS: The findings indicate that the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory - Revised is a valid measure for identifying and assessing the severity of the six symptom subtypes in obsessive-compulsive disorder.The original factor structure of the instrument was replicated in an exploratory factor analysis. Test-retest reliability was examined using data from 64 obsessive-compulsive disorder patients who completed the inventory on two different occasions. In each sample, the overall and subscale scores showed moderate to good internal consistency, good convergent and divergent validity, and sensitivity to changes resulting from cognitive-behavioral group therapy changes. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory - Revised retains the psychometric properties of its original version and the Spanish, German and Iceland versions.
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Скоморовский, Валерий, Valery Skomorovsky, Галина Кушталь, Galina Kushtal, Любовь Лоптева, Lyubov Lopteva, Владимир Прошин, et al. "Chromospheric telescope of Baikal Astrophysical Observatory. New light." Solnechno-Zemnaya Fizika 2, no. 2 (June 17, 2016): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/17376.
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A chromospheric telescope is an important instrument for synoptic observations and solar research. After several decades of observations with the chromospheric telescope at Baikal Astrophysical Observatory, a need arose to improve the characteristics of this telescope and filter. A new reimaging lens to produce full-disk solar images 18 mm in diameter at the CCD camera Hamamatsu C-124 with a detector 36×24 mm (4000×2672 pixels) was designed and manufactured to replace the out-of-operation 50×50 mm Princeton Instruments camera. A contrast interference blocking filter and a new Iceland spar and quartz crystal plates instead of damaged ones were made and installed in the Hα birefringent filter (BF), manufactured by Bernhard Hallе Nachfl. The optical immersion in the filter was changed. All telescope optics was cleaned and adjusted. We describe for the first time the design features and their related BF passband tuning. The wavefront interferograms of optical elements and telescope as a whole show that the wavefront distortion of the optical path is within 0.25 λ. The BF and pre-filter spectral parameters provide high-contrast monochromatic images. Besides, we give examples of solar chromospheric images in the Ha line core and wing.
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Black, David, and Warren Lynch. "Use of a short trainee questionnaire to support international UK equivalent core medical training." Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh 51, no. 1 (March 2021): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4997/jrcpe.2021.120.
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Introduction The Federation of the Royal Colleges of Physicians of the UK provides UK equivalent Core Medical Training (CMT), now Internal Medicine Training (IMT), with six partners internationally. The objective of this study was to support the quality management and accreditation of those programmes. Methods A short, simple trainee questionnaire was designed and implemented online to produce data that could be compared with the Joint Royal Colleges of Physicians Training Board (JRCPTB) analysis of the UK national General Medical Council (GMC) questionnaire. Survey included first three of the current six international partners of JRCPTB: one site in Iceland and the other two in India. Results Over 90% trainee engagement was achieved, and the results are compatible and related to the UK experience. No serious issues were identified that need immediate action and the output was used for discussion about training and service at all three sites. Good satisfaction with the programme was found in all three sites. Conclusion A simple online questionnaire can have good engagement with trainees on an international basis and produce useful information that helps trainees and trainers discuss the care of their patients and improve training
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Golden, Steven, Lara S. Wagner, Brian Schleigh, Daniela Power, Diana C. Roman, Selwyn I. Sacks, and Helen Janiszewski. "Digitization of the Carnegie Analog Broadband Instruments Tape Records (1965–1996)." Seismological Research Letters 91, no. 3 (February 26, 2020): 1441–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220190334.
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Abstract Between 1965 and 2003, the Carnegie Institution of Washington’s Department of Terrestrial Magnetism operated a continuous network of nine broadband seismographs with locations in South America, Japan, Iceland, Papua New Guinea, and Washington, D.C. The Carnegie seismographs designed in the 1960s by Selwyn Sacks were among the earliest broadband instruments, sensing between at least 30 s and ∼30 Hz. Given the scarcity of historic seismic data of comparable bandwidth and dynamic range prior to the widespread shift to force-feedback instruments and digital recording around the mid-1980s, this dataset is still of high scientific value today. The Carnegie seismographs recorded data to magnetic tapes meant to be read and analyzed using a custom playback system. Since 1989 these tapes have been stored in a climate-controlled, electromagnetically shielded room, which preserved them in reasonably good condition. However, some tapes now show signs of moisture damage, and reading them is difficult and time consuming by today’s standards, creating a barrier to the use of this dataset. To overcome these issues, we have undertaken an ongoing effort to digitize this dataset with the goal of making it publicly available in Standard for the Exchange of Earthquake Data (SEED) format at the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology Data Management Center (IRIS DMC).
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Wolff, Torben. "The First Danish Deep-Sea Expedition on the Ingolf: 1895 and 1896." Earth Sciences History 27, no. 2 (November 3, 2008): 164–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.27.2.201558682104577l.
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The Danish Ingolf Expedition took place in the summer months of 1895 and 1896, with C. F. Wandel as captain, a man with long experience in hydrographical work in the Arctic. The other scientific participants were the zoologists H. Jungersen, W. Lundbeck and H. J. Hansen during the 1895 cruise; C. Wesenberg-Lund replaced Hansen during the 1896 cruise. C. H. Ostenfeld was the botanist and M. Knudsen the hydrographer. The Ingolf (see Figure 1) was a naval cruiser. In both years the voyages were hindered by ice that had moved much further south than normal, even closing most of the Denmark Strait. In 1895, the best results were obtained south of Iceland and in the Davis Strait; in 1896 south and east of Iceland and as far north as Jan Mayen Island. A total of 144 stations were completed, all with soundings, trawlings and (for the first time) continuous hydrographical work associated with the deep-sea trawling (bottom measurements of temperature, salinity, chlorine contents and specific gravity). Eighty of the stations were deeper than 1,000 m. There were more than 800 hydrographical measurements, with about 3,300 registrations recordings added on the basis of the measurements. 138 gas analyses were performed on board with samples from the surface and the sea bottom. The main result of the expedition was the final demonstration of probably the most important threshold boundaries in the world: the Wyville Thompson Ridge from East Greenland to Scotland with maximum depths of 600 m, separating the fauna in the Norwegian and Polar Sea to the north, always with negative below-zero temperatures except close to the Norwegian coast, from the fundamentally different general Atlantic deep-sea fauna to the south of the ridge with positive temperatures. The results are published in the Ingolf Report, with fifteen volumes containing forty-three papers by nineteen Danish authors and fourteen papers by six foreign authors. The sieving technique was excellent—due to an apparatus designed by H. J. Hansen that kept the animals under water until preservation and using the finest silk for sieving. In this way, the expedition collected more smaller animals than had been acquired by previous deep-sea expeditions. Hansen's studies of the peracarid crustaceans and parasitic copepods and Lundbeck's report on the sponges were particularly noteworthy. The 130 photographs taken on board and on land by the ship's doctor William Thulstrup represent a cultural/historical treasure.
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Gearty, C. A. "The European Court of Human Rights and the Protection of Civil Liberties: an Overview." Cambridge Law Journal 52, no. 1 (March 1993): 89–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197300017256.
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It is doubtful whether there is a more famous court in Europe than the European Court of Human Rights. The town in which it is located, Strasbourg, has become a rallying cry for disappointed litigants from Iceland to Istanbul. Through its application of the European Convention on Human Rights, the Court is seen to have played an important role in the protection of individual freedom in western Europe, and its case-law has ballooned dramatically in recent years. So successful has it been that the Court's jurisdiction is coveted by the newly emerging democracies in eastern and central Europe as a badge of legitimacy and a bulwark against future tyranny. Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland and Bulgaria already have judges on the Court and representatives from Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are expected in the not too distant future. There is even talk of Russian membership. Moves are afoot to rationalise the Court's procedures, and to incorporate its law within the European Community.1 Some- time in the next few years it will have a fine new building, designed by Sir Richard Rogers. All the signs are that its jurisprudence will continue to grow at a hectic pace. It is not improbable that the Court will emerge over time as a supreme court of Europe, at least so far as human rights are concerned.
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Unnþórsson, Rúnar, and Guðmundur V. Oddsson. "Frammistöðumat á umfangsmiklum nemendateymum." Icelandic Journal of Engineering 26 (December 14, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33112/ije.26.3.
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A methodology has been developed aimed at helping teachers to evaluate the performance of extensive student teams in engineering courses. The paper demonstrates the methodology with a case study. The case is a project course that has been taught at the University of Iceland for 10 years. In the course, students design a one-seater electric race car, build it and compete in it at foreign competitions. The aim of the course each year is the same - to improve the last design. The students' performance - judged on the points received in the competitions - has been nearly the same all these years. Attempts by teachers to help the students to improve their performance have not been successful. The results show that by applying the methodology developed by the authors, teachers can get a good overview of the factors that affect students' performance and gain a good understanding of what possibly hinders progress. The methodology is a powerful tool that is easy to use to systematically analyse student performance and identify problems. The user must evaluate each factor and give a rating with arguments. This systematic approach provides a good understanding of the workings of the team, it helps to see where the problems lie and helps to decide which aspects need to be examined further. Although the methodology has been designed to evaluate student teams, all indications are that it could be useful for evaluating the performance of other teams – e.g. in industry.
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Bunch, R., T. Hunt, V. Riege, P. Cady, and R. Wagenman. "PCASE13 OTC PROGRAM FOR COMMON, ROUTINE AILMENTS DESIGNED TO LOWER THE BURDEN ON PROVIDERS AND TO SUBSTITUTE LESS EXPENSIVE OTC MEDICATIONS FOR MORE COSTLY PRESCRIPTION MEDICATIONS:A CASE STUDY OF THE UNITED STATES NAVAL HOSPITAL IN KEFLAVIK, ICELAND." Value in Health 10, no. 3 (May 2007): A207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1098-3015(10)69153-x.
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Karsberg, Sidsel H., and Ask Elklit. "Victimization and PTSD in A Rural Kenyan Youth Sample." Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health 8, no. 1 (September 7, 2012): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1745017901208010091.
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Within the last ten years, there has been a growing number of epidemiological studies, examining the effect of trauma exposure in children and adolescents. Although studies concerning Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) have been conducted in a wide array of different cultural contexts [1], the knowledge on traumatization and development of PTSD is still limited [2]. Most studies conducted are clinical studies, which deal with subjects that have already been traumatized or affected by specific single events such as war [3], natural disasters [1], serious accidents [4] or physical/sexual abuse [5-7]. Though research indicates that adolescents are very vulnerable to the exposure of Potentially Traumatic Events (PTEs) [8], studies targeting non-clinical youth populations and the impact of their life experiences are very few. With the increasing ethnic diversity of populations worldwide, it is of particular interest to compare the prevalence of exposure and PTSD in children and adolescents of different ethnic backgrounds. When designing preventive interventions and treatment programs for youth suffering from PTSD it is crucial to understand the complex interaction of variables behind the disorder. Differences in prevalence of exposure, PTSD and demographic variables between ethnicities may reveal some important clues to the etiology of the disease. The present study replicated six previous non-clinical studies which were designed to provide epidemiological information about exposure to PTEs, and the prevalence of PTSD among adolescents (see Table 1). The six studies were conducted in different countries and were very similar in their research methods and samples. The studies have been conducted in four European countries: Denmark [9], Iceland, [10], Lithuania [11], and the Faroe Islands [2], as well as in two Asian countries: Israel [12], and India [13] of which the four first samples were nationally representative.
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Graham, J. S., G. Dunbar, S. Walsh, C. Dick, and J. D. White. "A population based study of the incidence, clinical course and prognostification of GIST in Scotland in the pre-imatinib era (1995–1999)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2007): 10050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.10050.
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10050 Background: GIST's are rare tumours characterised by C-KIT and or CD34 positivity. Population based studies have been performed in countries including Iceland, Spain, Sweden and Holland but this is the first in the United Kingdom. Methods: Pathology records from the entire country were screened for actual or potential GIST cases and the tissues stained with CD117 for C-KIT to confirm a genuine diagnosis of GIST. The primary endpoint was to calculate the incidence of GIST in Scotland from 1995–1999. Secondary endpoints included information re stage, site, survival, sex, age and geographical distribution, and to validate the NIH (National Institute for Health) prognostic index currently used. To date 132 patients have been confirmed with GIST who were previously diagnosed as having either GIST or another similar malignancy. We await final information from 1 region. Results: Primary Endpoint. The incidence of GIST in Scotland from 1995–1999 was 5.2/million/year. Secondary endpoints. Median age at time of diagnosis was 69 with a similar male to female ratio. Original tumour site was 55.8% gastric, 38 % small bowel, 2.3 % colorectal; other sites were < 1 % each. 50.4% were originally diagnosed as GIST's. Other diagnosis included leiomyoma (21.7%) and leiomyosarcoma (14%). All others were <5% each. According to the prognostic index 10.9% were very low risk, 26.4% low risk, 23.3% intermediate, 30.2% high risk Conclusions: Although C- KIT staining was not standard practice during the study period a high percentage of patients were correctly diagnosed originally. Despite a study designed to maximise case ascertainment we report an incidence of GIST in Scotland lower than that of other studies (11 to 14.5 million/ year). This discrepancy may be due to differing study designs and/or failures in the original pathology coding; fundamental in our methodology. Ongoing work to assess the importance of original tumour site, size, prognostic index, etc is underway and this data will be available prior to the 2007 Annual Meeting. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Ly, Johan Marius, Rune Bergstrøm, Ole Kristian Bjerkemo, and Synnøve Lunde. "To Cooperate or Not? Why Working Together is Essential in the Arctic." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 1146–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.1146.
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Abstract The Norwegian Arctic covers Svalbard, Bear Island, Jan Mayen and the Barents Sea. 80% of all shipping activities in the Arctic are within Norwegian territorial waters and the Exclusive Economic Zone. To reduce the risk for accidents, the Norwegian authorities have established several preventive measures. Among these are ship reporting systems, traffic separation schemes in international waters and surveillance capabilities. If an accident has occurred and an oil spill response operation must be organized - resources, equipment, vessels and manpower from Norwegian and neighboring states will be mobilized. In 2015, the Norwegian Coastal Administration finalized an environmental risk-based emergency response analysis for shipping incidents in the Svalbard, Bear Island and Jan Mayen area. This scenario-based analysis has resulted in a number of recommendations that are currently being implemented to be better prepared for oil spill response operations in the Norwegian Arctic. Further, a large national oil spill response exercise in 2016 was based on one of these scenarios involving at sea and onshore oil spill response at Svalbard. The 2016 exercise, working within the framework of the Agreement on Cooperation on Marine Oil Pollution Preparedness and Response in the Arctic between Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden and the USA (Arctic Council 2013), focused on a shipping incident in the Norwegian waters in the Barents Sea, close to the Russian border. Every year, as part of the Russian – Norwegian Oil Spill Response Agreement and the SAR Agreement in the Barents Sea, combined SAR and oil spill response exercises are organized. These are held every second year in Russia and every second year in Norway. There is an expected increased traffic and possible increased risk for accidents in the Arctic waters. In order to build and maintain an emergency response system to this, cooperation between states, communities, private companies and other stakeholders is essential. It is important that all actors that operate and have a role in the Arctic are prepared and able to help ensure the best possible emergency response plans. We depend on one another, this paper highlights some of the ongoing activities designed to strengthen the overall response capabilities in the Arctic.
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Bishop, S. C., and A. J. F. Russel. "Cashmere production from feral and imported cashmere goat kids." Animal Science 58, no. 1 (February 1994): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100007170.
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AbstractCashmere production was evaluated on Scottish feral (F) goats, on goats imported from Iceland (I), Tasmania (T), New Zealand (N) and Siberia (S), and on two- and three-way crosses between feral and imported lines. Evaluations were based on the weight of cashmere in 10 cm2 mid-side patch samples taken at 5 months of age, with annual cashmere production being predicted from sample cashmere and body weights. Data were collected on 121 purebred and 706 crossbred kids of both sexes. Mean fibre diameter for the F, I, T, N and S lines was 13-75 (s.e. = 0.82), 14·04 (s.e. 0·41), 16·13 (s.e. 0·35), 16·63 (s.e. 0·49) and 17·97 (s.e. 0·50) μm, mean estimated annual cashmere production was 37·3 (s.e. 71·3), 914 (s.e. 31·7), 227·1 (s.e. 28·1), 275·1 (s.e. 42·5) and 579·8 (s.e. 44·7) g, and mean live weight was 15·71 (s.e. 2·16), 17·65 (s.e. 0·93), 16·39 (s.e. 0·83), 16·53 (s.e. 1·28) and 21·9 (s.e. 1·28) kg, respectively. Significant positive heterosis existed between some lines for body weight and cashmere production, with the I line goats consistently showing the largest effects. Combining fibre diameter and cashmere production by their relative economic importance into an index designed to indicate the total value of the fibre produced by each genotype, the cashmere production index, reduced the large production differences between the lines, although the S line was still superior to all other lines. When the cashmere production index was adjusted to account for the economic importance of fibre colour, however, the T and N lines, the only lines which produced white fibre, were comparable to the S line. The cashmere production index for the S line was very sensitive to changes in the relative economic weight for fibre diameter, and if the price differential for high quality (i.e. fine) fibre was increased by a factor of 1·36, or greater, then the T and N lines were superior to the S line. Three-way cross means were estimated from line means and heterosis effects. No cross was consistently superior to all other genotypes, but several of the crosses showed the advantages of potentially producing white fibre as well as having high cashmere production indexes, with their indexes being insensitive to changes in the relative economic weights. Future selection for cashmere production in this population should concentrate on individuals of outstanding genetic merit, regardless of their line or cross.
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Sorensen, Jarle Lowe, Eric D. Carlström, Leif Inge Magnussen, Tae-eun Kim, Atle Martin Christiansen, and Glenn-Egil Torgersen. "Old dogs, new tricks? A Norwegian study on whether previous collaboration exercise experience impacted participant’s perceived exercise effect." International Journal of Emergency Services 8, no. 2 (August 5, 2019): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijes-04-2018-0025.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the perceived effects of a maritime cross-sector collaboration exercise. More specifically, this study aims to examine whether past exercise experience had an impact on the operative exercise participant’s perceived levels of collaboration, learning and usefulness. Design/methodology/approach This was a non-experimental quantitative survey-based study. A quantitative methodology was chosen over qualitative or mixed-methods methodologies as it was considered more suitable for data extraction from larger population groups, and allowed for the measurement and testing of variables using statistical methods and procedures (McCusker and Gunaydin, 2015). Data were collected from a two-day 2017 Norwegian full-scale maritime chemical oil-spill pollution exercise with partners from Norway, Germany, Iceland, Denmark and Sweden. The exercise included international public emergency response organizations and Norwegian non-governmental organizations. The study was approved by the Norwegian Centre for Research Data (ref. 44815) and the exercise planning organization. Data were collected using the collaboration, learning and utility (CLU) scale, which is a validated instrument designed to measure exercise participant’s perceived levels of collaboration, learning and usefulness (Berlin and Carlström, 2015). Findings The perceived focus on collaboration, learning and usefulness changed with the number of previous exercises attended. All CLU dimensions experienced decreases and increases, but while perceived levels of collaboration and utility reached their somewhat modest peaks among those with the most exercise experience, perceived learning was at its highest among those with none or little exercise experience, and at its lowest among those with most. These findings indicated that collaboration exercises in their current form have too little focus on collaborative learning. Research limitations/implications Several limitations of the current study deserve to be mentioned. First, this study was limited in scope as data were collected from a limited number of participants belonging to only one organization and during one exercise. Second, demographical variables such as age and gender were not taken into consideration. Third, limitation in performing a face-to-face data collection may have resulted in missing capturing of cues, verbal and non-verbal signs, which could have resulted in a more accurate screening. Moreover, the measurements were based on the predefined CLU-items, which left room for individual interpretation and, in turn, may cause somewhat lower term validity. As the number of international and national studies on exercise effects is scarce, it is important to increase further knowledge and to learn more about the causes as to why the perceived effects of collaboration exercises are considered somewhat limited. Practical implications Exercise designers may be stimulated to have a stronger emphasis on collaborative learning during exercise planning, hence continuously work to develop scripts and scenarios in a way that leads to continuous participant perceived learning and utility. Social implications Collaboration is established as a Norwegian national emergency preparedness principle. These findings may stimulate politicians and top crisis managers to develop national collaboration exercise script guidelines that emphasize collaborative learning and development. Originality/value This study shows how exercise experience impacted participant’s perceived levels of collaboration, learning and usefulness. Findings indicated that collaboration exercises in their current form have too little focus on collaborative learning.
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Jónsdóttir, Halldóra, and Þórdís Úlfarsdóttir. "Íslensk nútímamálsorðabók. Kjarni tungumálsins." Orð og tunga 21 (August 15, 2019): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33112/ordogtunga.21.2.
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Íslensk nútímamálsorðabók (A Dictionary of Contemporary Icelandic - islenskordabok.is) is a new dictionary designed for the web. It is largely modelled on the multilingual ISLEX project (www.islex.is), inheriting its lemmalist as well as its general structure, such as division into meanings, examples of use, information on the valency of verbs and prepositions, the use of labels, pronunciations, illustrations etc. The fact that a living language is always open to change has affected the work, so the dictionary’s lemma list and other contents reflect the spoken and written Icelandic of today, this also entails regular updates and additions to the material. The article first discusses the predecessors of Íslensk nútímamálsorðabók, it also briefly deals with the publishing history of Icelandic dictionaries. A description is given of the dictionary’s framework, linguistic approach, contents and its main features, as well as the editorial policy of the work as reflected in its vocabulary and definitions, and the way it deals with loan words and slang. Three important aspects of the dictionary come into focus which all can be said to be groundbreaking in Icelandic lexicography. These are: the processing of all articles according to the lemma’s semantic fields, a heavy use of corpora, and the dictionary’s original design for the web. Finally, some information is given on the use of the dictionary since its opening in late 2016.
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Iverson, Gregory K., and Courtenay A. Kesterson. "Foot and Syllable Structure in Modern Icelandic." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 12, no. 1 (June 1989): 13–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586500001918.
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As is well known, vowel length in Modern Icelandic is in general predictable on the basis of syllable structure such that, in polysyllabic words, stressed vowels in open syllables are long, other vowels are short; in stressed monosyllables, however, vowels are long whether the syllable is open or closed by a single consonant, and short only when the syllable is closed by a consonant cluster. In contrast to the ‘final maximalistic’ strategy of Árnason (1980) and other unlikely syllabification schemes designed to unify these two patterns, we invoke Giegerich's (1985) characterization of foot structure as applied to German and English, according to which stressed monosyllables categorize metrically as disyllabic feet whose rightmost member is null. Thus, CVC structures are metrically /CV.CØ/, with the result that the generalization regarding vowel length in words of all types is simply that stressed vowels in open syllables are long, others short.
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Björnsdóttir, Ingibjörg Elsa. "Vélþýðingar á íslensku og Apertium-þýðingarkerfið." Orð og tunga 18 (June 1, 2016): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33112/ordogtunga.18.8.
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There has been rapid development in language technology and machine translation in recent decades. There are three main types of machine translation: statistical ma-chine translation, rule-based machine translation, and example-based machine translation. In this article the Apertium machine translation system is discussed in particular. While Apertium was originally designed to translate between closely related languages, it can now handle languages that are much more different and variable in structure. Anyone can participate in the development of the Apertium system since it is an open source soft ware. Thus Apertium is one of the best options available in order to research and develop a machine translation system for Icelandic. The Apertium system has an easy-to-use interface, and it translates almost instantly from Icelandic into English or Swedish. However, the system still has certain limitations as regards vocabulary and ambiguity.
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Aukrust, T., J. M. Oberhuber, E. J. Farrell, and P. M. Haugan. "A modeling study of the North Atlantic with emphasis on the Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian Sea." IBM Systems Journal 31, no. 4 (1992): 798–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1147/sj.314.0798.
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Gagarina, Natalʹja Vladimirovna, Daleen Klop, Sari Kunnari, Koula Tantele, Taina Välimaa, Ingrida Balčiūnienė, Ute Bohnacker, and Joel Walters. "MAIN: multilingual assessment instrument for narratives." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 56 (January 1, 2019): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.56.2019.414.
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The Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN) was designed in order to assess narrative skills in children who acquire one or more languages from birth or from early age. MAIN is suitable for children from 3 to 10 years and evaluates both comprehension and production of narratives. Its design allows for the assessment of several languages in the same child, as well as for different elicitation modes: Model Story, Retelling, and Telling. MAIN contains four parallel stories, each with a carefully designed six-picture sequence. The stories are controlled for cognitive and linguistic complexity, parallelism in macrostructure and microstructure, as well as for cultural appropriateness and robustness. The instrument has been developed on the basis of extensive piloting with more than 550 monolingual and bilingual children aged 3 to 10, for 15 different languages and language combinations. Even though MAIN has not been norm-referenced yet, its standardized procedures can be used for evaluation, intervention and research purposes. MAIN is currently available in the following languages: English, Afrikaans, Albanian, Basque, Bulgarian, Croatian, Cypriot Greek, Danish, Dutch, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Icelandic, Italian, Lithuanian, Norwegian, Polish, Russian, Spanish, Standard Arabic, Swedish, Turkish, Vietnamese, and Welsh.
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Virtanen, T. H., P. Kolmonen, E. Rodríguez, L. Sogacheva, A. M. Sundström, and G. de Leeuw. "Ash plume top height estimation using AATSR." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 7, no. 8 (August 8, 2014): 2437–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-2437-2014.
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Abstract. An algorithm is presented for the estimation of volcanic ash plume top height using the stereo view of the Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) aboard Envisat. The algorithm is based on matching top of the atmosphere (TOA) reflectances and brightness temperatures of the nadir and 55° forward views, and using the resulting parallax to obtain the height estimate. Various retrieval parameters are discussed in detail, several quality parameters are introduced, and post-processing methods for screening out unreliable data have been developed. The method is compared to other satellite observations and in situ data. The proposed algorithm is designed to be fully automatic and can be implemented in operational retrieval algorithms. Combined with automated ash detection using the brightness temperature difference between the 11 and 12 μm channels, the algorithm allows efficient simultaneous retrieval of the horizontal and vertical dispersion of volcanic ash. A case study on the eruption of the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajökull in 2010 is presented.
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Dehé, Nicole. "The nature and use of Icelandic prenuclear and nuclear pitch accents: Evidence from F0 alignment and syllable/segment duration." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 33, no. 1 (April 7, 2010): 31–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586510000016.
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Two production studies and one perception study were designed to systematically test F0 alignment and segment duration in Icelandic pitch accents with a view to investigating previous claims about the inventory of distinct intonational categories. Four different conditions were tested: (i) prenuclear pitch accents, (ii) nuclear accents in sentence-final position in sentences with either broad focus or (iii) with final narrow focus, and (iv) nuclear narrow focus accents in non-final position. The alignment results are such that (i) prenuclear accents are signalled by a late rise (L*H), while final nuclear accents are signalled by an early rise; (ii) F0 peaks in prefinal nuclear accents are aligned earlier than in prenuclear accents, but later than in final nuclear accents, suggesting a prosodic boundary effect. The duration measurements suggest a positional, but no focus, effect on the duration of the accented syllable and its vowel, such that syllables/vowels earlier in the sentence are longer than later ones.
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Virtanen, T. H., P. Kolmonen, E. Rodríguez, L. Sogacheva, A. M. Sundström, and G. de Leeuw. "Ash plume top height estimate using AATSR." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 7, no. 4 (April 16, 2014): 3863–913. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-7-3863-2014.
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Abstract. An algorithm is presented for estimation of volcanic ash plume top height using the stereo view of the Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) aboard ENVISAT. The algorithm is based on matching the top of atmosphere (TOA) reflectances and brightness temperatures of the nadir and 55° forward views, and using the resulting parallax to obtain the height estimate. Various retrieval parameters are discussed in detail, several quality parameters are introduced, and post-processing methods for screening out unreliable data have been developed. The method is compared against other satellite observations and in-situ data. The proposed algorithm is designed to be fully automatic, and can be implemented into operational retrieval algorithms. Combined with automated ash detection using the brightness temperature difference between the 11 μm and 12 μm channels, the algorithm allows simultaneous retrieval of horizontal and vertical dispersion of volcanic ash efficiently. A case study on the eruption of the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajökull in 2010 is presented. The height estimate method results are validated against available satellite and ground based data.
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Pétursdóttir, Gyða Margrét, and Kristín Anna Hjálmarsdóttir. "Kynferðisleg áreitni á vinnustað: Aðgerðir, aðgerðaleysi og leiðin fram á við." Veftímaritið Stjórnmál og stjórnsýsla 15, no. 1 (June 17, 2019): 91–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.13177/irpa.a.2019.15.1.5.
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In the wake of the Icelandic #Metoo movement ways to eliminate sexual harassment, a manifestation of gender-based discrimination, have been called for. A fairly broad consensus seems to exist that policies, procedures and education is the key to success. However, research shows that gender equality projects often face resistance. This article is based on action research conducted at the Reykjavík Metropolitan Police, focusing on formal and informal resistance to analyze barriers and opportunities in equality work aimed at combating sexual harassment. The aim of the research was twofold; to map existing gender structures and to educate. In this article there is a special emphasis on the responses and experiences of the in-group forum designed to educate and raise awareness. The results reveal that there was a tendency to shift the responsibility elsewhere, that resources were limited and that there was a tendency to focus on ‘bad’ individuals instead of seeing sexual harassment as part of the workplace culture. These are examples of both formal and informal resistance. In the in-group forum there was an opportunity to discuss these manifestations of resistance and to discuss different manifestations of sexual harassment. Other organizations can learn from the results when strategizing to combat sexual harassment.
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Bernhardsdottir, Johanna, Marga Thome, Ingela Skärsäter, and Jane Dimmitt Champion. "Designing and revising a cognitive behavioral group intervention for psychological distress among female university students." Journal of Nursing Education and Practice 8, no. 3 (November 9, 2017): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v8n3p64.
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Background: Psychological distress in the form of depression and/or anxiety has been found to be common among university students, especially in females. Roughly one in five of Icelandic female university students exhibit elevated psychological distress, yet less than 30% of them do receive professional mental health care. To ameliorate the psychological distress a cognitive behavioral group therapy was designed to target the distress. The purpose of this paper is to describe the main steps in designing the respective intervention and the revisions made by the expert panel based on the validation of the preliminary intervention and the experience of the advanced practice psychiatric nurses therapists.Methods: The intervention design took place in four phases. Initially psychological distress was defined, secondly a literature review was conducted to see if there were effective interventions available to solve the problem. Thirdly the drafting of the intervention took place based on theory and evidence and finally the intervention was validated with quantitative and qualitative methods. The intervention was provided by two advanced practice psychiatric nurses in 4 sessions in groups of 5 to 8 females. An expert panel of 6 psychiatric nurses was formed to guide the intervention design, the delivery of the intervention and intervention validation.Results: The quantitative and qualitative validation of the preliminary intervention showed that psychological distress decreased and was acceptable to participants.Conclusions: The validation of the preliminary intervention provided the expert group with rationale for modifying the content and structure of the intervention in nine categories.
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Woods, Pamela J., Daniel S. Holland, Guðrún Marteinsdóttir, and André E. Punt. "How a catch–quota balancing system can go wrong: an evaluation of the species quota transformation provisions in the Icelandic multispecies demersal fishery." ICES Journal of Marine Science 72, no. 5 (February 4, 2015): 1257–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv001.
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Abstract Implementation of single-species catch limits in multispecies individual quota systems is problematic because it may incentivize discarding behaviour when quotas for some species limit catch of jointly caught species. Since discarding may reduce economic benefits and bias stock assessments, mechanisms that reduce incentives to discard can be beneficial. However, these mechanisms may be detrimental in the long term if they also pose a risk of stock depletion, which can occur if they enable catch to persistently exceed the total allowable catch (TAC). This study uses a bioeconomic model to analyse potential negative consequences of species quota transformation provisions, using the Icelandic individual transferable quota system as a case study. These provisions allow quota of one species to be transformed into quota of another species at specified rates related to relative market value. The system reduces the degree that the TAC of any particular species constrains catch of other species. However, it also allows catches of some species to exceed TACs, possibly leading to stock depletion. We explore how these provisions may affect long-term sustainability of individual species and profitability of the fishery as a whole. We focus on the extreme case of perfect targeting (i.e. full control of catch composition) to increase intuition on the potential for adverse effects of this system. Various combinations of species profitability are examined to determine attributes of species that lead to greater vulnerability, as well as interactions in species utilization. Consequences of changing harvest control rules are explored, and information needed to monitor for unintended consequences of such a system in practice are discussed. Although the species transformation system is designed to increase economic efficiency, our results show that it could lead to depletion in some cases, and may make it difficult to achieve optimal management goals.
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Flentje, H., B. Heese, J. Reichardt, and W. Thomas. "Aerosol profiling using the ceilometer network of the German Meteorological Service." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 3, no. 4 (August 23, 2010): 3643–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-3-3643-2010.
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Abstract. The German Meteorological Service (DWD) operates about 52 lidar ceilometers within its synoptic observations network, covering Germany. These affordable low-power lidar systems provide spatially and temporally high resolved aerosol backscatter profiles which can operationally provide quasi 3-D distributions of particle backscatter intensity. Intentionally designed for cloud height detection, recent significant improvements allow following the development of the boundary layer and to detect denser particle plumes in the free tropospere like volcanic ash, Saharan dust or fire smoke. Thus the network builds a powerful aerosol plume alerting and tracking system. If auxiliary aerosol information is available, the particle backscatter coefficient, the extinction coefficient and even particle mass concentrations may be estimated, with however large uncertainties. Therefore, large synergistic benefit is achieved if the ceilometers are linked to existing lidar networks like EARLINET or integrated into WMO's envisioined Global Aerosol Lidar Observation Network GALION. To this end, we demonstrate the potential and limitations of ceilometer networks by means of three representative aerosol episodes over Europe, namely Sahara dust, Mediterranean fire smoke and, more detailed, the Icelandic Eyjafjoll volcano eruption from mid April 2010 onwards. The DWD (Jenoptik CHM15k) lidar ceilometer network tracked the Eyjafjoll ash layers over Germany and roughly estimated peak extinction coefficients and mass concentrations on 17 April of 4–6(± 2) 10-4 m−1 and 500–750(± 300) μg/m−3, respectively, based on co-located aerosol optical depth, nephelometer (scattering coefficient) and particle mass concentration measurements. Though large, the uncertainties are small enough to let the network suit for example as aviation advisory tool, indicating whether the legal flight ban threshold of presently 2 mg/m3 is imminent to be exceeded.
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Andersen, R. D., A. Axelin, M. Eriksson, and G. Kristjánsdóttir. "PEARL – Pain in early life. A new network for research and education." Scandinavian Journal of Pain 12, no. 1 (July 1, 2016): 117–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjpain.2016.05.006.
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AbstractAimsTo establish a network for research and education and to provide expert knowledge to parents and health care professionals about pain in early life.Methods In November 2014 a group of Nordic researchers and research students, committed to the field of pain in early life, gathered for an open lecture day and workshop in Örebro, Sweden. Inspired by the work of the Canadian initiative PICH – Pain In Child Health, the network formulated it’s vision: To be a stabile and competent research and training network within the area of pain in early life. A first collaborate project was designed: “Translation, cultural adaptation and validation of the revised version of the Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP-R): An effort to improve pain assessment in infants in the Nordic countries”.ResultsFourteen months later, in January 2016, the second PEARL-meeting was held, in Oslo, Norway. The lecture day provided clinically active nurses and physicians from several countries with the latest findings on how to best manage pain in neonatal settings. The network which now consist of 18 researchers from different professions and academic levels presents itself on a five-language website: www.pearl.direct. The PIPP-R project has progressed according to the plan. The PIPP-R is translated into Finnish, Icelandic, Norwegian and Swedish. The cultural adaptation and validation should be finished in fall 2016. The members work on and plan for further collaborate projects. The next two steps are to translate and distribute educational material for parents via Internet and social media, and to establish a research and mas-ters course about pain in early life. The work has been secured by funding from Örebro University and Örebro University Hospital Research Foundation.Conclusions PEARL fulfils the need for a collaborative network for pain in early life researchers in the Nordic countries.
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Weidmann, Anita Elaine, Unnur Karen Guðbjörnsdóttir, Anna Ingibjörg Gunnarsdóttir, Pétur Gunnarsson, and Freyja Jónsdóttir. "Icelandic community pharmacists' and pharmacy students' expectations of future role extensions and education requirements: A cross-sectional survey." Pharmacy Education, June 10, 2021, 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.46542/pe.2021.211.8391.
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Aim: To explore the expectations of Icelandic community pharmacists and final year pharmacy students on future role extensions and associated education needs. Methods: All community pharmacists across Iceland registered with the Pharmaceutical Society of Iceland (LFI) (n=136) and all fourth- and fifth-year pharmacy students enrolled at the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of Iceland (n=69). An online cross-sectional questionnaire was designed, validated, piloted and analysed using descriptive statistics, logistic regression and content analysis. Results: The response rate was 27.9% (n=38) for community pharmacists and 33.3% (n=23) for fourth- and fifth-year pharmacy students respectively. Of these, 90.2% (n=55) saw the need for community pharmacists’ role extensions and most (n=60, 98.4%) were willing to accept additional education to make role extensions in Iceland possible. Logistic regression identified that students identified the need for pharmacists to be making prescribing recommendations to medical healthcare professionals (p=0.023); for example “Pharmacists should use their knowledge to give advice and collaborate with physicians and other healthcare professionals about drug therapies”. Conclusion: Both community pharmacists and pharmacy students showed a strong willingness to extend their roles in the future. It will require government support to overcome perceived barriers and to develop further education programmes.
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Wąsowicz, Paweł. "The first attempt to list the archaeophytes of Iceland." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 87, no. 4 (December 31, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.3608.
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This article presents for the first time a list of the possible archaeophytes from Iceland. In the present study, all the flowering plant taxa that are considered native/long established in Iceland were assessed against criteria designed to recognize possible archaeophytes. The assessment resulted in a list of 39 taxa meeting (or possibly meeting) at least one research criterion. Nineteen taxa were classified as possible archaeophytes, 10 were classified as non-natives of unknown age (due to the inability to classify them as neither archaeophytes nor neophytes using the available data), while the remaining 10 species were classified as uncertain (doubtfully native). The limitations of the present study in terms of both the methodology and the uncertainties connected with the classification of individual taxa are discussed.
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Witham, Claire, Sara Barsotti, Stéphanie Dumont, Björn Oddsson, and Freysteinn Sigmundsson. "Practising an explosive eruption in Iceland: outcomes from a European exercise." Journal of Applied Volcanology 9, no. 1 (January 7, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13617-019-0091-7.
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AbstractA 3 day exercise simulating unrest and a large explosive eruption at Katla volcano, Iceland, was conducted in January 2016. A large volume of simulated data based on a complex, but realistic eruption scenario was compiled in advance and then transmitted to exercise participants in near-real time over the course of the exercise. The scenario was designed to test the expertise and procedures of the local institutions in charge of warning and responding to volcanic hazards, namely the volcano observatory, national civil protection, and the local university-science sector, as well as their interactions with the European science community and the London Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre. This exercise was the first of this magnitude and scope in Iceland and has revealed many successful developments introduced since the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull and 2011 Grímsvötn eruptions. Following the exercise, 90% of participants said that they felt better prepared for a future eruption. As with any exercise, it also identified areas where further development is required and improvements can be made to procedures. Seven key recommendations are made to further develop capability and enhance the collaboration between the volcano observatory, volcano research institutions and civil protection authorities. These recommendations cover topics including notification of responders, authoritative messaging, data sharing and media interaction, and are more broadly applicable to volcanic institutions elsewhere. Lessons and suggestions for how to run a large-scale volcanic exercise are given and could be adopted by those planning to rehearse their own response procedures.
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Gopalan, Giri, Birgir Hrafnkelsson, Guðfinna Aðalgeirsdóttir, and Finnur Pálsson. "Bayesian Inference of Ice Softness and Basal Sliding Parameters at Langjökull." Frontiers in Earth Science 9 (May 10, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.610069.
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We develop Bayesian statistical models that are designed for the inference of ice softness and basal sliding parameters, important glaciological quantities. These models are applied to Langjökull, the second largest temperate ice cap in Iceland at about 900 squared kilometers in area. The models make use of a relationship between physical parameters and ice velocity as stipulated by a shallow ice approximation that is generally applicable to Langjökull. The posterior distribution for ice softness concentrates around 18.2 × 10−25s−1Pa−3; moreover, spatially varying basal sliding parameters are inferred allowing for the decomposition of velocity into a deformation component and a sliding component, with spatial variation consistent with previous studies. Bayesian computation is conducted with a Gibbs sampling approach. The paper serves as an example of statistical inference for ice softness and basal sliding parameters at temperate, shallow glaciers using surface velocity data.
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Dönmez-Colin, Gönül. "Istanbul 2010." Kinema: A Journal for Film and Audiovisual Media, November 20, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/kinema.vi.1220.
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29th ISTANBUL INTERNATIONAL FILM FESTIVAL 2010 The Istanbul International Film Festival, the largest of its kind in the country, has enriched its repertoire this year with 200 films under twenty-three categories ranging from the prestigious products of 2009 and recent films of 2010 to all time classics. Concentrated largely around the Beyoğlu quarter, where the Turkish national cinema was born, the festival stretched over two weeks, with the second week specially designed for the foreign guests. This year the foreigners had a chance to explore the magnificent city, the Cultural Capital of Europe for 2010, even longer, when the eruption of the Eyjafjallajokul volcano in Iceland paralyzed most European air traffic for several days. The opening film was the melodrama Le concert (The Concert) by Radu Mihaileanu, a France-Italy-Romania and Belgium co-production that explored the issue of identity through classical music. Among the eleven films...
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Ponterotto, Joseph, and Jason Reynolds. "Bobby Fischer in Socio-Cultural Perspective: Application of Hiller’s (2011) Multi-Layered Chronological Chart Methodology." Qualitative Report, January 8, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2013.1452.
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This article presents a case study application of Hiller’s (2011) Multi - Layered Chronological Chart (MLCC) methodology to the life story of former World Chess Champion Bobby Fischer. Designed for use in qualitative biographical studies, the MLCC is adapted here for psychobiographical research. In 1972, Fischer became an American Cold War hero as he wrestled the World Chess Championship from a half century of Soviet domination. His rapid rise to world fame was followed by infamy as Fischer abandoned competitive chess, grew increasingly Anti - Semitic and Anti - American, became a fugitive from U.S. justice, and died in relative isolation in Reykjavik, Iceland. Fischer remains one of the more enigmatic personalities of the 20th century and many questions remain regarding his psychological health. The MLCC method is used to contextualize Fischer’s life in nine key topical domains across five developmental life stages. The value of the MLCC methodology to psychobiographical research is highlighted and suggestions for advancing this methodology are put forth.
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Dahl-Jensen, Trine, W. Steven Holbrook, John R. Hopper, Peter B. Kelemen, Hans Christian Larsen, Robert Detrick, Stefan Bernstein, and Graham Kent. "Seismic investigation of the East Greenland volcanic rifted margin." GEUS Bulletin, June 1, 1997, 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/ggub.v176.5061.
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NOTE: This article was published in a former series of GEUS Bulletin. Please use the original series name when citing this article, for example:
Dahl-Jensen, T., Holbrook, W. S., Hopper, J. R., Kelemen, P. B., Larsen, H. C., Detrick, R., Bernstein, S., & Kent, G. (1997). Seismic investigation of the East Greenland volcanic rifted margin. Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin, 176, 50-54. https://doi.org/10.34194/ggub.v176.5061
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The SIGMA project (Seismic Investigation of the Greenland MArgin) was designed to make accurate measurements of crustal thickness, velocity structure and seismic reflectivity along the hotspot-influenced volcanic rifted margin (VRM) off South-East Greenland (Fig. 1). SIGMA is a joint project between researchers at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Woods Hole, Mass., USA) and the Danish Lithosphere Centre (DLC), and data was acquired on a cruise with R/V Maurice Ewing in August–October 1996. VRMs are characterised by a prism of igneous rocks that occupies the continent–ocean transition zone in an 80 to 150 km wide belt, several times thicker than normal oceanic crust, and which extends in some regions for more than 1500 km along strike. This thick igneous crust has two characteristics on seismic data: a seawarddipping reflector sequence (SDRS) interpreted as subaerially erupted basalt flows and intercalated volcanoclastics, and a high-velocity lower crust with P-wave velocities (7.2–7.6 km/s) suggestive of mafic to ultramafic intrusive rocks (Hinz, 1981; Mutter et al., 1982, 1984, 1988; Larsen & Jakobsdóttir, 1988; White & McKenzie, 1989; Holbrook & Kelemen, 1993). Several models for the thermal and mechanical processes involved in the formation of VRMs have been proposed, including: decompression melting during passive upwelling near a mantle plume (White & McKenzie, 1989); actively upwelling plume heads impinging on the base of the lithosphere (Richards et al., 1989; Duncan & Richards, 1991; Griffiths & Campbell, 1991); enhanced upper mantle convection driven by steep, cold lithospheric edges adjacent to the rift (Mutter et al., 1988) and hot upper mantle due to non-plume ‘hot cells’ or insulation by supercontinents (Gurnis, 1988). SIGMA consists of four transects systematically sampling the structure of the South-East Greenland margin and the continent–ocean transition at increasing distance from the Iceland hotspot track, in order to investigate the South-East Greenland VRM with respect to the following questions:1) What is the structure of the transition from continental to thick igneous crust, and thence to normal oceanic crust? Is the transition abrupt or gradual? To what extent does faulting play a role? Does the abruptness of the continent–ocean boundary change with distance from the Iceland plume? 2) What was the total volume of magmatism during continental breakup on the South-East Greenland margin and its conjugates, and how does it vary in space and time? How does this magmatism relate to distance from the Iceland plume and to its temporal magmatic budget? What is the proportion of plutonic to volcanic rocks, and how does this vary with distance from the hotspot track and with total crustal thickness? 3) Does high velocity lower crust exist beneath the margin, and if so, is there any evidence that its composition, thickness, and distribution change along strike? How might such changes relate to variations in melting conditions (temperature and degree of melting) with distance from the plume? 4) Is the structure of the South-East Greenland margin symmetrical with its conjugate margins on the Hatton–Rockall Bank and Iceland–Faeroes Ridge? What combinations of pure shear and simple shear processes might explain the conjugate structures?
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Ferreira, Monica, Fabrizio Meroni, Raffaele Azzaro, Gemma Musacchio, R. Rupakhety, B. Bessason, S. Thorvaldsdottir, M. Lopes, C. S. Oliveira, and Stefano Solarino. "What scientific information on non-structural elements seismic risk people need to know? Part 1: Compiling an inventory on damage to non-structural elements." Annals of Geophysics 63, Vol 63 (2020) (October 2, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.4401/ag-8412.
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Understanding damage to non-structural elements, identifying sources of critical issues, and how damage affects the functionality of facilities are all critical aspects for developing general recommendations concerning disaster risk management. In the present paper a review of non-structural damage caused by recent earthquakes was performed in several localities exposed to seismic hazard such as Mt. Etna in Italy, Lisbon and Azores islands in Portugal and southern Lowland in Iceland. This was needed in order to derive the most common non-structural damage framed into the local situation, which in turn is a basic requirement for a well tailored communication campaign. The observed damage to non-structural elements as derived in this study led to the conclusion that the most commonly damaged elements are partition walls, ceiling systems, non-structural vaults, chimneys, building contents and storage racks. Analyses proved that substantive efforts are needed worldwide to improve techniques for reducing damage to non-structural elements. Non-structural mitigation represents a major opportunity for immediate low-cost action to reduce the impacts of earthquakes at home, school and workplaces. Research results within the KnowRISK EU project was the reference ground upon which a wide range of tools for multi-stakeholders (students, business and citizens) to improve seismic performance of non-structural elements and reducing the associated economic losses, loss of functionality, and potential threats to life safety was designed.
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Las Hayas, Carlota, Irantzu Izco-Basurko, Ane Fullaondo, Silvia Gabrielli, Antoni Zwiefka, Odin Hjemdal, Dora G. Gudmundsdottir, et al. "UPRIGHT, a resilience-based intervention to promote mental well-being in schools: study rationale and methodology for a European randomized controlled trial." BMC Public Health 19, no. 1 (October 29, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7759-0.
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Abstract Background Adolescence is crucial period for laying the foundations for healthy development and mental well-being. The increasing prevalence of mental disorders amongst adolescents makes promotion of mental well-being and prevention interventions at schools important. UPRIGHT (Universal Preventive Resilience Intervention Globally implemented in schools to improve and promote mental Health for Teenagers) is designed as a whole school approach (school community, students and families) to promote a culture of mental well-being and prevent mental disorders by enhancing resilience capacities. The present article aims at describing the rationale, conceptual framework, as well as methodology of implementation and evaluation of the UPRIGHT intervention. Methods UPRIGHT project is a research and innovation project funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under grant agreement No. 754919 (Duration: 48 months). The theoretical framework has been developed by an innovative and multidisciplinary approach using a co-creation process inside the UPRIGHT Consortium (involving seven institutions from Spain, Italy, Poland, Norway, Denmark, and Iceland). Resulted is the UPRIGHT programme with 18 skills related to 4 components: Mindfulness, Coping, Efficacy and Social and Emotional Learning. Among the five Pan-European regions, 34 schools have been currently involved (17 control; 17 intervention) and around 6000 adolescents and their families are foreseen to participate along a 3-year period of evaluation. Effectiveness of the intervention will be evaluated as a randomized controlled trial including quantitative and qualitative analysis in the five Pan-European regions representative of the cultural and socioeconomic diversity. The cost-effectiveness assessment will be performed by simulation modelling methods. Discussion We expect a short- to medium-term improvement of mental well-being in adolescents by enhancing resilience capacities. The study may provide robust evidence on intrapersonal, familiar and social environmental resilience factors promoting positive mental well-being. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03951376. Registered 15 May 2019.
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Zuckerman, Ghil‘ad, Sigurður Vigfússon, Manny Rayner, Neasa Ní Chiaráin, Nedelina Ivanova, Hanieh Habibi, and Branislav Bédi. "LARA in the Service of Revivalistics and Documentary Linguistics: Community Engagement and Endangered Languages." Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Methods for Endangered Languages 1, no. 2 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.33011/computel.v1i.953.
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We argue that LARA, a new web platform that supports easy conversion of text into an online multimedia form designed to support non-native readers, is a good match to the task of creating high-quality resources useful for languages in the revivalistics spectrum. We illustrate with initial case studies in three widely different endangered/revival languages: Irish (Gaelic); Icelandic Sign Language (ÍTM); and Barngarla, a reclaimed Australian Aboriginal language. The exposition is presented from a language community perspective. Links are given to examples of LARA resources constructed for each language.