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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Dessication

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Academic literature on the topic 'Dessication'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Dessication"

1

Wackett, Lawrence P. "Dessication and cryoprotection." Environmental Microbiology 17, no. 2 (February 2015): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.12795.

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Martinez, Jose A., F. Alexander Cunningham, and Douglas W. Zochodne. "Appraising mouse nerve: dessication artifact." Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System 10, no. 2 (June 2005): 213–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1085-9489.2005.0010213.x.

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Pavlista, Alexander D. "UCC-C4243 Dessication of Potato Vines." HortTechnology 11, no. 1 (January 2001): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.11.1.86.

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Chemical vine desiccation of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is widely used in the USA. Diquat is the major vine desiccant but has some drawbacks such as incomplete stem desiccation allowing regrowth. A new herbicide, UCC-C4243, was evaluated as a replacement for diquat. The potato cultivar `Atlantic' was treated with UCC-C4243 (a.i.) at 0.25 to 2.5 oz/acre (17.5 to 175 g·ha-1), and leaf and stem desiccation efficiency was compared to diquat (a.i.) at 4 oz/acre (280 g·ha-1). Split applications of UCC-C4243 were compared to double applications of diquat. Subjective evaluations were made on regrowth and tuber skinning, and objective measurements on specific gravity and yield. Trials were conducted from 1991 to 1995 at Scottsbluff, NE. UCC-C4243 at 1.5 oz/acre (105 g·ha-1) and higher significantly increased leaf and stem desiccation compared to diquat. There was no difference between single and split applications of UCC-C4243. UCC-C4243 suppressed regrowth at 1 oz/acre (70 g·ha-1) and prevented it at 2.5 oz/acre at 3 weeks after treatment while diquat did not. Skin set of tubers was promoted equally by all desiccants. Specific gravity was not lowered by UCC-C4243 but was by diquat. Yields were not affected by either UCC-C4243 at 1.5 oz/acre or diquat at 4 oz/acre. UCC-C4243 was more effective than diquat as a vine desiccant without the regrowth and tuber specific gravity effects associated with diquat.

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Fernández, H., M. Vergara, and F. Tapia. "Dessication resistance in thermotolerant campylobacter species." Infection 13, no. 4 (July 1985): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01642813.

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Dresch, Daiane Mugnol, Tatiane Sanches Jeromini, Silvana de Paula Quintão Scalon, Rosilda Mara Mussury, Tathiana Elisa Masetto, and Zefa Valdivina Pereira. "Germination and dessication of Hancornia speciosa Gomes seeds." Bioscience Journal 32, no. 1 (2016): 496–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/bj-v32n2a2016-29865.

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Hettinger, DF. "Soft tissue surgery using radiowave techniques." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 87, no. 3 (March 1, 1997): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-87-3-131.

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Numerous types of soft tissue surgical procedures can be performed using radiowave techniques. The Ellman International Surgitron is a versatile surgical instrument capable of making incisions, excisions, dessication, and coagulation. It converts electrical current into controlled energy in the radiowave frequency of the electromagnetic spectrum. Surgeons can then choose from three surgical currents based on the results they desire.

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Nuti, Marco, Giusto Giovannetti, Marco Scortichini, Giovanni Pergolese, Michele Saracino, and Giorgio Doveri. "The Olive Quick Decline Syndrome: A Syndemic Outbreak in the Apulia Region, Southern Italy." Journal of Agronomy Research 3, no. 3 (January 25, 2021): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2639-3166.jar-21-3703.

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Since a decade in Apulia, south-east of Italy, an increasing number of olive trees developed the quick decline syndrome (OQDS) leading to partial or total dessication of the canopy and subsequent death. Currently six million of olive trees show the symptoms of the decline, despite the mitigation measures which were undertaken to contrast the progression of the dessication. Associated with the syndrome, several phytopathogenic fungi were detected in the rhizosphere, endosphere and phyllosphere of the trees, along with the phytopathogenic bacterium Xylellafastidiosasubsp. pauca. Alongside, other pathogenic events were clearly identified, mostly defeating soil resilience: salinization, pollution, erosion, decline of biodiversity. Further events include delays in the adoption of appropriate mitigation measures not directed to challenge solely a bacterial pathogen, misuse of the territory, erratic agronomic management practices. The OQDS impacted also societal aspects. All the above concurrent causes strongly suggest that (1) the olive quick decline in Apulia is not a too symplistic epidemic outbreak due to a bacterium, but rather a syndemic outbreak formed by several diverse biotic and abiotic pathologies and (2) only a more holistic approach can help coping with the uncertainties and difficulties of an enduring co- existance with this syndemic events.

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Golledge, S., and R. Parthasarathy. "Multi-Technique Surface Analytical Characterization of Dessication-Resistant Supported Lipid Monolayers." Microscopy and Microanalysis 16, S2 (July 2010): 414–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927610062203.

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FRENCH, CHARLES, and MAISIE TAYLOR. "DESSICATION AND DESTRUCTION: THE IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF DE-WATERING AT ETTON, CAMBRIDGESHIRE." Oxford Journal of Archaeology 4, no. 2 (July 1985): 139–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0092.1985.tb00238.x.

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Brigant, L., R. Rozen, and M. Apfelbaum. "Tritium dilution space measurement is not modified by a doubling in fluid intake." Journal of Applied Physiology 75, no. 1 (July 1, 1993): 412–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.75.1.412.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a doubling in water intake on the total body water measured by the tritium dilution technique. Overdrinking was obtained by presenting tap water and sweet water to the rats. Total body water was measured twice, tritium dilution vs. dessication. Body water volumes differed between the two methods but not between the two groups. Thus the isotopic dilution technique can be used to measure total body water regardless of the flux of fluid through the subject.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Dessication"

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Leon-Lobos. "Nothofagus and Fagus seed survival after dessication and storage." Thesis, University of Reading, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339979.

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Aldridge, Caroline Diana. "Physiological studies on dessication intolerance in propagules of aquatic grasses." Thesis, University of Reading, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306518.

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Chireshe, Nyaradzo. "Stomatal control during dessication in the resurrection plant Xerophyta humilis." Bachelor's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/24964.

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Stomatal apertures on leaves of the resurrection plant Xerophyta humilis were monitored microscopically in order to characterize stomatal regulation during a dehydration time course. In addition, the effect of exogenous application of the stress hormone ABA on stomatal regulation was followed. X humilis stomatal regulation appears to be initially similar to that typical of desiccation sensitive plants, but differed in that stomata did not all close at once but at a slower rate to control the drying rate of the plant, this gave time for protection mechanisms to be laid down. The signal hormone ABA was found to have strong stomatal control on the adaxial surfaces of leaves but weak control on the abaxial leaf surfaces, thus it is difficult to say that ABA regulates the process until RWC of below 50%, where stomatal apertures open as a result of shrinkage of guard cells due to loss of water.

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Tay, Ying Ying. "Effect of dessication on the performance of bentonite-sand landfill liners." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2000. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.716355.

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Gee, Oliver Henry. "Molecular studies on the acquisition of dessication tolerance in the seeds of higher plants." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266412.

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Kellermann, Tracy. "A Pharmacological investigations of South Africa Lichens, Dessication-tolerant Plants and Medicinal Tree, Warburgia Salutaris." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3284.

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Lassabatère, Thierry. "Couplages hydro-mécaniques en milieu poreux non saturé, avec changement de phase : Application au retrait de dessication." Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 1994. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00523300.

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Ce travail cherche à élaborer un cadre théorique unifié et cohérent, fondé sur les principes rigoureux de la thermodynamique et permettant de modéliser une classe étendue de phénomènes physiques intervenant dans les milieux poreux non saturés, ainsi que leur interaction avec l'état mécanique des structures. Cette classe est celle des phénomènes réactifs, parmi lesquels le changement de phase (la dessiccation), modélisé dans l'ensemble de ses conséquences (fluage, mais surtout retrait) sera abordé comme exemple particulier d'application. Le premier chapitre rappelle les fondements de la description adoptée du milieu poreux, ainsi que le cadre thermodynamique global qui sous-tend l'ensemble de la modélisation. Le chapitre II s'attache à la formulation essentiellement nouvelle et à l'identification d'une loi de comportement élastique non linéaire du milieu. Différents éléments de réflexion liés aux comportements microscopiques des constituants et à l'expérience, orientent le modèle vers certaines hypothèses fortes qui permettent la détermination complète et explicite de loi de comportement macroscopique. Le chapitre III expose les différentes expériences à disposition pour l'identification de la loi de comportement et permet de les intégrer, en tant que caractéristiques comportementales, dans le modèle théorique. Chapitre IV et chapitre V sont des exemples d'application: le chapitre IV étudie le problème du retrait et du fluage de dessiccation en comportement couple élastique linéaire ; le chapitre V se limite au cas du retrait de dessiccation, par application numérique du modèle élastique non linéaire complet. Les résultats obtenus présentent une bonne adéquation avec l'expérience

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Belgnaoui, Salwa. "Aspects cytochimiques et fonctionnels de l'anhydrobiose, adaptation developpee par l'insecte collembole folsomides angularis face a la dessication et au froid." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988STR13177.

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F. A. Vit en milieu sec et subit des variations climatiques extremes. Il est capable de reguler ses pertes hydriques. Il est peu resistant au froid et a la secheresse. Il survit grace a son aptitude a rentrer en anhydrobiose, grace a une deshydratation lente et progressive. Le metabolisme respiratoire, suivi par l'activite de la cytochrome oxydase, decroit pendant l'anhydrobiose et augmente pendant la rehydratation. Le metabolisme des glacides est aussi modifie: diminution des reserves de glycogene pendant l'anhydrobiose, restauration apres rehydratation

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Belgnaoui, Salwa. "Aspects cytochimiques et fonctionnels de l'anhydrobiose, adaptation développée par l'insecte collembole Folsomides angularis face à la dessication et au froid." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37611700r.

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Bekayo, N. Derla. "Effet des alternances dessication-réhumidification des sols sur la minéralisation de l'azote et du carbone importance et origine du surcroît de minéralisation /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376116741.

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Books on the topic "Dessication"

1

Agnew, Clive. Tackling Drought and Dessication. Hodder Education Group, 2005.

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McGrath, Patrick. Internal self-dessication of silica fume concrete. 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Dessication"

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Huntington, Ellsworth. "19. The Rivers of Chinese Turkestan and the Dessication of Asia." In Geography Toward History, 320–35. Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31826/9781463213633-022.

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Lemoine, Y., M. Harker, N. E. Rmiki, B. Rousseau, C. Berkaloff, J. C. Duval, A. J. Young, and G. Britton. "Xanthophyll Cycle Operation and Photoprotection in Brown Algae: Effects of High Light and Dessication." In Photosynthesis: from Light to Biosphere, 3083–86. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0173-5_723.

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Chailot, B., B. Cassier, and P. Labrude. "EPR Studies of Oxidation of Iron and Free Radicals Formation after Dessication of Oxyhemoglobin by Freeze-Drying and Spray-Drying." In Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Applications in Organic and Bioorganic Materials, 217–22. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77214-6_16.

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"dessication [n]." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Landscape and Urban Planning, 240. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76435-9_3313.

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"damage [n], dessication." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Landscape and Urban Planning, 217. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76435-9_2982.

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"dessication damage [n]." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Landscape and Urban Planning, 240. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76435-9_3314.

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"Chapter II: Flooding and Dessication—Earliest Records and Interpretations." In The Large-Wavelength Deformations of the Lithosphere: Materials for a History of the Evolution of Thought from the Earliest Times to Plate Tectonics. Geological Society of America, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/978-0-8137-1196-7-196.0.9.

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Snead, James E. "Idol Pursuits: Artifacts and Authority after the Civil War." In Relic Hunters. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198736271.003.0009.

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A particularly baroque literary appearance of the Kentucky Mummy highlights the transformation of public perceptions of indigenous antiquities in the United States in the Civil War decade. An imaginary romance of Mammoth Cave, Legends of the South (Smith 1869), describes a mysterious, annual journey of a “venerable Indian” down into the cavern. Ultimately the old man disappears into its depths, never to return. Decades later the author pursues the subterranean trail, encountering marvels that include the warning Siste viator—“Stop, traveler”— chalked on the cave wall. Nearby he finds the deceased elder, reduced to a “mummy-like dessication” clad in deerskin. Armed with an amulet taken from the body he pushes onward, ultimately entering a vast sepulcher in which . . . lay the warrior tribe, in their panoply complete. Supine—with their hands crossed upon their breasts, with their faces turned upward, as if acknowledging the presence of a superior being, they lay, like the marble effigies of the knights of old upon their sarcophagi. . . . In this catacomb the author is haunted by a ghostly “Sachem” who chides: “Are you not satisfied that your cruel warfare has exterminated us from the surface of the earth? Must you follow us to these chambers of death to scatter our ashes?” The supernatural figure then describes the wars of his dead people, prophesying that those events would be repeated in post-Civil War United States. “Nations from the rising sun shall make war upon the conquerors,” he pronounces “and then shall the Southern panther rise from his lair, and avenge his wrongs.” This subterranean tale amplified the myriad accounts of the Kentucky Mummy—a discovery two generations in the past by that time. By the mid-nineteenth century such visions of indigenous antiquity were increasingly commonplace, but the linkage between these histories and current events indicate increasingly deep associations with the American landscape. It was not simply abstract indigenous history that was being co-opted, however, but the material legacy of that experience—the ruins and artifacts that were ubiquitous in the increasingly populated countryside.

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Emery, K. O., and David Neev. "Climate Inferred from Geology and Archaeology." In The Destruction of Sodom, Gomorrah, and Jericho. Oxford University Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195090949.003.0006.

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Early climatic interpretations for the Lisan and later formations (Late Pleistocene and Holocene—Neev and Emery, 1967, figs. 16, 17) were supported and updated by information from additional coreholes. Although most new and old coreholes bottomed at relatively shallow depths, 20 to 30 m, four of them reached greater depths, 74, 80, 161, and 285 m beneath the 1960 floor of the Dead Sea south basin. The sequences consist of alternating layers of marl and rocksalt. Most marls were deposited from dilute brine during high lake levels and contain alternating laminae of chemical deposits of white aragonite, gray gypsum, and fine-grained detritus consisting of yellowish, brown, green, or dark gray carbonates, quartz, and clay. The detrital fraction is coarser and more dominant toward the deltas, especially near Amazyahu escarpment in the south. Rocksalt layers indicate deposition from more concentrated brine when the levels dropped to about -400 m m.s.l. Lower elevations could have been reached when the sea continued to shrink and when the runoff-to-evaporation ratio diminished, bringing the south basin to complete dessication. As neither the geochemical nature (ionic ratios) of the brines nor the physiography of the terminal water body has changed at least since Late Pleistocene or Lisan Lake time (Katz, Kolodny, and Nissenbaum, 1977), it is probable that through the past 60,000 years rocksalt was precipitated only when the water surface was at or below the critical level of -400 m m.s.l. Gamma-ray logs for some of the new coreholes provide more objective and precise depths of marl and rocksalt layers than do actual samples of sediments. Content of radiogenic minerals in the rocksalt is negligible compared with that in the marl; thus, these layers identify changing physical environments and climates as well as correlating stratigraphy. On gamma-ray logs the peaks or highest intensities of positive anomalies indicate that marl layers or wet climatic subphases and their thicknesses on the logs are proportional to their duration. Presence of negative anomalies or very low levels of gamma radiation show both the existence and thickness of rocksalt layers that denote dry climatic phases.

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Conference papers on the topic "Dessication"

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Zhang, Yuhong, Liying Su, Shuqing Zhang, and Wanhui Yu. "Analysis of Dessication Trend at Zhalong Wetland in Heilongjiang, China." In 2010 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2010.5515951.

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Jones, Laurel R., and Steven L. Jacques. "Role of dessication in pulsed laser ablation at the 2.94-μm wavelength: experiments and modeling." In BiOS 2001 The International Symposium on Biomedical Optics, edited by Donald D. Duncan, Steven L. Jacques, and Peter C. Johnson. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.434716.

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Jang, Seungyeon, Jiyoung Shim, Yunjun Choe, Sung Joo Kim, and Tae Wan Kim. "Biochemical analysis of Betalain Biosynthesis and Photosynthesis of Amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.) by Dessication under high-temperature." In The 8th World Congress on New Technologies. Avestia Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.11159/icepr22.139.

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""High-Strength Concrete Binders Part B: Nonevaporable Water, Self-Dessication and Porosity of Cement Pastes With and Without Silica Fume"." In "SP-132: Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag, and Natural Pozzolans and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete - Proceedings Fourth Interna". American Concrete Institute, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/2316.

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Sánchez Vértiz Ruiz, René L. "Alteración del clima en el valle de México tras cinco siglos de deterioro ambiental." In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7560.

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Este trabajo intenta mostrar algunas de las alteraciones climáticas que han sido causadas por el deterioro del ambiente en el Valle de México -la zona más poblada del altiplano central mexicano- cuyos efectos son perceptibles como afectaciones al confort humano: humedad ambiental, radiación solar, temperaturas y viento. Aunque no es posible contar con evidencias cuantitativas irrefutables, sí es posible contrastar las condiciones cualitativas imperantes en el siglo XVI contra las del siglo XXI. En tiempos precolombinos, la vida cotidiana del habitante del Valle de México se desarrollaba casi siempre al aire libre, en contacto con el cielo abierto y el paisaje circundante. Pocas actividades tenían lugar en espacios bajo techo, los cuales sólo eran ocupados durante algunas cuantas horas al día. El diseño de espacios interiores no era una preocupación fundamental de los constructores, lo que contrasta con el esmero aplicado a la arquitectura de exteriores y a la relación con los elementos del paisaje. La posterior etapa colonial fomentó la preferencia por una vida cotidiana desarrollada dentro de espacios confinados entre muros y cubiertas, siguiendo las costumbres europeas. Los ambientes al aire libre comenzaron a ser considerados como secundarios, de modo que el espacio abierto empezó a ser visto con cierta indiferencia, que paulatinamente fue en aumento; más tarde, se sentaron las bases para un proceso de deterioro ambiental que no ha cesado hasta hoy y que es particularmente notorio en la desecación de lagos y en la tala masiva de bosques. El fenómeno de la degradación del ambiente ha acelerado a la par del crecimiento desmesurado y descontrolado de las áreas urbanas del valle de México, especialmente durante las últimas décadas del siglo XX. En la zona hoy impera un círculo vicioso: la citada degradación de los ámbitos al aire libre incita a preferir ámbitos cada vez más cerrados y aislados del ambiente exterior, lo que a su vez incrementa la pérdida de calidad de los espacios a cielo abierto. Testimonios escritos hace siglos, antiguos nombres de poblaciones, topónimos y otras evidencias de siglos pasados describen de modo cualitativo e indirecto ciertas condiciones ambientales hoy desaparecidas. Destacan los indicios relativos a humedad ambiental, radiación solar y temperaturas que se han modificado negativamente tras un proceso de medio milenio de extinción de bosques y zonas lacustres. Es posible afirmar que varias condiciones ambientales predominantes en el siglo XVI, hoy desaparecidas, facilitaban la vida al aire libre. The aim of this work is to describe some climate alterations caused by environmental deterioration on the surrounding valley of Mexico City (the most populated zone of mexican central highlands), whose effects are noticeable by human comfort perception, such as humidity, solar radiation, and temperature. We have no quantitative evidences, but it’s possible to compare qualitative climate conditions from 16th to 21th centuries. In pre columbian times, almost all daily life at Mexico central valley was developed on outdoor spaces. Just a few activities took place inside indoor spaces. Precolumbian architecture is not renowned because its interior design, but by its landscape architecture. Colonial times imposed a new way to conceive quotidian life. European influences preferred indoor spaces; therefore, daily activities and open spaces started losing contact and landscape became a secondary item. Later, lake dessication and massive wood destruction processes started, accelerating along the centuries and reaching its highest point at the end of the 20th century, when metropolitan urban growing of Mexico City was out of control. Now, a vicious circle is the sovereign ruler of the valley: environmental deterioration and unpleasant, low quality outdoors instigate architects and builders to produce more isolated, indoor spaces, with more negative effects on environmental quality. Historic testimonies, ancient names of places and other evidences can describe lost environmental qualities as humidity, solar radiation and temperature, all of them substantially modified during the past five centuries. It’s possible to asseverate that in the 16th century some environmental features -now extinguished produced good conditions for outdoor daily life.

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Reports on the topic "Dessication"

1

Rahimipour, Shai, and David Donovan. Renewable, long-term, antimicrobial surface treatments through dopamine-mediated binding of peptidoglycan hydrolases. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597930.bard.

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There is a need for renewable antimicrobial surface treatments that are semi- permanent, can eradicate both biofilms and planktonic pathogens over long periods of time and that do not select for resistant strains. This proposal describes a dopamine binding technology that is inexpensive, bio-friendly, non-toxic, and uses straight-forward commercially available products. The antimicrobial agents are peptidoglycanhydrolase enzymes that are non-toxic and highly refractory to resistance development. The goal of this project is to create a treatment that will be applicable to a wide variety of surfaces and will convey long-lasting antimicrobial activity. Although the immediate goal is to create staphylolytic surfaces, the technology should be applicable to any pathogen and will thus contribute to no less than 3 BARD priorities: 1) increased animal production by protecting animals from invasive and emerging diseases, 2) Antimicrobial food packaging will improve food safety and security and 3) sustainable bio- energy systems will be supported by coating fermentation vats with antimicrobials that could protect ethanolic fermentations from Lactobacillus contamination that reduces ethanol yields. The dopamine-based modification of surfaces is inspired by the strong adhesion of mussel adhesion proteins to virtually all types of surfaces, including metals, polymers, and inorganic materials. Peptidoglycanhydrolases (PGHs) meet the criteria of a surface bound antimicrobial with their site of action being extracellular peptidoglycan (the structural basis of the bacterial cell wall) that when breached causes osmotic lysis. As a proof of principle, we will develop technology using peptidoglycanhydrolase enzymes that target Staphylococcus aureus, a notoriously contagious and antimicrobial-resistant pathogen. We will test for susceptibility of the coating to a variety of environmental stresses including UV light, abrasive cleaning and dessication. In order to avoid resistance development, we intend to use three unique, synergistic, simultaneous staphylococcal enzyme activities. The hydrolases are modular such that we have created fusion proteins with three lytic activities that are highly refractory to resistance development. It is essential to use multiple simultaneous activities to avoid selecting for antimicrobial resistant strains. This strategy is applicable to both Gram positive and negative pathogens. We anticipate that upon completion of this award the technology will be available for commercialization within the time required to achieve a suitable high volume production scheme for the required enzymes (~1-2 years). We expect the modified surface will remain antimicrobial for several days, and when necessary, the protocol for renewal of the surface will be easily applied in a diverse array of environments, from food processing plants to barnyards.

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