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Asri, Muh, Ekawati Sri Wahyuni, and Arif Satria. "Destructive Fishing Practices." Sodality: Jurnal Sosiologi Pedesaan 7, no. 1 (May 20, 2019): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22500/sodality.v7i1.24782.
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The objective of this study is to find out and explain the destructive fishing practices occurred in Taka Bonerate National Park area and the factors that caused it. Data retrieval was conducted with in-depth interview techniques, literature studies and documents. The results showed that destructive fishing practices were still prevalent in the Taka Bonerate National Park area, both using chemicals (cyanide) and those using explosives (bombs) in fishing activities. The conclusions from this study are that fisheries destructive activities are generally not carried out individually but in groups, namely 3-4 people led by a captain. There are several contributing factors to the proliferation of destructive fishing practices in the small islands of Taka Bonerate National Park. Where they are still under guarded, and the conflicts of authority among the Taka Bonerate National Park management authorities, conflicts between fishermen, and availability of bombs and cyanides raw materials. The other are strong position of retainer and weak position of mustard in patron client relations between punggawa-sawi. The last factor but not least, that there are markets for them to sell the bombs and cyanide fishing.
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Plamoottil, Mathews, and Than Win. "On some destructive fishing methods of Central Travancore of Kerala, India." Journal of Zoological And Bioscience Research 4, no. 1 (April 7, 2017): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24896/jzbr.2017412.
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Many destructive fishing practices are widely used at many sites of Central Travancore of Kerala, India. Most of these are indigenous methods practiced at high level to low level regions. It includes chemical poisons, plant poisons, fish traps, electric fishing etc. All these gears kill the fishes and their fries and fingerlings indiscriminately. It is an endeavor to trace out the details of these harmful fishing methods.
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Anwar, Mashuril Anwar. "KEBIJAKAN HUKUM PIDANA DALAM PENANGGULANGAN DESTRUCTIVE FISHING PADA REZIM PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN." Jurnal Hukum Samudra Keadilan 15, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 237–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33059/jhsk.v15i2.2182.
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Abstract, The criminal law policy in dealing with destructive fishing is currently primum remedium. However, in its development the criminal law policy in overcoming destructive fishing experiences several obstacles and is not yet in line with the concept of sustainable development. Considering that sustainable development is one of the principles in fisheries management, it is necessary to make adjustments between criminal law policies and sustainable development. Therefore this research aims to study and analyze the ideal criminal law policy in overcoming destructive fishing in the sustainable development regime. This research is a doctrinal law research using a statutory approach, analytical approach, conceptual approach, and case approach. The results showed that the ideal policy of criminal law in overcoming destructive fishing in sustainable development regimes is to make arrangements for sanctions actions that lead to social, economic improvement and repair damage to fish resources and their ecosystems due to destructive fishing practices. Sanctions for actions are more restorative, anticipatory, and educational so that they can reduce the degradation of fish resources and the environment. Thus, the balance between the use of fish resources and sustainable development can be realized.
Keywords: Destructive Fishing, Criminal Law, Sustainable Development
Intisari, Kebijakan hukum pidana dalam penanggulangan tindak pidana destructive fishing saat ini bersifat primum remedium. Namun dalam perkembangannya kebijakan hukum pidana dalam menanggulangi destructive fishing mengalami beberapa hambatan dan belum selaras dengan konsep pembangunan berkelanjutan. Mengingat pembangunan berkelanjutan merupakan salah satu asas dalam pengelolaan perikanan, maka perlu dilakukan penyesuaian antara kebijakan hukum pidana dengan pembangunan berkelanjutan. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dan menganalisis kebijakan ideal hukum pidana dalam penanggulangan destructive fishing pada rezim pembangunan berkelanjutan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum doktrinal dengan menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan analitis, pendekatan konseptual, dan pendekatan kasus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan ideal hukum pidana dalam penanggulangan destructive fishing pada rezim pembangunan berkelanjutan yakni dengan melakukan pengaturan terhadap sanksi tindakan yang mengarah pada perbaikan sosial, ekonomi dan perbaikan kerusakan sumber daya ikan dan ekosistemnya akibat praktik destructive fishing. Sanksi tindakan lebih bersifat restoratif, antisipatif, dan mendidik sehingga dapat mengurangi degradasi sumber daya ikan dan lingkungan. Dengan demikian, keseimbangan antara pemanfaatan sumber daya ikan dan pembangunan berkelanjutan dapat terwujud.
Kata Kunci: Destructive Fishing, Hukum Pidana, Pembangunan Berkelanjutan
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Saila, SB, VLj Kocic, and JW McManus. "Modelling the effects of destructive fishing practices on tropical coral reefs." Marine Ecology Progress Series 94 (1993): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps094051.
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Raycraft, Justin. "Dilemmas of Representation in Contemporary Environmental Anthropology: Documenting Dynamite Fishing in Southeastern Tanzania." Ethnobiology Letters 9, no. 2 (November 21, 2018): 289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.14237/ebl.9.2.2018.1115.
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This paper draws from an ethnographic vignette of dynamite fishing in southeastern Tanzania. I consider the utility of participant observation as a method for examining ecologically destructive practices, especially in contexts where such activities are illegal or prohibited by conservation regulations. I raise self-reflexive critiques, internal to my home discipline of anthropology, and discuss the methodological, ethical, and analytical challenges of attempting to document cases of dynamite fishing and other related phenomena of pressing environmental concern. Ultimately, I maintain that participant observation remains a valuable tool for documenting and explaining environmentally destructive activities.
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Desai, Raj M., and George E. Shambaugh. "Measuring the global impact of destructive and illegal fishing on maritime piracy: A spatial analysis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 24, 2021): e0246835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246835.
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Maritime piracy constitutes a major threat to global shipping and international trade. We argue that fishers turn to piracy to smooth expected income losses and to deter illegal foreign fishing fleets. Previous investigations have generally focused on cross-national determinants of the incidence of piracy in territorial waters. These investigations neglect piracy in international waters and ignore its spatial dependence, whereby pirate attacks cluster in certain locations due to neighborhood and spillover effects. We conduct a geographically disaggregated analysis using geo-referenced data of piracy and its covariates between 2005 and 2014. We demonstrate that the incidence of piracy in a particular location is associated with higher catch volumes from high-bycatch and habitat-destroying fishing, even when controlling for conditions in proximate coastal areas. We find, additionally, that illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing exerts an especially pronounced effect on piracy. These findings highlight the need for anti-piracy solutions beyond enforcement to include the policing of fishing practices that are illegal or are perceived by local fishers in vulnerable coastal areas to be harmful to small-scale fishing economies.
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Fiorella, Kathryn J., Erin M. Milner, Charles R. Salmen, Matthew D. Hickey, Dan O. Omollo, Abdi Odhiambo, Brian Mattah, Elizabeth A. Bukusi, Lia C. H. Fernald, and Justin S. Brashares. "Human health alters the sustainability of fishing practices in East Africa." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 16 (April 4, 2017): 4171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1613260114.
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Understanding feedbacks between human and environmental health is critical for the millions who cope with recurrent illness and rely directly on natural resources for sustenance. Although studies have examined how environmental degradation exacerbates infectious disease, the effects of human health on our use of the environment remains unexplored. Human illness is often tacitly assumed to reduce human impacts on the environment. By this logic, ill people reduce the time and effort that they put into extractive livelihoods and, thereby, their impact on natural resources. We followed 303 households living on Lake Victoria, Kenya over four time points to examine how illness influenced fishing. Using fixed effect conditional logit models to control for individual-level and time-invariant factors, we analyzed the effect of illness on fishing effort and methods. Illness among individuals who listed fishing as their primary occupation affected their participation in fishing. However, among active fishers, we found limited evidence that illness reduced fishing effort. Instead, ill fishers shifted their fishing methods. When ill, fishers were more likely to use methods that were illegal, destructive, and concentrated in inshore areas but required less travel and energy. Ill fishers were also less likely to fish using legal methods that are physically demanding, require travel to deep waters, and are considered more sustainable. By altering the physical capacity and outlook of fishers, human illness shifted their effort, their engagement with natural resources, and the sustainability of their actions. These findings show a previously unexplored pathway through which poor human health may negatively impact the environment.
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Coquereau, Laura, Julie Lossent, Jacques Grall, and Laurent Chauvaud. "Marine soundscape shaped by fishing activity." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 1 (January 2017): 160606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160606.
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Marine communities face anthropogenic pressures that degrade ecosystems. Because underwater soundscapes carry information about habitat quality, we explored whether destructive impacts of fishing could be evaluated via the soundscape. Maerl beds are recognized as biodiversity hotspots and they experience major worldwide degradation owing to fishing. We collected field acoustic recordings in maerl beds exposed to different fishing practices. We found that unfished maerl beds were threefold louder and exhibited sound frequencies more diversified than those recorded in fished maerl beds. Analyses of associated fauna samples indicated that snapping shrimps provided a major contribution to the maerl bed soundscape. Moreover, sea urchins and squat lobsters most likely contributed to differences between the soundscapes of unfished and fished maerl beds. Our results supported the idea that the soundscape can provide valuable information on maerl bed ecosystem health related to fishing activity.
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Bacalso, Regina Therese M., and Matthias Wolff. "Trophic flow structure of the Danajon ecosystem (Central Philippines) and impacts of illegal and destructive fishing practices." Journal of Marine Systems 139 (November 2014): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.05.014.
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Sosnowski, Monique C., Judith S. Weis, and Gohar A. Petrossian. "Using Crime Script Analysis to Understand the Illegal Harvesting of Live Corals: Case Studies From Indonesia and Fiji." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 36, no. 3 (March 16, 2020): 384–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043986220910295.
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Imported to adorn tanks of marine aquarium hobbyists, the trade in live corals poses a significant risk to species that concurrently face threats from rising global temperatures, pollution, and destructive fishing practices. To better understand the live coral trade, we employed a crime script framework to analyze the process by which corals are harvested in two of the world’s major exporting countries—Indonesia and Fiji. We demonstrate that coral harvesting and export are complex activities that require a specific set of skills and tools. As such, various intervention strategies are proposed to address illegal coral harvesting at different stages of the crime script.
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Edinger, Evan N., Jamaluddin Jompa, Gino V. Limmon, Wisnu Widjatmoko, and Michael J. Risk. "Reef degradation and coral biodiversity in indonesia: Effects of land-based pollution, destructive fishing practices and changes over time." Marine Pollution Bulletin 36, no. 8 (August 1998): 617–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-326x(98)00047-2.
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Mello, H. Lee, Abigail M. Smith, and Anna C. L. Wood. "Voluntary fishing restrictions alone do not promote growth of bryozoan-dominated biogenic habitat on the Otago shelf, southeastern New Zealand." ICES Journal of Marine Science 78, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 1542–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsab056.
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Abstract On the continental shelf, New Zealand bryozoans dominate ecologically-important three-dimensional benthic habitat providing structural complexity which hosts a wide variety of fauna, including economically valuable species (e.g. oysters and blue cod). The association between these species and bryozoan-dominated biogenic habitat commonly results in trawling damage to the benthos; eliminating pressure from destructive fishing practices could support bryozoan regrowth. In 2002, a voluntary fishing restriction was designated over part of one such bryozoan-dominated biogenic habitat, but the efficacy of this ban has not been assessed. Statutory marine protected areas have been proposed in the same area; they aim to achieve bryozoan protection and recovery. A comparison of the bryozoan fauna using benthic images from 2003 and 2019 from the Otago shelf, South Island, New Zealand/Te Waipounamu, Aotearoa shows that a 17-year voluntary fishing ban has been ineffective at increasing the cover and richness of bryozoan-dominated biogenic habitat on the Otago shelf. This study provides a baseline for future monitoring and develops useful metrics for recovery, while calling for further research on the biology and ecology of habitat-forming bryozoans.
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Williams, Susan L., Rohani Ambo-Rappe, Christine Sur, Jessica M. Abbott, and Steven R. Limbong. "Species richness accelerates marine ecosystem restoration in the Coral Triangle." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 45 (October 24, 2017): 11986–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1707962114.
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Ecosystem restoration aims to restore biodiversity and valuable functions that have been degraded or lost. The Coral Triangle is a hotspot for marine biodiversity held in its coral reefs, seagrass meadows, and mangrove forests, all of which are in global decline. These coastal ecosystems support valuable fisheries and endangered species, protect shorelines, and are significant carbon stores, functions that have been degraded by coastal development, destructive fishing practices, and climate change. Ecosystem restoration is required to mitigate these damages and losses, but its practice is in its infancy in the region. Here we demonstrate that species diversity can set the trajectory of restoration. In a seagrass restoration experiment in the heart of the Coral Triangle (Sulawesi, Indonesia), plant survival and coverage increased with the number of species transplanted. Our results highlight the positive role biodiversity can play in ecosystem restoration and call for revision of the common restoration practice of establishing a single target species, particularly in regions having high biodiversity. Coastal ecosystems affect human well-being in many important ways, and restoration will become ever more important as conservation efforts cannot keep up with their loss.
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Codjo, Victor, Afio Zannou, and Gauthier Biaou. "Déterminants socio-économiques de l’utilisation des engins et pratiques de pêche destructives des ressources halieutiques sur le lac Toho au Bénin (Afrique de l’Ouest)." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 8 (December 8, 2020): 2670–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i8.2.
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La pêche est une activité importante qui contribue à la sécurité alimentaire dans le monde entier, en particulier dans les pays en développement. Elle représente l’une des activités principales dans le septième Pôle de Développement Agricole au Bénin. Elle constitue pour les populations locales non seulement une source de protéines animales hautement nutritives mais aussi une activité génératrice de revenus. Elle est l’une des principales activités humaines qui affectent les écosystèmes aquatiques. L’objectif de cette étude était d’analyser les déterminants socio-économiques de l’utilisation des engins et pratiques de pêche destructives des ressources halieutiques. L’étude a porté sur 129 pêcheurs dans les villages Vèha et Logbo (commune de Lokossa) et Tokpa et Tohonou (commune de Houéyogbé). La méthode d’échantillonnage aléatoire simple a été utilisée pour la sélection des unités d’enquête. Un modèle Logit binomial a été utilisé pour l’analyse des déterminants socioéconomiques. Les résultats de l’étude ont montré que le nombre d’années d’expériences dans la pratique de la pêche, le niveau d’instruction du pêcheur et la fréquence de pêche sont les déterminants de l’utilisation des engins et pratiques de pêche destructives des ressources halieutiques au niveau du lac Toho. L’utilisation des filets réglementés, le développement d’activités génératrices de revenus autres que la pêche, la réduction de la pêche à la main, la réduction de l’utilisation des épuisettes et le développement de la pisciculture sont des stratégies de gestion développées par les pêcheurs face à la baisse des ressources halieutiques dans le lac Toho.Mots clés : Ressources halieutiques, déterminants, engins et pratiques de pêche, modèle logit binomial.
English Title: Socio-economic determinants of the use of destructive fishing gear and practices of fishery resources on Lake Toho in Benin (West Africa)Fishery is an important activity contributing to food security in the world and particularly in developing countries. In south of Benin, fishery is one of the main activities in coastal regions. Fishery is not only a source of protein with high nutritious value but also an income generating activity. It is one of the main human activities which affect aquatic ecosystem. This study aims at analyzing the socio-economic determinants of the use of the destroy engine and practical in fisher. A total of 129 fishermen were interviewed in Vèha and Logbo villages in the district of Lokossa and Tokpa and Tohonou villages in the district of Houéyogbé in South of Benin. A simple random sampling was used for selecting the survey units. Binomial Logit model was used to analyze the data. The results revealed that the number of years in fishery activity, the level of education and the frequency of fish harvesting are the socioeconomic determinants of the use of destroy practical in fishery in Toho lake. The use of regulated nets, the development of income-generating activities other than fishing, the reduction of catching fish by hand, the development of aquaculture and the development of the ritual practices, are ways to cope with the decline in halieutic resources of the fishermen.Keywords: Fishery resources, determinants, fishing gear and practices, Binomial Logit model.
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Nandan, Satya, and Michael Lodge. "Some Suggestions Towards Better Implementation of the United Nations Agreement on Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks of 1995." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 20, no. 3 (2005): 345–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180805775098540.
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AbstractIn light of the upcoming Conference to review implementation of the 1995 United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA), this article: (1) reviews the main contribution of UNFSA to high seas fisheries governance; (2) notes issues that have arisen regarding implementation of UNFSA; and (3) suggests ways these might be addressed. Though the main problems pertain to inadequate implementation of the provisions of UNFSA, the article also addresses two areas that require further attention at the global level within the framework of UNFSA. The first involves discrete high seas fish stocks, particularly deep sea fish stocks and the impacts of destructive fishing practices. The second is the absence within RFMOs of a mechanism for allocation of allowable catches or levels that also takes conservation interests into consideration together with the economic and social interests of states. Specific recommendations for action are summarised in Annex II.
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Dong, Dao Minh, Tran Van Huong, and Luong Huu Toan. "Current status and some solutions for resource restoration of the abalone (Haliotis diversicolor) at Bach Long Vi National Marine Protected Area." Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ biển 19, no. 2 (September 4, 2019): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1859-3097/19/2/14040.
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Variously colored abalone (Haliotis diversicolor Reeve, 1864) is the one of 22 protected species by Bach Long Vi National Marine Protected Area. In 1987, the yield of abalone was 37 tons per year, but it was reduced to 5 tons per year in 1992 and before the year of 2013, the yield is less than 1 ton per year [3]. Acording to the survey in October, 1974 the density ranged from 1 to 4 individuals/500 m2, the average for the all of island is 1.25 individuals/500 m2, the current reserve of variously colored abalone is about 0.05 tons. Some of the major causes of abalone depletion include the use of destructive fishing practices such as mines, cyanides, asynchronous development of infrastructure, and sources of pollution... Some solutions to recover the source of profit from abalone such as: The management board of Bach Long Vi National Marine Protected Area and competent authorities have to strengthen communication activities to protect the natural environment, resources as well as to have strong sanctions to strictly handle the environmental pollution activities, illegal methods of fishing. There is a need of research plan to rehabilitate Sargassum and reproduce abalone to return to natural enviroment. To invest in scientific research, to build the facilities and equipments for the management board of Bach Long Vi National Marine Protected Areas should be paid attention.
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Ford, John R., and Paul Hamer. "The forgotten shellfish reefs of coastal Victoria: documenting the loss of a marine ecosystem over 200 years since European settlement." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 128, no. 1 (2016): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs16008.
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Victoria has lost vast areas (>95%) of native flat oyster (Ostrea angasi, Sowerby 1871) and blue mussel (Mytilus edulis galloprovinicialis, Lamarck 1819) reefs from estuarine and coastal waters since European settlement. We document the decline of these reefs by examining indigenous use of shellfish, the decimation of oyster reefs by dredge fishing in early colonial days (1840s–1860s) and later removal of mussel reefs by the mussel and scallop dredging industry (1960s‒1990s). Review of current scientific information reveals no notable areas of continuous oyster reef in Victoria and we consider this habitat to be functionally extinct. While the large-scale removal and destructive fishing practices that drove the rapid declines have not occurred since the mid-1990s, a natural recovery has not occurred. Recovery has likely been hampered historically by a host of factors, including water quality and sedimentation, lack of shell substrate for settlement, chemical pollution impacts, disease of native flat oysters (Bonamia), and more recently introduced species that compete with or prey on shellfish. However, research in the United States has demonstrated that, by strategic selection of appropriate sites and provision of suitable settlement substrates, outplanting of aquaculture-reared oysters and mussels can re-establish shellfish reefs. While a long-term sustained and structured approach is required, there is potential to re-establish shellfish reefs as a functioning ecological community in Victoria’s coastal environment.
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Suparno, Nono, Kitty Currier, Carol Milner, Abigail Alling, and Phillip Dustan. "Ecological Changes in the Coral Reef Communities of Indonesia's Bali Barat National Park, 2011–2016." Atoll Research Bulletin, no. 620 (March 11, 2019): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.0077-5630.620.
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The coral reefs of Bali Barat National Park, one of Indonesia’s oldest marine protected areas, are known for their high biodiversity and excellent sport diving; however, stressors such as destructive fishing practices, elevated water temperatures, damage from anchors and careless visitors have been observed on these reefs for decades. The purpose of this study was to document and quantify changes in the fish and stony coral community structure of reefs within and outside the boundaries of Bali Barat National Park from 2011 to 2016, including its most popular dive site, Menjangan Island. The results provide further knowledge about the reefs of NW Bali and the efficacy of current management practices, and they will inform management decisions for locally managed reef stewardship programs. Between 2011 and 2016 the reefs of NW Bali lost 44.4% of their living coral cover, declining from 36% to 20% overall cover. Mortality was principally attributed to thermal bleaching caused by persistently high sea temperatures, which peaked in January 2016 at 32.2°C, coinciding with the third documented global bleaching event. Approximately one third of all stony corals were found to be bleached or recently dead. Despite the decline in coral cover, stony coral genus richness remained unchanged, with 56 genera recorded in both years, representing a combined total of 59 distinct genera. Mean fish biomass at Menjangan Island increased, with herbivorous fish biomass quadrupling, presumably due to decreased fishing effort at the island. The abundance of fish at all sites—both inside and outside the park—more than doubled, indicating a predominance of small fish at sites where fish biomass did not correspondingly rise. Crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci), not observed on transects in 2011, were found in 2016 in areas of relatively high disturbance from marine recreation and possible eutrophication from shrimp farm effluent and mainland runoff. Patterns of coral cover and damage, fish abundance and biomass, and lost fishing gear suggest that management activities inside and outside the park have reduced ecological damage. Local community conservation groups are practicing one or more of the following at Menjangan Island and in some of the locally managed conservation areas: installing moorings, removing coral predators (crown-of-thorns starfish and Drupella snails), reducing fishing pressure, securing live coral fragments back onto the reef and planting mangroves. These nature groups are raising community awareness about the importance of NW Bali’s marine ecology to their economic and cultural wellbeing.
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VOLKOVA, E. S. "LIFE AFTER REFORMS: THE SURVIVAL PRACTICES IN THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST AT THE TURN OF XX-XXI CENTURIES IN THE MIRROR OF FICTION." Historical and social-educational ideas 10, no. 3/1 (July 16, 2018): 46–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17748/2075-9908-2018-10-3/1-46-57.
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Following the current trends in the development of historical science, the author considers fiction as an important source for the study of the post-Soviet period, allowing recreating the socio- historical types of behavior, way of thinking and public mood, to track the transformation of the structures of everyday life. The article is based on the fiction published from the early 1990s to the present day and reflected the Far Eastern realities of the 1990s-2000s. The main attention is paid to the ways of adaptation to the new socio-economic conditions, such as inflation and the fall in real money incomes, massive cuts and wage delays, privatization, the collapse of industrial enterprises, the destruction of social infrastructure, the income differentiation, and an increasing gap between more and less developed territories. Art works show how in crisis the Far East inhabitants are looking for opportunities for part- time work, change professions, working for hire, opening their own business or falling into the category of self-employed, use deviant and destructive forms of employment. Many people in the conditions of continuous growth of prices, delays in wages or lack of a permanent, well-paid place of work are accustomed to live without money, making purchases rarely, but using subsistence farming in dacha or vegetable garden, the interchange of goods and services, engaged in gathering, hunting, fishing (the aboriginal population returns to traditional marine mammal hunting). In addition, the Far East inhabitants react to the modified conditions by changing their demographic behavior. Horizontal public relations are being strengthened, mutual assistance are widely used in the circle of relatives and friends.
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Ebrahimisadr, N., A. Motalebi, and N. Rokni. "Development of PCR-Based Technique for Checking Authenticity of Fish Fillets Supplied in Tabriz (Iran)." South Asian Journal of Experimental Biology 7, no. 2 (January 9, 2018): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.38150/sajeb.7(2).p64-68.
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Increasing consumer demand for seafood, combined with concern over the health of our oceans, has led to many initiatives aimed at tackling destructive fishing practices and promoting the sustainability of fisheries. So, our aim was to develop a PCR-based technique for checking authenticity of fish fillets supplied in Tabriz (Iran). In present study, about 80 samples of frozen fish fillet with general trademarks including south fillet, excellent fillet and 40 samples of Javelin grunter fillet and Scomberomorus commerson fillets were collected from different chain markets all over the Tabriz. Lot Tolerance Per-cent Defective (LTPD) method was used in collecting the samples which is the low errors. Our research showed a higher rate of misbrandingand misla-beling found in markets with general names (85%) and specified names of Javelin grunter and Scomberomorus commerson (40%). Based on present study, the capacity of shark is high in mislabeling and fraud because of their situation in making steaks and fillet, low price in compared with other spe-cies and religious limitations.
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Sembiring, Ingrid, Adnan Sj Wantasen, and Edwin LA Ngangi. "MANFAAT LANGSUNG TERUMBU KARANG DI DESA TUMBAK KABUPATEN MINAHASA TENGGARA." JURNAL PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN TROPIS 8, no. 2 (August 1, 2012): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jpkt.8.2.2012.409.
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Penangkapan ikan yang destruktif (menggunakan bom dan racun) dan pengambilan karang untuk dijadikan fondasi rumah menjadi isu dalam pengelolaan pesisir di Desa Tumbak. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) Mengetahui nilai manfaat langsung terumbu karang sebagai tempat penangkapan ikan oleh masyarakat di Desa Tumbak; (2) Mengetahui nilai manfaat langsung terumbu karang sebagai bahan bangunan oleh masyarakat di Desa Tumbak; (3) Mengetahui total nilai pemanfaatan terumbu karang sebagai tempat penangkapan ikan dan sebagai bahan bangunan oleh masyarakat di Desa Tumbak. Nilai manfaat langsung terumbu karang untuk fondasi rumah diperoleh Rp6.177.600 per tahun dan nilai manfaat langsung terumbu karang untuk penangkapan ikan karang Rp4.860.000.000. Total nilai manfaat langsung dari kedua pemanfaatan ini yaitu: Rp4.866.177.600. Total nilai ini belum termasuk pemanfaatan dalam bentuk lain terhadap ekosistem terumbu karang. Pemanfaatan terumbu karang sebagai bahan bangunan terutama disebabkan oleh faktor biaya yang murah dan jarak yang dekat dengan pemukiman. Praktik pemanfaatan yang tidak berkelanjutan ini menyebabkan degradasi kondisi terumbu karang sehingga tutupan karang hidup berada dalam kategori rusak (sedang). Jika terjadi terus-menerus, hal ini dapat menghilangkan fungsi ekologis sebagai peredam ombak dan fungsi ekonomis sebagai sumber pangan. Kata kunci: Tumbak; nilai manfaat langsung; terumbu karang; ekosistem The issues of destructive fishing practices (using of bombs and poisons) and the use of corals as construction building materials have become issues in coastal management in Tumbak Village. The aims of this study are (1) to find out the value of the direct benefits of coral reefs as fishing ground to the communities in Tumbak village, (2) to find out the value of the direct benefits of coral reefs as building materials to the communities in Tumbak village; (3) to find out the total value of the use of coral reefs as a fishing ground and as a construction materials for to the communities in Tumbak village. The value of direct benefit of the coral reef for building foundation was Rp 6,177,600 per year and the value of direct benefits for fishing was Rp 4,860,000,000. Total value of direct benefits from both of these uses was Rp 4,866,177,600. Total value did not include the use of other forms of coral reef ecosystems. In conclusions, the use of coral reefs as a building materials were mainly due to the low cost and the proximity to residential areas. Such category unsustainable practice has led to the degradation of coral reefs down to damaged category (medium category). If this happened continuously, the ecological function as wave protectors and economic functions as a source of food could be eliminated. Keywords: Tumbak; direct benefit value; coral reefs; ecosystem.
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de La Fayette, Louise Angélique. "A New Regime for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity and Genetic Resources Beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 24, no. 2 (2009): 221–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180809x421752.
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AbstractLife on earth, the climate, the air we breathe, the water we drink and the food we eat are to a large degree dependent on the health of the oceans and its biodiversity, which supports the global ecosystem. Ocean ecosystems provide essential services, food security and livelihoods to human beings all over the world. Yet, the oceans are currently or potentially threatened by human activities and their consequences, including: overfishing, destructive fishing practices, climate change, pollution from many sources, ocean acidification, habitat destruction, the spread of alien species, mineral exploration and exploitation, ocean dumping, underwater noise, marine debris, carbon sequestration, pipelines and cables, tourism, bioprospecting and marine scientific research. If we are to continue to benefit from the resources and services provided by the oceans, we must take urgent action to counter these threats. Some problems are already being addressed in various international instruments, most of which apply beyond national jurisdiction. However, because of the seriousness of the threats to marine ecosystems, States are considering whether existing measures are sufficient. Furthermore, with the recognition of the need to take an integrated, ecosystem approach to ocean management, some States are calling for an implementing agreement to the UN Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC) to address both the conservation and the sustainable use of marine biological resources beyond national jurisdiction. This paper examines the legal background and urges States to elaborate an implementing agreement to the LOSC to create a new regime for marine biodiversity and genetic resources beyond national jurisdiction.
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Thampy, Dencin Rons, M. R. Sethu, M. Bibin Paul, and C. P. Shaji. "Ichthyofaunal diversity in the upper-catchment of Kabini River in Wayanad part of Western Ghats, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 2 (February 27, 2021): 17651–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6159.13.2.17651-17669.
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We present here a detailed account of the diversity, distribution, threats, and conservation of freshwater fishes in the upper-catchment of the Kabini River in the Wayanad part of the Western Ghats Biodiversity Hotspot. A total of 136 fish species belonging to 13 orders, 29 families, and 69 genera were recorded. Order Cypriniformes dominated with five families, 36 genera, and 84 species, and Cyprinidae was the dominant family represented by 51 species within 21 genera. The true diversity of ichthyofauna in this catchment, is still unclear and requires further exploration and taxonomic studies. At least 44 species recorded during the study are endemic to the Western Ghats, of which 16 are endemic to the Cauvery River System and two species endemic to the Kabini Catchment. A total of 20 non-native fish species were recorded from the study area, of which six species were inter-basin (within India) transplants and 14 species were exotic. Among the native species with confirmed identity, four are Critically Endangered (CR) and nine Endangered (EN) as per the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. As a part of the study, we also extend the distribution ranges of Opsarius malabaricus, Laubuka trevori, Opsarius bendelisis, Puntius cauveriensis, Oreichthys coorgensis, Mesonoemacheilus pambarensis, Hypselobarbus curmuca, and Pseudosphromenus cupanus to the Kabini Catchment. The presence of four species, which were earlier considered to be endemic to the west flowing rivers of the Western Ghats, viz, Laubuka fasciata, Hypselobarbus kurali, Sahyadria denisonii, and Puntius mahecola, in an east flowing stream is reported and discussed. Deforestation and removal of riparian vegetation, pollution, stream channel modification, sand mining, destructive fishing practices, dams and other impoundments, monsoon fishing, and non-native species are the major threats to freshwater fishes in the region. Strategies for the conservation of aquatic ecosystems in the Kabini Catchment are discussed.
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Kasim, Kamaluddin, Eko Prianto, Husnah Husnah, and Setiya Triharyuni. "PENGELOLAAN SUMBERDAYA PERIKANAN MELALUI PENDEKATAN EKOSISTEM DI PAPARAN BANJIRAN GIAM SIAK KECIL." Jurnal Kebijakan Perikanan Indonesia 9, no. 2 (January 22, 2018): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jkpi.9.2.2017.115-124.
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Cagar biosfir Giam Siak Kecil (GSK) merupakan ekosistem paparan banjiran yang unik dengan sumberdaya ikan yang beragam. Terdapat beberapa permasalahan terkait pemanfaatan sumberdaya perikanan diantaranya penurunan jumlah dan jenis sumberdaya perikanan. Salah satu upaya pengelolaan perikanan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan ekosistem (Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management/EAFM). Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk merumuskan pengelolaan sumberdaya perikanan melalui pendekatan ekosistem di rawa banjiran GSK Provinsi Riau. Jenis ikan yang ditemukan sebanyak 37 jenis ikan, 10 jenis diantaranya merupakan ikan ekonomis penting, sementara 5 jenis ikan mengalami kelangkaan diantaranya arwana (Schleropages aureus), belida (Chitala sp), patin (Pangasius sp), jalai (Channa maruliodes). Nilai beberapa domain pada pengelolaan perikanan GSK menunjukkan skor pada kategori buruk (dibawah reference point) yakni pada domain penangkapan, kelembagaan dan ekonomi. Namun, secara umum kondisi pengelolaan rawa banjiran GSK tergolong dalam kategori sedang (nilai 1,53). Focus group discussion merumuskan langkah-langkah pengelolaan yang diperlukan diantaranya: 1) restocking ikan asli. 2) pengembangan kawasan suaka perikanan, 3) peningkatan pengawasan terhadap praktek-praktek penangkapan ikan ilegal dan merusak, 4) penguatan kelembagaan pengelolaan perikanan, dan 5) monitoring hasil tangkapan ikan beserta evaluasi pengelolaannya.Giam Siak Kecil Biosphere Reserve is a part of unique floodplain ecosystem, which is inhabited by various fresh water fish species. The catches of some native species have curtailed over the last decade since the local fishers often use destructive fishing practices and gears. A sustainable management approach needs to be addressed to avoid over-exploitation and to restore the stock. This research aimed to formulate proper management approach that can be applied to the floodplain ecosystem of Giam Siak Kecil Biosphere Reserve. The research found that at least 37 species of fish were recorded, 10 of them were economically important species. There were five species categorized as rare species such as Arwana (Schleropages aureus), Belida (Chitala sp), Patin (Pangasius sp), and Jalai (Channa maruliodes). EAFM indikators showed that the lowest score (below the reference point) were found on fishery domain, organization domain, and economy domain. Nevertheless, it could be concluded that floodplain ecosystem of Giam Siak Kecil Biosphere Reserve was categorized in middle class category, with average scores of 1.53. Based on the findings above, the formulation of management purposed should be addressed to: 1) restocking native fishes, 2) developing fishery sanctuary, 3) increase surveillance of illegal fishing practices, 4) strengthening fishers organizations, 5) monitoring and evaluating the catch on weekly or monthly basis.
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Kartini, Fitriah. "The Effectiveness of Awig-Awig as A Strategy to Protect DMCA Gili Sulat and Gili Lawang." Jurnal Ilmiah Tata Sejuta STIA Mataram 5, no. 1 (April 7, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32666/tatasejuta.v5i1.52.
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This study was carried out in the District Marine Conservation Area (DMCA) of Gili Sulat and Gili Lawang, East Lombok. DMCA of Gili Sulat and Gili Lawang have established by Co-Fish Project of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Ministry of Indonesia in 2004 as part of participative management sustainability to coastal resources. The aim of establishing DMCA is to decrease destructive fishing activities such as bombing and poisoning that has been practices for long time. In this study, data were collected through semi structure questionnaires, personal interview, participant observation, document reviews, and life history. Discussions were held with the fishermen in Sugian Village, fisheries management committee of DMCA, local communities who living in Sugian Village and government in village, local and regional level. In order to analyze the findings, an analyzing of legal and institutional arrangements is used combining with the theories of legal pluralism and property rights. The study revealed that there are two laws coexist in DMCA as state laws and customary laws called awig-awig. State laws are covered legal status of DMCA as property of state where local government has authority to manage it. Meanwhile, customary laws are more to control people behaviors towards DMCA. Moreover, a fisheries management committee (KPPL) has formed by government to enforce day-to-day awig-awig practices towards DMCA and has its authority to invoke sanctions for rule breaking. Because of this, several problems arose in Sugian Village concerning to DMCA. This required better management of coastal resources where planning should be come from and involve grass root level. Finally, the study revealed that management of DMCA should be reinforced to all parties particularly on communities’ level, so that the problem foci can be clear for all.
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Kerry, Rout George, Samprit Padhiary, Gyana Prakash Mahapatra, and Jyoti Ranjan Rout. "Utility of Underwater Weenie Life Forms as Voluminous Organisms: A Review." ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences 23, no. 2 (June 21, 2018): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.23.2.99-108.
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Coral reefs are a sundry subaqueous ecological community, combined with the calcium carbonate structures secreted by converting the carbon dioxide present in the water into limestone. The biotic portion of the coral reef is marine animal known as polyps that have resemblance with jellyfish. Unlike terrestrial environment, the marine component is tightly interdependent. Taking out one component or loss of from a system can have a devastating impact or undermine the entire marine ecosystem. Reefs specifically are a vital organism among underwater life which is dependent on corals and provide key microhabitat, shelter and breeding ground for thousands of species of fish, crustaceans, mollusks, etc. Coral reef possesses vital ethnobotanical properties, which cures asthma, arthritis, and even cancer. Apart from medicinal properties, further it provides 2/3rd of oxygen on earth. However, the destructive fishing practices, pollution and ocean acidification have endangered this kingdom and have led to the threatening of the entire fabric of the underwater life. As human beings are also dependent up to much extent for centuries, there is a high probability of being severely affected if the coral reef extinct leaving the seabed barren. Corals cover almost 1 % of the oceans present on earth, but the irony is 75 % of them are on a verge of extinction. Therefore, the present review focuses on its conservation, cultivation and significance of their application in the field of biomedical science.Keywords: Coral reef, endangered, ethnobotany, extinction, marine ecosystem, pollution.
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Mbimbi Mayi Munene, José J., Melanie L. J. Stiassny, Raoul J. C. Monsembula Iyaba, and Tobit L. D. Liyandja. "Fishes of the Lower Lulua River (Kasai Basin, Central Africa): A Continental Hotspot of Ichthyofaunal Diversity under Threat." Diversity 13, no. 8 (July 26, 2021): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13080341.
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The ichthyofauna of the Lulua River, a large right bank tributary of the Kasai River in central Africa, is among the most poorly documented in the Kasai ecoregion. To remedy this lack of knowledge, sampling was carried out between 2007 and 2014 along the main channel and in many tributaries. A total of 201 species distributed in 81 genera, 24 families, and 12 orders are reported from the lower reaches of the Lulua. The species richness reported in this study represents a substantially improved documentation of the Lulua ichthyofauna (historically estimated at only 79 species). Here, 129 species are recorded for the first time, bringing the total number of known species to 208. Among these, five have recently been described: Raiamas brachyrhabdotos Katemo Manda, Snoeks, Choca Manda, and Vreven 2018, Distichodus kasaiensis Moelants, Snoeks, and Vreven, 2018, Distichodus polli Abwe, Snoeks, Choca Manda, and Vreven 2019, Epiplatys atractus Van Der Zee, Mbimbi, and Sonnenberg 2013, and Hypsopanchax stiassnyae Van Der Zee, Sonnenberg, and Mbimbi 2015; numerous additional taxa are currently under investigation. Recognized here as a continental hotspot of ichthyofaunal diversity, the Lulua is under extreme threat from exploitation of forest products for building materials, deforestation for shifting agriculture and charcoal exploitation, destructive fishing practices, and mining, all of which are rapidly increasing in the watershed. The present study provides baseline documentation for use in conservation planning and future developmental projects in the Kasai ecoregion in general and Lulua River basin in particular.
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KATSANEVAKIS, S., D. POURSANIDIS, Y. ISSARIS, A. PANOU, D. PETZA, V. VASSILOPOULOU, I. CHALDAIOU, and M. SINI. ""Protected" marine shelled molluscs: thriving in Greek seafood restaurants." Mediterranean Marine Science 12, no. 2 (September 21, 2011): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.42.
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International agreements as well as European and national legislation prohibit exploitation and trading of a number of edible marine shelled molluscs, due to either significant declines in their populations or destructive fishing practices. However, enforcement of existing legislation in Greece is ineffective and many populations of “protected” species continue to decline, mainly due to poaching. The extent of illegal trading of protected bivalves and gastropods in Greek seafood restaurants was investigated by interviewing owners or managers of 219 such restaurants in 92 localities. Interviews were based on questionnaires regarding the frequency of availability in the menus and the origin of twenty-one species or groups of species, among which eight are protected - illegally exploited. Forty-two percent of the surveyed restaurants were found to serve at least one of the protected ¬- illegally exploited species. Among the illegally traded species, Lithophaga lithophaga, Pecten jacobaeus, and Pinnanobilis were served in a relatively high proportion of the surveyed restaurants (22.8%, 19.2%, and 16.4% respectively), outrunning many commercial species. In many cases these species were always or often available (11.4%, 4.6% and 5.0% respectively). There was substantial spatial variation in the proportion of restaurants that illegally served protected species with differing patterns for each species; very high proportions of illegal trading were observed in some marine regions (e.g., date mussels were served in >65% of the seafood restaurants along the coastline of Evvoikos Gulf). In most cases the illegally traded species were of local origin, while there was no finding of illegally imported molluscs from other countries. The strategy for enforcement of existing legislation should be greatly improved otherwise protection of shelled molluscs will remain ineffective.
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Yick, Jonah L., Chris Wisniewski, John Diggle, and Jawahar G. Patil. "Eradication of the Invasive Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio from a Large Lake: Lessons and Insights from the Tasmanian Experience." Fishes 6, no. 1 (February 23, 2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes6010006.
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Common carp (Cyprinus carpio, L. 1758) are the most abundant pest fish species in Australia, detrimental to ecosystem integrity and values, and in need of suitable management solutions. In January 1995, this destructive pest was discovered in two large, connected Tasmanian lakes—Lakes Crescent (23 km2) and Sorell (54 km2). After an initial assessment, carp were immediately contained to these waters using screens to prevent their escape down-stream, followed by swift legislation to enforce closure of the lakes to the public. Assessment and evaluation of carp numbers occurred throughout the eradication program, with effort focused on Lake Crescent. Beginning with undirected removal, techniques progressively evolved to more sophisticated targeted removal with assistance from biotelemetry, in conjunction with gill netting and electro-fishing. Real-time population estimates and in situ observations resulted in a detailed cumulative understanding of carp population dynamics, behaviour and seasonal habitat choice. This allowed strategic deployment of fences to block access to marshes, and the installation of steel traps within the fences. These gears specifically prevented spawning opportunities, while concurrently capturing mature fish. Following 12 years of adaptive and integrated effort, 7797 carp (fry, juvenile and adult) were captured from Lake Crescent, with the last carp being caught in December 2007. The subsequent 14 years of monitoring has not resulted in the capture of any carp, confirming the successful eradication of carp from Lake Crescent. These management practices have been successfully replicated in the larger Lake Sorell, where 41,499 carp (fry, juvenile and adult) have been removed. It is now estimated that there are few, if any carp remaining. Collectively, the techniques and strategies described here were reliable, and can be applied as a model to control or eradicate pest populations of carp in freshwater lakes elsewhere.
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Mustasim, Mustasim, Endang Gunaisah, Muhammad Ali Ulat, Handayani Handayani, Ismail Ismail, Amir M. Suruwaky, Misbah Sururi, Vicky Rizky Affandy Katili, and Hendra Poltak. "PELATIHAN PEMBUATAN ALAT PENANGKAPAN IKAN RAMAH LINGKUNGAN." Mitra Mahajana: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat 2, no. 1 (February 18, 2021): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37478/mahajana.v2i1.799.
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Destructive fishing has the potential to reduce the sustainability of marine resources and the productivity of marine products which will have an impact on the welfare of fishermen. Various motives for destructive fishing include economic, social, cultural motives, and even ignorance that this action is against the law. Politeknik Kelautan dan Perikanan Sorong carries out community service as an effort to provide understanding regarding environmentally friendly fisheries through lectures and the practice of making environmentally friendly fishing gear. The activity lasted for 2 days, attended by 20 fishermen target partners of Saoka Village. The results of the practice in the form of environmentally friendly fishing gear are handed over to target partners for use in fishing operations.
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Sabilla, Kanetasya. "Environmental Degradation and Poverty Nexus: Evidence from Coral Reef Destruction in Indonesia." Journal of Indonesian Social Sciences and Humanities 7, no. 2 (December 28, 2017): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jissh.v7i2.143.
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In a rural area, environmental degradation and poverty nexus focuses on the high-dependency of poor people to natural resources-based livelihood. Arguably, limited assets of poor people cause them to be unable to cope with natural resources degradation and to undertake sustainable practice in their livelihood activities. This study attempts to find the nexus between environmental degradation and poverty in the case of coral reef destruction in Indonesia by applying secondary research as a methodology. A sustainable livelihood framework is applied to analyze small-scale fisher people's vulnerability and capacity to destruct. This study finds that small-scale fisher-people have limited assets to cope with coral reef destruction; however, the same condition leads them to destruct coral reef by doing the destructive fishing practice. This condition causes them to be trapped in the downward spiral of environmental degradation and poverty. Moreover, small-scale fisher-people can overcome this problem by developing self-governance common pool resources to conserve coral reef and increase their livelihood sustainability.
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Law, John, and Solveig Joks. "Indigeneity, Science, and Difference: Notes on the Politics of How." Science, Technology, & Human Values 44, no. 3 (September 24, 2018): 424–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0162243918793942.
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This paper explores a colonial controversy: the imposition of state rules to limit salmon fishing in a Scandinavian subarctic river. These rules reflect biological fish population models intended to preserve salmon populations, but this river has also been fished for centuries by indigenous Sámi people who have their own different practices and knowledges of the river and salmon. In theory, the Norwegian state recognizes traditional ecological knowledge and includes this in its biological assessments, but in practice this does not happen, so Sámi fishing practices and the realities that they enact are disappearing. This paper explores how to conceptualize colonial differences in knowing. Drawing on recent anthropology, it asks how (scientific) “settler” and (Sámi) “nomadic” enact worlds and their realities, suggesting that, unlike the latter, the former create a single reality intolerant of alternatives. The focus is thus on a “politics of how” and the ways in which colonial realities and knowledges might intersect less destructively.
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R, Tenri A., Danial Sultan, and Asbar Asbar. "ANALISIS STRATEGI PENGELOLAAN EKOSISTEM TERUMBU KARANG DI KAWASAN KONSERVASI PERAIRAN DAERAH LIUKANG TUPPABIRING." JOURNAL OF INDONESIAN TROPICAL FISHERIES (JOINT-FISH) : Jurnal Akuakultur, Teknologi Dan Manajemen Perikanan Tangkap, Ilmu Kelautan 3, no. 2 (December 26, 2020): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.33096/joint-fish.v3i2.78.
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Liukang Tuppabiring is a waters with marine biodiversity potential large enough to be developed and managed sustainably. Utilization around the coral reefs in the waters of the Liukang Tuppabiring sub-district currently tends to lead to destructive use, so it is necessary to take damage prevention measures immediately. The results showed the condition of coral cover in the medium and damaged, while at stations 1,2,3,4,6 (25,47-41.07%), while conditions were good at station 5 (56.20%). The number of individual reef fish is 290 individuals from 46 species of 22 genera 11 families. At the research location also identified one type of protected biota namely Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata). Coral damage that occurred at 6 observation stations was more caused by the practice of using destructive and environmentally unfriendly fishing equipment such as bombs, trawls, and the use of poisons. The priority strategies undertaken in the management of coral reefs at the study site are 1) Management of environmentally friendly coral reefs where the community as a manager with strong support from the Government; 2) Making clear rules related to utilization in coral reef areas and establishing a POSMAKWAS institution to avoid more severe coral damage; 3) Improve supervision and law enforcement must be firm in relation to the use of fishing gear that can damage coral reef ecosystems.
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MS, Hamzah, Rustam Rustam, and Abdul Rauf. "KAJIAN PENGELOLAAN PESISIR DAN LAUT DENGAN SISTEM ZONASI DI KAWASAN KONSERVASI PERAIRAN DAERAH KECAMATAN LIUKANG TUPPABIRING." JOURNAL OF INDONESIAN TROPICAL FISHERIES (JOINT-FISH) : Jurnal Akuakultur, Teknologi Dan Manajemen Perikanan Tangkap, Ilmu Kelautan 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33096/joint-fish.v4i1.90.
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Liukang Tuppabiring is a waters with marine biodiversity potential large enough to be developed and managed sustainably. Utilization around the coral reefs in the waters of the Liukang Tuppabiring sub-district currently tends to lead to destructive use, so it is necessary to take damage prevention measures immediately. The results showed the condition of coral cover in the medium and damaged, while at stations 1,2,3,4,6 (25,47-41.07%), while conditions were good at station 5 (56.20%). The number of individual reef fish is 290 individuals from 46 species of 22 genera 11 families. At the research location also identified one type of protected biota namely Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata). Coral damage that occurred at 6 observation stations was more caused by the practice of using destructive and environmentally unfriendly fishing equipment such as bombs, trawls, and the use of poisons. The priority strategies undertaken in the management of coral reefs at the study site are 1) Management of environmentally friendly coral reefs where the community as a manager with strong support from the Government; 2) Making clear rules related to utilization in coral reef areas and establishing a POSMAKWAS institution to avoid more severe coral damage; 3) Improve supervision and law enforcement must be firm in relation to the use of fishing gear that can damage coral reef ecosystems.
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Betts, Joel T., Juan F. Mendoza Espinoza, Armando J. Dans, Christopher A. Jordan, Joshua L. Mayer, and Gerald R. Urquhart. "Fishing with Pesticides Affects River Fisheries and Community Health in the Indio Maíz Biological Reserve, Nicaragua." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (December 4, 2020): 10152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122310152.
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The practice of harvesting fish and crustaceans by using pesticides is understudied and under-reported in tropical inland fisheries yet poses a significant threat to freshwater biodiversity and community health. This research provides a brief review of the practice and an in-depth case study from southeast Nicaragua. In 2019, 86 interviews and 5 focus groups were conducted in remote communities in the Indio Maíz Biological Reserve (IMBR) and nearby surrounding area and combined with 4 years of local Indigenous Rama and Afrodescendent Kriol community forest ranger data. Forest rangers and 74% of interviewees reported that fishing with pesticides occurs in their communities, including both inside the IMBR and in the nearby surrounding area. The practice is primarily used by illegal settlers, and not by Rama and Kriol communities who have rights to the land in the IMBR. It entails the release of liquid pesticides in water or mixing powdered pesticides with corn flour and using the mixture as bait. Of seven chemicals reported, Cypermethrin, Deltamethrin, and Aluminum Phosphide were most common. The use of ichthyotoxic woody plants was more rarely reported. Habitats targeted ranged from swift headwaters to slow pools in small creeks to larger rivers, depending on target species. Main uses reported for the catch were food for family, bait to catch larger fish, and for sale. The main motivation was increased catch efficiency. Many interviewees attributed stomach issues, diarrhea, cough, convulsions, and miscarriage to exposure to poisoned river water. Twenty-five interviewees blamed poisoned rivers for livestock miscarriages or death. Severe local losses of fish and shrimp populations were reported. Rama and Kriol interviewees describe the practice as a threat to their river-based food security. Despite its illegality, no study participant knew a case of pesticide fishing that had been prosecuted. This destructive fishing practice has significant implications for conservation of the intact river systems of the primary rainforests of southeast Nicaragua, and to the local traditional fisheries they support.
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Ipanna Enggar Susetya, Desrita, and Zulham Apandy Harahap. "APPLICATION OF CORAL TRANSPLANTATION TECHNOLOGY FOR CORAL REEF ECOSYSTEM PROBLEMS IN SALAH NAMA ISLAND, BATUBARA REGENCY." ABDIMAS TALENTA: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 3, no. 1 (July 9, 2018): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/abdimastalenta.v3i1.2325.
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Coral reefs are one of the typical ecosystems in coastal areas that have ecological and economicvalue. There are many cases of coral reef damage in Salah Nama Island caused by natural andhuman factors. Coral reefs damage is mostly caused by human activities such as water pollution,destructive fishing and using of ship anchors. Activity of devotion society aims to provideinformation and skills to fishermen groups in Salah Nama Island about coral transplantationtechniques, as well as conducting coral transplantation activities as one of the efforts to preservethe ecosystem of coral reefs. Based on the description of the problems and objectives of devotionsociety, the activities that have been done are counseling to the partner fishermen abouttransplantation and coral benefits in ecosystem, transplantation practice and coral transplantationmonitoring.
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Reppie, Emil. "PENGARUH MINYAK CUMI PADA UMPAN BUBU DASAR TERHADAP HASIL TANGKAPAN IKAN-IKAN KARANG." JURNAL PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN TROPIS 6, no. 3 (April 30, 2010): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jpkt.6.3.2010.158.
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Bottom trap have been used widely by coastal communities in North Sulawesi to catch coral fishes, since it simple in design, cheaper and easy to manage with a small boat. Unfortunately, the fishing practice of the traditional trap is usually conducted in destructive way, where fishermen cover the gear with live coral to attract fishing target. Although the gear’s design has evolved over centuries, there is still potential for improving its catching efficiency and selectivity. An attempt to understand the fishing process of bottom trap should therefore be focused on bait and how its chemical composition, visual and physical properties may stimulate target species to attack the bait and captured. Addition of squid liver oil to the bait could increase the fishing power of bottom trap gear. But scientific information’s about its applications are not available yet. Therefore, the objective of this research was to study the effect of squid liver oil on bait of bottom trap toward the capture of coral fishes. This research was done in Bangka Strait North of Minahasa, based on experimental method. Six units of bottom trap (bamboo) were operated ten nights in collecting data; where tree units of them used scad mackerel bait that injected by squid liver oil, and tree other units just used scad mackerel bait without squid liver oil; and the capture data were analyzed by ttest. The catch was 117 fish in total consist of 2 genera; 74 fish was caught by scad mackerel bait with squid liver oil, and 43 fish was caught by bait without squid liver oil. Analysis of ttest show that t0= 8.908>t0.05; 5= 3.250; which means that the addition of squid liver oil on bait could increase the catch of bottom trap.
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Tima, Tanjina Akter, Petra Schneider, Swapan Kumar Chanda, Mohammad Mojibul Hoque Mozumder, Mohammad Mosarof Hossain, Amany Begum, and Md Mostafa Shamsuzzaman. "Analyses Implementation Realities of Legal Frameworks for Sustainable Management of Tanguar Haor Fisheries Resources in Bangladesh." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 6, 2021): 8784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13168784.
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Tanguar Haor (TH) is considered one of the Ecologically Critical Areas (ECAs) of Bangladesh and is internationally recognized as RAMSAR wetland (2nd Ramsar site) known to provide multiple ecosystem services to the society. Nevertheless, multidimensional threats and stressors, the capacity to supply ESs, and the biodiversity of the TH significantly degrades and threatens this wetland’s conservation and sustainability. Although the legal framework promises the sustainable conservation of fisheries resources, information on the implementation scenarios of fisheries laws, regulations, and policies in the TH Ramsar are scant. By merging qualitative and quantitative data of primary and secondary sources, this research aimed to analyze the legal framework to check the effectiveness of regulations for non-conflicting fisheries resources and the sustainable conservation of the TH Ramsar. Primary empirical data were collected by employing Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools, i.e., 204 semi-structured questionnaire-based individual interviews with fishers, three focus group discussions, and 14 key informants’ interviews in three fishing villages in the TH. In contrast, secondary data was set by reviewing published literature and related official documents. Results showed that, due to weak enforcement with inadequate surveillance and poor implementation of the legal framework, there was a high non-compliance with fishing laws, rules, and policies. Destructive and prohibited fishing gears, e.g., the use of small mesh fine nylon nets (current jal), purse seine net (ber jal), and the harvesting during ban period-illicit catch were widespread in the study areas. In addition, catching undersized fish, fishing at the restricted areas (sanctuary area), and fishing during spawning seasons occur often. There is a crying need for a comprehensive legal and policy framework to contextualize the local context, ensure the proper implementation of the fishing laws and regulations, increase the managerial inefficiency of enforcing agencies, ensure livelihood support during the fishing ban, and afford good alternative income options are still significant issues for good governance in the Tanguar Haor ECA. Findings might help to identify the gaps and misunderstanding of the existing legal practice while submitting urgent attention to the need for drawing a comprehensive legal and policy framework (contextually modified according to the local context), taking initiatives and acting synchronously for proper implementation, and calling transdisciplinary collaboration and cooperation among the agencies that may ensure the non-conflicting use of the natural resources of the TH that can be also helpful for the better conservation of this Ramsar wetland.
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Akbar, Akbar, Najamuddin Najamuddin, and Bustan Bustan. "Ilegal Fishing: Penggunaan Alat Tangkap Ikan di Kepulauan Kabupaten Pangkep 1975-2015." Jurnal Pattingalloang 7, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/pattingalloang.v7i1.13283.
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Karya ini menjelaskan tentang penangkapan ikan secara ilegal di Kepulauan Kabupaten Pangkep pada masa pemerintahan Presiden ke-2 sampai tahun 2015. Alat tangkap tersebut mulai ada sejak tahun 1975 seperti Dodoro’ (Bom ikan), dan Racun potassium yang digunakan oleh sebagian nelayan yang ada di Kepuluan Kabupaten Pangkep. Masuknya orang Jawa ke perairan Selam Makassar Pada tahun 1989 memperkenalkan alat tangkap baru kepada nelayan dan melakukan aktivitas penangkapan ikan dengan menggunakan alat tangkap Catrang atau yang biasa disebut Trawl (Trol). Dari sinilah awal nelayan mengenal yang namanya Cantrang/trawl. Sebagai akibatnya, sebagian nelayan di Kecamatan Liukang Tupabiring khusunya Pulau Podang-podang Lompo terdorong melakukan praktek penangkapan ikan secara ilegal karena permintaan pasar semakin meningkat serta, cara prakteknya pun mudah dilakukan dan bisa mendapatkan hasil yang sangat memuaskan. Semasa penggunaan alat illegal (Bom ikan, Potasium, dan Trawl) terus beroperasi sampai mengalami perkembangan dari tahun 2000-2015 dan berdampak pada rusaknya terumbu karang dan memiliki potensi besar mengancam kepunahan ikan dan biota laut lainnya selain itu membahayakan nyawa orang lain..Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan penelitian historis (Historical Research), yang terdiri atas beberapa tahapan yakni: (1) Heuristik, dengan melakukan wawancara terhadap para nelayan Kecamatan Liukang Tupabiring seperti Dg. Mudo, Dg. Ilyas, Dg. Harrang, Haerul, dll. Mengumpulkan sumber di Perpustakaan Fakultas Perikanan dan Kelautan Universitas Hasanuddin Makassar, Perpustakaan Wilayah Provinsi Sulawesi-selatan, data-data Kecamatan Liukang Tupabiring, sera artikel-artikel yang ada dikoran Fajar. (2) Kritik atau proses verifikasi keaslian sumber sejarah. (3) Interpretasi atau penafsiran sumber sejarah, dan (4) Historiografi, yakni tahap penulisan sejarah. Kata Kunci: Illegal fishing, alat tangkap, Kecamatan Liukang Tupabiring. AbstractThis work describes illegal fishing in the Pangkep Regency Islands during the 2nd President's administration until 2015. The fishing gear began to exist since 1975 such as Dodoro (Fish Bomb), and Potassium Poisons used by some fishermen in Head of Pangkep Regency. The entry of Javanese into the waters of Makassar Submarine In 1989 introduced new fishing gear to fishermen and carried out fishing activities using Catrang fishing gear or commonly called Trawl. From here the fishermen knew the name Cantrang / trawl. As a result, some fishermen in the Liukang District of Tupabiring, especially Podang-podang Island, Lompo, are encouraged to practice illegal fishing because market demand is increasing and the practice is easy and can get very satisfying results. During the use of illegal tools (Fish bombs, Potassium and Trawlers) continued to operate until they developed from 2000-2015 and had an impact on the destruction of coral reefs and had great potential to threaten the extinction of fish and other marine biota in addition to endangering the lives of others ... This study is a qualitative research with historical research approach (Historical Research), which consists of several stages, namely: (1) Heuristics, by conducting interviews with fishermen in the Liukang Tupabiring District such as Dg. Mudo, Dg. Ilyas, Dg. Harrang, Haerul, etc. Gathering resources in the Library of the Faculty of Fisheries and Maritime Affairs, University of Hasanuddin Makassar, Regional Library of South Sulawesi Province, data from the Liukang Tupabiring District, as well as articles in the newspaper Fajar. (2) Criticism or the process of verifying the authenticity of historical sources. (3) Interpretation or interpretation of historical sources, and (4) Historiography, namely the stage of historical writing. Keywords: Illegal fishing, fishing gear, Liukang Tupabiring District.
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Chor, Wei Kang, Victor Charlie Andin, Chitra Devi Gopalakrishnan, Amierah Amer, Shaheera Mohamed, Hiroyoshi Matsumoto, and Leong Seng Lim. "A comparative analysis of the effect of low-cost fish and commercially compounded feed on growth performance and organoleptic quality of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × Epinephelus lanceolatus) in cage farming in Kuala Penyu, Sabah, and nutritional costs." Borneo Journal of Marine Science and Aquaculture (BJoMSA) 4, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.51200/bjomsa.v4i1.2049.
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A 25-week feeding trial was conducted to assess the growth performance, organoleptic quality, and to estimate the viability of nourishing hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus x Epinephelus lanceolatus) with low-cost fish (LCF) and commercially compound feed (CCF). A group of 3600 juvenile fish (182g) were released in four sea cages and fed with either LCF or CCF in duplicate. At the end of the trial, the hybrid grouper provided LCF attained a significantly higher (P<0.05) final body weight (971.00±24.04g) than those fed with CCF (838.50±17.68g). While the estimated feed cost of hybrid grouper fed with LCF (RM7.84 ± 0.45) was lower than those fed with CCF (RM9.28 ± 0.37), no significant difference was found in the fish survival and there was no clear bias in consumer preferences for either fish fed with LCF or CCF (P>0.05). Although technicalities of fish fed with LCF suggest that LCF is more efficient than CCF, feeding LCF to high-value fish is an unsustainable practice as LCF is usually obtained through trawling – a destructive fishing method for the marine ecosystem. Therefore, feeding with CCF without the use of LCF as the source of protein for its fishmeal will contribute to sustainable aquaculture. In order to convince the local farmers in Sabah to adopt the practice of feeding CCF, future research should focus on completing the species-specific diet formulation to promote optimum growth, and find ways to reduce the CCF local selling price.
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Carton, Geoffrey, and Andrzej Jagusiewicz. "Historic Disposal of Munitions in U.S. and European Coastal Waters, How Historic Information Can be Used in Characterizing and Managing Risk." Marine Technology Society Journal 43, no. 4 (October 1, 2009): 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.43.4.1.
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AbstractSea disposal of wastes from industry and government was accepted internationally as a safe and efficient practice until the 1970s. Options available for addressing excess, obsolete, and unserviceable munitions prior to the 1970s were limited to salvage, destruction by open detonation or open burning, or burial on land or at sea. Sea disposal of conventional and chemical munitions and other waste material was considered appropriate until the enactment of the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter in 1972 and its 1996 Protocol prohibiting sea disposal of chemical and biological agents. The 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention contains a similar ban. Sea-disposed munitions pose two types of risk. These are acute—injury or death caused by either detonation or direct exposure to chemical agents—and chronic—adverse health impacts resulting from prolonged exposure to munition constituents. The type and configuration of sea-disposed munitions, disposal location, water body properties (e.g., depth, current), and its usage (e.g., commercial fishing, recreation, pipeline construction) are factors in determining the relative risk posed by munitions. The collection, analysis, and sharing of historical information allow more efficient investigation and management of risks from sea-disposed munitions.
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Breen, Nancy E., J. Alexander Bonanno, Sara Hunt, Julia Grossman, Jordan Brown, Hannah Nolte, and Andrew L. Rhyne. "On the half-life of thiocyanate in the plasma of the marine fish Amphiprion ocellaris: implications for cyanide detection." PeerJ 7 (April 2, 2019): e6644. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6644.
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The illegal practice of using cyanide (CN) as a stunning agent to collect fish for both the marine aquarium and live fish food trades has been used throughout the Indo-Pacific for over 50 years. CN fishing is destructive to all life forms within the coral reef ecosystems where it is used and is certainly one of many anthropogenic activities that have led to 95% of the reefs in the Indo-Pacific being labeled at risk for degradation and loss. A field-deployable test for detecting fish caught using CN would assist in combating the use of this destructive practice, however, no reliable and robust test exists. Further, there is little toxicokinetic data available on marine fish to support the development of such a test, yet such data is critical to establishing the concentration range and time scale over which such a test would be viable. This study presents the first direct measurement of the half-life of the metabolite thiocyanate (SCN) after pulsed exposure to CN in a marine fish. SCN was measured in the plasma of Amphiprion ocellaris after exposure to 50 ppm CN for three exposure times (20, 45, and 60 s) using HPLC-UV and a C30 column pre-treated with polyethylene glycol. Plasma SCN levels observed are dose-dependent, reflecting a longer time for conversion of CN to SCN as the dose of CN increases. SCN plasma levels reached a maximum concentration (1.2–2.3 ppm) 12–20 h after exposure to CN. The half-life for the elimination of SCN was 1.01 ± 0.26 days for 45 s exposure and 0.44 ± 0.15 days for 20 s exposure. Fish were also directly exposed to SCN (100 ppm for 11 days) and the observed half-life for SCN elimination was 0.35 ± 0.07 days. Plasma SCN levels did not return to control levels, even after 41 days when exposed to CN but did return to control levels after 48 days when exposed to SCN. The similar half-lives observed for CN and SCN exposure suggests that SCN exposure can be used as a proxy for measuring the rate of SCN elimination following CN exposure. In order for plasma SCN to be used as a marker for CN exposure, these results must be extended to other species and endogenous levels of SCN in wild caught fish must be established.
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Bhatnagar, Anita, Abhay Singh Yadav, and Neeru Neeru. "Fish diversity of Haryana and its conservation status." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 1022–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i2.915.
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The present study on fish biodiversity of Haryana state was carried out during 2011 to 2014. A total number of 59 fish species inhabits the freshwaters of this state. Maximum number of fish species belonged to the order Cypriniformes (35) followed by the order Siluriformes (12) and Perciformes (8). The orders Beloniformes,Clupeiformes, Osteoglossiformes and Synbranchiformes were represented by only one species each. Out of 59 fish species, 2 are endangered, 11 vulnerable, 28 have lower risk of threat, 8 exotic and 4 fish species have lower risk least concern. The conservation status of six fish species has not been evaluated so far, hence they cannot be included in any of the IUCN categories at this moment. Family Cyprinidae alone contributed 32 fish species followed by Bagridae family. Fish species Parapsilorhynchus discophorus was observed for the first time in Haryana waters. This species is the native of Kaveri river basin, the occurrence of this species in river Yamuna may be attributed to some religious activity of people. A decline in fish diversity has been recorded from 82 species in 2004 to 59 species in the present study in the year 2014. The main causes for decrease in fish biodiversity are habitat destruction and fragmentation, changing practices of land use, exotic species introduction, fishing, irrigation needs, pollution and global climate change impacts. It is essential to prevent further decline of fish resources by devising all possible measures of conservation and rehabilitation.
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Wymeersch, Patrick, and Dirk Beke. "The Killing Desert? Droogte, Nomadentradities en Ontwikkelingsbestuur bij de Turkana." Afrika Focus 3, no. 3-4 (January 15, 1987): 210–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-0030304003.
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The killing Desert? Drought, Nomadic Traditions and Development Administration with the Turkana. The Turkana are nomadic pastoralists who live in the desert regions of northwestern Kenya. The majority of the Turkana practice no agriculture nor fishing and live exclusively from the products of their livestock (milk, blood and meat). They keep multiple species herds (cattle, camels, goats, sheep and donkeys) in order to buffer the variations in the quality and distribution of vegetal resources and water requirements. The Turkana were one of many affected by several droughts. Although the famine which resulted from the sharp drop in food production was dramatized by international press, insecurity of food availability is characteristic of pastoral production systems. One technique used by the Turkana to exploit an environment where the availability of food is inconsistent, sparse and scattered, is the management of herds composed by many species which can be divided in the dry season into different herds. The second technique used to manage livestock is mobility and raiding cattle from neighbouring ethnic groups. In times of stress the Turkana utilize a system of social ties, obligations and rights which they build up over a lifetime. Important social relationships are reconfirmed periodically via the exchange of livestock between friends. The not integrated new projects in Turkana land could lead to destruction of the ecology, and to a breakdown of the pastoral system and of the system of social ties which has enabled generations of Turkana to cope with the stresses imposed by living in a harsh and unpredictable environment.
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Gudev, P. "Non-Military Treats to the Arctic Security." World Economy and International Relations 60, no. 2 (2016): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2016-60-2-72-82.
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The supposed ice melting process leads to a fundamental change in the geopolitical status of the Arctic region: it is becoming more open to different kinds of maritime activities implementation, including navigation, commercial fishing, mineral and energy resources extraction. Not only the Arctic Five (A5) countries, whose coasts are directly washed by the Arctic Ocean, are interested in their realization, but non-regional states also. The 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) gives them such opportunities. According to UNCLOS, the central part of the Arctic Ocean beyond the 200-mile exclusive economic zones (EEZ) of the Arctic countries can be considered as a high seas enclave, with all freedoms of the high seas: of navigation; of overflight; of fishing; of scientific research; freedom to lay submarine cables and pipelines; to construct artificial islands and other installations. The high seas are open to all states, whether coastal or land-locked, which have equal rights here. In addition, it should be noted that other countries have a right to carry out certain practical activities associated with three (out of six) freedoms named above: of navigation (with some restrictions under Article 234 of UNCLOS); of overflight; freedom to lay submarine cables and pipelines – within the Arctic states EEZ. The appearance of new Arctic players interested in its spaces and resources is connected with significant increase in risks and threats, primarily non-military. This is largely due to fundamental differences between the Arctic Ocean and other sea areas, such as the Indian or Atlantic Ocean. Among these differences: only five Arctic states are washed by the Arctic Ocean’s waters; shallow depth; small total area; a significant length of the shelf zone; special climate conditions, including ice cap; finally – ecological vulnerability. In this regard, the process of the Arctic region’s opening for different kinds of maritime activities implementation poses a problem of the environmental security, protection and preservation of the marine environment and its biological diversity. Despite the fact that security issues in their traditional interpretation are not under the jurisdiction of the Arctic Council, its primary environmental focus indicates that these issues are directly correlated with the main area of its activities. Anyway, the modern interpretation of the "security" concept includes not only a "military", but also an “environmental” component. For the Arctic states, whose geographical position makes them the first victims of any environmental disaster in the region, the provision of environmental security should be the main priority in their mutual policies. The most effective model for the non-military security threats response in the Arctic is cooperation and coordination between all Arctic states at the regional level. One of the problems in the way is that the Arctic Ocean could not be compared with the Baltic and Mediterranean Seas, to which the Article 123 of the UNCLOS "Cooperation of States Bordering Enclosed or Semi-Enclosed Seas" provides the states' right to “coordinate the management, conservation, exploration and exploitation of the living resources of the sea”, and to “coordinate the implementation of their rights and duties with respect to the protection and preservation of the marine environment”. However, the recent transformation of the international maritime law gives Arctic countries some opportunities in this area. First, the regime of the high seas is becoming less conducive for implementation of specific types of maritime activities. In the future, we can expect that the extent of regulation in this area of the World ocean will be significantly increased. The implementation of the high seas freedoms is largely conditioned by the realization of the tasks to protect and preserve the marine environment and its biodiversity. Second, there is a continuing practice of expanding the authority of coastal states in their jurisdiction zones, especially in the EEZ. Despite the fact that the coastal state is not granted any competence in the field of the EEZ security, the practice of a broad interpretation of the “security” concept includes food, resource and environment security. The enforcement of such security regimes is becoming an increasingly common practice, even though it imposes certain restrictions for third countries’ rights in these sea areas. Finally, the adoption of security measures in the EEZ, on one hand, and at the high sea, on the other, should be recognized interdependent and considered all together. In the near future, the number of potential security threats can be significantly expanded due to the increase in the number of maritime activities participants. In addition to the already existing non-military threats (pollution of the marine environment; illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing), new threats may appear: armed robbery of ships (piracy); acts of terrorism affecting both the shipping and offshore installations (oil and gas platforms); illegal transportation of weapons, including weapons of mass destruction (WMD); illegal transportation of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances; illegal movement of people by sea, including illegal migration. An effective response to these types of threats requires not only individual efforts of the Arctic Five countries, but also collective security measures. In this regard, in order to create a regional security model, the development of collaboration and cooperation between the Arctic countries is essential. Acknowledgements. The article was prepared within the Russian Humanitarian Scientifi c Foundation Project No. 14-07-00050 “Institutions and Principles of Supranational Governance Formation in World Politics: Concepts and Activities”.
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Ramachandra, MBBS, MD, MPH, Srikrishna Sulgodu. "Village-level tsunami disaster assessment: A volunteer’s perspective." Journal of Emergency Management 7, no. 5 (September 1, 2009): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2009.0023.
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Introduction: The Tsunami hit Indian coastal line between 8.30 and 9.30 AM Indian Standard Time (IST) on the December 26, 2004. A lot of damage to life and property—both movable and immovable— occurred to approximately 3-4 km of land adjacent to the coastal line. It mainly took away lives, shelter, fishing boats, and fishing nets of the fishermen folk. Relief in terms of money, manpower, food, water, clothing, medicines, and all other resources poured in plenty. However, any amount of relief or compensation could not match the amount of damage that had occurred. A team of 11 volunteers (two Public Health Specialists, seven Medical Interns, and two Medico Social Workers) led by the author went through ActionAid International and Community Health Cell (CHC), Bangalore, for relief work in Nagapattinam District of Tamil Nadu, which is one of the worst affected districts in India.Objectives: To conduct a rapid assessment of the amount of damage at village level to lives, social and economic losses, and damage to community resources in 15 villages of Sirkali taluk of Nagapattinam district in Tamil Nadu with an ultimate goal to provide long-term services in that community. To assess the relief needed and relief that was actually provided in these 15 villages through Government and various Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs).Methods: A 1-day (December 27, 2004) training and orientation on rapid disaster assessment, the tool to be used for the village level disaster assessment and handling relief operations in a Tsunami affected situation was given by the Country Coordinator for Disaster Management, ActionAid India, at CHC, Bangalore. Then, a 1-day (December 28, 2004) Planning and Review meeting was conducted at ActionAid Office, Chennai, to draw up an action plan for the areas to be covered and the steps to be followed during the assessment. The Survey Team was then divided into two groups of five members and six members each and set out to the villages selected for the actual data collection. The 15 villages that were part of the survey were selected by the ActionAid Chennai Office, based on the severity of destruction caused in those areas, and also since, they were the villages that ActionAid had longterm plans of adoption. A standard pretested semistructured questionnaire was provided by ActionAid and the data was collected by using participatory methods: (i) observations, (ii) key informant interviews (KIIs), and (iii) focus group discussions (FGDs). (KIIs were conducted with the Village Panchayat leaders, informal leaders, and the local residents. FGDs were conducted with the local residents. The information obtained through these participatory methods was validated against the records that were available with the local government.)Results and Discussion: An analysis of the data from the rapid assessment done in these 15 villages of Sirkali taluk are presented and discussed in this article. A discussion about some of the best practices, major pitfalls in handling certain issues, challenges faced during data collection in these disaster situations, the preparedness for this kind of a situation in India, and developing systems for warning and reporting of this kind of a disaster are also discussed.Conclusions: A disaster of this magnitude in a developing country like India clearly shows the need and commitment for Disaster Preparedness and Management. There is an urgent need to develop systems at the local, state, regional, and national levels and also ensure implementation. By doing so, although we cannot totally avoid natural disasters, we could probably be more prepared to face it and also minimize loss to lives and property to the least possible extent. Agencies involved in disaster management need to realize the ground realities of the effected area for planning a mitigation operation since each situation would be unique.
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Peramunagama, S. S. M., and Thusyanthini Ramanathan. "The Importance of Involving Community Organizations for Preventing Destructive Fishing Activities in Mannar, Sri Lanka." Advances in Technology 1, no. 1 (May 31, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.31357/ait.v1i1.4850.
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The irresponsible destructive fishing practices with respect to the ecosystem approach have remained a major concern since the elimination of these practices has not been easy despite efforts. There is an urgent need to identify the different types of destructive fishing methods and their threats to fisheries then, to assess how the different organizations/groups/individuals confront with these threats. This study was carried out in Pesalai, a fisheries village in the Mannar district of Northern Sri Lanka in the years 2016 and 2017. The methodology employed consists of a pre-tested structured questionnaire in the field survey with a random sample of 310 fishers and a focus group discussion was conducted where 20 fishers actively participated. The results revealed that trawling net fishing, dynamite fishing, brush pile fishing, and stake net were being used extensively by the fishers. However, the use of such gears have facilitated to catch more fish and earning a high income. Resultant, the major negative impacts were gearing damages, nets damages and net loss. It is apparently found that, the majority of fisheries (93%) had faith in fisher community organizations (fisheries co-op society, the church/father and women welfare society) in terms of resolving conflicts which were raised by destructive fisheries (wrangling, argument and dissension) while 7% of the respondents have faith in the state to resolve conflicts. The fisheries believed that, the government supports for fishing activities was not well required. Hence, it is strongly concluded that the Regulations should be enforced, as a joint effort between the department of fisheries and community organizations.
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"94Z/00005 Modelling the effects of destructive fishing practices on tropical coral reefs." Biological Conservation 71, no. 2 (1995): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(95)90024-1.
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Qasim, Muhammad, Said Qasim, Muhammad Naeem, Amir Nawaz Khan, and Shahid Iqbal. "Impact of Destructive Fishing Practices on Fishermen Livelihoods in District Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan." Sarhad Journal of Agriculture 35, no. 4 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.sja/2019/35.4.1155.1165.
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Okumura, Tomoyo, Fujio Kumon, and Hidekazu Tokuyama. "RADIOCARBON DATING OF PRECIOUS CORALS OFF THE SOUTHWEST COAST OF KOCHI PREFECTURE, SOUTHWEST JAPAN." Radiocarbon, November 23, 2020, 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2020.114.
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ABSTRACT Radiocarbon (14C) dating was performed for various types of precious coral colony fragments collected from the Ashizuri fishing field, around 100–200 m deep, off the southwest coast of Kochi Prefecture, Japan, to understand the historical background of one of the largest precious coral fishing fields in Japan. The 14C ages of the 55 specimens range from ~7500 years ago to the modern. Most of the measured samples were older than 1871, when fishing activities of precious corals began in Kochi Prefecture. These results suggest that most of the deaths of the precious coral colonies were due to natural causes, such as natural mortality, predation, or various forms of environmental degradation, and not strictly related to destructive fishing practices. Additionally, precious corals started inhabiting the study area at least ~7500 years ago, when the marine condition became similar to that of today after the Last Glacial Period. This study is the first to focus on the age of dead precious coral fragments and has revealed that they might be an important fossil resource that could lengthen the timespan of precious coral fishery. This additional time may enable us to establish reasonable and effective regulations for sustainable fishery.