Academic literature on the topic 'Det manliga geniet'

The article deals with the gender ideals cultivated within contemporary fitness and gym culture - in particular the paradoxical features of this culture. On the one hand, traditional gender ideals are maintained and strengthened; on the other hand, there is a development towards an androgynous ideal. The hard and "perfect" body is gradually becoming a dial for both men and women. Men as well as women are facinated by this sculptured and well-trained body. Thus the gym and fitness culture contributes to changes in and a more reflexive attitude towards gender and body ideals.

The literature on the biographical backgrounds of entrepreneurs seems to contain many contradictory findings. This situation can partly be due to the assumption that samples of entrepreneurs were homogeneous rather than heterogeneous. It appears as if female entrepreneurs have been less well researched than their male counterparts. Differences in the biographical backgrounds and business situation of, respectively, the white and the black entrepreneurs in South Africa have been assumed but little empirical evidence exists in this respect. Black en-trepreneurs, and female entrepreneurs are in most developed societies' minority groups and have not specifically been studied in depth - hence the present study. The biographical and business backgrounds of 569 South African entrepreneurs (106 Black and 463 White; 136 female and 433 male) were studied. One-way Analyses of Variance and Chi-squared followed by Discriminant analyses were carried out to determine whether, respectively, black and white entrepreneurs and male and female entrepreneurs differed in terms of the variables studied. Significant differences between the total group of male and female subjects were found on only five variables. White and black entrepreneurs differed statistically significantly on 16 of the 30 variables studied. Opsomming Die literatuur oor die biografiese agtergronde van entrepreneurs skyn baie teenstrydige bevindinge te bevat. Hierdie kan moontlik deels toegeskryf word aan die aanname dat steekproewe van entrepreneurs eerder homogeen eerder as heterogeen is. Dit skyn asof minder navorsing oor vroulike as oor manlike entrepreneurs gedoen is. Ten spyte van aannames in die verband, bestaan min empiriese gegewens oor die biografiese agtergronde en sake-situasie van respektiewelik wit en swart Suid-Afrikaanse entrepreneurs. Swart en vroulike entrepreneurs is in meeste gemeenskappe minderheidsgroepe en is nog nie in diepte bestudeer nie, daarom die huidige studie. Die biografiese en sake-agtergronde van 569 Suid-Afrikaanse entrepreneurs (106 swart en 463 wit; 136 vroulik en 433 manlik) is bestudeer. Een-rigting Analise van Variansie en Chi-kwadraat gevolg deur Diskriminant Analise is uitgevoer ten einde te bepaal of respektiewelik swart en wit en manlike van vroulike entrepreneurs in terme van die veranderlikes wat bestudeer is, verskil. Betekenisvolle verskille tussen die totale groep van manlike en vroulike entrepreneurs is slegs in terme van vyf veranderlikes gevind. Swart en wit entrepreneurs het statistics beduidend op 16 van die 30 veranderlikes in die studie ingesluit, verskil.

A comparison between the achievement motivation levels of different race and gender groups. This article reports on research, which focussed primarily on the difference between the achievement motivation levels of men and women, and between those of white and black people employed by a life insurance company in South Africa. The effect of a number of variables (gender, race, age, salary progression, educational qualifications) on achievement was researched. The sample of 240 was composed of 73 males and 167 females, and 146 white and 94 black people. Results suggested that whites have a significantly higher level of achievement motivation than blacks. Opsomming Hierdie artikel doen verslag oor ’n navorsingstudie wat in hoofsaak gehandel het oor die verskille tussen die prestasie motiveringsvlakke van mans en vroue en tussen dié van blankes en swartmense werksaam by ‘n lewensversekerings maatskapy in Suid-Afrika. Daar is ook ondersoek ingestel na die effek van ’n aantal veranderlikes (geslag, ras, ouderdom, salarisprogressie, opvoedkundige kwalifikasie) op prestasiemotivering. In die steekproef van 240 persone was 73 manlik en 167 vroulik, en 146 blank en 94 swart persone. Resultate het daarop gedui dat blankes oor n beduidend hoër vlak van prestasiemotivering as swartmense beskik.

One of the transitions from adolescence to adulthood is the admission of students to a university setting. Accompanying this transition is a new-found independence which results in university students having more autonomy over their lifestyles and behaviours. The assumption in this setting is that many students are likely to engage in unhealthy and risky lifestyle behaviours which include alcohol abuse, tobacco use, physical inactivity and unhealthy dietary practices which may adversely affect their health in the long-term. In South Africa, research with regard to health and lifestyle patterns amongst both male and female young adults remains limited. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to investigate whether male and female students differed in relation to their health and lifestyles, as well as the related consequences thereof. A convenience sampling technique was used, where questionnaires were administered to 400 students at three university campuses in the Gauteng province of South Africa. An exploratory data analysis for health factors was used in order to retrieve relevant factors from a factor and regression analysis. Differences in gender were tested by using cross-tabulation for descriptive statistics and Chi-square analysis. The study found no statistically-significant differences between genders relating to the three emerging health factors, namely Gastrointestinal, Upper Respiratory Infections and Total Health Problems. However, descriptive statistics of lifestyle habits revealed that more female students exercised, smoked and binged on food than their male counterparts. It was also found that female students reported a higher incidence of stress than male students. It was concluded that university students do indeed engage in behaviours and lifestyles that place them at risk for serious health problems.In die oorgang van adolessensie na jong volwassene, bevind studente hulself binne ’n universiteitsomgewing. Gepaartgaande met hierdie oorgang word nuutgevonde vryheid verkry, wat veroorsaak dat universiteitstudente meer beheer oor hul lewenstyl en gedrag uitoefen. Die waarskynlikheid bestaan dat baie studente in hierdie omgewing betrokke sal raak by ’n ongesonde en gewaagde lewenstyl, wat alkohol misbruik, tabak gebruik, fisieke onaktiwiteit en ongesonde eetgewoontes insluit. Bogenoemde is faktore wat student se gesondheid oor die langtermyn nadelig sal beïnvloed. Navorsing in Suid-Afrika oor gesondheid en lewenstylpatrone van verskillende geslagsgroepe onder jong volwassenes is skaars. Die doel van hierdie studie was dus om ondersoek in te stel aangaande geslagsverskille in gesondheid en lewenstyl van studente, asook die betrokke nagevolge daarvan. ’n Gerieflikheids-steekproeftegniek is gebruik waartydens 400 vraelyste aan studente by drie verskillende universiteitskampusse in die Gauteng provinsie in Suid-Afrika versprei is. ’n Ondersoekende data analiese vir gesondheidsfakore is gebruik om toepaslike faktore te verkry vanuit ’n faktor- en regressie analiese. Geslagsverskille is getoets deur gebruik te maak van kruis-tabulering vir beskrywende statistiek asook ’n ‘Chi-square’ analiese. Die studie het geen statisties-betekenisvolle verskille tussen geslagte getoon ten opsigte van die drie gesondheidsfaktore naamlik Gastro-intestinale, Boonste Asemhalingstelsel en Totale Gesondheid Probleme nie. Nietemin het beskrywende statistiek ten opsigte van lewenstyl gewoontes egter onthul dat meer vroulike studente aan fisieke aktiwiteit delneem, rook en hul vergryp aan kos. Daar is ook gevind dat vroulike studente meer gevalle van spanning gerapporteer het as manlike studente. Die gevolgtrekking is dus dat universiteitstudente wel betrokke raak by gedrag en lewenstyle wat hul in gevaar stel vir ernstige gesondheidsprobleme.

Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV and AIDS) remain a serious threat to population health and economic well-being of individuals in conflict societies. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is overwhelmingly affected by HIV and is the region with the highest number of armed conflicts worldwide.Aim: The research aimed at exploring and describing the perceptions of the refugees at Humulani Village in Ba-Phalaborwa municipality, Limpopo province, about HIV and AIDS.Objectives: The objectives included determining the gender perceptions about HIV and AIDS and also providing recommendations for ways to increase the refugees understanding of this disease.Methods: The approach used for the research was quantitative. The target population of the study was all the refugees at Humulani Village. The sample comprised both men (n = 78) and women (n = 122) who participated by completing questionnaires. The sample of the refugees consisted of different ethnic groups from Mozambique, Nigeria, Ghana and Zimbabwe. The questionnaire consisted of two sections, section A contained the biographic data and section B interrogated the refugees’ knowledge of HIV.Results: The findings of the study revealed that the participants had low levels of knowledge regarding HIV which could be attributed to their believing the myths about HIV and AIDS.Conclusion: The HIV-infected refugee population in Limpopo may continue to grow unless the unique needs of the refugees, such as strengthening the reproductive health services, maternal and child care and family planning, improving the educational and socio-economic status, are not addressed.Agtergrond: Menslike immuniteitsgebrekvirus (MIV) en verworwe immuniteitsgebrek-sindroom (vigs) bly ’n ernstige bedreiging vir die gesondheid van die bevolking, asook die ekonomiese welstand van individue in konflik-samelewings. Sub-Sahara Afrika (SSA) word oorweldigend deur MIV geraak en is die streek met die hoogste aantal gewapende konflikte wêreldwyd.Doelwitte: Die navorsing het ten doel gehad om vlugtelinge te Humulani dorpie in Ba-Phalaborwa munisipaliteit, Limpopo provinsie, se persepsies oor MIV en vigs te ondersoek en beskryf. Die doelwitte het die bepaling van geslagspersepsies oor MIV en vigs ingesluit, asook om aanbevelings te bied vir maniere om die vlugtelinge ’n beter begrip van MIV en vigs te gee.Metode: ’n Kwantitatiewe benadering tot hierdie navorsing is gevolg. Die teikenpopulasie van die studie was al die vlugtelinge te Humulani dorpie. Die steekproef het uit beide manlike (n = 78) en vroulike (n = 122) deelnemers bestaan wat vraelyste voltooi het. Die steekproef vlugtelinge was van verskillende etniese groepe afkomstig: Mosambiek, Nigerië, Ghana en Zimbabwe. Die vraelys het twee afdelings gehad: Afdeling A het die biografiese data bevat en Afdeling B het die vlugtelinge se kennis van MIV ondersoek.Resultate: Die bevindinge van die studie het onthul dat die deelnemers oor lae kennisvlakke rakende MIV beskik – dit kan toegeskryf word aan hul geloof in die mites aangaande MIV en vigs.Gevolgtrekking: Die populasie van MIV-besmette vlugtelinge in Limpopo mag steeds groei indien daar nie aandag geskenk word aan die unieke behoeftes van die vlugtelinge nie, soos die versterking van voortplantingsgesondheidsdienste, gesinsbeplanning, en moeder- en kindersorg, asook die verbetering van hul opvoedkundige en sosio-ekonomiese welstand.

The practice of community health nursing (CHN) may enhance the life experiences of families and communities, particularly amongst the poor and socially marginalised. CHN provides for a deeper understanding of the health status of families living within communities, for example, where and how they live, their cultural context and their ability to identify resources available to assist with their health care (Allender, Rector & Warner 2010:17).This qualitative phenomenological study reflects on the self-reported lived experiences of undergraduate CHN students at the University of the Western Cape in the City of Cape Town, South Africa. These students conducted a family health assessment (FHA) learning task at the homes of families within communities.Purposive and convenience sampling was used by students who had conducted an FHA. Fourteen students agreed to participate in the study, of whom nine were interviewed, two withdrew and the remaining three were not interviewed since no new data were emerging during interviews, indicating that saturation had been reached.During in-depth interviews with seven female and two male students, data for the exploration of the lived experiences was gathered through the following question: ‘How did you experience the FHA?’ Field notes were taken and used to capture non-verbal communication of participants. The focus of the study was to explore the lived experiences of students and not those of the family on whom the FHA was completed.Data collected were categorised into themes, guided by the systematic data analysis process of Tesch (1990) cited in Cresswell (2003:192). Four themes emerged: challenges of family selection, challenges of safety, socio-cultural challenges and academic challenges experienced by the participants. This study will inform future research and curriculum planning for CHN education in a multifaceted context.OpsommingDie praktyk van gemeenskapsgesondheidverpleging (GGV) het die potentiaal om die lewenservaringe van families en gemeenskappe te verryk, veral in arm en voorheen benadeelde gemeenskappe. GGV verskaf ‘n dieper begrip met betrekking tot die welstand van families in hulle gemeenskappe, byvoorbeeld, waar en hoe hulle leef, hul kultuur en hulle vermoë om beskikbare hulpbronne te identifiseer om sodoende hulle gesondheid te bevorder (Allender, Rector & Warner 2010:17).Hierdie kwalitatiewe fenomonologiese studie is ʼn refleksie op die self-gerapporteerde persoonlike ervaringe van voorgraadse gemeenskapsgesondheidverpleging studente (VGVS) verbonde aan die Universiteit van Wes Kaapland, in Kaapstad, Suid-Afrika. Hierdie studente het as ʼn werksopdrag ʼn familie gesondheidsberaming (FGB) by wonings van gesinne in die gemeenskap voltooi.ʼn Gerieflikheids- en doelgerigte steekproefneming is gedoen met studente wat die FGB voltooi het. Veertien studente het ingestem om aan die studie deel te neem, waarvan daar onderhoude met nege gevoer is. Twee studente het onttrek en die oorblywende drie is nie genader nie weens die feit dat daar geen nuwe data na vore gekom het nie, wat daarop dui dat saturasie bereik was.Data vir die verkenning van persoonlike ervaringe is deur in-diepte onderhoude met sewe vroulike en twee manlike studente ingesamel deur die volgende vraag te vra: ‘Wat was jou ervaring met die voltooing van die FGB?’ Veldnotas was geneem om nie-verbale kommunikasie van die studente aan te teken. Die fokus van die studie was gerig om die persoonlike ervarings van die VGVS te verken met verwysing na die FGB wat hulle voltooi het. Die fokus was nie gerig op die ondervindinge van die familie op wie die FGB gedoen is nie.Die ingesamelde data is in temas gekategoriseer volgens die sistematiese data analitiese proses van Tesch (1990), soos omskryf in Cresswell (2003:192). Vier temas is geïdentifiseer naamlik: uitdagings ten opsigte van die keuring van ‘n geskikte familie: uitdagings ten opsigte van veiligheid, sosiokulturele uitdagings en akademiese uitdagings soos ervaar is deur die deelnemende studente. Die belangrikheid van die studie is om toekomstige navorsing en kurrikulumbeplanning in gemeenskapsgesondheidverpleging binne ‘n diverse konteks te bevorder.

The first session of interaction in the classroom often sets an atmosphere for the entire period of learning. In terms of nurse educator and student nurse neophyte relations, good interaction is essential in helping students to recognise their own responsibilities and to respond positively during the learning process. The purpose of this study was to determine the nurse educators’ and student nurse neophytes’ perceptions of good interaction in the classroom setting. The study attempted to answer the following specific question: ‘What do nurse educators and student nurse neophytes regard as examples of good interaction in the classroom setting?’ The accessible population in this study were all student nurse neophytes registered with the University of Venda for the Baccalaureus Curationis, and nurse educators responsible for teaching first-year student nurses in this programme. The study used probability stratified random sampling to obtain two heterogeneous groups of student participants. Forty first-year student nurses were divided into homogenous subsets of 15 male and 25 female students. A random sampling was conducted to arrive at 10 male and 15 female students. The sampling method relating to nurse educators was purposive sampling. Focus groups were used to interview students using individual in-depth interviews to gather data from nurse educators. Coding was used to organise the data collected during the interviews. The study revealed that nurse educators and student nurse neophytes concur that the ethical behaviours influencing good interaction are respect and support, good communication, honesty and openness. Age, gender and cultural background were also factors. The participants further indicated that good interaction has benefits such as improved co-operation levels, the enhancement of learning, the improvement of pass rates, and a reduction in dropout rates. In conclusion, there is a need for nurse educators and student nurses to develop good practices to promote good interaction in the classroom setting.Die wyse waarop die interaksie tydens die eerste sessie in die klaskamer benader word, bepaal dikwels die atmosfeer vir die res van die leerperiode. Goeie interaksie is dus nodig tussen die verpleegopvoeder en die verpleegnuweling-studente om studente te help om verantwoordelikheid te aanvaar en om positief tydens die leerproses te reageer. Die doel met die studie was om te bepaal wat die persepsies van verpleegopvoeders en verpleegnuweling-studente is ten opsigte van goeie interaksie in die klaskameropset. Die studie het gepoog om die volgende vraag te beantwoord: ‘Wat word deur verpleegopvoeders en verpleegnuweling-studente beskou as voorbeelde van goeie interaksie in die klaskameropset?’Die toeganklike populasie vir die studie was al die verpleegnuweling-studente wat vir die Baccalaureus Curationis aan die Universiteit van Venda geregistreer is, sowel as die verpleegopvoeders wat verantwoordelik is vir die onderrig van die eerstejaar verpleegstudente. Die studie het gebruik gemaak van waarskynlike, ewekansige gestratifieerde steekproeftrekking om twee heterogene groepe studente te trek. Veertig eerstejaarstudente is opgedeel in homogene substelle van 15 manlike en 25 vrouike studente. Die steekproef van die verpleegoopvoeders is met behulp van doelbewuste steekproeftrekking getrek. Fokusgroepe is gebruik om onderhoude te voer met die studente. In-diepte onderhoude is met die verpleegopvoeders gevoer om inligting in te win. Kodifisering is gebruik om die data te organiseer wat tydens die onderhoude ingewin is. Die studie het getoon dat sowel verpleegopvoeders as verpleegnuwelinge saamstem dat respek, ondersteuning, goeie kommunikasie, eerliklheid en openheid etiese gedragspatrone is wat goeie interaksie beïnvloed. Ouderdom, geslag en kulturele agtergrond is ook faktore. Die deelnemers het verder aangedui wat goeie interaksievoordele inhou, soos verbeterde vlakke van samewerking, die verbeterde leerproses, verhoging in slaagsyfers en die afname in uitsakkingsyfers. Opsommenderwyse is daar ‘n behoefte aan verpleegopvoeders en verpleegnuweling-studente om goeie praktyke ten opsigte van goeie interaksie in die klaskameropset te ontwikkel.

Sammandrag

Detta examensarbete bygger på en fallstudie av en manlig pedagog i förskolan. En aktuell fråga i dagens debatt är bristen på män i förskolan, vilket medför att en närmare granskning av manliga pedagoger kontra kvinnliga pedagoger är befogad. Frågan är på vilket sätt manliga pedagogers tänkande och beteende skiljer sig från kvinnliga pedagogers motsvarande? Syftet med den här undersökningen är att med hjälp av videoinspelning i detalj analysera en manlig pedagogs arbete tillsammans med barnen på en förskola. Speciellt söker jag vilka uppgifter en manlig pedagog väljer att utföra tillsammans med barnen, hur han väljer att utföra dem och vilket språk han använder. Den empiriska basen är observationer (videofilm) av en manlig pedagogs arbete under två dagar. Observationerna kompletterades även med en intervju för att genom den få en bredare bild och ett sammanhang utifrån respondentens perspektiv.

Undersökningen visar i sammanfattning att den manlige pedagogen skiljer sig i ganska hög grad från sina kvinnliga pedagoger och deras arbetssätt. När han valde aktiviteter själv prioriterade han att busa med barnen och själv leka barn. Han deltog i leken som en jämlik, medan den kvinnliga pedagogen behöll sin pedagogroll även i leken. Språkmässigt använder han sig av färre ord och även av en mer direkt kommunikation. Han ser sig själv som ett komplement i den kvinnodominerade pedagoggruppen. Genom att vara ett komplement ser han till att bidra med, enligt honom, typiskt manliga saker och aktiviteter.

Nyckelord: manlig pedagog, könsroller, manligt språk, förskolan.

Abstract

This written examination is built upon a case study of a male teacher in preschool. One question that is a burning issue right now is the lack of men in preschool, which implies that a closer study of male versus female teachers is justified. The question is in which way the male teachers behave differently from the female teachers? The purpose with this study is to, with the help of a video recording, analyze a male teacher’s work with children in detail. I am especially interested in which kind of tasks he chooses to do with the children, how he chooses to carry them out and what type of language he uses. The empiric contains mainly of an observation (a video recording) of a male teacher during two days of his work. The observations were supplemented with an interview in order to get a wider picture and to put it into context.

The study shows in context that the male teacher differs in a lot of ways compared to his female co workers. When he chooses the tasks himself he prioritizes to fuss with the children and to play himself. He participated in the games as an equal, while the female teacher never stopped being a teacher. When it comes to his language, he uses fewer words and also a more direct communication. He regards himself as a complement in the group that is dominated by females. By doing so, he makes sure that he contributes with, according to him, typical male activities and tasks.

Keywords: male teacher, sex role, male language, preschool.

During the last decade of the twentieth century both ’manhood’ and gender studies seems to have undergone changes. With the field of masculinity and the critical studies of men, added as ’subsections’ of broader gender studies, new knowledge has been produced to better grasp the production of gender and power relations of patriarchy. During the same decade as the ’metrosexual’ first appeared of the urban stage, acts of homophobia and attitudes towards ’manhood’ seems to have changed. The ’macho’ ideal from the eighties apparently gave way for a more inclusive and gentle masculinity and this ’softening’ of men resulted in ’the new man’ or ’new masculinity’. Brittish journalist and author Mark Simpson, who published the first ’obersvation’ of metrosexuality back in the nineties, now proposes that a new generation of metrosexual men have entered the international stage of masculinity. He calls them ’spornosexuals’. According to Simpson they are the heirs of the metrosexuals widened or feminized masculinity but instead of ’new man’ attitudes, fashion and grooming they focus their attention towards their own well chiseled, lean muscular and defined male bodies. This paper reviews academic texts on men, masculinity and the male body in an attempt to create a sociological understanding of the spornosexual expression and practice.
Under slutet av förra seklet verkade både ”manlighet” och genusvetenskap ha förändrats. Med nya fält som maskulinitet och kritiska mansstudier breddades studier av genus och ny kunskap har producerats för att bättre belysa produktionen av genus och patriarkala maktrelationer. Samma årtionde som den ”metrosexuella” mannen dök upp, verkade homofobi ha minskat och attityder kring manlighet förändrats. ”Macho-idealet” från åttiotalet hade till synes givit vika för en mera öppen och mildare maskulinitet, och denna mjukare manlighet resulterade i föreställningar om ”den nya mannen”. Journalisten Mark Simpson, som myntade begreppet ”metrosexualitet”, föreslår nu att en ny generation av metrosexuella klivit upp på den internationella maskulina scenen. Han kallar dem ”spornosexuella”. Enligt Simpson är de arvtagare av metrosexualiteten, men istället för mode och hår- och hudvård fokuserar de spornosexuella på sina egna välformade muskulösa manliga kroppar. Denna uppsats försöker genom akademiska texter om män, maskulinitet och den manliga kroppen sociologiskt belysa spornosexualitet.

How are new scientific concepts of illnesses and disorder formed? The last fifty years have seen a dramatic increase in new diagnoses incorporated into medical manuals. The concept of the male menopause, or the andropause diagnosis, is suitable for studying how medical knowledge is produced, since it has alternated between being and not being part of the acknowledged medical knowledge since the beginning of the 19th century, when it was originally launched. After being rather unnoticed during the 20th century, the concept of the male menopause had a renaissance in the 1990s’. The andropause then became a specific research area, articles about the male menopause were widely published in medical journals, specific therapies were developed, and andropause clinics opened around the world. The thesis explores what combination of circumstances lay behind the establishment of the andropause as a scientific object in the 1990s’. The purpose was to find out what the institutionalization of the (concept of the) andropause shows about the production of science, specifically  medical knowledge. Methodologically, the study can be described as an analysis of ideas, where the ideas contained in the concept of a male menopause are in focus. Accordingly, the research materials were scientific literature, media, and other documents where the idea of a male menopause was expressed. The analysis was structured in four divisions. First, the andropause theory was studied to find any obvious scientific explanations, such as new knowledge or discoveries. “Pure science” could not explain the breakthrough of the andropause diagnosis, since the andropause theory is laden with uncertainties according to the scientific principles of evaluation that the medical science itself supports. Second, the social organization of the medical knowledge production was inquired with focus on the medical profession, and the andropause theory was found to offer new professional arenas. Third, factors outside profession and science were found, the extra scientific dimensions, primarily cultural conditions and social structures. The emergence of feminist theory was found to change the perception of men in the culture, where the male norm no longer is self-evident. Fourth, in the social structure, pharmaceutical companies were found to engage strongly in the andropause concept. Together these factors constituted the andopause as a scientific object. The thesis demonstrates: the advantage of a multi perspective analysis: the complexity of the development of concepts of disease: the weakness of the epistemology of evidence-based medicine: and the social and cultural foundation of science.

Hunting is considered as the most masculine activity in our society. Historically, man has been described as the provider for his family, this in the forms of hunting and gathering. Today hunting is still associated with a male hunter, but women have started to infiltrate the hunting culture. In this study hunting culture is analyzed with a gender perspective. In a modern society with gender and equality as a big subject of debate it is interesting to examine this impact on a culture so linked with masculinity. By interviewing five female hunters, using a narrative approach and analyzing with gender theory, the results show that a masculine dominance undermines women and femininity in the culture of hunting. The results also show that women have constructed a feminine hunting form as a reaction to the male dominance.

Utifrån fem damfotbollsspelares egna berättelser avser den här studien att belysa hur damfotbollsspelare förhandlar med normer och föreställningar som omgärdar fotboll och genus samt illustrera vilka strategier som tillämpas i detta förhandlingsprojekt.

Min empiri visar att de två genuskodade föreställningar/myter som omgärdar damfotbollsspelare är att alla är (1) lesbiska och (2) maskulina. Bilden av ”den lesbiska och maskulina damfotbollsspelaren” är stereotyp och att stereotypisera damfotbollsspelare är ett sätt att befästa dem som avvikande och icke-normala eftersom de spelar fotboll, en idrott ursprungligen av och för män, och inte för kvinnor. Min empiri visar också att fotbollstjejerna förhåller sig till kroppsliga ideal som de vill uppnå både som kvinnor och som fotbollsspelare. De ser en önskvärd och ideal kvinnokropp som feminin vilket, för dem, innebär en kropp utan stora muskler. En kropp med stora muskler (främst på benen) är vidare, enligt dem, vad som kännetecknar en fotbollskropp. Den muskulösa fotbollskroppen är således svårförenlig med den ideala/feminint könade kroppen.

I fotbollstjejernas förhandlingsprojekt med normer och föreställningar som omgärdar fotboll och genus gör de en viss sorts maskulinitet, vilket är en strategi för att betraktas som ”riktiga” fotbollsspelare trots att de är kvinnor, samtidigt som de gör en viss sorts femininitet vilket är en strategi för att betraktas som ”riktiga” kvinnor trots att de spelar fotboll. De förkroppsligar på grund av sitt görande av olika genus en motsägelsefullhet.

Syftet med den här studien är att få veta hur sexåringen i tre förskoleklasser ser på kvinnligt och manligt. Utifrån syftet har vi formulerat följande frågeställningar:

– Anser barnen att det finns sysselsättningar beroende på könstillhörighet?

– Inom vilka områden anser barnen att kvinnor och män är jämställda?

– Anser barnen att det är skillnad på flickor och pojkar?

För att besvara frågeställningarna har vi använt oss av en kvantitativ strukturerad enkät och kvalitativa intervjuer med öppna svar, i tre olika förskoleklasser. Sammanlagt 52 barn, varav 27 flickor och 25 pojkar deltog i undersökningen.

Resultatet av studien visar att flickor och pojkar kopplar aktiviteter och yrken till respektive kön. Aktiviteter som kopplas till kvinnligt är enligt barnen hushållssysslor och motsvarande för mannen är teknik, underhåll och fritidsaktiviteter. De yrken som de flesta av barnen kopplar till kvinnan är förskollärare, frisör och affärsbiträde. De yrken flest barn kopplar till mannen är brandman, lastbilschaufför och bonde. Vidare visar resultatet av studien att flickorna i större utsträckning än pojkarna ansåg att både kvinnor och män skulle dela på aktiviteter och yrken. Barnen vet vad det är för skillnader mellan flickor och pojkar, som till exempel att flickor får barn och pojkar har skägg. Flickor och pojkar är överens om vad som kopplas till det egna könet och det motsatta i form av yttre attribut som kläder, leksaker och färger. Flickorna skulle enligt barnen bland annat ha klänning och glittriga kläder, medan pojkarna enligt barnen skulle ha kläder med dödskallar och eldsflammor. Leksaker som associerades till flickor, var dockor av olika slag, för pojkar var det bilar och krigsleksaker som gällde. Färgen barnen främst förknippade med flickor var rosa, medan färgen barnen främst förknippade med pojkar var svart.

Svensken spenderar i genomsnitt 6 timmar om dagen på medier och genom reklamen som visas på dessa medier sänds det ut värderingar och uppfattningar om vad ett visst kön är. Därför ställde jag frågan om vem som ska hållas ansvarig för de stereotypa bilder som idag visas på reklamen.  Syftet med denna studie är att få kunskap om vad reklamskaparna har för perspektiv på genus och inställningen till att skapa könsstereotyp bildreklam. Den metod jag valde att använda mig för att svara på den frågeställning som studien har valde jag kvalitativa intervjuer. Det empiriska materialet som intervjuerna genererade visade sig som styras av genusmedvetenhet i tolkningen av stereotyperna manligt och kvinnligt och kritik emot den traditionella reklambilden. Informanterna menade att många kunder idag är medvetna om stereotyperna och vill förändra den bilden. Trots det så kunde jag genom studiens teorier konstatera att informanternas tolkning om manlig och kvinnlig var stereotyp. Så vem ska agera för att reklambilden ska bli ”könsfri”?
A Swede spends on average 6 hours a day using media. Advertisements that appear in these media influence the audience’s perceptions of what it means to be men or women. Therefore, I wonder who should be considered responsible for the gender stereotypes that currently appear in the advertisements. The purpose of this study is to gain knowledge about the advertisement producers’ perspective on gender and gender-stereotyped advertising. The method that this study uses is qualitative interviews. The material gathered through the interviews shows a high level of gender-awareness among the interviewed producers of advertisements, as well as that they share a critical vision of the traditional stereotypes in advertisements. The informants say that many customers today too are aware of the stereotypes and want to change that. Despite this, the analysis of the informants’ interpretations of “male” and “female” based on the theories shows that advertisement producers continue to think somewhat stereotypically. The question that this study suggests for further investigation is who should act in order to make advertisements “genderless”?

The purpose of this study is to stress what experiences men working in the earlier school years share about being a minority group and what thoughts they have about why other men tend to avoid this profession. In this survey I have interviewed four male teachers in the earlier school years. In previous research it is claimed that men choose not to get a teacher training for the earlier school years partly because this profession is known to be dominated by women where it is difficult for men to feel at home. It is also claimed that teachers in training choose the later school years in order to focus more on teaching than looking after the children. None of the interviewed men sees it as a problem being a minority group, neither during training nor in teaching. What the men in this survey state as the main reasons for why other men do not choose to become teachers are the low levels of status and salary. They also believe that the schools need more men but most of all qualified teachers who have chosen this profession because they take an interest in it.

Sjuksköterskeprofessionen har ur ett historiskt perspektiv varit ett kvinnoyrke. Kvinnor till skillnad från män tillskrivs vårdande som egenskap, då stereotypa föreställningar och attityder finns om att kvinnor är mer omsorgsfulla än män. Manliga sjuksköterskor tenderer att söka sig bort från omvårdnadsområden med nära omvårdnad till omvårdnadsområden som kräver medicinteknisk kunskap och fysisk styrka. Manliga och kvinnliga sjuksköterskor har olika förutsättningar i vårdandet som orsakas av deras könstillhörighet. Syftet var att belysa om och i så fall hur manliga sjuksköterskor upplever svårigheter i vårdandet relaterat till deras könstillhörighet. Litteraturstudie har använts som metod. Studien baseras på 11 vetenskapliga artiklar hämtade från databaserna CINAHL plus with full text och PubMed. Artiklarna bearbetades med hjälp av innehållsanalys. I resultatet framkom tre huvudteman med subteman. Det första huvudtemat, I Att vara man i vården, beskriver vad manliga sjuksköterskor har upplevt i sin profession som sjuksköterska. Det andra temat, II Sexualisering, beskriver manliga sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att bli sexualiserade av patienter och samhället. Det tredje temat, III Att använda strategier i omvårdnadsarbetet, beskriver strategier manliga sjuksköterskor utvecklat för att hantera problem som uppstått i omvårdnadsarbetet. Resultatet diskuteras utifrån Connells teori om maskuliniteter. Diskussion förs om genusordning och hegemoniskt maskulinitetsideal inom sjuksköterskeprofessionen samt om hur könsstereotypa föreställningar och förväntningar påverkar manliga sjuksköterskor i vårdandet.