Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Det manliga geniet'

Sammandrag

Detta examensarbete bygger på en fallstudie av en manlig pedagog i förskolan. En aktuell fråga i dagens debatt är bristen på män i förskolan, vilket medför att en närmare granskning av manliga pedagoger kontra kvinnliga pedagoger är befogad. Frågan är på vilket sätt manliga pedagogers tänkande och beteende skiljer sig från kvinnliga pedagogers motsvarande? Syftet med den här undersökningen är att med hjälp av videoinspelning i detalj analysera en manlig pedagogs arbete tillsammans med barnen på en förskola. Speciellt söker jag vilka uppgifter en manlig pedagog väljer att utföra tillsammans med barnen, hur han väljer att utföra dem och vilket språk han använder. Den empiriska basen är observationer (videofilm) av en manlig pedagogs arbete under två dagar. Observationerna kompletterades även med en intervju för att genom den få en bredare bild och ett sammanhang utifrån respondentens perspektiv.

Undersökningen visar i sammanfattning att den manlige pedagogen skiljer sig i ganska hög grad från sina kvinnliga pedagoger och deras arbetssätt. När han valde aktiviteter själv prioriterade han att busa med barnen och själv leka barn. Han deltog i leken som en jämlik, medan den kvinnliga pedagogen behöll sin pedagogroll även i leken. Språkmässigt använder han sig av färre ord och även av en mer direkt kommunikation. Han ser sig själv som ett komplement i den kvinnodominerade pedagoggruppen. Genom att vara ett komplement ser han till att bidra med, enligt honom, typiskt manliga saker och aktiviteter.

Nyckelord: manlig pedagog, könsroller, manligt språk, förskolan.

Abstract

This written examination is built upon a case study of a male teacher in preschool. One question that is a burning issue right now is the lack of men in preschool, which implies that a closer study of male versus female teachers is justified. The question is in which way the male teachers behave differently from the female teachers? The purpose with this study is to, with the help of a video recording, analyze a male teacher’s work with children in detail. I am especially interested in which kind of tasks he chooses to do with the children, how he chooses to carry them out and what type of language he uses. The empiric contains mainly of an observation (a video recording) of a male teacher during two days of his work. The observations were supplemented with an interview in order to get a wider picture and to put it into context.

The study shows in context that the male teacher differs in a lot of ways compared to his female co workers. When he chooses the tasks himself he prioritizes to fuss with the children and to play himself. He participated in the games as an equal, while the female teacher never stopped being a teacher. When it comes to his language, he uses fewer words and also a more direct communication. He regards himself as a complement in the group that is dominated by females. By doing so, he makes sure that he contributes with, according to him, typical male activities and tasks.

Keywords: male teacher, sex role, male language, preschool.

During the last decade of the twentieth century both ’manhood’ and gender studies seems to have undergone changes. With the field of masculinity and the critical studies of men, added as ’subsections’ of broader gender studies, new knowledge has been produced to better grasp the production of gender and power relations of patriarchy. During the same decade as the ’metrosexual’ first appeared of the urban stage, acts of homophobia and attitudes towards ’manhood’ seems to have changed. The ’macho’ ideal from the eighties apparently gave way for a more inclusive and gentle masculinity and this ’softening’ of men resulted in ’the new man’ or ’new masculinity’. Brittish journalist and author Mark Simpson, who published the first ’obersvation’ of metrosexuality back in the nineties, now proposes that a new generation of metrosexual men have entered the international stage of masculinity. He calls them ’spornosexuals’. According to Simpson they are the heirs of the metrosexuals widened or feminized masculinity but instead of ’new man’ attitudes, fashion and grooming they focus their attention towards their own well chiseled, lean muscular and defined male bodies. This paper reviews academic texts on men, masculinity and the male body in an attempt to create a sociological understanding of the spornosexual expression and practice.
Under slutet av förra seklet verkade både ”manlighet” och genusvetenskap ha förändrats. Med nya fält som maskulinitet och kritiska mansstudier breddades studier av genus och ny kunskap har producerats för att bättre belysa produktionen av genus och patriarkala maktrelationer. Samma årtionde som den ”metrosexuella” mannen dök upp, verkade homofobi ha minskat och attityder kring manlighet förändrats. ”Macho-idealet” från åttiotalet hade till synes givit vika för en mera öppen och mildare maskulinitet, och denna mjukare manlighet resulterade i föreställningar om ”den nya mannen”. Journalisten Mark Simpson, som myntade begreppet ”metrosexualitet”, föreslår nu att en ny generation av metrosexuella klivit upp på den internationella maskulina scenen. Han kallar dem ”spornosexuella”. Enligt Simpson är de arvtagare av metrosexualiteten, men istället för mode och hår- och hudvård fokuserar de spornosexuella på sina egna välformade muskulösa manliga kroppar. Denna uppsats försöker genom akademiska texter om män, maskulinitet och den manliga kroppen sociologiskt belysa spornosexualitet.

How are new scientific concepts of illnesses and disorder formed? The last fifty years have seen a dramatic increase in new diagnoses incorporated into medical manuals. The concept of the male menopause, or the andropause diagnosis, is suitable for studying how medical knowledge is produced, since it has alternated between being and not being part of the acknowledged medical knowledge since the beginning of the 19th century, when it was originally launched. After being rather unnoticed during the 20th century, the concept of the male menopause had a renaissance in the 1990s’. The andropause then became a specific research area, articles about the male menopause were widely published in medical journals, specific therapies were developed, and andropause clinics opened around the world. The thesis explores what combination of circumstances lay behind the establishment of the andropause as a scientific object in the 1990s’. The purpose was to find out what the institutionalization of the (concept of the) andropause shows about the production of science, specifically  medical knowledge. Methodologically, the study can be described as an analysis of ideas, where the ideas contained in the concept of a male menopause are in focus. Accordingly, the research materials were scientific literature, media, and other documents where the idea of a male menopause was expressed. The analysis was structured in four divisions. First, the andropause theory was studied to find any obvious scientific explanations, such as new knowledge or discoveries. “Pure science” could not explain the breakthrough of the andropause diagnosis, since the andropause theory is laden with uncertainties according to the scientific principles of evaluation that the medical science itself supports. Second, the social organization of the medical knowledge production was inquired with focus on the medical profession, and the andropause theory was found to offer new professional arenas. Third, factors outside profession and science were found, the extra scientific dimensions, primarily cultural conditions and social structures. The emergence of feminist theory was found to change the perception of men in the culture, where the male norm no longer is self-evident. Fourth, in the social structure, pharmaceutical companies were found to engage strongly in the andropause concept. Together these factors constituted the andopause as a scientific object. The thesis demonstrates: the advantage of a multi perspective analysis: the complexity of the development of concepts of disease: the weakness of the epistemology of evidence-based medicine: and the social and cultural foundation of science.

Hunting is considered as the most masculine activity in our society. Historically, man has been described as the provider for his family, this in the forms of hunting and gathering. Today hunting is still associated with a male hunter, but women have started to infiltrate the hunting culture. In this study hunting culture is analyzed with a gender perspective. In a modern society with gender and equality as a big subject of debate it is interesting to examine this impact on a culture so linked with masculinity. By interviewing five female hunters, using a narrative approach and analyzing with gender theory, the results show that a masculine dominance undermines women and femininity in the culture of hunting. The results also show that women have constructed a feminine hunting form as a reaction to the male dominance.

Utifrån fem damfotbollsspelares egna berättelser avser den här studien att belysa hur damfotbollsspelare förhandlar med normer och föreställningar som omgärdar fotboll och genus samt illustrera vilka strategier som tillämpas i detta förhandlingsprojekt.

Min empiri visar att de två genuskodade föreställningar/myter som omgärdar damfotbollsspelare är att alla är (1) lesbiska och (2) maskulina. Bilden av ”den lesbiska och maskulina damfotbollsspelaren” är stereotyp och att stereotypisera damfotbollsspelare är ett sätt att befästa dem som avvikande och icke-normala eftersom de spelar fotboll, en idrott ursprungligen av och för män, och inte för kvinnor. Min empiri visar också att fotbollstjejerna förhåller sig till kroppsliga ideal som de vill uppnå både som kvinnor och som fotbollsspelare. De ser en önskvärd och ideal kvinnokropp som feminin vilket, för dem, innebär en kropp utan stora muskler. En kropp med stora muskler (främst på benen) är vidare, enligt dem, vad som kännetecknar en fotbollskropp. Den muskulösa fotbollskroppen är således svårförenlig med den ideala/feminint könade kroppen.

I fotbollstjejernas förhandlingsprojekt med normer och föreställningar som omgärdar fotboll och genus gör de en viss sorts maskulinitet, vilket är en strategi för att betraktas som ”riktiga” fotbollsspelare trots att de är kvinnor, samtidigt som de gör en viss sorts femininitet vilket är en strategi för att betraktas som ”riktiga” kvinnor trots att de spelar fotboll. De förkroppsligar på grund av sitt görande av olika genus en motsägelsefullhet.

Syftet med den här studien är att få veta hur sexåringen i tre förskoleklasser ser på kvinnligt och manligt. Utifrån syftet har vi formulerat följande frågeställningar:

– Anser barnen att det finns sysselsättningar beroende på könstillhörighet?

– Inom vilka områden anser barnen att kvinnor och män är jämställda?

– Anser barnen att det är skillnad på flickor och pojkar?

För att besvara frågeställningarna har vi använt oss av en kvantitativ strukturerad enkät och kvalitativa intervjuer med öppna svar, i tre olika förskoleklasser. Sammanlagt 52 barn, varav 27 flickor och 25 pojkar deltog i undersökningen.

Resultatet av studien visar att flickor och pojkar kopplar aktiviteter och yrken till respektive kön. Aktiviteter som kopplas till kvinnligt är enligt barnen hushållssysslor och motsvarande för mannen är teknik, underhåll och fritidsaktiviteter. De yrken som de flesta av barnen kopplar till kvinnan är förskollärare, frisör och affärsbiträde. De yrken flest barn kopplar till mannen är brandman, lastbilschaufför och bonde. Vidare visar resultatet av studien att flickorna i större utsträckning än pojkarna ansåg att både kvinnor och män skulle dela på aktiviteter och yrken. Barnen vet vad det är för skillnader mellan flickor och pojkar, som till exempel att flickor får barn och pojkar har skägg. Flickor och pojkar är överens om vad som kopplas till det egna könet och det motsatta i form av yttre attribut som kläder, leksaker och färger. Flickorna skulle enligt barnen bland annat ha klänning och glittriga kläder, medan pojkarna enligt barnen skulle ha kläder med dödskallar och eldsflammor. Leksaker som associerades till flickor, var dockor av olika slag, för pojkar var det bilar och krigsleksaker som gällde. Färgen barnen främst förknippade med flickor var rosa, medan färgen barnen främst förknippade med pojkar var svart.

Svensken spenderar i genomsnitt 6 timmar om dagen på medier och genom reklamen som visas på dessa medier sänds det ut värderingar och uppfattningar om vad ett visst kön är. Därför ställde jag frågan om vem som ska hållas ansvarig för de stereotypa bilder som idag visas på reklamen.  Syftet med denna studie är att få kunskap om vad reklamskaparna har för perspektiv på genus och inställningen till att skapa könsstereotyp bildreklam. Den metod jag valde att använda mig för att svara på den frågeställning som studien har valde jag kvalitativa intervjuer. Det empiriska materialet som intervjuerna genererade visade sig som styras av genusmedvetenhet i tolkningen av stereotyperna manligt och kvinnligt och kritik emot den traditionella reklambilden. Informanterna menade att många kunder idag är medvetna om stereotyperna och vill förändra den bilden. Trots det så kunde jag genom studiens teorier konstatera att informanternas tolkning om manlig och kvinnlig var stereotyp. Så vem ska agera för att reklambilden ska bli ”könsfri”?
A Swede spends on average 6 hours a day using media. Advertisements that appear in these media influence the audience’s perceptions of what it means to be men or women. Therefore, I wonder who should be considered responsible for the gender stereotypes that currently appear in the advertisements. The purpose of this study is to gain knowledge about the advertisement producers’ perspective on gender and gender-stereotyped advertising. The method that this study uses is qualitative interviews. The material gathered through the interviews shows a high level of gender-awareness among the interviewed producers of advertisements, as well as that they share a critical vision of the traditional stereotypes in advertisements. The informants say that many customers today too are aware of the stereotypes and want to change that. Despite this, the analysis of the informants’ interpretations of “male” and “female” based on the theories shows that advertisement producers continue to think somewhat stereotypically. The question that this study suggests for further investigation is who should act in order to make advertisements “genderless”?

The purpose of this study is to stress what experiences men working in the earlier school years share about being a minority group and what thoughts they have about why other men tend to avoid this profession. In this survey I have interviewed four male teachers in the earlier school years. In previous research it is claimed that men choose not to get a teacher training for the earlier school years partly because this profession is known to be dominated by women where it is difficult for men to feel at home. It is also claimed that teachers in training choose the later school years in order to focus more on teaching than looking after the children. None of the interviewed men sees it as a problem being a minority group, neither during training nor in teaching. What the men in this survey state as the main reasons for why other men do not choose to become teachers are the low levels of status and salary. They also believe that the schools need more men but most of all qualified teachers who have chosen this profession because they take an interest in it.

Sjuksköterskeprofessionen har ur ett historiskt perspektiv varit ett kvinnoyrke. Kvinnor till skillnad från män tillskrivs vårdande som egenskap, då stereotypa föreställningar och attityder finns om att kvinnor är mer omsorgsfulla än män. Manliga sjuksköterskor tenderer att söka sig bort från omvårdnadsområden med nära omvårdnad till omvårdnadsområden som kräver medicinteknisk kunskap och fysisk styrka. Manliga och kvinnliga sjuksköterskor har olika förutsättningar i vårdandet som orsakas av deras könstillhörighet. Syftet var att belysa om och i så fall hur manliga sjuksköterskor upplever svårigheter i vårdandet relaterat till deras könstillhörighet. Litteraturstudie har använts som metod. Studien baseras på 11 vetenskapliga artiklar hämtade från databaserna CINAHL plus with full text och PubMed. Artiklarna bearbetades med hjälp av innehållsanalys. I resultatet framkom tre huvudteman med subteman. Det första huvudtemat, I Att vara man i vården, beskriver vad manliga sjuksköterskor har upplevt i sin profession som sjuksköterska. Det andra temat, II Sexualisering, beskriver manliga sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att bli sexualiserade av patienter och samhället. Det tredje temat, III Att använda strategier i omvårdnadsarbetet, beskriver strategier manliga sjuksköterskor utvecklat för att hantera problem som uppstått i omvårdnadsarbetet. Resultatet diskuteras utifrån Connells teori om maskuliniteter. Diskussion förs om genusordning och hegemoniskt maskulinitetsideal inom sjuksköterskeprofessionen samt om hur könsstereotypa föreställningar och förväntningar påverkar manliga sjuksköterskor i vårdandet.

Bakgrund Förutfattade meningar mot vårdpersonal är ett fenomen inom vården, särskilt mot manliga sjuksköterskor, som är en minoritet inom sjuksköterskeyrket. Tidigare forskning har fokuserat på specifika problemsituationer som uppstår i yrket för manliga sjuksköterskor, samhällets syn på manliga sjuksköterskor och att manliga sjuksköterskor priviligierats i arbetsgruppen. I litteraturen nämns ofta olika förutfattade meningar om manliga sjuksköterskor, trots att det saknas forskning med fokus på manliga sjuksköterskors egna upplevelser av förutfattade meningar mot dem. Syfte Syftet med studien är att belysa vilka förutfattade meningar som manliga sjuksköterskor upplever finns mot dem. Metod Litteraturstudie i form av en beskrivande metasyntes. Resultat Manliga sjuksköterskor upplever flera förutfattade meningar som presenteras i fyra teman: “accepteras inte som sjuksköterskor”, “muskler, lyfthjälp och tekniskkompetens”, “antas vara homosexuella” och “antas ha sexuella avsikter motpatienter”. Slutsats Upplevda förutfattade meningar kan påverka manliga sjuksköterskors syn på sig själv och yrkesrollen samt patientmötet och omvårdnaden. Dessa förutfattade meningar kan skapa konflikter och missnöje på arbetsplatsen vilket kan störa patientmötet och vårdrelationen. Klinisk Betydelse Genom att belysa förutfattade meningar som manliga sjuksköterskor upplever kan åtgärder vidtas för att motverka dem som påverkar vårdarbetet negativt.
Background Preconceptions against health care workers is a phenomenon in health care, especially against male nurses, who are a minority within the nursing profession. Previous research has focused on specific problematic situations that arise in the profession for male nurses, society's view of male nurses and the fact that male nurses are privileged in the workgroup. Literature often mentions various preconceptions about male nurses, despite the lack of research focusing on male nurses' own experiences of prejudice against them. Purpose The purpose of this study is to shed light on the preconceptions that male nurses are experiences towards themselves. Method Literature review in the form of a descriptive meta-synthesis. Results Male nurses experience several preconceptions which are presented in four key concepts: "not accepted as nurses", "muscles, lift assistance and technical skills", "are assumed to be gay" and "are assumed to have sexual intentions towards patients". Conclusion Experienced preconceptions can affect male nurses' view of themselves and the professional role, meeting the patient and nursing care. These preconceptions can create conflicts and grievances in the workplace which can disrupt the nurse-patient relationship. Clinical Significance By shedding light on the preconceptions that male nurses are experiencing measures can be taken to reduce the ones that affect nursing work negatively.

In this study I have examined how Swedish artists are portrayed in the Swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter. I have been using a critical discourse analysis to analyze twelve articles, whereof six interviews with female performing artists and six with male performing artists. The main findings show that the journalist mostly describes the artists in ways that can be seen as normative for the female and male gender. The female artists are described  as strong and caring about relationships, while the majority of the male artists are described as brave and tough. Both the female and male performing artists are described as outreach and people who are not affraid to express themselves.

This study has been performed to give light to numerous observations from earlier studies in how characters are represented in video games. Through examination of 884 characters from 60 games and comparing them to each other depending if the game was violent or not, was a fighting game or not and how popular the game was this study was looking to find several answers regarding how the game industry works and how characters are being represented depending on these factors. This study found that the gender distribution has partially levelled out since former studies (Williams, et al., 2009; Downs och Smith, 2010) and that the hypersexualized  representation has decreased for female characters but increased for male characters for some hypersexual variables. Violent and fighting games hade larger male distribution of male characters, but only fighting games had more hypersexualized characters than its counterpart. Analyses regarding how popular the games was in comparison to each other gave no concrete results.
Denna studie har utförts för att ge ljus till flertalet observationer från tidigare studier om hur karaktärer representeras i digitala spel. Genom att undersöka 884 karaktärer från 60 spel och jämföra dem mot varandra beroende på om spelen var våldsamma eller ej, om spelet var ett slagsmålsspel eller ej och hur populärt spelet var söktes det flera svar om spelbranschen och hur karaktärer representeras beroende på dessa faktorer. Studien fann att könsfördelningen hade utjämnats delvis sedan tidigare studier (Williams, m fl., 2009; Downs och Smith, 2010) och att hypersexualiserad representation hade sjunkit för kvinnliga karaktärer men höjts för manliga karaktärer för vissa hypersexualiserade bedömningar. Våldsamma och slagsmålsspel hade större andelar män, men endast slagsmålsspel hade fler hypersexualiserade karaktärer än sin motpart. Analyser som berodde på hur populära spelen var i jämförelse med varandra visade inget konkret.

I länder som Afghanistan och Somalia är kvinnor rättsligt underordnade män och har sällan möjlighet att erhålla statligt skydd mot könsrelaterad förföljelse. I dessa länder är kvinnors skydd och överlevnad i stor utsträckning beroende av att det i sitt hemland har tillgång till ett manligt nätverk. En kvinna som saknar ett manligt nätverk i hemlandet löper stor risk att utsättas för könsrelaterad förföljelse vid ett återvändande till hemlandet. Enligt den svenska utlänningslagen beaktas kön som en förföljelsegrund som ska kunna grunda rätt till uppehållstillstånd i Sverige. Trots den svenska lagbestämmelsen nekas kvinnor som åberopat skyddsgrunden könsrelaterad förföljelse sin rätt till asyl i Sverige. I vissa fall avslås ansökan med hänvisning till att kvinnan vid ett återvändande ska vända sig till manligt nätverk för skydd mot könsrelaterad förföljelse.                                                                         Syftet med uppsatsen är att genomföra en kritisk analys av Migrationsverkets och Migrationsdomstolens praxis att hänvisa kvinnliga asylsökande till manligt nätverk i hemlandet.  För att uppnå studiens syfte har jag studerat asylbeslut som avser kvinnor från Somalia och Afghanistan. Studien visar på att kvinnors tillgång respektive avsaknad av manligt nätverk i hemlandet har betydelse för rättsinsatsernas skyddsbedömning. Min ambition med denna framställning är att i dialog med postkolonial teori kring den subalterna kvinnans dubbelutsatthet och rättighetsdiskursens begränsade effekt att motverka diskriminering problematisera rättsinstansernas hänvisning till det manliga nätverket.
In countries such as Afghanistan and Somalia, women are legally subordinate to men. Due to womens subordinated role, women are depended on their access to a male network in order to secure their protection and survival in their home country. An asylum seeking women without a male network is at high risk of being subjected to gender related persecution when being sent her country of origin.  The Swedish Aliens Act Utlänningslag states that fear of gender-based persecution is considered as a base for asylum claim. However, it has shown that asylum seeking women claiming fear of gender-related persecution are denied their right to asylum in Sweden. In some cases the Swedish Migration Board direct the applicant to seek protection within her male network in the applicant’s country.                The aim of this thesis is to conduct a critical analysis of the Swedish Migration Board and Migration Court's practice of referring female asylum seekers to their "male network". I have studied asylum decisions made by Swedish Migration Board and Migration Court's regarding women from Somalia and Afghanistan. The study shows that women's access and lack of male network in their country of origin is crucial for the Swedish judicial assessments in establishing whether the women is considered to be in need of protection. My goal with this study is to problematize this issue by implementing a postcolonial theory of the subaltern women’s two folded oppression and the limited effect of the legal discourse to eliminate discrimination.

Bakgrund: Yrket sjuksköterska har bland personalen präglats av kvinnodominans och själva yrkestiteln i sig har en feminin ändelse. När män i större utsträckning väljer att utbilda sig till sjuksköterskor så uppstår nya situationer som inte förekommit tidigare när det bara funnits kvinnlig personal att förhålla sig till. Syfte: Att undersöka och beskriva manliga sjuksköterskors erfarenhet av att vårda och bemöta kvinnliga patienter i nära vårdsituationer inom den somatiska vården, samt kvinnliga patienters emotionella erfarenhet av att ha blivit vårdade av manliga sjuksköterskor. Metod: Studien bedrevs som en litteraturstudie med sökningar i databaser för omvårdnadsforskning. Både kvalitativa och kvantitativa granskningsmallar användes vid kvalitetsgranskning. En beprövad innehållsanalysmodell användes till att finna gemensamma teman ur artiklarna som till skulle bli resultatet. Resultat: Studien visade att manliga sjuksköterskor ofta är rädda för att bli anklagade för sexuella olägenheter av kvinnliga patienter. För att undvika missförstånd och tvetydigheter använde manliga sjuksköterskor sig av olika strategier som hjälp till att klara av att utföra intim vård. Intima samtal kunde enligt den manliga sjuksköterskan upplevas som lika intimt som intimberöring. Ur ett patientperspektiv framkom det att yngre kvinnliga patienter önskade att få vård av samma kön, medan äldre kvinnliga patienter inte hade samma preferenser för könet på sjuksköterskan som utförde vården. Beröring av intim karaktär var något som kunde väcka starka känslor hos den kvinnliga patienten.
Background: Nursing has traditionally been predominantly staffed by women and the work title itself has had a female connotation. When men to a larger degree enter nursing, new situations arise which didn’t before when the patients only had female staff to take into consideration. Aim: To investigate and describe the experience of nurses who are male in their care and treatment of women patients in intimate care situations in a hospital setting, as we as the emotional experience of the women clients of having been cared for by nurses who are male. Method: The study was carried out as a literature review through searches in databases containing nursing sciences. Both qualitative and quantitative review templates were used to carry out the quality review. A proven method for content analysis was used to find common themes in the articles, which eventually formed the basis for the result. Result: The study found that male nurses often were afraid of being accused of improprieties by the female patients. In order to avoid misunderstandings, male nurses used different strategies in order to be able to perform intimate care. Conversations of an intimate nature were seen as an equally sensitive matter to the male nurses. From a patient perspective it was discovered that younger female patients preferred to be cared for by nurses of the same gender, while older female patients did not specify the same preference. Intimate touch was something that could evoke strong feelings in the female patient.

This study aims to seek knowledge about what preschool teachers think about gender issues, and if it affects their work. The study has been performed in a multicultural district in Stockholm. A working party of three teachers, one male and two females, has been interviewed and observed. The empirical material from the interviews and observations has then been analyzed based on theories about gender, femaleness, maleness and cultural behaviour. The result proves that one of the three teachers considers that there are general typical female and male behaviour. One of the three teachers considers that there are differences in the children’s behaviour based on their gender. My observations prove that all the three teachers have some apprehensions about what is to be typical male or female behaviour. One of the three teachers thinks that the differences between her male and female colleagues are a result originating in culture and not gender. To sum up, my result suggests that the three teachers’ respective cultures, affects their idea of maleness and femaleness.

Zara Larsson and the male haters. A critical discourse analysis of the medias depiction of the singer Zara Larsson’s commentary on Bråvallafestivalen 2015 Zara Larsson, born in 1997, is a famous, young swedish singer. Besides her career in music she is also famous for her feminist thoughts in social media. In 2015, she critizised the swedish festival Bråvallafestivalen for its lack of female artists. This critizism was first published in the swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter and afterwards there was a huge reaction in social media where lots of people critizised and threatened Zara Larsson because of her thougths. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore how swedish newspapers reports about this situation and how Zara Larsson is portrayed, from a genderperspective. We are using a thematic analysis and a critical discourse analysis as a method. The analysis is based on articles and opinion journalism in swedish newspapers from all over the country. Theories we have used for the study is gendersystems and ideology. The main conclusion of this study is that the debate ended up to be very polarized, and that the supporting side of Zara Larsson dominated the debate, while the opposition tended to be some sort of hopeless contenders. We could also se that the main ideology was feminism, both visible and hidden in the texts. Keywords: Critical discourse analysis, Thematic analysis, gender, Zara Larsson, Bråvalla festival.

Den här uppsatsen undersöker hur svenska mans-och kvinnojourer konstruerar genus i relation till offer-och förövarroller när det kommer tillvåldi nära relationer. Detta har gjorts med en kvantitativ och kvalitativ innehållsanalys avderas respektive hemsidor.Materialet har bestått av åtta kvinnojourer och åtta mansjourers hemsidor, och anledningen till att det är åtta av varje är attdet inte finns fler mansjourer att utföra en analys på.Tvåfrågeställningar har legat till grund för uppsatsen: (1) Talas det huvudsakligen om kvinnan som utsatt och mannen som förövare på de svenska kvinno-och mansjourernas hemsidor? I så fall hur? (2) Råder det någon skillnad mellan hur kvinno-och mansjourerna konstruerar kvinnor och män som offer och förövare? I så fall på vilket sätt? Uppsatsen utgår vidare från debatten om asymmetri och symmetri, samt socialkonstruktivism, genus och det ideala offret. Resultatet pekar på att kvinno-och mansjourernaförhåller sig till enasymmetrisk linje, det vill säga mannen som den huvudsakliga våldsutövaren och kvinnan som det huvudsakliga offret. Kvinnojourerna vänder sig till kvinnor som fallit offer för det manliga våldet, och de framställer män och kvinnor som motsatser –den skyldiga och den oskyldiga. Mansjourerna var lite mer neutrala i sin framställning. De talade inte om relationen mellan offer och förövare utan de talade snarare om stöd till de våldsutövande männen. Män som utsatts för partnerrelaterat våld glöms bort.
This essay explores how Swedish men’s and women’s aidsconstructs gender in relation to victim-and offender roles when it comes to intimate partner violence. This has been done using botha quantitative andaqualitative content analysis ofsixteen Swedish men’s and women’s aids websites. The reason why there haveonlybeen eightwebsitesper aid is that therearen’t more men’s aids websites to perform an analysis on. Twoquestions havebeen the basis for the essay:(1) Do the aids primarily talk about the women as victims and the men asoffenders, and if that is the case –why?(2) Isthere a difference between how men’sand women’s aidsconstruct women and men as victims and offenders and if so, why?The essay is based on the debate about asymmetry and symmetry, as well as social constructionism, gender and the ideal victim. The results showthat the men’sand women’s aidsare assuming anasymmetric perspective, whichmeans that the man is primarily seen as the offender and the woman primarily as the victim.Women’s aidsare targetingwomen who havebeen victims of intimate partner violenceand they are constructing men and women as opposites –guilty andinnocent. Men’s aidswere more neutral in this regard. They didn’t focus onthe relationshipbetween the victim and the offender, but rather onsupport forthe men who useviolence against their partners. Men who are the victims of intimate partner violence are forgotten.

This study aims to explore how male auxiliary nurses relate with gender-coded norms and why they relate to these norms in their work at elderly-care, while also exploring what kind of masculine identities appear when they relate to the expected gender norm. The empirical material was gathered by using a qualitative approach through semi-structured interviews with seven male auxiliary nurses from three different municipalities in Sweden. By using Connells (2008) masculinity-theory, where gender is seen as a process where the male body is regarded as an object and an acting organ which produces gender differences, this theory will help the essay understand the problems surrounding how the male auxiliaries’ nurses relate and negotiate with gender-coded norms in their work at elderly-care. This dynamic aspect of masculinity and the relation with the gender-structure will be used to examine how male auxiliary nurses relate and negotiating with different form of masculinities. The results of this study have showcased the evidently traditional gender norm that exists within this line of work, as the informants could relate to the pressure in maintaining their masculine identity. In some cases, the traditional gender norms have given the informants advantages and disadvantages which will be thoroughly explained later in the essay. The data ultimately showcased the dynamic and complex structure of masculinity, as male auxiliary nurses are expected to behave within the traditional forms of masculinity while also creating a new form of masculinity as they assume their “feminine” profession.

Denna studie hade som mål att undersöka, med hjälp av 111 slumpmässigt utvalda svenska gymnasieelever genom användandet av en enkät och individuella intervjuer, huruvida det kan tänkas existera gemensamma tankegångar angående allmänna och/eller pedagogiska könsskillnader mellan för- och/eller grundskolelärare. Om så är fallet, skulle dessa potentiella könsskillnader kunna påverka elevers studiemotivation och/eller studieresultat negativt? Tidigare forskning hävdar det. Gymnasieelever både i och utan behov av särskilt stöd blev tillfrågade i enkäten men endast elever i behov av särskilt stöd intervjuades. Anledningen till detta var för att se om den höga majoriteten av kvinnliga specialpedagoger och speciallärare i Sverige, vilket är 93% (Göransson, Lindqvist, Klang, Magnusson & Nilholm, 2015), möjligtvis skulle kunna påverka elevernas studiemotivation och/eller studieresultat negativt, och då framförallt pojkar. Enligt socialt konstruerade normer och värderingar gällande kön och genus lär vi oss redan i barndomen att män och kvinnor är annorlunda på olika sätt och vis (Butler, 1990). Denna studie strävade efter att ta reda på huruvida dagens ungdomar och snart arbetsföra vuxna delade några av dessa stereotypiska synsätt på kön och genus genom att låta dem se tillbaka på sina egna, tidigare lärare på för- och/eller grundskolenivå. Resultatet visar att ett fåtal gymnasieelever skulle kunna ha stereotypiska tankar gällande könsskillnader på sina tidigare och nuvarande lärare men den stora majoriteten av gymnasieeleverna menar att de inte dömer en lärare baserat på dess kön utan hävdar istället att de avgörande faktorerna är lärarnas personlighet och pedagogiska lämplighet.

The purpose of this study, which adapts a critical feminist perspective, has been to examine the views of men convicted of sexual offenses on the issues of masculinity, sex and the male norm. The study was based on a qualitative approach - seven interviews were conducted with men who were incarcerated for sexual offenses. The interviews focused on each man’s life story and explored their perspective on the male norm and the resulting impact on them in social, relational and sexual contexts. The theoretical framework consisted of four concepts; Millett and Walby’s concept of patriarchy, the concepts of sex and gender, Connells concept of hegemonic masculinity, and Butlers concept of the heterosexual matrix. Using these concepts, the content of each interview was interpreted using qualitative content analysis. The results show that men hold positions of power in heterosexual interaction, and gender roles dictate women to be emotional and caring whilst men should be mentally strong and provide financially for the family. Men are expected to live up to a certain manly standard, which rarely correspond with the man they want to be. The results also show that the participating men in the study places responsibility for their crime away from themselves, with each man reducing the severity of both their crime and the concept of rape.

Studien undersöker hur genus synliggörs visuellt, samt i vilken omfattning pojkar, flickor och vuxna karaktärer förekommer i ett urval av normkritiska barnböcker. Tanken är att få en inblick i hur genus gestaltas för barn från ett normkritiskt perspektiv. Genom kvantitativ innehållsanalys och semiotisk bildanalys så studeras illustrationerna i fem stycken normkritiska barnböcker. Resultatet visar att böckerna innehåller en mängd olika kombinationer av attribut, färger, kläder, frisyrer med mera för att visa på sitt normkritiska ställningstagande. Kläder och kroppsform är den vanligaste förekommande metoden för att gestalta en karaktär som genusneutral. Det genusneutrala barnet är den vanligaste förekommande karaktären i böckerna, de performativa pojkarna förekommer något mer än de performativa flickorna.

Denna studie är en kvalitativ filmanalys av den populära tv-serien Bron, med fokus på huvudkaraktären Saga Norén. Studien utgår från teorier kring den manliga och kvinnliga blicken. Uppsatsens syfte är att belysa ämnet kring hur en kvinna förväntas uppträda utifrån de rådande normerna, men också hur hon uppfattas av andra. Uppbyggnaden av genus- och könsmaktsordning är ett ständigt relevant forskningsämne, där mediernas kraft att påverka publiken spelar en viktig roll.   Studien är baserad på könsteorier som relaterar till stereotyper, såväl som den manliga blicken. Till studiens analysdel skapades ett analysverktyg baserat på Selby och Cowderys trestegsmodell och mise-en-scén. De scener som valdes ut för analysen sorterades i fyra olika kategorier baserat på återkommande mönster. Varje kategori sammanfattades i en kort sektion, som samtliga diskuteras i det sista avsnittet. Resultatet av studien visar att Saga Norén avviker från hur en stereotyp kvinnlig karaktär förväntas uppträda. Hennes sätt att framträda, och det avvikande beteendemönstret bidrar också till att hon inte upplevs att synas i bild för att behaga någon.
This study is a qualitative film analysis focusing on the main character Saga Norén in the popular tv series Bron, based on the male and female gaze. The essay highlights the topic of how a woman is expected to behave based on the prevailing gender roles, but also how she is perceived by others. The construction of gender and gender roles is a constantly relevant research topic, where the media's power to influence the audience plays an important role.   The study is based on gender theories that relate to stereotypes, as well as the male gaze. For the analysis part of the study, an analysis tool was created based on Selby and Cowdery's three-stage model and mise-en-scène, using these theories as a foundation. The scenes selected for the analysis were sorted into four various categories based on recurring patterns. Each category was summarized in a short section, to be discussed in the final section.   The result of the study shows that Saga Norén departs from how the stereotype female character is expected to behave. Her way of appearing, and the deviant behavior pattern also contributes to her not being perceived to exist in a position to please.

From an anti-oppressive and a gender perspective, the aim of this paper is to examine whether three English teachers at a comprehensive school in Stockholm make gender conscious selections when selecting novels for their English literature lessons. Through quantitative research, semi-structured interviews and e-mail interviews with these teachers I have attempted to find out if they include both male and female writers when selecting English novels for their students and also what factors affect their selections. I have analyzed the interviews and the quantitative research by using a qualitative and a quantitative content analysis. The theories that I have established my analysis upon are gender theories about the male norm in society, the feminist Simone de Beauvoir’s ideas about the woman as a second gender and the sociologist Raewyn Connell’s gender regimes. Furthermore, the Professor Kevin K. Kumashiro’s theories on anti-oppressive education have been very useful when interpreting my research. My results show that these teachers do not make gender conscious selections for their English literature lessons since they almost only choose novels written by men. They explain their choices to depend upon factors such as them wanting to individualize their literature lessons by selecting novels that their students will enjoy. They also elucidate the issue that the school only has a limited selection of novels to choose from, which narrows their choices. But I argue that since the teachers are able to purchase new novels to the school and also borrow class sets from the Public Library, they have the possibility to select novels by female writers as well. I interpret the fact that they almost only use novels written by men as a result of the male norm in society, which influences the teachers on a subconscious level. That the teachers select male writers prior to female writers results in the students achieving an inadequate education, given that they mostly learn about the male perspective upon the world, since the female angle is invisible. If these teachers would begin working from an anti-oppressive perspective and make gender conscious selections of novels for their English literature lessons, they must first be aware of how the male norm influences them.

Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka huruvida begrepp som maskulint och feminint kan uppfattas i den nonfigurativa bilden. Med exempel ur den abstrakta expressionismen studeras detta utifrån genus och semiotisk teori. Även konstvärldens roll i producerandet av genus undersöks. En mindre enkätundersökning och bildanalys ingår i studien.

This thesis purpose is to examine whether notions as masculine and feminine can be understood in a nonfigurative picture. Thru gender theories and semiotics some examples from the Abstract Expressionist movement are studied. The art world’s participation in construction of gender is also examined. A picture analysis supported by a small survey is also included in the study.

Den svenska skolan är, framförallt i de tidigare åren, en könssegregerad arbetsplats. På gymnasial nivå synliggörs en del av segregationen i ämnet idrott och hälsa, där det arbetar ungefär dubbelt så många män som kvinnor. Historiskt sett har killar dominerat ämnet både när det gäller betyg och inflytande över innehållet. Syftet med detta arbete är att försöka belysa eventuella kopplingar mellan könet på läraren, könet på eleven och betyget i kursen idrott och hälsa A för att sedan jämföra det med resultatet från estetisk verksamhet A, ett annat ämne där lärarna är överrepresenterade av män. Arbetet har en kvantitativ ansats, där empirin är hämtad från Stockholm stads betygsdatabas ”Hanna”. De statistiska analyserna visar att det finns samband mellan könet på läraren och könet på eleven gällande de högsta respektive lägsta betygen. Manliga lärare sätter i lägre utsträckning IG på tjejer samt i lägre utsträckning MVG på killar, medan kvinnliga lärare i högre utsträckning sätter MVG på killar och i högre utsträckning sätter IG på tjejer. I betygsmedelvärde finner vi däremot inga samband mellan betyg och kön på lärare. Vi kan inte heller se några samband mellan kurserna med avseende på varken betygsfördelningen eller betygsmedelvärden.
The Swedish school is, especially in the earlier years, a gender-segregated workplace. Particularly in the subject Physical Education in the upper secondary school there are about twice as many men as women working as teachers. Historically the male students have been dominating in both the grades and impact on the content. The purpose of this paper is to try to highlight eventual correlation between the gender of the teacher, gender of the student and thegrade in Physical Education, followed by comparing those results with arts, where men are also in majority among teachers. This writing has a quantitative approach, where the empirical data is taken from the municipality of Stockholm and their database “Hanna”. The statistical analyses show that there is a correlation between the gender of the teacher and the student regarding the highest and lowest grades. Male teachers tend to grade girls higher than female teachers do, juxtaposed to female teachers where boys are graded higher than girls. In grade average we do not find any correlation, nor in between the courses based upon grades.

The aim of this study is to investigate how the female author, Charlotte Brontë, describes the development of her female protagonist in Jane Eyre and to compare this to how the male author, Fyodor Dostoevsky, describes the development of his male protagonist in Crime and Punishment, inside the patriarchal 19th century.

My basic idea is that both characters in these two books have to reach their own unknown to find satisfaction and a new existence, and I want to investigate what the characters have to go through to find that existence. To help me in my exploration of Jane Eyre I make use of Gilbert and Gubars’ book The Madwoman in the Attic and in the case of Crime and Punishment, I make use of Pelikan Straus’ article ”“Why did I say ’Women!’?” Raskolnikov Reimagined”. Both authors discuss literature from a gender perspective, but without comparing female and male characters or authors with each other, which I believe is important for a more holistic understanding of gender issue.

The conclusion of this essay is that these books are describing the main characters’ evolution towards their personal unknown with the same tools, a double self, an important symbol, and in the end a love partner that embodies that unknown. Furthermore, I conclude that this development moves in opposing directions, whereby the female character gets in touch with a more traditional male disposition and the male character gets in touch with a more traditional female disposition. This mirrors the different position men and women are assigned in the patriarchal society. In conclusion, I suggest that all social roles are ultimately confining (irrespective of sex), and are attracted to the opposite pole, in order to discover what the individual does not have access to in the social sphere.

The current paper is a study of the male characters Simon and Jace from Cassandra Clare's City of Bones (2010), and the characters Tamlin and Rhysand from Sarah J. Maas’ A Court of Thorns and Roses (2015). The main aim is to examine whether the characters in these fantasy novels for young adults have traits and functions that previously have been used to describe and portray female characters. The study discovered among other things that vulnerability and sensitivity could be found in all the characters, especially when danger was upon them or their loved ones. Simon was also the only character that was not portrayed with skills in combat, which was mocked by the other male characters but not by the female protagonist. The two male characters in A Court of Thorns and Roses were also portraited as sexual objects in the novel, and Rhysand was exposed to sexual abuse by the novel’s antagonist, which can be seen as stereotypical female trait. The male character’s function in the novels was to have a folie function to each other, and be a love interest, a confidant, and a choir to the female protagonist. The male characters in the novels were also the ones who needed to be rescued by the female characters, and thereby found themselves in a female position.

The purpose of this essay is to analyse how medial representations in a specific cultural debate expresses thoughts about gender, power and speech. The debate in question took place in Sweden 2010 and was about an inspection of sexual harassments in the Swedish acting area, made by Sveriges Radio, Ekot. This essay examines the made representations of the debate, with a feministic point of view and concludes that a male gaze shapes the form of speech and gives the debate a discourse sort of reasoning about gender. The special discourse formatted in the examined area contains a certain conception of power and the structure of power, which is also explained by the male gaze and the meaning of post-feminism.

Våld i nära relationer är ett omdiskuterat och välkänt samhällsproblem. Ofta handlar dialogen om mäns våld mot kvinnor och det talas sällan om att en man utsätts för våld av en kvinnlig partner. Syfte: Syftet med examensarbetet var att beskriva mäns erfarenheter av att vara utsatta för våld av en kvinnlig partner i en nära relation. Metod: En litteraturöversikt gjordes där fem kvalitativa och tre kvantitativa artiklar inkluderades. Databaserna som användes var CINAHL, PsycInfo och PsycArticles. Dataanalysen utgick från en trestegsmodell och samtliga artiklar granskades genom en kvalitetsgranskningsmall. Resultat: Under analysen framkom huvudkategorierna "Erfarenheter och konsekvenser av våldet", med subkategorier "Fysiskavåldshandlingar", "Psykiska våldshandlingar", "Hälsoeffekter" och "Sociala effekter", "Omgivningens dubbelhet" med subkategorier "Myndigheters bemötande" och "Närståendes förhållningssätt" samt huvudkategorin "Kvinnans makt och kontroll". Resultatet visar att män upplever både fysiskt, psykiskt och sexuellt våld från en kvinnlig partner i en nära relation. Det framkommer även att underliggande genusnormer och stereotypiska antaganden hindrar män frånatt betraktas som egentliga offer. Konklusion: Mäns utsatthet för våld i en nära relation är enkomplex problematik som är starkt förknippad med samhällets normer och antaganden ommaskulinitet. Professionella brister i sitt bemötande av våldsutsatta män vilket kan få stora konsekvenser för mannen. För att få mer kunskap och bättre förståelse för mäns utsatthet av våld i en nära relation behöver problemet synliggöras ytterligare och diskuteras på både individ- och samhällsnivå. Praktiska implikationer: Adekvat utbildning kan bidra till att professionella får rätt verktyg för att bemöta våldsutsatta män vilket kan leda till en minskad utsatthet och ökad hälsa hos utsatta män. Examensarbetet kan bidra till att förbättra det preventiva arbetet inom till exempel hälso- och sjukvård och socialtjänst för att förhindra att män faller offer för våld, då dessa myndigheter ofta har en betydande roll i att upptäcka våldet. Förslag till fortsatt kunskapsutveckling: Ytterligare forskning krävs kring mäns utsatthet för våld i nära heterosexuella relationer för att bryta stigmatiseringen kring utsattheten och bidra med kunskap till professionella inom människobehandlande yrken som möter dessa män.
Domestic violence is a debated and well-known social problem. Often, the dialogue is about men's violence against women and it is rarely mentioned that a man is subjected to violence by a female partner. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe men's experiences of being subjected to violence by a female partner in an intimate relationship. Method: A literature review was conducted which included five qualitative and three quantitative articles. The databases used were CINAHL, PsycInfo and PsycArticles. The data analysis was based on a three-step model and all articles were reviewed through a quality assessment template. Findings: During the analysis one main category that emerged was "Experiences and consequences caused by violence", with the sub categories "Physical acts of violence", "Psychological acts of violence", "Health effects" and "Social effects", another main category was "The ambiguity of the environment " with sub categories "The response of authorities " and "The approach of relatives" and the last main category was "The woman's power and control". The results show that men experience both physical, mental and sexual violence from a female partner in an intimate relationship. It also appears in the study's findings that underlying gender-based normsand stereotypical assumptions prevent men from being considered as actual victims. Conclusion: Men's exposure to violence in an intimate relationship is a complex problem that is strongly associated with society's norms and assumptions about masculinity. Professional shortcomings in the treatment of abused men can have major consequences for the man. In order to gain more knowledge and a better understanding of men's exposure to violence in an intimate relationship, the problem needs to be further visualized and discussed at both individual and societal levels. Practical implications: Adequate education can help professionals get the right tools to deal with abused men, which can lead to reduced vulnerability and increased health of abused men. The study can help to improve preventive work in, for example, health care and social services to prevent men from falling victim to violence, as these authorities often have a significant role indetecting violence. Suggestions for continued knowledge development: Further research is required on men's exposure to violence in intimate heterosexual relationships to break the stigma around the exposure of violence and to contribute with knowledge to professionals in the humantreatment professions who encounter these men.

Purpose/Aim: This study is an analysis of the view on masculinity, male sexuality and creation of identity with the television series Queer as folk as a base. The analysis is partly based on a semiotic analysis of the representation of masculinity and male sexuality from an episode of the chosen television series Queer as folk, and partly based on a thematic analysis of focus group discussions with young men with different sexualities.

Material/Method: This study is based on focus group interviews and a semiotic and thematic analysis. The focus groups consisted of three men in three different groups and were chosen on the criteria of gender and sexuality. All groups were presented with an episode of the television series Queer as folk to see how they perceived masculinity and male sexuality. Their discussions were analyzed with a thematic analysis and the television series Queer as folk with a semiotic analysis.

Main results: The three analyzed characters in Queer as folk showed different representations of masculinity and male sexuality. The discussions from the focus groups could be linked to the semiotic analysis and showed some similar tendencies. The focus groups perceptions were diffe-rentiated in relation to each other with certain diversity between the hetero, homo and bisexual participants. Above all, the participant’s perception was divided when it came to the male sexuali-ty that was featured in the episode but also of the representations of the homosexual characters.

Detta är en kvalitativ studie vars syfte är att undersöka hur genus ger sig uttryck i ledarskap hos enhetschefer inom socialt arbete. Den frågeställning som vi har valt att undersöka är hur kvinnliga och manliga enhetschefer inom socialt arbete ser på sitt ledarskap. Vi har undersökt hur manliga och kvinnliga enhetschefer beskriver sitt ledarskap, sina ledaregenskaper samt hur de beskriver andras egenskaper. Vi har valt att definiera genus, kön, ledarskap, maskulint, och feminint då dessa begrepp innehåller många tolkningar. Studiens resultat bygger på kvalitativa intervjuer med manliga och kvinnliga enhetschefer inom socialt arbete. Vi anser att det är viktigt att beskriva hur genus ger sig uttryck i ledarskapet eftersom mannen oftast ses som norm vid ledarskap, dock så är socialt arbete sedan år tillbaka förknippat som ett kvinnoyrke. Något som vi har funnit i samband med denna c-uppsats är att informanterna ofta beskrev andra som typiskt manliga eller kvinnliga, men att de inte själva beskrev sig efter samma normer.Nyckelord: Ledarskap,Detta är en kvalitativ studie vars syfte är att undersöka hur genus ger sig uttryck i ledarskap hos enhetschefer inom socialt arbete. Den frågeställning som vi har valt att undersöka är hur kvinnliga och manliga enhetschefer inom socialt arbete ser på sitt ledarskap. Vi har undersökt hur manliga och kvinnliga enhetschefer beskriver sitt ledarskap, sina ledaregenskaper samt hur de beskriver andras egenskaper. Vi har valt att definiera genus, kön, ledarskap, maskulint, och feminint då dessa begrepp innehåller många tolkningar. Studiens resultat bygger på kvalitativa intervjuer med manliga och kvinnliga enhetschefer inom socialt arbete. Vi anser att det är viktigt att beskriva hur genus ger sig uttryck i ledarskapet eftersom mannen oftast ses som norm vid ledarskap, dock så är socialt arbete sedan år tillbaka förknippat som ett kvinnoyrke. Något som vi har funnit i samband med denna c-uppsats är att informanterna ofta beskrev andra som typiskt manliga eller kvinnliga, men att de inte själva beskrev sig efter samma normer.

This is a qualitative study aimed to examine how gender is expressed in leadership. The question which we have chosen to examine is how the male and female managers in social work looks at their leadership. We have investigated how male and female manager describes their leadership, their leadership skills and how they describe other people's qualityfications. We have chosen to define the words gender, sex, leadership, masculine and feminine. These words contain many interpretations. Results of the study are based on qualitative interviews with male and female managers in social work. We believe it is important to describe how gender expresses in leadership, as the male most often is seen as the norm for leadership, however, social work has since several decades been associated to females. Something we have found in this study is that the informant often describes that other leaders often posses typical male and female traits, but that they themselves don’t apply this description onto themselves.Keywords: Leadership, Gender, male, fThis is a qualitative study aimed to examine how gender is expressed in leadership. The question which we have chosen to examine is how the male and female managers in social work looks at their leadership. We have investigated how male and female manager describes their leadership, their leadership skills and how they describe other people's qualityfications. We have chosen to define the words gender, sex, leadership, masculine and feminine. These words contain many interpretations. Results of the study are based on qualitative interviews with male and female managers in social work. We believe it is important to describe how gender expresses in leadership, as the male most often is seen as the norm for leadership, however, social work has since several decades been associated to females. Something we have found in this study is that the informant often describes that other leaders often posses typical male and female traits, but that they themselves don’t apply this description onto themselves.

The thought behind this bachelor essay regarding gender and rhetorical feminist criticism developed years ago out of the fact that I read just a little too many dirty chick lit-pockets as a teen. Those chick lit-pockets were my first introduction to sex, to gender roles, to how men and women react and are supposed to react to each other and, in some sense, even to feminism. Those chick lit-pockets, later turning into hardcore Harlequin-books, became my benchmark when I started to contemplate the fact that this is a man’s world, produced and reproduced by a male gaze which influences everything from sex, porn, advertising, gender roles, jobs and payment to dirty pockets for teenage girls. The essays aims to show how the male gaze-phenomenon could be to use for the rhetoric discipline: first combined with other rhetorical theories as a way to analyze and understand gender and objectification. The main question asked; How to put the male gaze on a rhetorical leash? This bachelor essay consists of a qualitative literature study focusing on four articles and one book in which five different male gaze-perspective appears. Every article presented will be followed by an explicative chapter in which the articles, specific male gaze- perspective will be combined with relevant rhetorical theories and applied to pop cultural example cases in order to demonstrate its academic potential. The conclusion of this essay establishes that the rhetorical discipline indeed could have great use of the male gaze-perspective while analyzing different kinds of artifacts, if combined with different kinds of methods. It confirms that it is possible to put the male gaze on a rhetorical leash and explains five specific ways to do so.

The purpose of this study was to examine which kind of expressions of the woman that were present in the selected advertising images and how they could affect how women are represented. A qualitative content analysis was conducted. The six most liked CAIA Cosmetics Instagram posts from their lipstick campaign in 2019 were chosen and analysed. The study used a denotative and connotative analysis of the pictures. In conclusion this study showed that the analysed pictures contained a sexualised, objectified, and stereotypic way of portraying women. We found expressions that showed that looks were more important than skills and that the woman’s place was at home being good-looking. We also found the expression of that the pictures sold the feeling of desire. The desire was built on a narcissistic notion of selfimprovement and an illusion of that acquiring a product will make you beautiful, sexy, successful, and thereby desirable.

The aim of this study is to investigate how gender and class are portrayed in textbooks that are used in teachings of social studies. This study uses a qualitative research method analysising both texts and images. The theoretical framework used is intersectionality and gender perspectives developed by Hirdman (1988) and Josefson (2005). The questions focused in the study are the following:  How are men and women portrayed (through both text and images) in two textbooks used in social studies? Is the portrayal of men and women based on traditionally female and male-dominated jobs? And is there a correlation between female and male characteristics in the professions that appears in the textbooks? Are men and women portrayed (in the textbooks) as if belonging to separate classes? The results show that female and male characteristics are kept apart in the textbooks, and that women and men generally are associated with traditional female and male-dominated jobs and jobs that are described by female or male characteristics. The result however shows an equal distribution of men and women in the textbooks.

I denna studie studerar vi hur kvinnor som är entreprenörer gestaltas på Minc Startup House sociala medier, mer specifikt deras LinkedIn, Facebook och Instagram. En kvantitativ innehållsanalys har gjorts på inlägg som publicerats under ett års tid. Vi har studerat resultatet med hjälp av teorin om sociala konstruktioner som huvudteori. Till denna har vi sedan applicerat representationsteori, samt ett feministiskt perspektiv med inriktning av könskonstruktivism och intersektionalitet. Vi kan konstatera att Minc genom sin kommunikation gestaltar män och kvinnor som är entreprenörer olika. I kommunikation riktad till kvinnor appliceras kvinnliga stereotyper och benämningen kvinnlig entreprenör används ofta. Inga stereotyper av manlighet förekommer och orden man och manlig används endast i ett sammanhang, vilket har ett negativt syfte. Studiens resultat visar även att entreprenörer som inte har ett nordeuropeisk utseende är representerade i låg utsträckning. Detta gäller även för personer som är i åldern 50 år och uppåt.
In this thesis we are studying how women entrepreneurs are portrayed in Minc Startup House’s social media, more specifically their LinkedIn, Facebook, and Instagram. A quantitative content analysis has been made on posts from a one-year time period. We have analysed the results with the help of the theory of social constructions as main theory. We have then applied the theory of representation, and a feministic perspective, more specifically the theory of constructions of gender and intersectionality. We have come to the conclusion that Minc through their communication are portraying women and men entrepreneurs differently. In communication created to reach women, female stereotypes are used, and the term female entrepreneur is often used. No male stereotypes are used, and the words man and male only occur in one context, which has a negative purpose. The results in the thesis also show how entrepreneurs without a north European appearance are represented to a low extent. This also regards people who appear to be in the age of 50 and above.

Simple content analysis methods, such as the Bechdel test and measuring percentage of female talk time or characters, have seen a surge of attention from mainstream media and in social media the last couple of years. Underlying assumptions are generally shared with the gender role socialization model and consequently, an importance is stated, due to a high degree to which impressions from media shape in particular young children’s identification processes. For young girls, the Disney Princesses franchise (with Frozen included) stands out as the number one player commercially as well as in customer awareness. The vertical lineup of Disney princesses spans from the passive and domestic working Snow White in 1937 to independent and super-power wielding princess Elsa in 2013, which makes the line of films an optimal test subject in evaluating above-mentioned simple content analysis methods. As a control, a meta-study has been conducted on previous academic studies on the same range of films. The sampled research, within fields spanning from qualitative content analysis and semiotics to coded content analysis, all come to the same conclusions regarding the general changes over time in representations of female characters. The objective of this thesis is to answer whether or not there is a correlation between these changes and those indicated by the simple content analysis methods, i.e. whether or not the simple popular methods are in general coherence with the more intricate academic methods.

Betyg VG (skala IG-VG)