Journal articles: 'Detachment of Soil'

1

Tan, Soon-Keat. "Rainfall and soil detachment." Journal of Hydraulic Research 27, no. 5 (September 1989): 699–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221688909499119.

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Hasan, Manar, and Abdul-Sahib Al-Madhhachi. "The Influence of Crude Oil on Mechanistic Detachment Rate Parameters." Geosciences 8, no. 9 (September 4, 2018): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8090332.

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Iraqi soil contamination greatly influenced soil detachment. Previous researchers have not been able to predict the influence of crude oil soil contamination on either the mechanistic dimensional detachment parameter b0 or the threshold parameter b1 of the mechanistic detachment model (Wilson model). The aims of this research were (1) to investigate the influence of crude oil on deriving Wilson model parameters, b0 and b1, with two setups at different scales and different soil moisture contents and (2) to predict b0 and b1 in crude oil contaminated dry soils with varying levels of contamination. The “mini” JET apparatus was implemented under laboratory conditions for soil specimens packed at both a small (standard mold) and a large (in-situ soil box) scale. The results showed an inverse correlation between b0 and water content for clean soil. No correlation between b0 and soil moisture content was observed for contaminated soils. There was a huge reduction in the b0 value as the contamination time increased compared to the clean soil. This was related to the role crude oil plays in soil stabilization. Crude oil contamination significantly increased lead contamination level while slightly increasing the pH and total organic carbon. The influence of crude oil on mechanistic soil detachment can be predicted with a priori JET experiments on soils without crude oil based on crude oil parameters.

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3

Govers, G., and RJ Loch. "Effects of initial water content and soil mechanical strength on the runoff erosion resistance of clay soils." Soil Research 31, no. 5 (1993): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9930549.

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Effects of antecedent water content and soil strength on the resistance to erosion by overland (rill) flow were tested for two clay soils of the eastern Darling Downs, Queensland. Both shear and unconfined compressive strength of wet soil (for soil wet to saturation immediately prior to application of rill flow) mere higher for soil with initially high water contents than for soil initially air-dry. Rates of runoff erosion did not show a simple relationship with soil strength across the two soils, though for each soil, higher strength was associated with much lower rates of erosion. The results show that variations in initial water content can be associated with large chang;es in soil erodibility. Particularly for the initially wet soils of higher strength, rates of runoff erosion were controlled by rates of detachment of sediment. From size distributions of wet aggregates and of sediment, and from measured water contents of wet soil, it can be suggested that the extent of incipient failure of aggregates on wet;ting was a major factor controlling ease of detachment by rill flow, as it can be inferred that detachment of sediment involved breakdown of aggregates. Consistent with this, rates of runoff erosion across the two soils showed a direct relationship with the amount of water uptake on wetting, which appears to be a useful measure of susceptibility to detachment by rill flow. Water uptake on wetting would be an indirect measure of incipient failure and, hence, of aggregate strength.

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Shen, Nan, Zhanli Wang, Qingwei Zhang, Hao Chen, and Bing Wu. "Modelling soil detachment capacity by rill flow with hydraulic variables on a simulated steep loessial hillslope." Hydrology Research 50, no. 1 (August 23, 2018): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2018.037.

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Abstract Modelling soil detachment capacity by rill flow with hydraulic variables is essential to understanding the rill erosion process and developing physically based rill erosion models. A rill flume experiment with non-erodible flume bed and small soil samples was conducted. Seven flow discharges and six steep slope gradients were combined to produce various flow hydraulics. The soil detachment capacity increases with the increase in slope gradient and flow discharge. The critical slope gradients of 21.26 and 26.79% cause the detachment capacity to increase at a slow pace. The soil detachment capacity can be defined by a power function of flow discharges and slopes. The contribution rates of slope gradient and flow discharge to soil detachment capacity are 42 and 54%, respectively. The soil detachment capacity increases with shear stress, stream power and unit stream power; the increase rates of these parameters are greater under gentle slopes than steep slopes. Stream power is the superior hydrodynamic parameter describing soil detachment capacity. The linear model equation of stream power is stable and reliable, which can accurately predict soil detachment capacity by rill flow on steep loessial hillslopes. This study can help to sufficiently clarify the dynamic mechanism of soil detachment and accurately predict soil detachment capacity for steep loessial hillslopes.

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5

Sharma, P. P., S. C. Gupta, and G. R. Foster. "Predicting Soil Detachment by Raindrops." Soil Science Society of America Journal 57, no. 3 (May 1993): 674–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1993.03615995005700030007x.

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6

Alewell, C., M. Schaub, and F. Conen. "A method to detect soil carbon degradation during soil erosion." Biogeosciences Discussions 6, no. 3 (June 18, 2009): 5771–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-6-5771-2009.

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Abstract. Soil erosion has been discussed intensively but controversial both as a significant source or a significant sink of atmospheric carbon possibly explaining the gap in the global carbon budget. One of the major points of discussion has been whether or not carbon is degraded and mineralized to CO2 during detachment, transport and deposition of soil material. By combining the caesium-137 (137Cs) approach (quantification of erosion rates) with stable carbon isotope signatures (process indicator of mixing versus degradation of carbon pools) we were able to show that degradation of carbon occurs during soil erosion processes at the investigated mountain grasslands in the central Swiss Alps (Urseren Valley, Canton Uri). Transects from upland (erosion source) to wetland soils (erosion sinks) of sites affected by sheet and land slide erosion were sampled. Analysis of 137Cs yielded an input of 2 and 2.6 t ha−1 yr−1 of soil material into the wetlands sites. Assuming no degradation of soil organic carbon during detachment and transport, carbon isotope signature of soil organic carbon in the wetlands could only be explained with an assumed 800 and 400 years of erosion input into the wetlands. The latter is highly unlikely with alpine peat growth rates indicating that the upper horizons might have an age between 7 and 200 years. While we do not conclude from our data that eroded soil organic carbon is generally degraded during detachment and transport, we propose this method to gain more information on process dynamics during soil erosion from oxic upland to anoxic wetland soils, sediments or water bodies.

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Khanal, Anish, Garey A. Fox, and Lucie Guertault. "Soil Moisture Impacts Linear and Nonlinear Erodibility Parameters from Jet Erosion Tests." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 4 (2020): 1123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13835.

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HighlightsThe jet erosion test (JET) remains the most commonly used instrument for measuring in situ erodibility.This research investigated the impact of soil moisture content below saturation on erodibility parameters.Erodibility parameters were derived for both linear and nonlinear detachment models.Higher soil moisture increased initial resistance to erosion but also increased erosion rate.Abstract. The jet erosion test (JET) is a commonly employed technique to measure the erodibility of soils in situ by estimating the parameters of linear and nonlinear cohesive sediment detachment models. However, additional research is needed to understand the effect of soil moisture, a critical in situ test condition, on the derived erodibility parameters. This study compared the erodibility parameters, i.e., critical shear stress (tc) and the erodibility coefficient (kd) for the linear excess shear stress equation and two parameters (b0 and b1) for a nonlinear detachment model, from laboratory JETs across two soil types with contrasting texture and moisture contents. The general pattern was that higher soil moisture content increased the soil’s initial resistance to erosion (i.e., higher tc and b1), but once erosion was initiated the rate of erosion was greater (i.e., higher kd and b0). The magnitude of the changes in the erodibility parameters across the three soil moisture profiles investigated in this research were statistically significant, with kd and b0 varying by as much as a factor of 3. This research also confirmed the greater impact of soil moisture content on kd and b0 as compared to tc and b1. For the range of shear stress applied during these JETs, a linear detachment model was more appropriate for the sandy loam soil but less so for the more cohesive clay loam soil, but results were limited to a narrow range in applied shear stress. The results further support existing research conclusions that in situ erodibility measurements obtained under one set of soil moisture conditions may need to be adjusted to better predict soil detachment during storm events. Keywords: Cohesive soil, Critical shear stress, Detachment model, Erodibility, Jet erosion test, Shear stress, Soil moisture.

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8

Alewell, C., M. Schaub, and F. Conen. "A method to detect soil carbon degradation during soil erosion." Biogeosciences 6, no. 11 (November 10, 2009): 2541–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2541-2009.

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Abstract. Soil erosion has been discussed intensively but controversial both as a significant source or a significant sink of atmospheric carbon possibly explaining the gap in the global carbon budget. One of the major points of discussion has been whether or not carbon is degraded and mineralized to CO2 during detachment, transport and deposition of soil material. By combining the caesium-137 (137Cs) approach (quantification of erosion rates) with stable carbon isotope signatures (process indicator of mixing versus degradation of carbon pools) we were able to show that degradation of carbon occurs during soil erosion processes at the investigated mountain grasslands in the central Swiss Alps (Urseren Valley, Canton Uri). Transects from upland (erosion source) to wetland soils (erosion sinks) of sites affected by sheet and land slide erosion were sampled. Analysis of 137Cs yielded an input of 2 and 4.6 tha−1 yr−1 of soil material into the wetlands sites. Assuming no degradation of soil organic carbon during detachment and transport, carbon isotope signature of soil organic carbon in the wetlands could only be explained with an assumed 500–600 and 350–400 years of erosion input into the wetlands Laui and Spissen, respectively. The latter is highly unlikely with alpine peat growth rates indicating that the upper horizons might have an age between 7 and 200 years. While we do not conclude from our data that eroded soil organic carbon is generally degraded during detachment and transport, we propose this method to gain more information on process dynamics during soil erosion from oxic upland to anoxic wetland soils, sediments or water bodies.

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9

Kuczynska, Ewa, Daniel R. Shelton, and Yakov Pachepsky. "Effect of Bovine Manure on Cryptosporidium parvum Oocyst Attachment to Soil." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 10 (October 2005): 6394–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.10.6394-6397.2005.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to assess the effect of dilute bovine manure (1.0% and 0.1%) versus that of no manure on attachment and subsequent detachment of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts to soil. Manure enhanced the attachment of oocysts to soil particles; the maximum attachment was observed with 0.1% manure. Oocyst attachment was partially reversible; maximum detachment was observed with dilute manure. These results indicate that oocyst attachment to soil is substantially affected by bovine manure in a complex manner and should have implications for how oocysts may be transported through or over soils.

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10

Salles, Christian, and Jean Poesen. "Rain properties controlling soil splash detachment." Hydrological Processes 14, no. 2 (February 15, 2000): 271–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1085(20000215)14:2<271::aid-hyp925>3.0.co;2-j.

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11

Lu, Jian, Baoyang Sun, Feipeng Ren, Hao Li, and Xiyun Jiao. "Effect of Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Soil Detachment Capacities of Three Loamy Soils on the Loess Plateau of China." Water 13, no. 3 (January 29, 2021): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13030342.

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Soil detachment is the initial phase of soil erosion and is of great significance to study in seasonal freeze-thaw regions. In order to elucidate the effects mechanism of freeze-thaw cycles on soil detachment capacity of different soils, a sandy loam, a silt loam, and a clay loam were subjected to 0, 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 freeze-thaw cycles before they were scoured. The results revealed that with increased freeze-thaw cycles, soil bulk density and water-stable aggregates content decreased after the first few times and then kept nearly stable after about 10 cycles, especially for sandy loam. The shear strength of all soils gradually decreased as freeze-thaw cycles increased, except the values of clay loam increased subsequent to the 5th and 15th cycles. After the 20th cycle, the degree of decline of silt loam was the greatest (77.72%), followed by sandy loam (63.18%) and clay loam (39.77%). The soil organic matter of clay loam was much greater than silt loam and sandy loam and all significantly increased after freeze-thaw. Soil detachment capacity of silt loam and sandy loam was positively correlated with freeze-thaw cycle, which was contrary to findings for clay loam. The values of clay loam increased at first and then decreased during the cycles, reaching minimum values at about the 15–20th cycle. After the 20th cycle, the values of sandy loam and silt loam significantly increased 1.62 and 4.74 times over unfrozen, respectively, which was greater than clay loam (0.53 times). A nonlinear regression analysis indicated that the soil detachment capacity of silt loam could be estimated well by soil properties (R2 = 0.87, p < 0.05). This study can provide references for the study of the soil erosion mechanism in seasonal freeze-thaw regions.

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12

Proffitt, APB, CW Rose, and CJ Lovell. "A comparison between modified splash-cup and flume techniques in differentiating between soil loss and detachability as a result of rainfall detachment and deposition." Soil Research 27, no. 4 (1989): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9890759.

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Temporal changes in soil loss rates as a result of rainfall detachment were measured in modified splash-cups (kc) for two contrasting soil types with 5 mm depth of surface water at two constant rainfall rates (56 and 100 mm h-1). Results were compared with those from a flume (kf) for the same rainfall duration, rainfall rates, soil types and water depth. Reasons are given why soil loss rate commonly measured from splash-cups is not a true measure of soil detachment by rainfall when surface water is present. In order to yield the true rate of soil detachment, the measured net rate of soil loss must be augmented by a correction accounting for the rate of deposition. Theory for the net outcome of rainfall detachment and sediment deposition was used to interpret net soil loss data at equilibrium from splash-cups to yield true soil detachment rates (eTc), and compared those from a flume (eTf ). The two soil types were a cracking clay (black earth or Vertisol) and a slightly dispersive sandy clay loam (solonchak or Aridisol). Splash-cup modification allowed the proportion of sediment lost as airsplash (and therefore not deposited within the splash-cup) to be quantified to allow calculation of true soil detachment rates, and hence true soil detachabilities. Under constant rainfall rates and water depth, kc decreased significantly (5% level) with time until an equilibrium detachment rate was reached. This decrease was attributed to the development of a deposited layer on the soil surface, coarser in texture than the original soil. Values of kc were higher for the solonchak than the black earth, and increased with rainfall rate. At equilibrium, eTc and qf were approximately three orders of magnitude greater than kcand kf, illustrating the importance of recognizing the deposition process in determining true rates of soil detachment and soil detachabilities. There was no significant difference (5% level) between kc and kf at equilibrium for the black earth, but values of kc were significantly higher (5% level) than kf for the solonchak. There were no significant differences (5% level) between qc and eTf for both soil types at the low rainfall rate, but eTc were significantly lower than eTf for both the black earth (5% level) and solonchak (0.1% level) at the high rate.

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13

Farrokhian Firouzi, Ahmad, Mehdi Homaee, Erwin Klumpp, Roy Kasteel, and Wolfgang Tappe. "Bacteria transport and retention in intact calcareous soil columns under saturated flow conditions." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 63, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/johh-2015-0020.

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Abstract Study of bacterial transport and retention in soil is important for various environmental applications such as groundwater contamination and bioremediation of soil and water. The main objective of this research was to quantitatively assess bacterial transport and deposition under saturated conditions in calcareous soil. A series of leaching experiments was conducted on two undisturbed soil columns. Breakthrough curves of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Cl were measured. After the leaching experiment, spatial distribution of bacteria retention in the soil columns was determined. The HYDRUS-1D one- and two-site kinetic models were used to predict the transport and deposition of bacteria in soil. The results indicated that the two-site model fits the observed data better than one-site kinetic model. Bacteria interaction with the soil of kinetic site 1 revealed relatively fast attachment and slow detachment, whereas attachment to and detachment of bacteria from kinetic site 2 was fast. Fast attachment and slow detachment of site 1 can be attributed to soil calcium carbonate that has favorable attachment sites for bacteria. The detachment rate was less than 0.02 of the attachment rate, indicating irreversible attachment of bacteria. High reduction rate of bacteria was also attributed to soil calcium carbonate.

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14

Zhang, Guang-hui, Bao-yuan Liu, Guo-bin Liu, Xiao-wu He, and M. A. Nearing. "Detachment of Undisturbed Soil by Shallow Flow." Soil Science Society of America Journal 67, no. 3 (2003): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2003.0713.

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Zhang, Guang-hui, Bao-yuan Liu, Guo-bin Liu, Xiao-wu He, and M. A. Nearing. "Detachment of Undisturbed Soil by Shallow Flow." Soil Science Society of America Journal 67, no. 3 (May 2003): 713–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2003.7130.

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16

Torri, D., M. Sfalanga, and M. Del Sette. "Splash detachment: Runoff depth and soil cohesion." CATENA 14, no. 1-3 (February 1987): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0341-8162(87)80013-9.

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17

J. E. Gilley and S. C. Finker. "Estimating Soil Detachment Caused by Raindrop Impact." Transactions of the ASAE 28, no. 1 (1985): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.32217.

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18

Kuznetsov, M. S., V. M. Gendugov, M. S. Khalilov, and A. A. Ivanuta. "An equation of soil detachment by flow." Soil and Tillage Research 46, no. 1-2 (May 1998): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-1987(98)80111-6.

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19

Parhizkar, Misagh, Mahmood Shabanpour, Demetrio Antonio Zema, and Manuel Esteban Lucas-Borja. "Rill Erosion and Soil Quality in Forest and Deforested Ecosystems with Different Morphological Characteristics." Resources 9, no. 11 (November 5, 2020): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources9110129.

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Rill detachment capacity is a key parameter in concentrated flow erosion. Rill erosion generally turns into gully erosion with severe environmental impacts. Changes in land use and human activities can have heavy effects in rill formation, particularly in forests subject to deforestation; soil morphology plays a significant role in these effects. However, literature reports few studies about rill detachment rates and their implications on soil quality in forest and deforested soils with different morphological characteristics. To fill these gaps, this study has evaluated the rill detachment capacity (Dc) and the main soil quality indicators in three areas (upper, middle and lower slope) of forest and deforested (for 10 years) hillslopes exposed to the north and south in Northern Iran. The variations of Dc have been measured on soil samples under laboratory conditions through a flume experiment at three slope gradients (12 to 19%) and five flow rates (0.22 to 0.67 L m−1 s−1) with four replications. The large and significant (p < 0.05) difference (about 70%) detected for Dc between forest and deforested hillslopes was associated to the higher organic matter content of forest areas; as a consequence, these areas also showed higher aggregate stability, porosity, root weight density, microbial respiration and available water. In the deforested hillslopes exposed to the south, the soil erodibility was higher by 12% compared to those exposed to the north. The differences in the monitored soil quality indicators were instead less noticeable and not always significant (p < 0.05). Conversely, Dc did not significantly change (p < 0.05) among the upper, middle and lower hillslope areas investigated in this study. Simple but accurate models to predict the rill detachment capacity, erodibility and critical shear stress of soils from indicators of soil quality or the unit stream power using regression equations are suggested. Overall, the results can support land planners in prioritizing the actions for soil conservation in deforested hillslopes exposed to the south as well as in the extensive application of the proposed equations in erosion prediction models.

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Zhang, H. Y., M. Li, R. R. Wells, and Q. J. Liu. "Effect of Soil Water Content on Soil Detachment Capacity for Coarse- and Fine-Grained Soils." Soil Science Society of America Journal 83, no. 3 (May 2019): 697–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2018.05.0208.

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21

L. O. Owoputi and W. J. Stolte. "Soil Detachment in the Physically Based Soil Erosion Process: A Review." Transactions of the ASAE 38, no. 4 (1995): 1099–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.27927.

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22

Terry, James P. "A rainsplash component analysis to define mechanisms of soil detachment and transportation." Soil Research 36, no. 3 (1998): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s97078.

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Rainsplash is a term that has been used to describe a wide variety of effects caused by the impact of raindrops on soils. This is because rainsplash, even by individual drops, is not a single process but a combination of several discrete but interacting soil particle detachment and transport mechanisms. Because there are a number of possible rainsplash sub-processes that may operate on soils, some of the terminology used in splash studies is inconsistent. In response, this paper reviews some of the past research on raindrop{soil interactions, as well as incorporating observations by the author, in order to clarify the definitions used to describe soil dispersal mechanisms during drop impact. Five main mechanisms are identified, and defined as (1) aggregate breakdown, (2) cratering, (3) splashing, (4) splash saltation, and (5) splash creep, several of which are illustrated with photographic and video techniques under laboratory splash tests. For rainfall in field conditions, an integrated ‘component approach’ introduces a more expansive and flexible approach to rainsplash on soils than is currently available, by considering this geomorphological process as a suite of discrete but interacting mechanisms, varying with changing rainfall and soil characteristics during storms. Some implications of this concept for erosion studies in splash-prone areas are examined.

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23

Freebairn, DM, and GH Wockner. "A study of soil erosion on vertisols of the eastern Darling Downs, Queensland .I. Effects of surface conditions on soil movement within Contour Bay catchments." Soil Research 24, no. 2 (1986): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9860135.

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Effects of soil surface conditions on runoff and soil loss were studied on two major cracking clay soils of the Darling Downs, Queensland. Techniques used to measure soil loss between field contour bays under natural rainfall are described, and the results from 10 contour bay catchments (66 plot years) are presented. Soil movement was separated into rill, interrill, suspended sediment and channel deposition. Two slope lengths were considered (60 and 35 m), and interrill erosion appeared to be the major source of soil loss. Runoff and sediment concentration were both inversely related to surface cover and total soil movement was greatly reduced by surface cover. In an annual winter-wheat, summer-fallow system, removal of stubble resulted in soil movement of 29-62 t ha-1 year-1. Retention of stubble (stubble mulching) reduced soil movement to less than 5 t ha-1 year-1. Greater than 75% of the variance in soil movement from single events was explained by surface cover and peak runoff rate. Surface cover is a measure of the surface area protected from soil detachment and entrainment. Peak runoff rate describes the amount of energy or stream power available for detachment and entrainment.

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24

Bernard, Claude, and Marc R. Laverdière. "Spatial redistribution of Cs-137 and soil erosion on Orléans Island, Québec." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 72, no. 4 (November 1, 1992): 543–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss92-045.

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Cs-137 redistribution data have been used to estimate the extent and the pattern of long-term soil erosion in the Québec City area. Mean annual net soil movements ranging from a deposition of 10.8 t ha−1 yr−1 to a loss of 31.8 t ha−1 yr−1 were estimated. The slope steepness and the land use significantly influenced the estimated rates of soil movement, while soil texture was less important, probably because of the soils’ sandy texture or the high content of organic carbon, which kept their erodibility low. The net soil losses estimated from Cs-137 data were consistently higher than those predicted by the USLE. Besides net soil losses, it was possible to estimate separately the magnitude of soil detachment and soil deposition. Two–thirds of the stations sampled experienced net soil loss while the remaining third showed evidence of soil accumulation. These data suggest that the small net soil losses measured for low erosive conditions (flat slopes, dairy farming) result from important soil redeposition rates as much as from small soil detachment rates. Cs-137 redistribution data not only produce reliable estimates of soil movement rates, but also allow enhanced estimates of the agronomic and environmental impacts of soil erosion.Key words: Cs-137, erosion, sedimentation, USLE, sediment delivery ratio

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Boussaadi, Mounia, and Liatim Mouzai. "Vegetation cover effects on sediment concentration and overland flow under artificial rainfall intensity." Journal of the Geographical Institute Jovan Cvijic, SASA 71, no. 2 (2021): 135–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ijgi2102135b.

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Soil erosion depends on a number of factors including rainfall intensity, density of plant cover, and area cover. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of these factors on flow velocity, overland flow regimes, sediment concentration, and absolute soil detachment. The soil used in this study was sandy remolded agricultural soil. The soil is packed in a tray of 1 m2 fixed on a slope of 3%; five different intensities were simulated under different vegetation cover (density and area). The results indicated that the overland flow velocity with vegetation cover was best described by polynomial function. The mean flow velocity varied from 0.021 to 1.244 m/s. Overland flow regime is subcritical and laminar. However, there are significant relationships between the vegetation cover density and sediment concentration and absolute soil detachment. The sediment concentration ranged from 1.38 to 5.65 kg/m3 whereas the absolute soil detachment ranged from 0.021?10-3 to 1.244?10-3 kg/m2/s. Finally, the vegetation cover presented a good protector to soil sediment from erosion.

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26

Nearing, M. A., J. M. Bradford, and S. C. Parker. "Soil Detachment by Shallow Flow at Low Slopes." Soil Science Society of America Journal 55, no. 2 (1991): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500020006x.

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27

T. G. Franti, J. M. Laflen, and D. A. Watson. "PREDICTING SOIL DETACHMENT FROM HIGH-DISCHARGE CONCENTRATED FLOW." Transactions of the ASAE 42, no. 2 (1999): 329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.13363.

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28

Cao, Longxi, Keli Zhang, and Wei Zhang. "Detachment of road surface soil by flowing water." CATENA 76, no. 2 (January 2009): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2008.10.005.

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29

Bradford, J. M., J. E. Ferris, and P. A. Remley. "Interrill Soil Erosion Processes: II. Relationship of Splash Detachment to Soil Properties." Soil Science Society of America Journal 51, no. 6 (November 1987): 1571–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1987.03615995005100060030x.

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30

Su, Zi-long, Guang-hui Zhang, Ting Yi, and Fa Liu. "Soil Detachment Capacity by Overland Flow for Soils of the Beijing Region." Soil Science 179, no. 9 (September 2014): 446–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ss.0000000000000089.

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31

Jolivet, Laurent, Laurent Arbaret, Laetitia Le Pourhiet, Florent Cheval-Garabédian, Vincent Roche, Aurélien Rabillard, and Loïc Labrousse. "Interactions of plutons and detachments: a comparison of Aegean and Tyrrhenian granitoids." Solid Earth 12, no. 6 (June 16, 2021): 1357–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1357-2021.

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Abstract. Back-arc extension superimposed on mountain belts leads to distributed normal faults and shear zones interacting with magma emplacement within the crust. The composition of granitic magmas emplaced at this stage often involves a large component of crustal melting. The Miocene Aegean granitoids were emplaced in metamorphic core complexes (MCCs) below crustal-scale low-angle normal faults and ductile shear zones. Intrusion processes interact with extension and shear along detachments, from the hot magmatic flow within the pluton root zone to the colder ductile and brittle deformation below and along the detachment. A comparison of the Aegean plutons with the island of Elba MCC in the back-arc region of the Apennine subduction shows that these processes are characteristic of pluton–detachment interactions in general. We discuss a conceptual emplacement model, tested by numerical models. Mafic injections within the partially molten lower crust above the hot asthenosphere trigger the ascent within the core of the MCC of felsic magmas, controlled by the strain localization on persistent crustal-scale shear zones at the top that guide the ascent until the brittle ductile transition. Once the system definitely enters the brittle regime, the detachment and the upper crust are intruded, while new detachments migrate upward and in the direction of shearing.

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Harris, Charles, and Antoni G. Lewkowicz. "An analysis of the stability of thawing slopes, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 37, no. 2 (April 1, 2000): 449–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t99-118.

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Active-layer detachment slides are locally common on Fosheim Peninsula, Ellesmere Island, where permafrost is continuous, the active layer is 0.5-0.75 m thick, and summer temperatures are unusually high in comparison with much of the Canadian High Arctic. In this paper we report pore-water pressures at the base of the active layer, recorded in situ on two slopes in late July and early August 1995. These data form the basis for slope stability analyses based on effective stress conditions. During fieldwork, the factor of safety within an old detachment slide on a slope at Hot Weather Creek was slightly greater than unity. At "Big Slide Creek," on a slope showing no evidence of earlier detachment failures, the factor of safety was less than unity on a steep basal slope section but greater than unity elsewhere. In the upper slope, pore-water pressures were only just subcritical. Sensitivity analyses demonstrate that the stability of the shallow active layer is strongly influenced by changes in soil shear strength. Possible mechanisms for reduction in shear strength through time include weathering of soils and gradual increases in basal active layer ice content. However, we suggest here that soil shearing during annual gelifluction movements is most likely to progressively reduce shear strengths at the base of the active layer from peak values to close to residual, facilitating the triggering of active-layer detachment failures.Key words: detachment slides, Ellesmere Island, pore-water pressures, gelifluction.

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Chen, Zhuoxin, Mingming Guo, and Wenlong Wang. "Variations in Soil Erosion Resistance of Gully Head Along a 25-Year Revegetation Age on the Loess Plateau." Water 12, no. 12 (November 24, 2020): 3301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123301.

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The effects of vegetation restoration on soil erosion resistance of gully head, along a revegetation age gradient, remain poorly understood. Hence, we collected undisturbed soil samples from a slope farmland and four grasslands with different revegetation ages (3, 10, 18, 25 years) along gully heads. Then, these samples were used to obtain soil detachment rate of gully heads by the hydraulic flume experiment under five unit width flow discharges (2–6 m3 h). The results revealed that soil properties were significantly ameliorated and root density obviously increased in response to restoration age. Compared with farmland, soil detachment rate of revegetated gully heads decreased 35.5% to 66.5%, and the sensitivity of soil erosion of the gully heads to concentrated flow decreased with revegetation age. The soil detachment rate of gully heads was significantly related to the soil bulk density, soil disintegration rate, capillary porosity, saturated soil hydraulic conductivity, organic matter content and water stable aggregate. The roots of 0–0.5 and 0.5–1.0 mm had the highest benefit in reducing soil loss of gully head. After revegetation, soil erodibility of gully heads decreased 31.0% to 78.6%, and critical shear stress was improved by 1.2 to 4.0 times. The soil erodibility and critical shear stress would reach a stable state after an 18-years revegetation age. These results allow us to better evaluate soil vulnerability of gully heads to concentrated flow erosion and the efficiency of revegetation.

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McBeck, Jessica, Michele Cooke, Pauline Souloumiac, Bertrand Maillot, and Baptiste Mary. "The influence of detachment strength on the evolving deformational energy budget of physical accretionary prisms." Solid Earth 9, no. 6 (December 10, 2018): 1421–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1421-2018.

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Abstract. Tracking the evolution of the deformational energy budget within accretionary systems provides insight into the driving mechanisms that control fault development. To quantify the impact of these mechanisms on overall system efficiency, we estimate energy budget components as the first thrust fault pair develops in dry-sand accretion experiments. We track energy budget components in experiments that include and exclude a basal layer of glass beads in order to investigate the influence of detachment strength on work partitioning. We use the measurements of normal force exerted on the backwall to estimate external work, and measurements of strain observed on the sides of the sand packs to estimate the internal work, frictional work and work against gravity done within increments of each experiment. Thrust fault development reduces the incremental external work and incremental internal work, and increases the incremental frictional work and incremental gravitational work. The faults that develop within higher-friction detachment experiments produce greater frictional work than the faults in experiments with glass bead detachments because the slip distribution along the detachments remains the same, while the effective friction coefficient of the detachment differs between the experiments. The imbalance of the cumulative work budget suggests that additional deformational processes that are not fully captured in our measurements of the energy budget, such as acoustic energy, consume work within the deforming wedge.

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F. Ghidey and E. E. Alberts. "PLANT ROOT EFFECTS ON SOIL ERODIBILITY, SPLASH DETACHMENT, SOIL STRENGTH, AND AGGREGATE STABILITY." Transactions of the ASAE 40, no. 1 (1997): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.21257.

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Sharma, P. P., S. C. Gupta, and W. J. Rawls. "Soil Detachment by Single Raindrops of Varying Kinetic Energy." Soil Science Society of America Journal 55, no. 2 (1991): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500020001x.

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Van Klaveren, Richard W., and Donald K. McCool. "Freeze-Thaw and Water Tension Effects on Soil Detachment." Soil Science Society of America Journal 74, no. 4 (July 2010): 1327–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2009.0360.

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J. P. Schultz, A. R. Jarrett, and J. R. Hoover. "Detachment and Splash of a Cohesive Soil by Rainfall." Transactions of the ASAE 28, no. 6 (1985): 1878–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.32535.

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Parsons, Anthony J., and Alan M. Gadian. "Uncertainty in modelling the detachment of soil by rainfall." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 25, no. 7 (2000): 723–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1096-9837(200007)25:7<723::aid-esp127>3.0.co;2-x.

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40

Ekwue, E. I., and J. O. Ohu. "A model equation to describe soil detachment by rainfall." Soil and Tillage Research 16, no. 3 (May 1990): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-1987(90)90103-k.

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Zhang, X. C. (John), F. L. Zheng, J. Chen, and J. D. Garbrecht. "Characterizing detachment and transport processes of interrill soil erosion." Geoderma 376 (October 2020): 114549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114549.

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Torri, Dino, and Jean Poesen. "The effect of soil surface slope on raindrop detachment." CATENA 19, no. 6 (December 1992): 561–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0341-8162(92)90053-e.

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Proffitt, APB, and CW Rose. "Soil erosion processes. I. The relative importance of rainfall detachment and dunoff entrainment." Soil Research 29, no. 5 (1991): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9910671.

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Experiments carried out in a simulated-rainfall tilting-flume facility are reported in which sediment concentrations (c) in runoff water resulting from overland flow only, or from a combination of rainfall and overland flow, were measured under controlled conditions using a series of slopes (0.1, 05, 1, 3 and 5%). The mixture of rainfall (of rate 100 mm h-1) and runon of water at the top of the flume were arranged to provide a constant volumetric flux (1.0x10-3 m3 m-l s-1) at exit from the 5.8 m long flume. Two contrasting soil types were studied: a cracking clay (black earth or vertisol), and a slightly dispersive sandy clay loam (solonchak or aridisol). Two major processes which can contribute to soil erosion under rainfall are rainfall detachment and runoff entrainment. For both soil types, c was generally highest for the steepest slope and decreased with slope. For constant rainfall and/or runoff conditions, c generally decreased with time until an equilibrium concentration was reached. At this equilibrium, the relative importance of rainfall detachment and entrainment in terms of soil loss was dependent on soil type and streampower which incorporates effects of slope and water flux. For streampowers <0.1 W m-2 for the black earth, and <0.3 W m-2 for the solonchak, the greatest contribution to c was by rainfall detachment, whilst at greater streampowers entrainment was the dominant contributor to c. At any streampower, the contribution by rainfall detachment was greater for the weakly structured solonchak than for the well aggregated black earth. At lower strearnpowers, the interaction between erosion processes was found to give higher c than the sum of both sediment concentrations resulting from the separately occurring processes. At streampowers greater than approximately 0.5 W m-2, rainfall reduced eroded sediment concentration by suppressing rill development. The findings in this study suggest that both runoff entrainment and rainfall detachment can contribute to sediment concentration from 'interrill' areas.

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Bushueva, O. G., A. V. Gorobets, N. G. Dobrovol’Skaya, Z. P. Kiryukhina, S. F. Krasnov, G. A. Larionov, and L. F. Litvin. "Destruction of bonds between soil particles in the process of water erosion." Dokuchaev Soil Bulletin, no. 78 (May 1, 2015): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2015-78-20-30.

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It is known that tensile strength of soil samples is by three orders of magnitude greater than the shear stresses on the bottom of slope streams responsible for the detachment and transport of soil particles by water current. C.E. Mirtskhulava believed that detachment of soil particles by water current occurs due to the fatigue destruction of bonds between soil particles.Taking this fact into account, tensile strength is lower by two orders of magnitude. M.A. Nearing had an opinion that detachment of soil particles occurs in the points of separation of vortices from the bottom of the stream, where the shear stress is by two orders of magnitude higher than the average. These approaches did not explain overcoming by slope streams of the cohesion forces between soil particles. Studies of the influence of water temperature on the washout rate of model samples have shown that the soil erosion is highly dependent on the water temperature, which is close to the Van’t Hoff’s rule. This means that destruction of bonds between soil particles is probably the result of interaction between the soil solid phase and water molecules. Experiments have also shown that destruction of bonds between soil particles in the sample of chernozem monoaggregate soil occurs under a layer of still water. Upon the start of the water flow, particles that lost bond with the rest of the soil body immediately break away. The number of particles with disrupted bonds grows with the duration of the sample exposure to still water, although with some flattening. Experiments confirm the validity of the hypothesis of non-hydraulic nature of forces that disrupt inter-aggregate bonds during water erosion.

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Aviles, Daniel, Ingrid Wesström, and Abraham Joel. "Effect of Vegetation Removal on Soil Erosion and Bank Stability in Agricultural Drainage Ditches." Land 9, no. 11 (November 11, 2020): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9110441.

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Maintenance of agricultural drainage ditches can be difficult to optimize if farmers have no guidelines on where to target their maintenance efforts. A main concern is whether ditch banks will experience soil erosion or mass movement (failure). In order to help identify sites that are more likely to experience soil erosion and/or mass movement, soil susceptibility to detachment was assessed in this study using a cohesive strength meter (CSM) and measurements of shear strength in unsaturated direct shear tests. The results showed that soil roots play an important role in stabilizing ditch banks against mass movement and in reducing the rate of soil detachment. A positive stabilizing effect was detected by CSM and confirmed by shear strength measurements. The conclusion is that native vegetation should be maintained on ditch banks, instead of being removed during maintenance work as is currently the case.

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Dilshad, M., JA Motha, and LJ Peel. "Surface runoff, soil and nutrient losses from farming systems in the Australian semi-arid tropics." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 8 (1996): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9961003.

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Most soils suitable for dryland agriculture in north-west Australia occur in the Daly Basin. These are sesquioxidic soils which include red, yellow and grey earths, and soils related to yellow and red earths. The potential, for these arable soils to be degraded by highly erosive rainfalls, common to the region, is high. Farming practices strongly influence the soil surface characteristics (vegetation cover, roughness, soil strength), which in turn control surface runoff, and sediment detachment and transport. In studies conducted during 1984-89 in the Daly Basin, conventionally tilled catchments, produced 1.5-2 times more runoff and lost 1.5-6 times more soil than their no-tillage counterparts (all catchments were within soil conservation banks). In these conventionally tilled catchments, soil loss was <8.1 t/ha.year. Other studies in the region have shown that, without soil conservation banks, soil loss can be around 100/ha.year under conventional tillage. Little work, however, has been undertaken on farms in the Australian semi-arid tropics to study the movement of nutrients and herbicides (in ionic and adsorbed forms) and further research is warranted.

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Wang, Yi, Longxi Cao, Jianbo Fan, Huizhong Lu, Yayun Zhu, Yalan Gu, Bo Sun, and Yin Liang. "Modelling Soil Detachment of Different Management Practices in the Red Soil Region of China." Land Degradation & Development 28, no. 5 (May 11, 2017): 1496–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2658.

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Jiang, Fangshi, Kaiwen He, Mengyuan Huang, Liting Zhang, Gengen Lin, Zhenzhi Zhan, Hui Li, Jinshi Lin, Hongli Ge, and Yanhe Huang. "Impacts of near soil surface factors on soil detachment process in benggang alluvial fans." Journal of Hydrology 590 (November 2020): 125274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125274.

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Onyelowe, Kennedy C., Ahmed M. Ebid, and Light Nwobia. "Evolutionary Prediction of Soil Loss from Observed Rainstorm Parameters in an Erosion Watershed Using Genetic Programming." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2021 (September 20, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2630123.

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Various environmental problems such as soil degradation and landform evolutions are initiated by a natural process known as soil erosion. Aggregated soil surfaces are dispersed through the impact of raindrop and its associated parameters, which were considered in this present work as function of soil loss. In an attempt to monitor environmental degradation due to the impact of raindrop and its associated factors, this work has employed the learning abilities of genetic programming (GP) to predict soil loss deploying rainfall amount, kinetic energy, rainfall intensity, gully head advance, soil detachment, factored soil detachment, runoff, and runoff rate database collected over a three-year period as predictors. Three evolutionary trials were executed, and three models were presented considering different permutations of the predictors. The performance evaluation of the three models showed that trial 3 with the highest parametric permutation, i.e., that included the influence of all the studied parameters showed the least error of 0.1 and the maximum coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.97 and as such is the most efficient, robust, and applicable GP model to predict the soil loss value.

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Büks, Frederick, and Martin Kaupenjohann. "Enzymatic biofilm digestion in soil aggregates facilitates the release of particulate organic matter by sonication." SOIL 2, no. 4 (October 4, 2016): 499–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-499-2016.

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Abstract. The stability of soil aggregates against shearing and compressive forces as well as water-caused dispersion is an integral marker of soil quality. High stability results in less compaction and erosion and has been linked to enhanced water retention, dynamic water transport and aeration regimes, increased rooting depth, and protection of soil organic matter (SOM) against microbial degradation. In turn, particulate organic matter is supposed to support soil aggregate stabilization. For decades the importance of biofilm extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) regarding particulate organic matter (POM) occlusion and aggregate stability has been canonical because of its distribution, geometric structure and ability to link primary particles. However, experimental proof is still missing. This lack is mainly due to methodological reasons. Thus, the objective of this work is to develop a method of enzymatic biofilm detachment for studying the effects of EPSs on POM occlusion. The method combines an enzymatic pre-treatment with different activities of α-glucosidase, β-galactosidase, DNAse and lipase with a subsequent sequential ultrasonic treatment for disaggregation and density fractionation of soils. POM releases of treated samples were compared to an enzyme-free control. To test the efficacy of biofilm detachment the ratio of bacterial DNA from suspended cells and the remaining biofilm after enzymatic treatment were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Although the enzyme treatment was not sufficient for total biofilm removal, our results indicate that EPSs may attach POM within soil aggregates. The tendency to additional POM release with increased application of enzymes was attributed to a slight loss in aggregate stability. This suggests that an effect of agricultural practices on soil microbial populations could influence POM occlusion/aggregate stability and thereby carbon cycle/soil quality.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Detachment of Soil'

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