Relevant bibliographies by topics / Detect the Difference

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Detect the Difference'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Detect the Difference"

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Bisson, Leslie John. "Can We Detect a Clinical Difference?" Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery 27, no. 12 (December 2011): 1602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2011.10.001.

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Tsuji, Miwako, Masaharu Munetomo, and Kiyoshi Akama. "Linkage Identification by Fitness Difference Clustering." Evolutionary Computation 14, no. 4 (December 2006): 383–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/evco.2006.14.4.383.

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Genetic Algorithms perform crossovers effectively when linkage sets — sets of variables tightly linked to form building blocks — are identified. Several methods have been proposed to detect the linkage sets. Perturbation methods (PMs) investigate fitness differences by perturbations of gene values and Estimation of distribution algorithms (EDAs) estimate the distribution of promising strings. In this paper, we propose a novel approach combining both of them, which detects dependencies of variables by estimating the distribution of strings clustered according to fitness differences. The proposed algorithm, called the Dependency Detection for Distribution Derived from fitness Differences (D5), can detect dependencies of a class of functions that are difficult for EDAs, and requires less computational cost than PMs.
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Tomizawa, Tetsuo, and Ryunosuke Moriai. "Using Difference Images to Detect Pedestrian Signal Changes." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 29, no. 4 (August 20, 2017): 706–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2017.p0706.

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This paper describes a method of using camera images to detect changes in the display status of pedestrian traffic signals. In much of the research previously done on signal detection, the color or shape of images or machine learning has been used to estimate the signal status. However, it is known that these methods are greatly affected by occlusion and changes in illumination. We propose a method of detecting, using multiple image sequences captured over time, changes in appearance that occur when a signal changes. If this method is used, the position and the status of the traffic light can be accurately detected as long as it appears in the image, even if its relative position or the lighting conditions in the area changes. In this paper, we first describe how pedestrian signals are seen when difference images are used, and we propose an algorithm for detecting when a signal changes. Then, the effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed through verification tests.
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Qu, Ju Bao. "Variable Background Frame Difference Technology Research." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 4742–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.4742.

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When the target and background in the high speed change, moving target detection. The traditional easily lost, not accurate. This paper presents a variable background frame difference method, and makes use of the MeanShift tracking algorithm simulation application. The method can detect moving objects in complex environment, and real-time tracking, can quickly and accurately detect and track when the background and target are scale, rotation, no rules of large displacement changes.
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Nishida, Shogo, Tetsuya Yoshida, and Teruyuki Kondo. "Interactive Interfaces to Detect Conceptual Difference for Group Knowledge Acquisition." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 30, no. 25 (September 1997): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)41320-6.

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Jang, Bumsuk, SeongHun Park, and Young-guk Ha. "A stream-based method to detect differences between XML documents." Journal of Information Science 43, no. 1 (July 10, 2016): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165551515602805.

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Detecting differences between XML documents is one of most important research topics for XML. Since XML documents are generally considered to be organized in a tree structure, most previous research has attempted to detect differences using tree-matching algorithms. However, most tree-matching algorithms have inadequate performance owing to limitations in terms of the execution time, optimality and scalability. This study proposes a stream-based difference detection method in which an XML binary encoding algorithm is used to provide improved performance relative to that of previous tree-matching algorithms. A tree-structured analysis of XML is not essential in order to detect differences. We use a D-Path algorithm that has an optimal result quality for difference detection between two streams and has a lower time complexity than tree-based methods. We then modify the existing XML binary encoding method to tokenize the stream and the algorithm in order to support more operations than D-Path algorithm does. The experimental results reveal greater efficiency for the proposed method relative to tree-based methods. The execution time is at least 4 times faster than state-of-the-art tree-based methods. In addition, the scalability is much more efficient.
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Cui, Yu Yong, Zhi Yuan Zeng, Wei Hong Cui, Bi Tao Fu, and Wei Liu. "Moving Object Detection Based on Edge Pair Difference." Advanced Materials Research 204-210 (February 2011): 1407–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.204-210.1407.

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We present an improved method to detect moving object and obtain the relative accurate location in this paper. The Canny detector is applied to detect the edge of image, which is the edge difference of continuous frames. Then we utilize the pair of moving object information to reach a good detection of the moving object and location. The extensive experiments show that our method is efficient to the moving object detection.
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Mekontso-Dessap, Armand, Vincent Castelain, Nadia Anguel, Mabrouk Bahloul, Franck Schauvliege, Christian Richard, and Jean-Louis Teboul. "Combination of venoarterial PCO2 difference with arteriovenous O2 content difference to detect anaerobic metabolism in patients." Intensive Care Medicine 28, no. 3 (February 8, 2002): 272–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-002-1215-8.

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Husein, A. M., Calvin, David Halim, Raymond Leo, and William. "Motion detect application with frame difference method on a surveillance camera." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1230 (July 2019): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1230/1/012017.

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Zhang, Man Rong, Kai Chen Song, and Ling Yun Ye. "Ultra-Low Frequency Difference Signal Multiplication Based on PLL." Applied Mechanics and Materials 599-601 (August 2014): 1797–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.599-601.1797.

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Ultra-low frequency difference signal is difficult to detect and process because it is easily mistaken for noise. This paper presents a method based on low-jitter PLL to detect ultra-low frequency signal. A low-jitter PLL circuit has been designed and the performance has been investigated through simulation. The jitter is as low as 10-12s. The optimized low-jitter PLL can be used for the multiplication of ultra-low frequency difference and improve the measurement accuracy substantially.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Detect the Difference"

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Morin, Geneviève. "Metabolite fingerprinting tools to detect differences between transgenic and conventional crops." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=101629.

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A concern in transgenic crops is the potential risk posed by unintended effects which could result from genetic transformation. The objective of this work was to develop an untargeted approach that could characterize transgenic crops, as well as conventional crops, at the molecular level. An experimental approach was designed and used to compare conventional and transgenic soybean varieties. Varieties were compared using their metabolite fingerprints obtained by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and both the analytical and biological variability were assessed. Multivariate and univariate statistical analyses were applied to the data to detect significant differences between the varieties. It was found that transgenic variety PS 46 RR was the most different variety analyzed and that it differed most from Mandarin (Ottawa) and AC Dundas. The statistical analyses also determined that PS 46 RR differed more from the conventional varieties tested than 2601R did.
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Kurki, Saara. "How to let go : Different ways to detect and release tensions." Thesis, Kungl. Musikhögskolan, Institutionen för klassisk musik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kmh:diva-4186.

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The aim of my project was to find different ways to make playing easier and freer. What does it actually mean to let go and what could help to achieve more secure and relaxed feeling in your body when playing your instrument? I collected and experimented with exercises from a book The Inner Game of Music and Alexander Technique. I found out that knowing more precisely what to focus on and being more aware of the body can have a great effect. I discovered more gentle ways to teach myself and learned about the importance of how we are treating and using our bodies during practicing and in everyday situations.

The sounding part consists of the following recording; Esa-Pekka Salonen: Pentatonic Étude.

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Pugh, Melissa Anna Maria. "A Bayesian approach to detect time-specific group differences between nonlinear temporal curves." Diss., University of Iowa, 2016. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/5606.

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The visual world paradigm is a tool that is widely used in the field of psycholinguistics to help investigate how people listen and understand words and sentences. Proportions of fixations to several different objects are recorded for a number of subjects, over a specific time period. Researchers have found it difficult to find models that can incorporate multiple random effects, account for the correlated nature of the data, and simultaneously fit multiple fixation curves/groups. We have taken a Bayesian hierarchical modeling approach for this multivariate non-linear longitudinal data. Within in this framework, we look at both parametric and nonparametric approaches in simultaneously modeling multiple curves. Finally, we will look at different comparison techniques to compare these curves under a Bayesian framework.
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Stephens-Bonty, Torie Amelia. "Using Three Different Categorical Data Analysis Techniques to Detect Differential Item Functioning." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2008. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/eps_diss/24.

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Diversity in the population along with the diversity of testing usage has resulted in smaller identified groups of test takers. In addition, computer adaptive testing sometimes results in a relatively small number of items being used for a particular assessment. The need and use for statistical techniques that are able to effectively detect differential item functioning (DIF) when the population is small and or the assessment is short is necessary. Identification of empirically biased items is a crucial step in creating equitable and construct-valid assessments. Parshall and Miller (1995) compared the conventional asymptotic Mantel-Haenszel (MH) with the exact test (ET) for the detection of DIF with small sample sizes. Several studies have since compared the performance of MH to logistic regression (LR) under a variety of conditions. Both Swaminathan and Rogers (1990), and Hildalgo and López-Pina (2004) demonstrated that MH and LR were comparable in their detection of items with DIF. This study followed by comparing the performance of the MH, the ET, and LR performance when both the sample size is small and test length is short. The purpose of this Monte Carlo simulation study was to expand on the research done by Parshall and Miller (1995) by examining power and power with effect size measures for each of the three DIF detection procedures. The following variables were manipulated in this study: focal group sample size, percent of items with DIF, and magnitude of DIF. For each condition, a small reference group size of 200 was utilized as well as a short, 10-item test. The results demonstrated that in general, LR was slightly more powerful in detecting items with DIF. In most conditions, however, power was well below the acceptable rate of 80%. As the size of the focal group and the magnitude of DIF increased, the three procedures were more likely to reach acceptable power. Also, all three procedures demonstrated the highest power for the most discriminating item. Collectively, the results from this research provide information in the area of small sample size and DIF detection.
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Figueira, Cláudia Alexandra Rodrigues Marques. "Comparison of different methods to detect genetic barriers in a small mammal population." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/15871.

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Mestrado em Ecologia Aplicada
Habitat fragmentation and the consequently the loss of connectivity between populations can reduce the individuals interchange and gene flow, increasing the chances of inbreeding, and the increase the risk of local extinction. Landscape genetics is providing more and better tools to identify genetic barriers.. To our knowledge, no comparison of methods in terms of consistency has been made with observed data and species with low dispersal ability. The aim of this study is to examine the consistency of the results of five methods to detect barriers to gene flow in a Mediterranean pine vole population Microtus duodecimcostatus: F-statistics estimations, Non-Bayesian clustering, Bayesian clustering, Boundary detection and Simple/Partial Mantel tests. All methods were consistent in detecting the stream as a non-genetic barrier. However, no consistency in results among the methods were found regarding the role of the highway as a genetic barrier. Fst, Bayesian clustering assignment test and Partial Mantel test identifyed the highway as a filter to individual interchange. The Mantel tests were the most sensitive method. Boundary detection method (Monmonier’s Algorithm) and Non-Bayesian approaches did not detect any genetic differentiation of the pine vole due to the highway. Based on our findings we recommend that the genetic barrier detection in low dispersal ability populations should be analyzed with multiple methods such as Mantel tests, Bayesian clustering approaches because they show more sensibility in those scenarios and with boundary detection methods by having the aim of detect drastic changes in a variable of interest between the closest individuals. Although simulation studies highlight the weaknesses and the strengths of each method and the factors that promote some results, tests with real data are needed to increase the effectiveness of genetic barrier detection.
A fragmentação do habitat e a consequente perda da conectividade entre populações pode reduzir o intercâmbio de indivíduos e consequentemente o fluxo genético, aumentando as hipóteses de ocorrer consanguinidade e consequentemente aumentar o risco de extinção local. A disciplina da genética da paisagem fornece cada vez mais e melhores ferramentas para detectar barreiras genéticas. No entanto, não se conhecem até à data, comparações de métodos em termos de consistência de resultados com dados observados e espécies com reduzida capacidade de dispersão. O objectivo deste estudo é avaliar a consistência dos resultados de cinco métodos de análise do papel da auto-estrada e de um rio como barreira ao fluxo genético numa população de rato-cego-mediterrânico Microtus duodecimcostatus: estimativas do Festatistico, método de aglomeração não-Bayesianos, métodos de aglomeração Bayesianos, método de detecção de fronteiras (algoritmo Monmonier) e o teste Mantel simples e parcial. Todos os métodos testados foram consistentes em considerar o rio como uma não barreira genética ao rato-cego-mediterrânico. No entanto, não houve consistência nos resultados quanto ao papel da autoestrada como barreira genética. As estimativas do F-estatistico, os métodos de aglomeração Bayesianos e o teste de Mantel parcial que mostram que a autoestrada pode estar a funcionar como um filtro ao movimento dos indivíduos entre os dois lados da estrutura. Os métodos de deteção de fronteiras (algoritmo Monmonier) e de aglomeração não-Bayesiano não detectaram diferenciação genética nas populações de rato-cego-mediterrâneo devido à estrada. Com base nos nossos resultados nós recomendamos a aplicação dos testes de Mantel, os métodos de aglomeração Bayesianos e dos métodos de detecção de fronteiras para esclarecer o papel dos atributos da paisagem como barreiras genéticas uma vez que, todos foram capazes de detectar barreiras mas não obtiveram resultados similares. Apesar dos estudos com base em simulações apontarem as vantagens e desvantagens de cada método e os fatores que associados aos resultados, é necessário que se façam testes com base em dados reais para que sejam mais eficazes na detecção de barreiras genéticas.
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Renaud, Sarah-Jane. "Children's ability to detect deception: examining age differences and other factors related to children's detection accuracy." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32353.

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Children's ability to detect deception in their peers was examined. Preschool age children (4- to 6-years), elementary school age children (7- to 9-years), and young adults (17- 25 years) viewed video clips of children who lied or told the truth about committing a transgression (Experiment 1). Only elementary school age children performed significantly better than chance and could discriminate between truth tellers and lie tellers. When child detectors (4- to 9-years) viewed children promise to tell the truth prior to being interviewed about their behaviour, detection accuracy improved (Experiment 2). In addition, children's ability (4- to 12-years) to detect prosocial and antisocial lies was examined in relation to their ability to identify the emotions of their peers through facial expression and voice (Experiment 3). Children's ability to accurately identify the emotions in the voices of other children was positively correlated to their prosocial detection accuracy.
La capacité de déduire la déception chez les enfants par leurs pairs a été examinée. Projet 1 consiste de sujets de maternelle (4 à 6 ans), du primaire (7 à 9 ans) et de jeunes adultes (17 à 25 ans) qui ont regardé des clips d'enfants qui disaient soit un mensonge ou la vérité. Que les enfants du primaire ont pu déduire correctement, à un niveau significativement plus haut que la chance, entre un mensonge et la vérité. Dans le Projet 2, une scène où l'enfant promet de dire la vérité est inclus. Le nombre de bonne conclusion a augmenté chez les sujets de 4 à 9 ans avec l'ajout de cette scène. Finalement, Projet 3 examine la capacité des sujets de 4 à 12 ans de déduire la déception des mensonges antisociaux et prosociaux en relation à leur habilité d'identifier visuellement et oralement les émotions émisent par les enfants des clips. L'habileté des sujets d'identifier oralement les émotions des enfants est associée à la détection des mensonges prososiaux.
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Haws, Benjamin B. "Ability of ADV Measurements to Detect Turbulence Differences Between Angular and Rounded Gravel Beds of Intermediate - Roughness Scale." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2008. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2558.pdf.

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Ponnuswamy, Thomas Anand. "Hydrogen terminated silicon surfaces: Development of sensors to detect metallic contaminants and stability studies under different environments." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2002. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3222/.

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Hydrogen terminated silicon surfaces have been utilized to develop sensors for semiconductor and environmental applications. The interaction of these surfaces with different environments has also been studied in detail. The sensor assembly relevant to the semiconductor industry utilizes a silicon-based sensor to detect trace levels of metallic contaminants in hydrofluoric acid. The sensor performance with respect to two non-contaminating reference electrode systems was evaluated. In the first case, conductive diamond was used as a reference electrode. In the second case, a dual silicon electrode system was used with one of the silicon-based electrodes protected with an anion permeable membrane behaving as the quasi reference electrode. Though both systems could function well as a suitable reference system, the dual silicon electrode design showed greater compatibility for the on-line detection of metallic impurities in HF etching baths. The silicon-based sensor assembly was able to detect parts- per-trillion to parts-per-billion levels of metal ion impurities in HF. The sensor assembly developed for the environmental application makes use of a novel method for the detection of Ni2+using attenuated total reflection (ATR) technique. The nickel infrared sensor was prepared on a silicon ATR crystal uniformly coated by a 1.5 micron Nafion film embedded with dimethylglyoxime (DMG) probe molecules. The detection of Ni2+ was based on the appearance of a unique infrared absorption peak at 1572 cm-1 that corresponds to the C=N stretching mode in the nickel dimethylglyoximate, Ni(DMG)2, complex. The suitable operational pH range for the nickel infrared sensor is between 6-8. The detection limit of the nickel infrared sensor is 1 ppm in the sample solution of pH=8. ATR - FTIR spectroscopy was used to study the changes that the hydride mode underwent when subjected to different environments. The presence of trace amounts of Cu2+ in HF solutions was found to roughen the silicon surface as observed ATR-IR spectroscopy. The initial stages of oxidation in UPW and Cu2+ / UPW was studied. Trace amounts of Cu2+ were found to drastically increase the rate of oxidation, while the rate of oxidation was found to be retarded on removing dissolved oxygen that was present in UPW.
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Poonkham, Jittipat. "A genealogy of Thai détente : discourses, differences and decline of Thailand's triangular diplomacy (1968-1980)." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/13c358cb-ec83-4afc-8dca-7b1ea5a5acc8.

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This thesis is a genealogy of the Thai conception of détente in the long 1970s (1968-1980), largely based on newly declassified documents in Thailand. It argues that Thai détente marked a history of rupture in Thai foreign policy narrative that was fundamentally different from the hegemonic discourse of anticommunism. By the late 1960s, the latter had become seriously challenged by the deteriorating situation in the Vietnam War and exacerbated by the concomitant prospect of American retrenchment. This sequence of events resulted in discursive anxiety in Thailand and the idea of 'flexible diplomacy' was initiated by Foreign Minister Thanat Khoman to cope with the changed environment. Since then, détente emerged as a new diplomatic discourse to normalize relations with the Communist powers in general, and specifically, the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China (PRC). The thesis closely examines three episodes of Thai détente, including that of Thanat Khoman (1968-1971), M.R. Kukrit Pramoj and Chatichai Choonhavan (1975-1976), and General Kriangsak Chomanan (1977-1980). It argues that each episode, epitomized by varying concepts of 'flexible diplomacy' and 'equidistance', developed out of discursive struggles between détente proponents and Cold Warriors. These struggles precipitated attempts to sustain the anticommunist discursive hegemony, which culminated in the military coups in November 1971 and October 1976. The thesis demonstrates how these coups can be interpreted as events born out of foreign policy, and specifically to deter, or at least temper, the course of détente. The thesis also asserts that, throughout the long 1970s, détente in general transformed Thai foreign relations with the Soviet Union and the PRC from the discourses of 'enemy' towards 'friend'. This diplomatic transformation was represented in numerous diplomatic practices, such as ping-pong or sports diplomacy, petro-diplomacy, trade, cultural diplomacy, the establishment of diplomatic relations, and normal state visits. Despite its decline in the early 1980s, the détente discourse remained intact and determined Thai diplomacy toward the Communist powers. Finally, the thesis interrogates the so-called bamboo or bending-with-the-wind diplomacy, which is often treated as an ahistorical 'tradition' of Thai diplomacy, and argues that bamboo diplomacy emerged as a new narrative or knowledge only in the early 1970s. It aimed at not only legitimizing Thailand's changing diplomatic practices, namely détente, but also constituting the metanarrative that could explain and evaluate (the success or failure of) Thai diplomacy in the past. This narrative was then an invented tradition, which was socially and epistemically constructed as a result of the transformative practices of détente in Thailand. By tracing the birth of bamboo diplomacy, the thesis constitutes a history of the present.
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Hopson, Tina Marie. "Can average people detect differences in transcribed speech samples spoken by people either diagnosed with schizophrenia or not diagnosed with schizophrenia?" Scholarly Commons, 2002. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2724.

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Previous research has compared speech samples from people both diagnosed and not diagnosed with schizophrenia and found that differences exist between the speech patterns. However, the previous research has focused on specific aspects of speech. For example, sentence structure, adjective use, syntax, etc. The current study investigated if speech differences between people diagnosed with and not diagnosed with schizophrenia could be detected by people with no experience with schizophrenia using a global rating system. A comparison was made between the ratings of coherence and “weird/crazy” speech of people who described pictures seen on a computer screen. The participants were 61 adults from the Stockton, CA area who had no experience working with people diagnosed with schizophrenia. Participants were asked to rate the level of coherence of 42 speech samples and rate the statement as “weird/crazy.” The results indicated that the sentences of people diagnosed with schizophrenia were rated as significantly less coherent ( t [df 60] = −16.34, p < .001) and significantly more weird/crazy ( t [df 60] = 13.68, p < .001) than those of people not diagnosed with schizophrenia.
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Books on the topic "Detect the Difference"

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Using Lacuna Theory to Detect Cultural Differences in American and German Automotive Advertising (Kulturwissenschaftliche Werbeforschung). Germany: Peter Lang Publishing, 2002.

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Brown, Andrew W., Tapan S. Mehta, and David B. Allison. Publication Bias in Science. Edited by Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dan M. Kahan, and Dietram A. Scheufele. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190497620.013.10.

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When we rely on science to inform decisions about matters such as the environment, teaching strategies, economics, government, and medicine, evidence-based decision-making can only be as reliable as the totality of the science itself. We must avoid distortions of the scientific literature such as publication bias, which is an expected systematic difference between estimates of associations, causal effects, or other quantities of interest compared to the actual values of those quantities, caused by differences between research that is published and the totality of research conducted. Publication bias occurs when the probability of publishing a result of a study is influenced by the result obtained. It appears to be common and can produce misleading conclusions about interventions, make effects appear greater than they are, lead to irreproducible research, and ultimately undermine the credibility of science in general. Methods to detect publication bias and steps to reduce it are discussed.
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Schotte, Simone, Michael Danquah, Robert Darko Osei, and Kunal Sen. The labour market impact of COVID-19 lockdowns: Evidence from Ghana. 27th ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/965-5.

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In this paper, we provide causal evidence of the impact of stringent lockdown policies on labour market outcomes at both the extensive and intensive margins, using Ghana as a case study. We take advantage of a specific policy setting, in which strict stay-at-home orders were issued and enforced in two spatially delimited areas, bringing Ghana’s major metropolitan centres to a standstill, while in the rest of the country less stringent regulations were in place. Using a difference-in-differences design, we find that the three-week lockdown had a large and significant immediate negative impact on employment in the treated districts, particularly among workers in informal self-employment. While the gap in employment between the treated and control districts had narrowed four months after the lockdown was lifted, we detect a persistent nationwide impact on labour market outcomes, jeopardizing particularly the livelihoods of small business owners mainly operating in the informal economy.
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Call, Josep. Bonobos, chimpanzees and tools: Integrating species-specific psychological biases and socio-ecology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198728511.003.0012.

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Over the years there has been some controversy regarding the comparison between chimpanzees and bonobos. Whereas some authors have stressed their differences, others have stressed their similarities. One striking difference between wild chimpanzees and bonobos is tool use, especially in foraging contexts. While several chimpanzee populations possess tool kits formed by multiple tools (and their associated techniques) to exploit embedded resources, bonobos display no such tool specialization. However, studies in the laboratory have shown that bonobos are perfectly capable of using tools. In fact, several studies devoted to investigate the cognitive abilities underlying tool use have failed to detect any substantial differences between the two species. This chapter explores three aspects that could explain the difference between chimpanzees and bonobos in their propensity to use tools in the wild: socio-ecological factors, social versus technical cognition, and personality profiles. Au cours du temps, il y a eu beaucoup de controverse en relation aux comparaisons entres les chimpanzés et les bonobos. Alors que certains auteurs ont stressé les différences entre eux, d’autres ont stressé les similarités. Une grande différence entre les chipmanzés et les bonobos sauvages est l’utilisation des outils, spécialement en butinage. Tandis que plusieurs populations de chimpanzés possèdent des boîtes à outils diverses (et leur techniques respectives) pour exploiter les ressources, les bonobos ne montrent pas une spécialisation pareille. Cependant, les études en laboratoir ont montré que les bonobos sont capables d’utiliser des outils. En faite, plusieurs études des facultés cognitives dans l’utilisation des outils n’ont pas pu détecter de différences substantielles entre les deux espèces. Je vais explorer trois aspects qui pourraient expliquer les différences entre les chimpanzés et les bonobos en ce qui concerne leur tendance naturelle à utiliser les outils: facteurs socio-écologiques, cognition social vs. technique, et profils de personnalité.
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Grodzki, Erika. Using Lacuna Theory To Detect Cultural Differences In American And German Automotive Advertising (Kulturwissenschaftliche Werbeforschung). Peter Lang Pub Inc, 2002.

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Walsh, Bruce, and Michael Lynch. Using Molecular Data to Detect Selection: Signatures from Recent Single Events. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830870.003.0009.

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Different types and phases of a selective sweep (hard, soft, partial, polygenic) generate different patterns of departures from neutrality, and hence require different tests. It is thus not surprising that a large number of tests have been proposed that use sequence information to detect ongoing, or very-recently completed, episodes of selection. This chapter critically reviews over 50 such tests, which use information on allele-frequency change, linkage disequilibrium patterns, spatial allele-frequency patterns, site-frequency spectrum data, allele-frequency spectrum data, and haplotype structure. This chapter discusses the domain of applicability for each test, and their strengths and weaknesses. Finally, this chapter examines application of these methods in the search for recent, or ongoing, selection in humans and for genes involved in the domestication process in plants and animals.
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Walsh, Bruce, and Michael Lynch. Using Molecular Data to Detect Selection: Signatures from Multiple Historical Events. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830870.003.0010.

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This chapter examines the search for a pattern of repetitive adaptive substitutions over evolutionary time. In contrast with the previous chapter, only a modest number of tests toward this aim have been proposed. The HKA and McDonald-Kreitman tests contrast the polymorphism to divergence ratio between different genomic classes (such as different genes or silent versus replacement sites within the same gene). These approaches can detect an excess of substitutions, which allows one to estimate the fraction of adaptive sites. This chapter reviews the empirical data on estimates of this fraction and discusses some of the sources of bias it its estimation. Over an even longer time scale, one can contrast the rate of change of sites in a sequence over a phylogeny. These tests require a rather special type of selection, wherein the same specific site (usually a codon) experiences multiple adaptive substitutions over a phylogeny, such as might occur in arms-race genes.
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Traxler, Matthew J. Using Multilevel Models to Evaluate Individual Differences in Deaf Readers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190455651.003.0014.

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Understanding how and why individuals vary is an important aspect of understanding language function. In assessing literacy in deaf readers, we must supplement normative models of functioning with models that take into account how individual differences enhance or detract from skill attainment. This chapter provides a brief case for and description of multilevel models (sometimes known as hierarchical linear models) as a tool to aid research on individual differences. These kinds of models have been applied successfully to understand variability in both hearing and deaf readers. This chapter explains how multilevel models resemble and differ from other commonly applied data analysis techniques, and why they offer a better alternative than those techniques for many applications within deaf education research.
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Ellam, Rob. 4. Measuring isotopes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198723622.003.0004.

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‘Measuring isotopes: counting the atoms’ explores how isotopes are measured. For stable isotopes, atoms of each isotope are counted using a mass spectrometer. This turns atoms into charged ions and separates them into the different isotopic species using a mass filter. Precise measurements of isotopic abundance can be achieved in a few minutes or hours. Mass spectrometry could be used for radioactive isotopes, but for short-lived isotopes, their low abundance often makes them difficult to detect. The alternative is to use nuclear spectroscopy or counting methods to detect the characteristic energy released by the radioactive decay of a particular isotope, but these can be much longer processes.
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Jacquemyn, Yves, and Anneke Kwee. Antenatal and intrapartum fetal evaluation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0006.

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Antenatal and intrapartum fetal monitoring aim to identify the beginning of the process of fetal hypoxia before irreversible fetal damage has taken place. Fetal movement counting by the mother has not been reported to be of any benefit. The biophysical profile score, incorporating ultrasound and fetal heart rate monitoring, has not been proven to reduce perinatal mortality in randomized trials. Doppler ultrasound allows the exploration of the perfusion of different fetal organ systems and provides data on possible hypoxia and fetal anaemia. Maternal uterine artery Doppler can be used to select women with a high risk for intrauterine growth restriction and pre-eclampsia but does not directly provide information on fetal status. Umbilical artery Doppler has been shown to reduce perinatal mortality significantly in high-risk pregnancies (but not in low-risk women). Adding middle cerebral artery Doppler to umbilical artery Doppler does not increase accuracy for detecting adverse perinatal outcome. Ductus venosus Doppler demonstrates moderate value in diagnosing fetal compromise; it is not known whether its use adds any value to umbilical artery Doppler alone. Cardiotocography (CTG) reflects the interaction between the fetal brain and peripheral cardiovascular system. Prelabour routine use of CTG in low-risk pregnancies has not been proven to improve outcome; computerized CTG significantly reduces perinatal mortality in high-risk pregnancies. Monitoring the fetus during labour with intermittent auscultation has not been compared to no monitoring at all; when compared with CTG no difference in perinatal mortality or cerebral palsy has been noted. CTG does lower neonatal seizures and is accompanied by a statistically non-significant rise in caesarean delivery. Fetal blood sampling to detect fetal pH and base deficit lowers caesarean delivery rate and neonatal convulsions when used in adjunct to CTG. Determination of fetal scalp lactate has not been shown to have an effect on neonatal outcome or on the rate of instrumental deliveries but is less often hampered by technical failure than fetal scalp pH. Analysis of the ST segment of the fetal ECG (STAN®) in combination with CTG during labour results in fewer vaginal operative deliveries, less need for neonatal intensive care, and less use of fetal blood sampling during labour, without a change in fetal metabolic acidosis when compared to CTG alone.
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Book chapters on the topic "Detect the Difference"

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Zhang, Zhigao, Hongmei Zhang, and Zhifeng Zhang. "Using Three-Frame Difference Algorithm to Detect Moving Objects." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 923–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15235-2_123.

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Suzuki, S., Y. Fujimoto, and T. Yamaguchi. "Brain Monitoring to Detect Nationality Difference Induced by Robot Gesture." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 357–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08491-6_29.

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Yengoh, Genesis T., David Dent, Lennart Olsson, Anna E. Tengberg, and Compton J. Tucker. "Country-Level Use of Satellite Products to Detect and Map Land Degradation Processes." In Use of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to Assess Land Degradation at Multiple Scales, 51–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24112-8_9.

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Embarak, Ossama, Zahoor Khan, and Binod Gurung. "Understanding Students Personality to Detect Their Learning Differences." In Advances in Internet, Data and Web Technologies, 383–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12839-5_35.

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Watt, Richard, Gene Maslana, Mohammad Navabi, Steve Hill, Dave Boujak, Amy Gale, and Ken Mylrea. "Artificial Neural Networks Detect Subtle Differences Between Anesthetics." In ICANN ’93, 911–13. London: Springer London, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2063-6_264.

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Cho, Heeryon, Naomi Yamashita, and Toru Ishida. "Towards Culturally-Situated Agent Which Can Detect Cultural Differences." In Agent Computing and Multi-Agent Systems, 458–63. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01639-4_47.

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Chapero, Raúl, Eduardo Iáñez, Marisol Rodríguez-Ugarte, Mario Ortiz, and José M. Azorín. "Using EEG Signals to Detect Different Surfaces While Walking." In Biomedical Applications Based on Natural and Artificial Computing, 109–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59773-7_12.

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Beyer, Dirk, Marie-Christine Jakobs, and Thomas Lemberger. "Difference Verification with Conditions." In Software Engineering and Formal Methods, 133–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58768-0_8.

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Abstract Modern software-verification tools need to support development processes that involve frequent changes. Existing approaches for incremental verification hard-code specific verification techniques. Some of the approaches must be tightly intertwined with the development process. To solve this open problem, we present the concept of difference verification with conditions. Difference verification with conditions is independent from any specific verification technique and can be integrated in software projects at any time. It first applies a change analysis that detects which parts of a software were changed between revisions and encodes that information in a condition. Based on this condition, an off-the-shelf verifier is used to verify only those parts of the software that are influenced by the changes. As a proof of concept, we propose a simple, syntax-based change analysis and use difference verification with conditions with three off-the-shelf verifiers. An extensive evaluation shows the competitiveness of difference verification with conditions.
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Mahdy, Nourane, Dalia A. Magdi, Ahmed Dahroug, and Mohammed Abo Rizka. "Comparative Study: Different Techniques to Detect Depression Using Social Media." In Internet of Things—Applications and Future, 441–52. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3075-3_30.

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Schäfer, Jens, Cristin Konkart, and Thomas Gries. "Sensor Integration in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRP) to Detect Tension Differences." In Recent Developments in Braiding and Narrow Weaving, 103–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29932-7_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Detect the Difference"

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Huazhong Ning, Wei Xu, Yue Zhou, Yihong Gong, and Thomas Huang. "Temporal difference learning to detect unsafe system states." In 2008 19th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2008.4761237.

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Chen, Xiao Feng, Xiao-Guo Zhang, Rong-Kai He, and Yu Wang. "An Algorithm to Detect Illegal Buildings Using Color Transferring and Texture Difference." In 2018 IEEE 9th International Conference on Software Engineering and Service Science (ICSESS). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsess.2018.8663938.

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Suzuki, N., A. Iizuka, T. Nagao, Y. Nakahori, M. Yamada, and Y. Nakagome. "CARRIER DETECTION OF HEMOPHILIA A BY DNA ANALYSIS IN AFFECTED JAPANESE FAMILIES." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644008.

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Several DNA probes have been isolated to detect Factor VIII gene and a DNA segment which locates veryclose to the gene. They have been successfully used to detect carriers and patients of hemophilia A.We analyzed DNA samples of Japanese population to see whether these probesare also useful for carrier detection of hemophilia A in affected Japanese families, since the size and frequency of allelic fragments detected by a DNA probe are sometimes different in various ethnic groups.A probe of St14 (DXS52) is thought to be one of the best probes for such analysis in Caucasian population because it detects very polymorphic DNA fragments containing a minisatellite. When Taq I digests of Japanese DNA samples were hybridized with Stl4, several DNA fragments with a range from 1.7 kb to 5-5 kb were detected, where .at least 6 fragments were polymorphic. A notable difference between Japanese and Caucasian was that a band of 5-5 kb was variable in Japanese while it was constant in Caucasian. We have so far detected 10 alleles, and about 60% of Japanese women were heterozygous. Using these informationsabout Japanese population, we could detect carriers in several families. Other RFLPs data are necessary to increase information content. Similar studies arein progress using different probes i.e. an extragenic probe ; DX13/Bgl II, and two intragenic probes ; exon 14-26/Bcl I and exon 26/Bgl I. We thank Mandel J.L., Strasbourg, Davies K., Oxford and Genetics Institute, Cambridge for probes.
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Eino, Jyun-Ichi, Akira Uehara, Tetsuya Wakui, Takumi Hasizume, Nobuo Miyaji, and Yoshitaka Yuuki. "Monitoring of Impulse Line Blockage Using Phase Difference Between Upstream and Downstream Pressures of Orifice." In ASME 2008 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2008-60058.

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The combination use of a differential pressure transmitter, orifice and impulse line to produce a flowmeter is widely used in the process industries. Since the most frequent problem encountered in the usage of this flowmeter is impulse line blockage, an online blockage detection system is required. In previous works, the authors developed an indicator of impulse line blockage, called the blockage index, which is based on pressure fluctuations. Although the blockage index is able to detect the blockage effectively without being affected by the change in the flow rate and pressure, it can not detect the blockage as the rate of line pressure change increase. In addition, there are continuous and frequent line pressure changes in certain applications. Hence, the objective of this study is to detect impulse line blockages even when the line pressure change rate is so high that the blockage index is unable to detect the blockage. In this paper, the authors present details on the delay in the pressure transmission caused by the blockage, and evaluate the delay quantitatively by using the phase difference between the pressure upstream and downstream of the orifice as a new blockage index. In addition, by selecting frequencies with high power spectral densities, the new index becomes sensitive enough to detect the blockage during the more rapid line pressure changes under which the former blockage index failed.
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Liu, Hongkun, Jialun Dai, Ruchen Wang, Haiyong Zheng, and Bing Zheng. "Combining background subtraction and three-frame difference to detect moving object from underwater video." In OCEANS 2016 - Shanghai. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceansap.2016.7485613.

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Zhe, J., F. K. Choy, S. V. Murali, M. A. Sarangi, and R. Wilfong. "Oil Debris Detection Using Capacitance and Ultrasonic Measurements." In ASME/STLE 2007 International Joint Tribology Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijtc2007-44279.

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This paper aims at the use of a capacitance sensing approach using a RLC meter to detect oil debris contents and experimental results are compared to those obtained using an ultrasonic device. It was found that both capacitance and ultrasonic measurement can both detect particles as small as 4 mils (101 μm) in diameter. Experimental results show that the measured capacitance increases linearly with the increase of particle size while the ultrasonic wave amplitude decreases linearly with the increase of particle size. While some measurable differences can be detected by both capacitance and ultrasonic measurements between the ferrous and the nonferrous particles, a systematic difference between the data point cannot be developed. In addition, the existence of nonconductive particles cannot be readily detected using the capacitance measurements but their existence can be observed by the ultrasonic measurement.
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Tada, Naoya, Makoto Uchida, Hiroki Maeda, and Atsushi Hozuki. "Detection of Stress Corrosion Cracking by Direct-Current Potential Difference Method." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57913.

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Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is one of serious damages occurred in power generating plants, petrochemical plants, and gas pipelines. However, it is not easy to detect and evaluate SCCs because their shapes are complex and they are usually initiated in the weldment composed of base metal, weld metal, and heat-affected zone. In this study, the direct-current potential difference method (DC-PDM) was applied to SCCs artificially introduced in plate specimens and the applicability of DC-PDM to their detection was discussed. It was found from the measurement results that the potential differences near SCC were higher than those away from SCC. This fact suggests that SCC is detectable by DC-PDM.
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Borisova, M. D., K. K. Tomchuk, and A. M. Turlikov. "Correlation Analysis of the Data From a Mobile Device Accelerometer to Detect the Difference in Step Duration." In 2020 Wave Electronics and its Application in Information and Telecommunication Systems (WECONF). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/weconf48837.2020.9131479.

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Murali, S. V., F. K. Choy, J. Zhe, J. Carletta, and X. Xia. "Oil Debris Detection Using Static and Dynamic Capacitance Measurements." In STLE/ASME 2008 International Joint Tribology Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijtc2008-71280.

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This paper describes a capacitance sensing method to detect oil debris contents. Experimental investigations are conducted for both static and dynamic measurements. Static measurements are performed by inserting small metal wires into the oil sample between the two plate electrodes of a capacitor. With a gap of 7mm between the electrodes, it was found that the capacitance measurement can detect metal wires as small as 4 mils (101 μm) in diameter. While measurements of ferrous and the non-ferrous wires show certain measurable differences, a systematic difference between the two sets of measurements cannot be established. The dynamic measurements were conducted by measuring the changes in capacitance between two plate electrodes when a small particle was dropped into the oil between the two electrodes. The passage of a metal particle can be dynamically detected. It is expected that smaller metal debris particles can be detected by reducing the spacing between the two electrode plates in microchannels.
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Nishioka, Yuki, Kentaro Doi, and Satoyuki Kawano. "Development of an Electron Scattering Model to Detect Differences in DNA Base Molecules." In ASME-JSME-KSME 2011 Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajk2011-36031.

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In recent, novel technologies which apply bio-macromolecules to bio-nanodevices attract much attention. Particularly, DNAs have several desirable characteristics: complementary base pairs, self assembly, and electric conductivity. It is expected that high-speed DNA sequencers can be developed by using these specific characteristics of DNAs. In the present study, we develop a theoretical model to analyze the difference of DNA base molecules, in which electron scattering is simulated based on classical electrodynamics and scattering angles are evaluated. Consequently, it is found that scattering angles of the scattered electrons are clearly different from each other.
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Reports on the topic "Detect the Difference"

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Riveros, Guillermo, Felipe Acosta, Reena Patel, and Wayne Hodo. Computational mechanics of the paddlefish rostrum. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41860.

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Purpose – The rostrum of a paddlefish provides hydrodynamic stability during feeding process in addition to detect the food using receptors that are randomly distributed in the rostrum. The exterior tissue of the rostrum covers the cartilage that surrounds the bones forming interlocking star shaped bones. Design/methodology/approach – The aim of this work is to assess the mechanical behavior of four finite element models varying the type of formulation as follows: linear-reduced integration, linear-full integration, quadratic-reduced integration and quadratic-full integration. Also presented is the load transfer mechanisms of the bone structure of the rostrum. Findings – Conclusions are based on comparison among the four models. There is no significant difference between integration orders for similar type of elements. Quadratic-reduced integration formulation resulted in lower structural stiffness compared with linear formulation as seen by higher displacements and stresses than using linearly formulated elements. It is concluded that second-order elements with reduced integration and can model accurately stress concentrations and distributions without over stiffening their general response. Originality/value – The use of advanced computational mechanics techniques to analyze the complex geometry and components of the paddlefish rostrum provides a viable avenue to gain fundamental understanding of the proper finite element formulation needed to successfully obtain the system behavior and hot spot locations.
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Zilberman, Mark. Methods to Test the “Dimming Effect” Produced by a Decrease in the Number of Photons Received from Receding Light Sources. Intellectual Archive, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32370/iaj.2437.

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The hypothetical “Dimming Effect” describes the change of the number of photons arriving from a moving light source per unit of time. In non-relativistic systems, the “Dimming effect” may occur due to the growing distance of light sources moving away from the receiver. This means that due to the growing distance, the photons continuously require more time to reach the receiver, which reduces the number of received photons per time unit compared to the number of emitted photons. Understandably, the proposed “Dimming effect” must be tested (confirmed or rejected) through observations. a. This article provides the formula for the calculation of “Dimming effect” values using the redshift parameter Z widely used in astronomy. b. The “Dimming effect” can possibly be detected utilizing the orbital movement of the Earth around the Sun. In accordance to the “Dimming effect”, observers on Earth will view 1.0001 more photons per time unit emitted by stars located near the ecliptic plane in the direction of the Earth orbiting the Sun. And, in contrast, observers will view only 0.9999 photons per time unit emitted by stars located near the ecliptic plane in the direction opposite to the Earth orbiting the Sun. Calculating precise measurements of the same stars within a 6-month period can possibly detect this difference. These changes in brightness are not only for specific stars, as the change in brightness takes place for all stars near the ecliptic in the direction of the Earth’s orbit around the Sun and in the opposite direction. c. The “Dimming effect” can possibly be detected in a physics laboratory using a moving light source (or mirror) and photon counters located in the direction of travel and in the opposite direction. d. In theory, Dilation of time can also be used for testing the existence of the “Dimming effect.” However, in experiments on Earth this effect appears in only the 14th digit after the decimal point and testing does not appear to be feasible. e. Why is it important to test the “Dimming effect?” If confirmed, it would allow astronomers to adjust values of "Standard Candles" used in astronomy. Since “Standard Candles” are critical in various cosmological models, the “Dimming effect” can correct models and/or reveal and support new models. If it is proved that the “Dimming effect” does not exist, it will mean that the number of photons arriving per unit of time does not depend on the speed of the light source and observer, which is not so apparent.
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Norman, Bruce R., Anne L. Sallaska, and Leticia S. Pibida. Scaling of Testing Speed for Different Source-to-Detector Distances. National Institute of Standards and Technology, February 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1864.

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Rodgers, Yana van der Meulen, and Joseph E. Zveglich, Jr. Gender Differences in Access to Health Care Among the Elderly: Evidence from Southeast Asia. Asian Development Bank, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps210047-2.

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This paper examines gender among other factors that may constrain older persons in Southeast Asia from meeting their health-care needs when sick based on data from Cambodia, the Philippines and Viet Nam. It finds that while women in Cambodia and the Philippines are more likely to seek treatment than men, the gender difference is reversed in Viet Nam where stigma associated with some diseases may more strongly deter women than men. Household survey data from these countries show that the probability of seeking treatment rises with age more sharply for women than men. Yet, for the subsample of elders, the gender difference is not significant.
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Flory, Jeffrey, Andreas Leibbrandt, and John List. Do Competitive Work Places Deter Female Workers? A Large-Scale Natural Field Experiment on Gender Differences in Job-Entry Decisions. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w16546.

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Chandra, Avdhesh. Lifetime difference in the B$0\atop{s}$ system from untagged B$0\atop{s}$ → J/ΨΦ decay at √s= 1.96 TeV at D0 detector. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/907797.

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Costley, D., Luis De Jesús Díaz,, Sarah McComas, Christopher Simpson, James Johnson, and Mihan McKenna. Multi-objective source scaling experiment. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40824.

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The U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) performed an experiment at a site near Vicksburg, MS, during May 2014. Explosive charges were detonated, and the shock and acoustic waves were detected with pressure and infrasound sensors stationed at various distances from the source, i.e., from 3 m to 14.5 km. One objective of the experiment was to investigate the evolution of the shock wave produced by the explosion to the acoustic wavefront detected several kilometers from the detonation site. Another objective was to compare the effectiveness of different wind filter strategies. Toward this end, several sensors were deployed near each other, approximately 8 km from the site of the explosion. These sensors used different types of wind filters, including the different lengths of porous hoses, a bag of rocks, a foam pillow, and no filter. In addition, seismic and acoustic waves produced by the explosions were recorded with seismometers located at various distances from the source. The suitability of these sensors for measuring low-frequency acoustic waves was investigated.
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Jorgensen, Frieda, Andre Charlett, Craig Swift, Anais Painset, and Nicolae Corcionivoschi. A survey of the levels of Campylobacter spp. contamination and prevalence of selected antimicrobial resistance determinants in fresh whole UK-produced chilled chickens at retail sale (non-major retailers). Food Standards Agency, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.xls618.

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Campylobacter spp. are the most common bacterial cause of foodborne illness in the UK, with chicken considered to be the most important vehicle for this organism. The UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) agreed with industry to reduce Campylobacter spp. contamination in raw chicken and issued a target to reduce the prevalence of the most contaminated chickens (those with more than 1000 cfu per g chicken neck skin) to below 10 % at the end of the slaughter process, initially by 2016. To help monitor progress, a series of UK-wide surveys were undertaken to determine the levels of Campylobacter spp. on whole UK-produced, fresh chicken at retail sale in the UK. The data obtained for the first four years was reported in FSA projects FS241044 (2014/15) and FS102121 (2015 to 2018). The FSA has indicated that the retail proxy target for the percentage of highly contaminated raw whole retail chickens should be less than 7% and while continued monitoring has demonstrated a sustained decline for chickens from major retailer stores, chicken on sale in other stores have yet to meet this target. This report presents results from testing chickens from non-major retailer stores (only) in a fifth survey year from 2018 to 2019. In line with previous practise, samples were collected from stores distributed throughout the UK (in proportion to the population size of each country). Testing was performed by two laboratories - a Public Health England (PHE) laboratory or the Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast. Enumeration of Campylobacter spp. was performed using the ISO 10272-2 standard enumeration method applied with a detection limit of 10 colony forming units (cfu) per gram (g) of neck skin. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to selected antimicrobials in accordance with those advised in the EU harmonised monitoring protocol was predicted from genome sequence data in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates The percentage (10.8%) of fresh, whole chicken at retail sale in stores of smaller chains (for example, Iceland, McColl’s, Budgens, Nisa, Costcutter, One Stop), independents and butchers (collectively referred to as non-major retailer stores in this report) in the UK that are highly contaminated (at more than 1000 cfu per g) with Campylobacter spp. has decreased since the previous survey year but is still higher than that found in samples from major retailers. 8 whole fresh raw chickens from non-major retailer stores were collected from August 2018 to July 2019 (n = 1009). Campylobacter spp. were detected in 55.8% of the chicken skin samples obtained from non-major retailer shops, and 10.8% of the samples had counts above 1000 cfu per g chicken skin. Comparison among production plant approval codes showed significant differences of the percentages of chicken samples with more than 1000 cfu per g, ranging from 0% to 28.1%. The percentage of samples with more than 1000 cfu of Campylobacter spp. per g was significantly higher in the period May, June and July than in the period November to April. The percentage of highly contaminated samples was significantly higher for samples taken from larger compared to smaller chickens. There was no statistical difference in the percentage of highly contaminated samples between those obtained from chicken reared with access to range (for example, free-range and organic birds) and those reared under standard regime (for example, no access to range) but the small sample size for organic and to a lesser extent free-range chickens, may have limited the ability to detect important differences should they exist. Campylobacter species was determined for isolates from 93.4% of the positive samples. C. jejuni was isolated from the majority (72.6%) of samples while C. coli was identified in 22.1% of samples. A combination of both species was found in 5.3% of samples. C. coli was more frequently isolated from samples obtained from chicken reared with access to range in comparison to those reared as standard birds. C. jejuni was less prevalent during the summer months of June, July and August compared to the remaining months of the year. Resistance to ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolone), erythromycin (macrolide), tetracycline, (tetracyclines), gentamicin and streptomycin (aminoglycosides) was predicted from WGS data by the detection of known antimicrobial resistance determinants. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was detected in 185 (51.7%) isolates of C. jejuni and 49 (42.1%) isolates of C. coli; while 220 (61.1%) isolates of C. jejuni and 73 (62.9%) isolates of C. coli isolates were resistant to tetracycline. Three C. coli (2.6%) but none of the C. jejuni isolates harboured 23S mutations predicting reduced susceptibility to erythromycin. Multidrug resistance (MDR), defined as harbouring genetic determinants for resistance to at least three unrelated antimicrobial classes, was found in 10 (8.6%) C. coli isolates but not in any C. jejuni isolates. Co-resistance to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin was predicted in 1.7% of C. coli isolates. 9 Overall, the percentages of isolates with genetic AMR determinants found in this study were similar to those reported in the previous survey year (August 2016 to July 2017) where testing was based on phenotypic break-point testing. Multi-drug resistance was similar to that found in the previous survey years. It is recommended that trends in AMR in Campylobacter spp. isolates from retail chickens continue to be monitored to realise any increasing resistance of concern, particulary to erythromycin (macrolide). Considering that the percentage of fresh, whole chicken from non-major retailer stores in the UK that are highly contaminated (at more than 1000 cfu per g) with Campylobacter spp. continues to be above that in samples from major retailers more action including consideration of interventions such as improved biosecurity and slaughterhouse measures is needed to achieve better control of Campylobacter spp. for this section of the industry. The FSA has indicated that the retail proxy target for the percentage of highly contaminated retail chickens should be less than 7% and while continued monitoring has demonstrated a sustained decline for chickens from major retailer stores, chicken on sale in other stores have yet to meet this target.
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9

Perkins, Dustin. Invasive exotic plant monitoring at Colorado National Monument: 2019 field season. Edited by Alice Wondrak Biel. National Park Service, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2286650.

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Abstract:
Invasive exotic plant (IEP) species are a significant threat to natural ecosystem integrity and biodiversity, and controlling them is a high priority for the National Park Service. The North-ern Colorado Plateau Network (NCPN) selected the early detection of IEPs as one of 11 monitoring protocols to be implemented as part of its long-term monitoring program. This report represents work completed at Colorado National Monument during 2019. During monitoring conducted June 12–19, a total of 20 IEP species were detected on monitoring routes and transects. Of these, 12 were priority species that accounted for 791 separate IEP patches. IEPs were most prevalent along riparian areas. Yellow sweetclover (Melilotis officinale) and yellow salsify (Tragopogon dubius) were the most commonly detected priority IEPs along monitoring routes, representing 73% of all priority patches. Patches of less than 40 m2 were typical of nearly all priority IEP species except yellow sweetclover. A patch management index (PMI) was created by combining patch size class and percent cover for each patch. In 2019, a large majority of priority IEP patches were assigned a PMI score of low (46%) or very low (50%), indicating small and/or sparse patches where control is generally still feasible. This is similar to the numbers for 2017, when 99% of patches scored low or very low in PMI. Seventy-eight percent of tree patches were classified as seedlings or saplings, which require less effort to control than mature trees. Cheatgrass (Anisantha tectorum) was the most common IEP recorded in transects, found in 30–77% of transects across the different routes. It was the only species found in transects on all monitoring routes. When treated and untreated extra areas near the West Entrance were compared, the treated area had comparable or higher lev-els of IEPs than the untreated area. When segments of monitoring routes conducted between 2003 and 2019 were compared, results were mixed, due to the different species monitored in different time periods. But in general, the number of IEPs per 100 meters is increasing or remaining constant over time. There were notable increases in IEP patches per 100 meters on several routes in 2019: field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) along East Glade Park Road; Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila) in Red Canyon; yellow salsify along East Glade Park Road, No Thoroughfare Canyon, No Thoroughfare Trail, and Red Canyon; and yellow sweetclover in No Thoroughfare Canyon and Red Canyon. Network staff will return to re-sample monitoring routes in 2021.
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10

Matsuo, Hideko, and Koen Matthijs. The life course and subjective well-being across generations – an analysis based on cross-national surveys (2002–2016). Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2021.res4.2.

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This paper identifies subjective well-being trajectories through happiness measures as influenced by time, socio-economic, demographic and behavioural determinants. Hierarchical age-period-cohort models are applied to European Social Survey (2002–2016) data on the population aged 30 and older in 10 countries. A U-shaped relationship between age and happiness is found for some countries, but a rather flat pattern and considerable diversity beyond age 80 are detected for other countries. Lower happiness levels are found for baby boomers (1945–1964) than for preboomers and post-boomers, and also for late boomers (1955–1964) than for early boomers (1945–1954). Women, highly educated and native people are shown to have higher happiness levels than men, less educated and non-native people, respectively. Moreover, a positive assessment of income, having a partner, and being a parent, in good health, employed and socially active are all found to have a positive impact on happiness levels. We find evidence of gaps in happiness levels due to differences in socio-economic characteristics over the life course in some, but not in all of the countries analysed.
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