Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Détecteurs optiques'
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Okassa, M'Foubat Anicet. "Détecteurs multi-utilisateurs pour télécommunications optiques." Valenciennes, 2008. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/9bcf18df-a028-4013-952a-db152dc31bdc.
Full textThe optical fiber appears to be the only medium able to convey informations at rates exceeding 1Gb/s, owing to its large bandwidth. The DECT-GPRS and UWB radio technologies allow to transmit data streams in packet mode at high rates. Using an optical infrastructure to link the different access points (radio on fiber) leads to cost reductions in the high data rate networks deployment in the office environment. Our concern, in this thesis report, is with code division multiple access (CDMA). The aim of our work is to design a, performance enhanced and reduced complexity, multi-user receiver structure, based on the parallel cancellation of interferences, our solution is to introduce an interference weighting factor and/or an amplification factor for the detected user signal. A complete theoretical study, supported by simulations, is presented and the optical elements imperfections are taken into account, without omitting a comparison with classical pre-existing systems. Moreover, in order to ascertain the sharing of intelligent components of the DPRS interface to the optical network and dynamic resource supervision, an algorithm is presented for identification of the modulation types authorized by the ETSI standard, several possible solutions are depicted and a novel modulation detector is described, theoretically analyzed, optimized using simulations (thresholds, comparison with alternative solutions)
Chipaux, Rémi. "Scintillateurs et autres détecteurs optiques de particules." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00573492.
Full textGaschet, Christophe. "Détecteurs courbes et déformables : applications multidisciplinaires." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0601/document.
Full textIn the past few years, curved sensors have been proposed to enhance optical systems. The curvature of these sensors improves off-axis aberrations, such as field curvature, which provides a better resolution and less complex optical systems.This work studies deformable and curved sensors development in a multidisciplinary approach. Firstly, scene and curved sensors are theoretically linked. The form and the position of the object change the curvature of the best image plane, leading to new relations adapted to optical systems with deformable sensors. Gains in compactness are also demonstrated. These investigations merge into a new methodology adapted to optical systems based on curved sensors that has been developed. The first step is to determine mechanical limits of the sensor such as maximum bending without breakage. Based on these limits, a new compact architecture is developed, providing high resolution and good field of view. New tolerances are determined to manufacture a system with its opto-mechanical mount. Finally, the entire imaging system is characterized. The form of the curved sensor is analyzed, showing few deviations from the ideal sphere. Electro-optical characterizations are realized and the image quality is determined according to the object distance, showing the effects of the deformable curvature. The ideal curved focal plane is also determined by combining a flat sensor to the manufactured optical system
Giard, Edouard. "Caractérisation et orientation de la filière des détecteurs infrarouge à superréseau InAs/GaSb." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC268.
Full textThis work, realized at ONERA (DOTA), focuses on the study and the electro-optical characterization of type II InAs/GaSb superlattice (T2SL) infrared photodetectors. The aim of this work was to improve the knowledge of this high performance infrared cooled photodetector and to focus on its potential to address the high operating temperature (HOT) (T > 120K) MWIR applications. With the Institut d'Electronique et des Systèmes, we studied a InAs-rich structure, with more InAs than GaSb in the superlattice period, which exhibits a lower dark current than conventional symmetric structures. I first realized or adapted different test benches to determine the other parameters needed to characterize the detector : current-voltage characteristics, noise, calibrated spectral response and minority carrier lifetime measurements. I demonstrated that the InAs-rich structure has a quantum efficiency (QE) penalized by a very short holes diffusion length. I estimated the value equal to 80nm at 77K. Two solutions have been proposed : the first tested thanks to the first InAs-rich MWIR FPA, is to change the side of the illumination : the average QE is 42% at 77K ; the second is to switch minority carriers type, by doping the structure : a maximum QE of 60% was measured at operating temperatures varying from 77K to 130K and at zero bias voltage. A BLIP temperature of 110K was determined. Ail these results allow us to assess the ability of T2SL to address HOT MWIR applications
Conforti, Di Lorenzo Selma. "Développement et caractérisation d’un ASIC de lecture de macro-cellule de photo-détecteurs de grande dimension." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112142.
Full textPMm² is a project founded for three years by the French National Agency for Research (ANR) with the complete title: “Innovative electronics for photo-detectors array used in high energy physics and astroparticles”. The project proposes to segment the large surface of photo-detection in macro pixel consisting of an array of 16 PMTs of 12-inches (2*2 m²), connected to an autonomous front-end electronics which works in a triggerless data acquisition mode placed near the array. This is possible thanks to the microelectronics progress that allows to integrate the read out and the signal processing, of all the photomultipliers, in the same circuit (ASIC) named PARISROC (Photomultiplier ARray Integrated in SiGe Read Out Chip). The ASIC must send out only the digital data by network to the surface central data storage. The PARISROC Chip, made in AMS 0. 35 µm technology, integrates 16 independent channels for each PMTs of the array, providing charge and time measurements. The first prototype of PARISROC chip has a total surface of 19 mm². It has been sent for fabrication in June 2008 to AMS foundry (AustriaMicroSystems) through the CMP (Multi Project Center) and received in December 2008. The ASIC measurements have led to the realization of a second prototype. Important measurements were brought in terms of noise, dynamic range, read out frequency (from 10 MHz to 40 MHz), time measurements (TDC improvements) and charge measurements (Slow shaper improvements). Sent for fabrication in November 2009 and received in February 2010, this new prototype PARISROC 2 has been tested and the characterisation has shown a good overall behavior and the verification of the improvements
Guyard, Romain. "Capteur à fibre optique pour la mesure de déformation au sein des matériaux." Nantes, 2015. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=6e451d89-fed7-4980-a018-fbdae1b0090c.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is the design of a new fiber optic sensor for the strain measurement inside materials. Fiber Bragg grating strain sensors are usually glued on the surface of the monitored structure. Their use like embedded strain sensor may be unadapted. Indeed, in these circumstances, a mechanical coupling between the sensor and the host material changes the transverse strain of the fiber. The transverse strain becomes unknown. Consequently, the only measurement of the Bragg wavelength shift is not enough to estimate both axial and transverse strains. In order to decorrelate these strains, we propose a sensor architecture based on the juxtaposition of a Bragg grating (FBG) and of a long period grating (LPG). The thesis work consist in finding the optimal architecture so that the sensor response to strain is linear and the measurement resolution is identical to the resolution of usual fiber optic sensors. During the sensor design, some usual results on LPG have been studied again. Some original optical properties of cladding modes have been revealed. It has been shown that the shape of these modes changes significantly with the cladding radius of the fiber and that there are critical cladding radii for which some modes have the same transverse intensity distribution. A statistical study has been carried out on the strain sensitivities of LPG. General behaviors of LPG strain sensors have been highlighted. Especially, the crosssensitivities can be neglected and the sensitivities are mainly influenced by the period of grating and the cladding radius of the fiber. When the sensor is embedded inside the material, it may be bent. The bending effects on the gratings responses have been studied using the finite element as well as the semi analytical methods. It has been shown that the bending sensitivity of FBG depends on a balance mechanism between the effective refractive index change and the coupling coefficient change of the coupled modes and that the average index variation of the grating plays a key role in the amplitude and the sign of this sensitivity. A similar mechanism has been highlighted for LPG
Tareb, Malica. "Systèmes de lecture et d'acquisition de données pour un détecteur photomultiplicateur sensible à la position, associée [i. E. Associé] à des fibres scintillantes." Chambéry, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994CHAMS014.
Full textBevenot, Xavier. "Etude de la faisibilité et réalisation d'un capteur d'hydrogène à fibres optiques pour des applications aérospatiales." Saint-Etienne, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998STET4006.
Full textBonvalot, Cyrille. "Contribution à la compréhension du courant d'obscurité dans les détecteurs infrarouges matriciels à base de matériaux III-V." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPAST016.
Full textLynred is one of the major actors in the high quality cooled infrared detectors market, originally based on II-VI materials (HgCdTe), and more recently on III-V materials (QWIP, InSb, InGaAs). The InSb and InGaAs detectors are composed of photodiode organized in an array, in order to get a two dimension imager. The study reported here aim to enhance our comprehension of the dark current of these photodiodes. The subject is addressed in three steps: a study of the junction profile, an analyze of the phenomenon responsible for the dark current generated in the material’s bulk, and the highlighting of the interfaces role. The junction profile is established from sensibility optimized SIMS measurement. The thicknesses of the absorbing InGaAs layer, and of the space charge region, are obtained from capacity measurement. Because of the non-abrupt junction, the determination of the doping concentration can’t be achieved form the capacity. Diffusion current, which have to be taken into account for the InGaAs diode, is highly dependent upon the double heterojunction. Therefore, vertical and radial diffusion mechanisms have to be considered separately. Additionally, array configuration brings another constraint. Generation current is the witness of the actual technologies progresses, high quality materials with low default concentration and small sized diodes. Bulk material contribution is mostly negligible in comparison of the surface states one, localized at the InSb/SiO or the InGaAs/InP interfaces. Hence, the passivation process, or the epitaxy, is the critical point of those technologies. This thesis made it possible to identify the mechanisms responsible for the dark current of the InSb and InGaAs diodes, allowing us to point out the critical fabrication processes and to propose optimization of design. Characterization means developed during those three years might be used in the production line. It will allow monitoring the stability of the fabrication processes, especially the doping and thickness of the InGaAs absorbing layer. Those methods have the advantages of being simple to use, relatively cheap and above all non-destructives
Bichler, Anthony. "Modélisation et simulation de la propagation optique dans une fibre optique multimode précontrainte : conception de capteurs à fibre optique à modulation d’intensité dédiés à la mesure de températures et d’étirements." Strasbourg, 2011. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2011/BICHLER_Anthony_2011.pdf.
Full textThis manuscript presents the modeling, simulation and design of a new kind of light modulation optical fiber sensor for temperature and strain measurement. The transducer consists of a multimode fiber step index clamped between two micro-structured jaws. The clamping effect generates local periodical perturbations of both the geometry and the fiber refraction indexes (core and optical cladding). In order to compute the radiative coupling occurring when the waveguide is perturbated by a mechanical deformation of short period, we have chosen to use an electromagnetic model of modes coupling initially developed by Dietrich Marcuse. The simulation allowed us to determine the transducer sensitivity according to its specific characteristics. From these results we have chosen the parameters useful to design the sensor versus the aimed application. The first jaws prototypes of transducers have been microstructured in rectangular pattern etched in metal by femto-second laser micromachining. The elementary pattern size was of 20 micrometers of depth and the pattern layout period was ranging from 50 micrometers to 100 micrometers. After evaluation, we proposed to develop a large scale fabrication process of the jaws using plastic injection which was very efficient. The experimental tests of the first sensor prototypes allowed the validation of the computing models and showed a linear response of the sensor versus the measured physical parameter. We present the static and dynamic calibration methods that we have implemented to establish the metrological specifications of the sensor
Laubser, Julien. "Conception et réalisation de l'unité de décision du système de déclenchement de premier niveau du détecteur LHCb au LHC." Phd thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00283775.
Full textPuyal, Vincent. "Conception de circuits intégrés pour les télécommunications optiques en technologie TBdH InP." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20164.
Full textThis work presents various high-speed design results in the InP DHBT technology of the III-V Alcatel Thales laboratory. The main goal is an IC speed improvement to develop optical network capacity and also to reduce (or to control) their cost. This maximum high operation frequency search is based on an improvement of design techniques and on several design innovations for electric diagram to layout. In the first time, basic cells have been realized: a 60-GHz static divider, a 120-GHz frequency doubler and a 40-Gb/s XOR. In the second time, it was capital to validate more complex digital functions, with the aim of transceiver reduced-scale integration. So, in order to implement a CDR, a digital phase detector have been designed and validated at 40 Gb/s. The different designed and measured circuits show state-of-the-art circuit performances. They could be use in 40-Gb/s future optical networks
Pernot, Cyril. "Développement d'un détecteur de flamme à base d'AlGaN." Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20043.
Full textDhouib, Meriem. "Développement d'un capteur chimique de chlorures à fibres optiques." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34445.
Full textFor reinforced concrete structures, corrosion of reinforcements represents most of the pathologies observed. Today, to reduce maintenance costs, detection before the onset of corrosion would optimize infrastructure management. It is observed that the fastest deterioration on reinforced concrete structures develop in the simultaneous presence of liquid water and chloride ions which accelerate the appearance and development of reinforcement corrosion. When the concentration of chlorides in the concrete coating exceeds a certain threshold, the passivation layer is destroyed, and the corrosion of reinforcing steel is initiated. This phenomenon is accentuated in countries where de-icing salts are used for road safety, as well as, in marine regions. This research work proposes a new non-destructive monitoring method allowing to observe the evolution of the chloride ion concentrations in the cover concrete. This sensor makes it possible to continuously monitor, in real time, the concentration of free chlorides in the concrete pores in order to evaluate the initiation phase of the corrosion. The innovative instrument consists of a fiber optic chemical sensor that has been developed and tested. Theoretical and experimental studies allowed the calibration and validation of the sensor in mortar samples. Blue light travels inside the optical fibers, reaching at their ends a patch sensitive to chloride ions. With fluorescence spectroscopy analysis, often used in the field of biochemistry and medicine, the concentrations of free chloride ions are determined. This small-sized sensor is easy to place at different depths into concrete structures, to continuously monitor the concentration of chlorides contained in the pore solution.
Karyot, Turgut Berat. "Conception et réalisation d'un proximètre télémètre pour utilisation en robotique." Toulouse, ENSAE, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985ESAE0012.
Full textHouizot, Patrick. "Spectroscopie de nouveaux verres d'oxyfluorures dopés Er3+. Réalisation de fibres optiques en verres IR : Monomodes et fortement non linéaires à 1,55 micromètres Pour détection d'exo-planètes entre 4 et 20 micromètres (projet Darwin)." Rennes 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REN10062.
Full textIsrabian, Claude. "Détecteurs infrarouge quantiques multi-éléments : analyse de limitations intrinsèques et mise en oeuvre de techniques contribuant à un fonctionnement optimal." Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX30070.
Full textGaliano, Xavier. "Détecteurs thermiques non refroidis en YBaCuO semi-conducteur pour l'imagerie infrarouge et térahertz." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066633/document.
Full textIn this manuscript, we are presenting the development of uncooled thermal sensors of the pyroelectric type, based on thin films of amorphous YBaCuO semiconductor, for applications in terahertz and infrared imaging. In a first part, we discuss the composition and optical properties of the YBaCuO semiconducting films. By X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, we show the existence of a mixture of several phases and deduce the composition of the YBaCuO surface contamination layer; by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, we determine the YBaCuO work function. By optical spectroscopy, we then extract the refractive index and the absorption coefficient over a range of wavelengths spanning from ultraviolet to the near infrared. We also determine the values of optical gaps that we have correlated with the granular structure of the YBaCuO films at the micro and nanoscales. In a second part, we study the electrical transport behavior and optical response of pyroelectric detectors made from these amorphous YBaCuO thin films. The electrical contact between YBaCuO and the metal connections can be ohmic as well as rectifying. Resistivity measurements as a function of temperature show that the electric conduction is preferentially dominated by variable distance hopping of the carriers around the Fermi level. The response of the sensors in the near infrared - as a function of the modulation frequency of the source - reveal at room temperature a band-pass type behavior attributed to the pyroelectric effect, which could be interpreted by an analytical model. The device performance in terms of detectivity (1E9 cm.Hz^0.5/W) and time constant (a few microseconds) are at the state of the art
Biatry, Bruno. "Capteur chimique à fibre optique (optode) pour la mesure du pH en milieu médical et industriel." Paris 12, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA120014.
Full textZaatar, Youssef. "Spectroscopie d'absorption par diode laser accordable et fibre-optique-capteur à ondes évanescentes en vue d'application à la détection de gaz." Metz, 2000. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2000/Zaatar.Youssef.SMZ0019.pdf.
Full textMorvan, Pierre-Antoine. "Mesures de déformations par capteurs à fibres optiques au cœur de matériaux composites." Nantes, 2013. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=ad04d174-7b51-4ba6-ac5d-495f007179ba.
Full textThe use of optical fibers for strain measurements tends to generalize because of its numerous advantages over other sensor technologies. Today strain gauges based on the use of optical fiber are easy and commercially available. However, this can become complex when the fiber is embedded into a material displaying very different mechanical properties from the properties of the silica. The main purpose of this work is to further question the use of fiber optic strain sensors to obtain quantifiable and/or relevant measures inside composite materials. Firstly we present a state of the art of different types of fiber optic sensors by focusing our attention on their use in composite materials. The second part of this work is devoted to optical fibers included in different homogeneous materials. Analytical and numerical models are compared to experimental studies in order to quantify measurement errors eventually made when the sensor is embedded into a material. Then a method is proposed in order to obtain both the longitudinal and the radial strain with only one optical fiber sensor. Finally, the concepts presented in the second part are validated through the study of a specimen made of two materials crossing the sensor’s location. Furthermore we evaluate the use of this sensor in a laminated composite structure under a different configuration than that proposed in the literature : the sensor is inserted across the thickness of the laminate
Guillot, Mathieu. "Conception et validation d'une matrice 2D de détecteurs à fibres scintillantes plastiques pour la dosimétrie en radiothérapie externe." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29962/29962.pdf.
Full textThis thesis deals with the development and characterization of a 2D array of plastic scintillation detectors for the dosimetry of megavoltage energy photon beams used in radiation therapy. The characteristics sought with the detector array are accuracy, water-equivalence, a good spatial resolution, a large number of detectors and a high frequency readout of the doses deposited. The first part of this thesis is devoted to the improvement of the accuracy of the spectral method used to correct the Cerenkov effect. A study has determined the optimal attenuation characteristics for the optical fibers and two procedures able to accurately extract the calibration coefficients were developed. Measurements performed in various situations showed that this method can correct the Cerenkov effect with an accuracy of 1 %. The second part of this thesis relates to the design, realization and validation of a detector array consisting of 781 plastic scintillation detectors inserted vertically into a plane of a water-equivalent phantom. An novel optical system was also designed. It was determined that, on average, the standard deviation of measurements is smaller than 1 % for doses deposited greater than 6.3 cGy. It was also demonstrated that the dose distributions are not perturbed (within +/- 1.1 %) by the presence of the detectors inside the phantom. The characterization of the angular dependence showed that the incidences of radiation beams have very little effect on the accuracy of measurements. The detector array was also validated in the context of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Eleven treatment plans were measured and the results showed excellent agreements with dose distributions calculated with convolution-superposition algorithms or measured with radiochromic films. The sensitivity and specificity of the detector array to position errors of one leaf and one leaf bank of a multileaf collimator (MLC) were also determined by applying the principles of signal detection theory. The study concluded that plastic scintillation detectors could allow improving the quality of dosimetry in IMRT, due to their advantages compared to other dosimeters, such as water-equivalence, high frequency readout, high spatial resolution and a very low angular dependence.
Le, Coq David. "Nouvelle méthode d'élaboration de fibres optiques double indice en verre de chalcogénures : application à la spectroscopie infrarouge." Rennes 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REN10030.
Full textSonnenfeld, Camille. "Fibres optiques microstructurées à réseaux de Bragg pour la production et le suivi santé-matière de matériaux composites à matrice organique renforcée par des fibres de carbone." Caen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CAEN2017.
Full textStructural health monitoring (SHM) has emerged as an exciting topic for multi-disciplinary research and development in the field of composite materials. These high-performance materials are increasingly being used in highly mechanically loaded structures such as aircrafts and wind turbines. To ensure that their integrity is not compromised, new systems that enable in-situ SHM are currently developed. This PhD thesis contributes to the development of “smart composite materials” using a novel type of optical sensor based on Bragg gratings in highly birefringent microstructured optical fibre (MOF). The MOF used in this PhD work is highly asymmetric and has been designed such that its phase modal birefringence features sensitivity to transverse strain that is one order of magnitude larger than that reported in literature, whilst being quasi-insensitive to temperature changes. Our objective is to demonstrate the capabilities of our sensors for smart material applications, and to do so we integrate our sensors inside carbon fibre reinforced polymer materials. First, we evaluate the mechanical strength of our MOFs in order to define the mechanical stress range to which MOFs can be submitted without being damaged. Then, we propose a multi-strain sensor using our MOF in order to assess the multi-axial strain field within the composite material with a strain resolution of 5µm in the transverse directions. Finally, we demonstrate the possibility to use these MOF sensors to identify the material state changes during the cure cycle of a composite and we prove that we are able to estimate the residual strain built up within the composite as a result of the manufacturing
Gouin, Jean-François. "Fluoro-capteur à fibres optiques pour le dosage de l'oxygène en milieu marin." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPL127N.
Full textSrour, Hussein. "Conception, réalisation et caractérisation de photodétecteurs ultraviolets "Solar-blind" à base de nouveaux alliages BAlGaN." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0058/document.
Full textRecent developments in III-N material growth technology such as GaN and AlGaN made possible to fabricate high performance solar-blind Schottky, and metal-semiconductor-metal based photodetectors operating in the ultraviolet range -based photodetectors. While GaN and AlGaN have low noise and fast response times, the lack of high internal gain is a limitation for their use in applications that require high sensitivity photodetectors. In this work, we have designed and fabricated BAlGaN-based photodetectors. For this, several BGaN monolayer and superlattices were grown using MOVPE and lithography processes followed by a full characterization of their electrical and electro-optical properties. We show that these new BAlGaN alloys have tremendous impact on the performance of these photodetectors. We were able to achieve photodetectors with large internal gain (up to 3x105) and thus improved sensitivity, low dark current (up to nine orders of magnitude lower compared to our own GaN-based photodetectors), tunable cut-off wavelength in the 260-380 nm range, and more than two orders of magnitude reduction in the response time compared to our own GaN-based photodetectors. Finally, we propose an interpretation, based on the existence of deep level electron and hole traps, to explain the different mechanisms at the origin of the internal gain in these new structure
Le, Guevel Xavier. "Elaboration de sols de silice colloïdale en milieu aqueux : fonctionnalisation, propriétés optiques et de détection chimique des revêtements correspondants." Tours, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOUR4005.
Full textThe aim of this work was to study surface reactivity of silice nanoparticles through physical and chemical properties of sols and coatings. Appliatons are numerous and they are illustrated in this work by optical coating preparation for laser components and chemical gas sensor development for nitroaromatics detection
Guilbert, Gérard. "Étude des caractéristiques optiques de milieux poreux semi-transparents." Nancy 1, 1985. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1985_0225_GUILBERT.pdf.
Full textBahout, Jessica. "Fibres optiques dédiées à la détection de rayonnements ionisants : vers une dosimétrie aux extrêmes." Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1R030.
Full textFor several decades now, monitoring ionizing radiation has been particularly important in places that are difficult to access or even dangerous, especially in harsh environments. Optical fiber is the solution of choice when remote measurement is mandatory. In addition, the optical fibers ensure the spatial separation of the probe, sensitive to radiation, and the electronic processing system, which allows remote measurements in complex geometries. During this work, silica-based glasses developed by the sol-gel route and codoped with active Ce / Tb or Ce / Cu ions were welded to one or two transport fibers to make measurements of dose rates and remote dose. In addition, the presence within the matrix of two types of luminescent centers emitting at different wavelengths makes it possible to extend the spectral range of luminescence. These samples were characterized, before and after 1MGy irradiation, by several spectroscopic techniques. In the case of Cu or Tb doped glasses alone, defects (NBOHC, HC1 ...) have been created after irradiation. Thanks to the presence of the cerium ions in the codoped silica Ce / Cu or Ce / Tb which played a very important role where it protected the matrix and attenuates the creation of certain defects under irradiation. Dosimetric measurements carried out under X-rays made it possible to evaluate the linearity of the RL and OSL signal for the codoped silica glasses Ce / Tb and Ce / Cu. For Ce / Cu codoped glasses, the RL signal has a linear response in the range 0.0011 - 34 Gy / s in Saint-Etienne and between 13.3 µGy / s and 7.3 Gy (SiO2) at Nice and the linearity of OSL has been demonstrated up to 50 Gy in Saint-Etienne and 33 Gy in Nice. Co-coded Ce / Tb glasses showed sensitivity in RL in the dose rate range of between 13.3 µGy / s and 7.3 Gy / s with excellent reproducibility of the measurements. This material has been shown to have an OSL response which remains dose proportional up to 66 Gy (SiO2). Thanks to these results, we deduce that these codoped samples constitute a solution for remote dosimetry measurements in severe environment
Bahout, Jessica. "Fibres optiques dédiées à la détection de rayonnements ionisants : vers une dosimétrie aux extrêmes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LILUR030.
Full textFor several decades now, monitoring ionizing radiation has been particularly important in places that are difficult to access or even dangerous, especially in harsh environments. Optical fiber is the solution of choice when remote measurement is mandatory. In addition, the optical fibers ensure the spatial separation of the probe, sensitive to radiation, and the electronic processing system, which allows remote measurements in complex geometries. During this work, silica-based glasses developed by the sol-gel route and codoped with active Ce / Tb or Ce / Cu ions were welded to one or two transport fibers to make measurements of dose rates and remote dose. In addition, the presence within the matrix of two types of luminescent centers emitting at different wavelengths makes it possible to extend the spectral range of luminescence. These samples were characterized, before and after 1MGy irradiation, by several spectroscopic techniques. In the case of Cu or Tb doped glasses alone, defects (NBOHC, HC1 ...) have been created after irradiation. Thanks to the presence of the cerium ions in the codoped silica Ce / Cu or Ce / Tb which played a very important role where it protected the matrix and attenuates the creation of certain defects under irradiation. Dosimetric measurements carried out under X-rays made it possible to evaluate the linearity of the RL and OSL signal for the codoped silica glasses Ce / Tb and Ce / Cu. For Ce / Cu codoped glasses, the RL signal has a linear response in the range 0.0011 - 34 Gy / s in Saint-Etienne and between 13.3 µGy / s and 7.3 Gy (SiO2) at Nice and the linearity of OSL has been demonstrated up to 50 Gy in Saint-Etienne and 33 Gy in Nice. Co-coded Ce / Tb glasses showed sensitivity in RL in the dose rate range of between 13.3 µGy / s and 7.3 Gy / s with excellent reproducibility of the measurements. This material has been shown to have an OSL response which remains dose proportional up to 66 Gy (SiO2). Thanks to these results, we deduce that these codoped samples constitute a solution for remote dosimetry measurements in severe environment
Bigler, Emmanuel. "Détecteurs d'images X grand champ : applications à la microscopie X de contact et à la microanalyse d'absorption avec le rayonnement synchrotron." Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112100.
Full textThis thesis presents an application of synchrotron radiation (ORSAY/DCI storage ring) to X-ray contact microscopy and X-ray absorption chemical microanalysis near an absorption edge. In a first part, high resolution photographic plates are used as images detectors. Two microradioqraphs of the sample are recorded at two different X-ray wavelengths chosen on each side of an absorption edge of the analysed element. The images are digitalised with a microdensitometer. Subsequent computer processing gives analytical charts of this element showing 5 to 10 μm spatial resolution and 2-3 cm2 field. The second part presents an X-ray image detector based on guided scintillation. The detector is designed to improve the limited performances of photographic detection for high flux quantitative X-ray image detection over keV. X-ray to visible image conversion is performed in an array of optical fibers with a scintillating liquid core. A spatial resolution close to the pitch of the fiber array (10 μm) is experimentally obtained. Applications of the detector to X-ray microscopy, X-ray micro-analysis and medical imaging with synchrotron radiation are described
Gautier, Corinne. "Contribution au développement de détecteurs photovoltai͏̈ques à base de séléniure de plomb par EJM." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20115.
Full textDelbart, Alain. "Le Trigger Optique : un disciminateur à effet Cherenkov pour la physique des particules : réalisation et caractérisation de couches minces dont l'indice de réfraction autorise la discrimination sur un large domaine spectral." Aix-Marseille 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX30074.
Full textGafsi, Rachid. "Capteurs de contraintes et de perturbations a fibres optiques." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ECAP0509.
Full textLahbabi, M'hammed. "Evaluation analytique des performances du photodétecteur à absorption et multiplication séparées (SAM-APD) - 2,55 "mu"m p+ - n GaAlSb/n-GaInAsSb." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20126.
Full textLin, Wenbin. "Développement de capteurs à fibre optique basés sur la résonance de plasmon de surface pour la détection physique, chimique et biologique." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2000. http://bibli.ec-lyon.fr/exl-doc/TH_T1831_wlin.pdf.
Full textIt is well known that surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of the surface electromagnetic wave can be used as a sensitive optical probe to the slight variations occurring in the proximity of the metal/dielectric interface. The prism-based Kretschmann configuration is traditionally employed to excite and detect the SPR. In 1993, the first fiber-optic based SPR sensor was realized by R. C. Jorgenson and S. S. Yee and then commercialized by Biacore Company (Sweden). The SPR fiber-optic sensor offers a number of advantages such as small size, low cost and feasibility in remote sensing over the bulk Kretschmann System. A simpler SPR multimode fiber-optic sensor using oblique injection of the collimated monochromatic light has been developed at the TSI laboratory, Jean Monnet University in Saint-Etienne, France since 1996. Using silver to support SPR at the light wavelength of 670nm, this fiber-optic sensor was characterized as a refractometer operating in the index range of 1. 35-1. 40. This dissertation consists of five articles aimed to develop this kind of fiber-optic sensor for physical, chemical and biological applications. The first article is devoted to drop down the range of measurable indices in order to be capable of performing in most practical chemical and biochemical Systems whose refractive indices are 1. 33-1. 36. The relations between the structural and material parameters of the multilayered configuration for the excitation of SPR at certain wavelength have been theoretically derived. Sol-gel technique is applied to fabricate the Zirconium acetate overlay as thin as some ten nanometers. The reliability is improved by preventing the oxidation of silver using a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of long chain acid thiol. This article has been submitted to Thin Solid Films. Accepted by Sensors & Actuators A, the spatial variations of the electric field vector during the propagation of the skew rays in the multimode fiber are investigated in the second article. An accurate 3D model has been established so that the experimental phenomena, which first demonstrate the influences of the polarization direction of the incident light with respect to the input end face of the fiber, can be consistently explained. The sensing signals coming from such as the adsorption of a very thin dielectric layer on metal surface or the slight variation of the refractive index in the monitored bulk medium are ready to be quantitatively interpreted. Next article, accepted for publication by Applied Optics, proposes a direct method to determine the thickness and the optical constants of the thin metal films deposited on the surface of the fiber core by simple measurements of fiber-optic SPR responses. The significance of this work cornes from the difficulties in characterizing the metal films with curved surfaces by using the conventional optical techniques such as reflectometry and ellipsometry. A novel optical means capable of monitoring the formation process of the alkylthiol SAM is presented in the fourth article, submitted to Journal of Chemical Physics. The application of the fiber-optic SPR technique to study SAMs and the direct observation and description of the tilting process during the self-assembly of alkylthiol, to our knowledge, have never been reported before in the literature. The rather high sensitivity proves that our fiber-optic approach is more adapted than ellipsometry and the prism-based SPR System to monitor the variations over entire investigated dielectric film. Last article, submitted to Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, is dedicated to develop a biosensor based on this fiber-optic arrangement to monitor the biomolecular interaction. With very simple configuration, this immunosensor has manifested good performances in both sensitivity and specificity compared to the commercialized BIACORE Probe that is much more complex and expensive. This work makes a starting progress towards the development of a portable immunoprobe for non-labeling immunoassay. These five articles are independent as well as supplementary each other. The conditions on which the SPR can be excited in a multilayered geometry, obtained in the first article, provide a theoretical basis for the choice of light wavelength or the index range of environment medium while metal gold is used as it can be seen in other articles. The studies of the accurate 3D model in the second article for simulating the performances of the fiber-optic sensors enable to characterize afterwards the metal film (in the third article), the chemical adsorbed layer (in the fourth article) and the functional biomolecular layers (in the 5th article). Moreover, the successful measurement of the metallic film properties in the third article ensures the success in the detection of the alkylthiol SAM, which is adsorbed on the metal surface (referred to the fourth article). Furthermore, the determinations of the gold film and the thiol layer are necessary for characterizing the antibody film and the antibody-antigen-binding layer after the affinity reaction. As a result, a new SPR multimode fiber-optic biosensor has been realized and reported in the 5th article. This biosensor has been well designed, elaborated and characterized at the level of its each layer
Gomes, Jean-Thomas. "Mise en place de processus de génération de somme de fréquences optiques large bande dediés à l'imagerie haute résolution pour l'astronomie." Limoges, 2013. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/d7f4b140-9282-4d2e-ad20-b07c795d3a78/blobholder:0/2013LIMO4012.pdf.
Full textStellar interferometers dedicated to high angular resolution imaging are powerful instruments that allow an extensive study of our Universe. This thesis describes a new instrument, called sum frequency generation interferometer, dedicated to the spatio-temporal coherence analysis of infrared radiations in the visible domain around 630nm thanks to frequency shift processes. This frequency shift is achieved through a sum frequency generation process, supplied by a laser source at 1064 nm, in the PPLN crystals placed on each arm of the interferometer. The first part of this thesis provides the theoretical elements needed for the understanding of the present work. The second part concerns the design, the realization and the characterization of a sum frequency generation interferometer suitable for the analysis of broadband infrared sources. The third part presents the experimental temporal coherence analysis of such a source. It ends by the experimental demonstration of the spatial coherence analysis of an artificial thermal source in the photon counting regime. The last part deals with the possibility to extend the spectral bandwidth of the interferometer and shows the appearance of a frequency spectral compression effect through the PPLN crystals. It concludes with the proposed implementation of a sum frequency generation interferometer on the CHARA telescope array and provides an estimation of the limiting magnitude reached by combining this instrument to different configurations of the interferometer
Granata, Massimo. "Développements optiques pour les détecteurs d'ondes gravitationnelles de deuxième et troisième génération: cavités de recyclage pour Advanced Virgo et modes de Laguerre-Gauss d'ordre supérieur." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00665858.
Full textRodriguez-Otazo, Mariela. "Réalisation de pinces optiques pour la manipulation de nano et micro objets individuels d'intérêt chimique ou biologique." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112099.
Full textWe built an experiment of optical tweezers based on the use of an inverted optical microscope. Two classes of micro objects were studied : 1 - spherical or roughly spherical colloidal particles, either homogeneous such as colloids of pure silica elaborated through a sol-gel method or commercial latex balls, or inhomogeneous such as composite particles made up of a metal gold core embedded in a silica shell. 2 - micro-single crystals of a fluorescent organic molecule presenting a nonspherical, parallelepipedic form. Our study showed an effective trapping even on the smallest particles containing a gold core. For the hybrid gold-silica nanoparticles, the elastic constant of the optical trap measured in experiments is stronger than for the silica nanoparticles with a similar diameter. This result is in agreement with a simple model based on the increase in polarizability of the particle due to the presence of the gold core. The influence of the polarization of the light was studied and we discussed the choice of the detector of position. The organic microcrystals are directed so that their long axis is in the axial direction of the trapping beam; the short axis follows the direction of the linear polarization of the beam. In circular or elliptic polarization, the crystals are put spontaneously in rotation with high speed up to 500 turns per second. It is the ¯rst time that such a result is deferred for particles of the size of our crystals. Another surprising result is that when the incident power increases, the rotation speed also increases as expected but after the passage by a maximum, whereas the power continues growing, the rotation speed decreases until complete stop of rotation, and this evolution is not reversible ! The thesis presented is a thesis carried out within a framework of cotutelle between the University Paris 11 and the Higher Institute of Science and Advanced Technologies - Havana University in Cuba
Chu, Audrey. "Couplage lumière-matière au sein de détecteurs infrarouges à base de nanocristaux colloïdaux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS082.
Full textColloidal nanocrystals are nanoparticles grown in solution. When their dimension is reduced below the Bohr radius, quantum confinement appears: optical properties depend on the size of the crystal. These nanocrystals are currently used for their visible emission properties but can also be applied for infrared photodetection. Mercury and lead chalcogenide (and in particular HgTe and PbS) absorb in the infrared. The hopping transport associated with nanocrystal array induced the use of thin film. The absorption of such film remains low and so does their performance. My work consists in induce light-matter coupling within a nanocrystal array in order to boost the absorption and the responsivity. Using nanostructured electrodes, it is possible to induce guided mode resonances within nanocrystal thin films. The responsivity of such devices presents an increase of a factor 102 – 103 compared to a film on conventional electrodes due to an enlargement of the absorption and the photoconductive gain both. This method is versatile and can be used for different materials, at different wavelengths and for different device geometries. In a last part, I will show a device that improve transport properties in a nanocrystal film. This device has a detectivity of 1012 Jones at 2.5 µm, 1 V and 200 K, which is comparable with commercial detectors
Sirmain, Gilles. "Etude, réalisation, et métrologie de photodétecteurs infrarouge à bande d'impuretés bloquée à base de silicium dopé antimoine." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30065.
Full textGalland, Rémi. "Mise en oeuvre de concepts de détecteurs optiques de fluorescence intégrant la source de lumière au composant pour des immunoanalyses adaptées à des aplications hors laboratoire." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00332307.
Full textPour ce faire, un modèle théorique basé sur la décomposition en ondes planes de l'émission d'un dipôle a été développé. Ce modèle nous a permis d'étudier à la fois les propriétés d'émission de sources organiques de types OLED ainsi que celles de molécules fluorescentes situées à l'interface d'un milieu massif recouvert ou non par une couche mince.
Une étude expérimentale et théorique de sources organique situées à l'intérieur d'une cavité Fabry Pérot a permis de fournir des réponses concrètes aux deux principaux défauts inhérents aux OLED pour leur intégration, la directivité angulaire d'émission et la largeur spectrale. Enfin, l'étude de lame de verre recouverte par une couche mince de Nitrure de Silicium a montré qu'il était possible d'améliorer le rapport signal sur bruit du détecteur et a permis de valider la configuration de l'instrument mis au point au laboratoire.
Mrad, Imed. "La méthode du recuit simulé pour la synthèse automatique de schéma électrique équivalent : Application à la modélisation de composant et à l'adaptation à large bande." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ECAP0588.
Full textBellino, Isabelle (1973. "Caractérisation de la taille et de la concentration volumique de particules en suspension." Aix-Marseille 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX11029.
Full textMas, Adrien. "Etude et développement de caméras infrarouge multispectrales à acquisition simultanée pour la détection de gaz." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASP001.
Full textThe accidental emission of gas in an industrial platform or the use of chemical weapons can have dramatic consequences. Bertin Technology commercialize an infrared multispectral camera using an array of uncooled detectors and called Second Sight allowing the detection of numerous gas. However, the temporal acquisition of spectral images is a limitation for a use on mobile platforms (vehicles, drones...). Therefore, the purpose of my PhD was to study several concepts of snapshot multispectral cameras using a single array of uncooled detectors. I worked on two concepts of optical architectures: a kaleidoscope-based design and a multichannel design inspired by the TOMBO architecture. The kaleidoscope-based camera can use optimally the focal plane array while having an important aperture and a great range of Fields of View. However, it has an important footprint and the implementation of the multispectral function is not obvious. By comparing, the multichannel architecture can be very compact and easily adaptable for multispectral applications but a compromise between its aperture and its Field Of View is necessary. Following these studies, the TOMBO multichannel design was chosen as the successor of the Second Sight and I could make a first demonstrator. Finally, a radiometric model was developed to compare the different cameras and I showed that the TOMBO camera could have better performances than the Second Sight thanks to its snapshot feature
Lanthermann, Cyprien. "Mise en oeuvre de détecteurs à avalanche pour l’interférométrie astronomique en proche infra-rouge : application à la multiplicité des étoiles massives." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAY060.
Full textFrom their interaction with their environment, the massive stars contribute significantly to the evolution of their host galaxy. However, their formation process is still unknown. To better constrain the formation models of those stars, the study of their multiplicity is essential. While photometry and spectroscopy allow studying the multiple systems separated from a few milliarcseconds (mas), and direct imaging allows to probe the separations above 50 mas, the range between a few mas and 50 mas of separation could not be probed until recently. This range can be resolved by the optical long baseline interferometry (OLBI), but this technique was limited in sensitivity and was able to observe only a dozen of massive stars a few years ago. Performing a statistical study on the multiplicity of massive stars requires to observe a larger number of objects.The goal of this thesis is to improve the sensitivity of the OLBI technique to conduct a survey on the multiplicity of Northern hemisphere massive stars.First, I actively participated in the implementation of two C-RED ONE cameras in the interferometric instruments MIRC-X and MYSTIC for the CHARA array of the Mount Wilson Observatory, in California. These cameras, based on the avalanche photodiode (APD) technology, have been used in astrophysics only for a few years; our knowledge on how they work is quite limited. During my thesis, I performed a full characterization of these cameras. I built a model of the signal distribution of the APD detectors to better understand the obtained results. This model and the classical characterization methods highlighted significant differences between the gain and excess noise factor that I measured and those provided by the manufacturer. Even if this makes individual photon counting impossible, the characteristics of these cameras remain exceptional, with a total noise below the electron for a frame rate up to kilohertz, which is fundamental to get rid at best of the atmospheric turbulence.These performance lead to a consequent sensitivity improvement: MIRC-X reaches a limiting magnitude of H = 7.5, to be compared with H = 5 for its predecessor MIRC. This limiting magnitude is confirmed by the demonstration survey on 44 massive stars. During this survey, I could observe routinely several targets with magnitudes of H = 7.5, and up to H = 8.1 with really favorable atmospheric conditions. In these observations, I detected 27 companions for a total of 21 multiple systems, with separations between 0.5 and 50 mas. This demonstration survey confirms the possibility to use MIRC-X to look for companions in the range of separation not covered by the other observational techniques, and this on a large number of massive stars (> 100).This demonstration survey corresponds to the first phase of the large survey on Northern hemisphere massive stars with a magnitude H < 7.5 that I prepared. I have thus selected 120 systems that are observable with the CHARA array, which will allow a statistical analysis of the massive stars multiplicity, as a complement of the SMASH+ survey in the Southern hemisphere. This kind of surveys is essential to constrain the formation models of those stars
LeChasseur, Yoan. "Microsonde optique et électrique pour l'enregistrement de neurones unitaires in vivo." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27503/27503.pdf.
Full textThe central nervous system is composed of heterogeneous populations of neurons. Studying their functional properties in the intact central nervous system (CNS) is key to be able to understand their respective role in signal processing within entire networks. To achieve this, it is essential to be able to record electrophysiologically from identified neurons in the intact tissue. Recording from identified cells types in vivo has remained a challenge, especially for local circuit neurons. Novel fluorescent labeling techniques open new possibilities on that front. To take full advantage of these recent developments, the ability to record electrophysiological signals from single neurons must be combined with optical detection of individual cells deep into CNS tissue. Here it describe the development of a novel microprobe based on a dual core optical fiber: an optical core that excites locally fluorescent labeled cells and collects back the fluorescence, and an electrolyte filled hollow core that performs classical extracellular single unit electrophysiological measurements. In contrast to previous solutions, this novel design allows production of microprobes with sufficient optical resolution for single cell detection: the microprobes could be pulled down to tips sizes of 6 µm, which is smaller than the cell body diameter of most neuron populations. It is presented the evolution of the microprobe design and the experimental setup. To characterize the optical properties of the probes, it is showed a series of in vitro experiments and numerical simulations. Then, it is presented in vivo experiment to identify and record single spinal neurons labeled retrogradely with fluorescent dyes as well as single GABAergic interneurons expressing GFP in the brain of transgenic mice. It’s also established a spatial criterion to correlate optical and electrophysiological signals, confirming co-detection of single cells. This novel microprobe vastly expands possibilities for in vivo electrophysiological recording by providing parallel access to single cell optical monitoring.
Paradis, Nicolas. "Segmentation d'un patron de lumière structurée : vision 3D active et codée utilisant la lumière blanche." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27778/27778.pdf.
Full textDib, Rabih. "Caractérisation vibratoire des machines industrielles par des méthodes pseudo-inverses : méthodologie, instrumentation et expérimentation." Compiègne, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002COMP1424.
Full textAlchaar, Rodolphe. "Fabrication and characterization of InAs/GaSb superlattice photodetectors for the long-wave infrared." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTS028.
Full textThis PhD thesis reports the development of InAs/GaSb type-2 superlattice (T2SL)-based barrier photodetectors operating in the long-wave (LWIR) and very long-waveinfrared (VLWIR). The main properties of this material were described as well asthe advantages it offers for LWIR detection.The InAs/GaSb T2SL absorber was implemented in a barrier structure with anInAs/AlSb SL barrier layer and an InAs/GaSb contact layer. The performance of theproposed structure was analyzed using the commercial software Silvaco ATLAS. Thestructure was grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) and the samples showedgood crystalline quality and homogeneity across the 2-inch wafer as determined byhigh-resolution X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy and photoluminescencemeasurements. LWIR and VLWIR devices were fabricated by a photolithographybasedprocedure developped at IES.Fabricated devices were characterized electrically and electro-optically. The measurements included J(V), C(V) and non-calibrated photoresponse. The devices exhibited cut-off wavelengths close to their targeted values with dark current levels at the state of the art of T2SL IR detectors. However, the first devices suffered from a high operating bias and for that reason, a new optimized structure was designed. New wafers were grown based on the optimized design dedicated to LWIR and VLWIR focal plane array fabrication