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Academic literature on the topic 'DETECTING DEEPFAKES'
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Journal articles on the topic "DETECTING DEEPFAKES"
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Mai, Kimberly T., Sergi Bray, Toby Davies, and Lewis D. Griffin. "Warning: Humans cannot reliably detect speech deepfakes." PLOS ONE 18, no. 8 (2023): e0285333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285333.
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Speech deepfakes are artificial voices generated by machine learning models. Previous literature has highlighted deepfakes as one of the biggest security threats arising from progress in artificial intelligence due to their potential for misuse. However, studies investigating human detection capabilities are limited. We presented genuine and deepfake audio to n = 529 individuals and asked them to identify the deepfakes. We ran our experiments in English and Mandarin to understand if language affects detection performance and decision-making rationale. We found that detection capability is unreliable. Listeners only correctly spotted the deepfakes 73% of the time, and there was no difference in detectability between the two languages. Increasing listener awareness by providing examples of speech deepfakes only improves results slightly. As speech synthesis algorithms improve and become more realistic, we can expect the detection task to become harder. The difficulty of detecting speech deepfakes confirms their potential for misuse and signals that defenses against this threat are needed.
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Dobber, Tom, Nadia Metoui, Damian Trilling, Natali Helberger, and Claes de Vreese. "Do (Microtargeted) Deepfakes Have Real Effects on Political Attitudes?" International Journal of Press/Politics 26, no. 1 (2020): 69–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1940161220944364.
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Deepfakes are perceived as a powerful form of disinformation. Although many studies have focused on detecting deepfakes, few have measured their effects on political attitudes, and none have studied microtargeting techniques as an amplifier. We argue that microtargeting techniques can amplify the effects of deepfakes, by enabling malicious political actors to tailor deepfakes to susceptibilities of the receiver. In this study, we have constructed a political deepfake (video and audio), and study its effects on political attitudes in an online experiment ( N = 278). We find that attitudes toward the depicted politician are significantly lower after seeing the deepfake, but the attitudes toward the politician’s party remain similar to the control condition. When we zoom in on the microtargeted group, we see that both the attitudes toward the politician and the attitudes toward his party score significantly lower than the control condition, suggesting that microtargeting techniques can indeed amplify the effects of a deepfake, but for a much smaller subgroup than expected.
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Vinogradova, Ekaterina. "The malicious use of political deepfakes and attempts to neutralize them in Latin America." Latinskaia Amerika, no. 5 (2023): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044748x0025404-3.
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Deepfake technology has revolutionized the field of artificial intelligence and communication processes, creating a real threat of misinformation of target audiences on digital platforms. The malicious use of political deepfakes has become widespread between 2017 and 2023. The political leaders of Argentina, Brazil, Colombia and Mexico were attacked with elements of doxing. Fake videos that used the politicians' faces undermined their reputations, diminishing the trust of the electorate, and became an advanced tool for manipulating public opinion. A series of political deepfakes has raised an issue for the countries of the Latin American region to develop timely legal regulation of this threat. The purpose of this study is to identify the threats from the uncontrolled use of political deepfake in Latin America. According to this purpose, the author solves the following tasks: analyzes political deepfakes; identifies the main threats from the use of deepfake technology; examines the legislative features of their use in Latin America. The article describes the main detectors and programs for detecting malicious deepfakes, as well as introduces a scientific definition of political deepfake.
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Singh, Preeti, Khyati Chaudhary, Gopal Chaudhary, Manju Khari, and Bharat Rawal. "A Machine Learning Approach to Detecting Deepfake Videos: An Investigation of Feature Extraction Techniques." Journal of Cybersecurity and Information Management 9, no. 2 (2022): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.54216/jcim.090204.
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Deepfake videos are a growing concern today as they can be used to spread misinformation and manipulate public opinion. In this paper, we investigate the use of different feature extraction techniques for detecting deepfake videos using machine learning algorithms. We explore three feature extraction techniques, including facial landmarks detection, optical flow, and frequency analysis, and evaluate their effectiveness in detecting deepfake videos. We compare the performance of different machine learning algorithms and analyze their ability to detect deepfakes using the extracted features. Our experimental results show that the combination of facial landmarks detection and frequency analysis provides the best performance in detecting deepfake videos, with an accuracy of over 95%. Our findings suggest that machine learning algorithms can be a powerful tool in detecting deepfake videos, and feature extraction techniques play a crucial role in achieving high accuracy.
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Das, Rashmiranjan, Gaurav Negi, and Alan F. Smeaton. "Detecting Deepfake Videos Using Euler Video Magnification." Electronic Imaging 2021, no. 4 (2021): 272–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2021.4.mwsf-272.
Full textAbstract:
Recent advances in artificial intelligence make it progressively hard to distinguish between genuine and counterfeit media, especially images and videos. One recent development is the rise of deepfake videos, based on manipulating videos using advanced machine learning techniques. This involves replacing the face of an individual from a source video with the face of a second person, in the destination video. This idea is becoming progressively refined as deepfakes are getting progressively seamless and simpler to compute. Combined with the outreach and speed of social media, deepfakes could easily fool individuals when depicting someone saying things that never happened and thus could persuade people in believing fictional scenarios, creating distress, and spreading fake news. In this paper, we examine a technique for possible identification of deepfake videos. We use Euler video magnification which applies spatial decomposition and temporal filtering on video data to highlight and magnify hidden features like skin pulsation and subtle motions. Our approach uses features extracted from the Euler technique to train three models to classify counterfeit and unaltered videos and compare the results with existing techniques.
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Raza, Ali, Kashif Munir, and Mubarak Almutairi. "A Novel Deep Learning Approach for Deepfake Image Detection." Applied Sciences 12, no. 19 (2022): 9820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12199820.
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Deepfake is utilized in synthetic media to generate fake visual and audio content based on a person’s existing media. The deepfake replaces a person’s face and voice with fake media to make it realistic-looking. Fake media content generation is unethical and a threat to the community. Nowadays, deepfakes are highly misused in cybercrimes for identity theft, cyber extortion, fake news, financial fraud, celebrity fake obscenity videos for blackmailing, and many more. According to a recent Sensity report, over 96% of the deepfakes are of obscene content, with most victims being from the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, India, and South Korea. In 2019, cybercriminals generated fake audio content of a chief executive officer to call his organization and ask them to transfer $243,000 to their bank account. Deepfake crimes are rising daily. Deepfake media detection is a big challenge and has high demand in digital forensics. An advanced research approach must be built to protect the victims from blackmailing by detecting deepfake content. The primary aim of our research study is to detect deepfake media using an efficient framework. A novel deepfake predictor (DFP) approach based on a hybrid of VGG16 and convolutional neural network architecture is proposed in this study. The deepfake dataset based on real and fake faces is utilized for building neural network techniques. The Xception, NAS-Net, Mobile Net, and VGG16 are the transfer learning techniques employed in comparison. The proposed DFP approach achieved 95% precision and 94% accuracy for deepfake detection. Our novel proposed DFP approach outperformed transfer learning techniques and other state-of-the-art studies. Our novel research approach helps cybersecurity professionals overcome deepfake-related cybercrimes by accurately detecting the deepfake content and saving the deepfake victims from blackmailing.
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Jameel, Wildan J., Suhad M. Kadhem, and Ayad R. Abbas. "Detecting Deepfakes with Deep Learning and Gabor Filters." ARO-THE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF KOYA UNIVERSITY 10, no. 1 (2022): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14500/aro.10917.
Full textAbstract:
The proliferation of many editing programs based on artificial intelligence techniques has contributed to the emergence of deepfake technology. Deepfakes are committed to fabricating and falsifying facts by making a person do actions or say words that he never did or said. So that developing an algorithm for deepfakes detection is very important to discriminate real from fake media. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are among the most complex classifiers, but choosing the nature of the data fed to these networks is extremely important. For this reason, we capture fine texture details of input data frames using 16 Gabor filters indifferent directions and then feed them to a binary CNN classifier instead of using the red-green-blue color information. The purpose of this paper is to give the reader a deeper view of (1) enhancing the efficiency of distinguishing fake facial images from real facial images by developing a novel model based on deep learning and Gabor filters and (2) how deep learning (CNN) if combined with forensic tools (Gabor filters) contributed to the detection of deepfakes. Our experiment shows that the training accuracy reaches about 98.06% and 97.50% validation. Likened to the state-of-the-art methods, the proposed model has higher efficiency.
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Giudice, Oliver, Luca Guarnera, and Sebastiano Battiato. "Fighting Deepfakes by Detecting GAN DCT Anomalies." Journal of Imaging 7, no. 8 (2021): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7080128.
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To properly contrast the Deepfake phenomenon the need to design new Deepfake detection algorithms arises; the misuse of this formidable A.I. technology brings serious consequences in the private life of every involved person. State-of-the-art proliferates with solutions using deep neural networks to detect a fake multimedia content but unfortunately these algorithms appear to be neither generalizable nor explainable. However, traces left by Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) engines during the creation of the Deepfakes can be detected by analyzing ad-hoc frequencies. For this reason, in this paper we propose a new pipeline able to detect the so-called GAN Specific Frequencies (GSF) representing a unique fingerprint of the different generative architectures. By employing Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), anomalous frequencies were detected. The β statistics inferred by the AC coefficients distribution have been the key to recognize GAN-engine generated data. Robustness tests were also carried out in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique using different attacks on images such as JPEG Compression, mirroring, rotation, scaling, addition of random sized rectangles. Experiments demonstrated that the method is innovative, exceeds the state of the art and also give many insights in terms of explainability.
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Lim, Suk-Young, Dong-Kyu Chae, and Sang-Chul Lee. "Detecting Deepfake Voice Using Explainable Deep Learning Techniques." Applied Sciences 12, no. 8 (2022): 3926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12083926.
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Fake media, generated by methods such as deepfakes, have become indistinguishable from real media, but their detection has not improved at the same pace. Furthermore, the absence of interpretability on deepfake detection models makes their reliability questionable. In this paper, we present a human perception level of interpretability for deepfake audio detection. Based on their characteristics, we implement several explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) methods used for image classification on an audio-related task. In addition, by examining the human cognitive process of XAI on image classification, we suggest the use of a corresponding data format for providing interpretability. Using this novel concept, a fresh interpretation using attribution scores can be provided.
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Gadgilwar, Jitesh, Kunal Rahangdale, Om Jaiswal, Parag Asare, Pratik Adekar, and Prof Leela Bitla. "Exploring Deepfakes - Creation Techniques, Detection Strategies, and Emerging Challenges: A Survey." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 3 (2023): 1491–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.49681.
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Abstract: Deep learning, integrated with Artificial Intelligence algorithms, has brought about numerous beneficial practical technologies. However, it also brings up a problem that the world is facing today. Despite its innumerable suitable applications, it poses a danger to public personal privacy, democracy, and corporate credibility. One such use that has emerged is deepfake, which has caused chaos on the internet. Deepfake manipulates an individual's image and video, creating problems in differentiating the original from the fake. This requires a solution in today's period to counter and automatically detect such media. This study aims to explore the techniques for deepfake creation and detection, using various methods for algorithm analysis and image analysis to find the root of deepfake creation. This study examines image, audio, and ML algorithms to extract a possible sign to analyze deepfake. The research compares the performance of these methods in detecting deepfakes generated using different techniques and datasets. As deepfake is a rapidly evolving technology, we need avant-garde techniques to counter and detect its presence accurately.