Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Détection à faible bruit de fond'
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Guler, Hayg. "Contribution à l'expérience G0 de violation de la parité : calcul et simulation des corrections radiatives et étude du bruit de fond." Paris 11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA112279.
Full textIn the framework of quantum chromodynamics, the nucleon is made of three valence quarks surrpounded by a sea of gluons and quark-antiquark pairs. Only the only lightest quarks (u, d and s) contribute significantly to the nucleon properties. In Go we using the property of weak interaction to violate parity symmetry, in order to determine separately the contributions of the three types of quarks to nucleon form factors. The experiment, which takes place at Thomas Jefferson laboratory (USA), aims at measuring parity violation asymmetry in electron-proton scattering. By doing several measurements at different momentum squared of the exchanged photons and for different kinematics (forward angle when the proton is detected and backward angle it will be the electron) will permit to determine separately strange quarks electric and magnetic contributions to nucleon form factors. To extract an asymmetry with small errors, it is necessary to correct all the beam parameters, and to have high enough counting rates in detectors. A special electronics was developed to treat information coming from 16 scintillator pairs for each of the 8 sectors of the Go spectrometer. A complete calculation of radiative corrections has been clone and Monte Carlo simulations with the GEANT program has permitted to de determine the shape of the experimental spectra including inelastic background. This work will allow to do a comparison between experimental data and theoretical calculations based on the Standard Model
Utard, Christian. "Les Oscillateurs microondes faible bruit de fond à base de MESFET GaAs, TEGFET GaAIAs et transistor bipolaire modélisation, caractérisation et comparaison /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376190133.
Full textUtard, Christian. "Les oscillateurs microondes faible bruit de fond a base de mesfet gaas, tegfet gaalas et transistor bipolaire silicium : modelisation, caracterisation et comparaison." Toulouse 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOU30078.
Full textPerron, Vincent. "Apport des enregistrements de séismes et de bruit de fond pour l'évaluation site-spécifique de l'aléa sismique en zone de sismicité faible à modérée." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAU020.
Full textSite effects can greatly increase both the duration and the amplitude of the seismic solicitation imposed on structures. 2D-3D site effects induce broadband amplifications that cannot be simulated up to high frequency (>2-4 Hz) due to the limited resolution of the geological, geophysical and/or geotechnical information. Empirical site effect assessment is therefore essential for reliable observations of this complex phenomenon up to high frequency. However, such assessments often require good quality records from many earthquakes that cannot be rapidly obtained in low seismicity areas.This work presents a comparative analysis of these empirical evaluations on two very different sites, the first in a moderate seismicity context (Provence, France) and the second in a very active context (Kefalonia, Greece). For the Provençal site, nearly 500 earthquakes were recorded in only 2½ years thanks to the use of velocimeters. The site attenuation parameter κ_0 could thus be measured both on the acceleration (κ_(0_AS)) and displacement (κ_(0_DS)) spectra. Our results show that the measurement of κ_0 is relatively reliable on rock sites only, mainly due to the too great disturbance by the amplification for sedimentary sites, even for those that are quite stiff. The standard spectral ratio (SSR) approach provides the relative site effects from the numerous weak motion recordings available at sites located in Provence and Kefalonia. The results show a strong epistemic variability due to the lighting induced by the position of the seismic source with respect to the basin. Thus, while a reliable site response estimation is possible from only a few events for 1D geometries, it requires much more earthquakes evenly distributed around the site when the geometry is 2D-3D. The mean SSR results are then compared with those obtained from methods using the ambient noise. As expected, the H/V spectral ratio approach (HVSR) provides only the fundamental frequency for some sites. Conversely, SSR applied to ambient noise (SSRn) shows very similar results to the SSR method up to high frequency, provided that the reference site is taken in the sedimentary basin. Approaches using the noise correlation (coherence and ANIRF) reveal that the transfer function relative to a rock reference site can be estimated at least up to low frequency (<4 Hz). Methods using ambient noise are promising for a rapid evaluation of the site response and its spatial variability (microzoning), even when seismicity is low. Empirical site effects methods are therefore applicable everywhere. They provide an essential complement to numerical approaches, which remain inevitable when the coverage of available earthquakes is not homogeneous or when soils are likely to present non-linear behaviors.These results led us to propose a methodology for the evaluation of the site-specific seismic hazard, which consists of three main stages: (i) adjustment to the rock reference site of the ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs) using, among others, κ_(0_DS); (ii) Reliable evaluation of the SSR transfer function between at least one site in the basin and the reference site (for which the GMPEs were adjusted); (iii) carrying out this assessment from the ANIRF in the less seismically active regions and/or extension to the entire study area with the SSRn. This methodology allows a much better consideration of the site effects (especially 2D-3D) and a significant reduction of the uncertainties in the evaluations of the site-specific seismic hazard. It only required, simultaneous recording of earthquakes on at least two sites equipped with sensible velocimeters, and to carrying out temporary campaign of ambient noise measurements, if necessary
Hoarau, Gwenaël. "Étude de la limite de détection et des fausses alarmes émises par les moniteurs de mesure de la contamination radioactive atmosphérique dans les chantiers de démantèlement." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASP055.
Full textThe Continuous Air monitors are used in the nuclear facilities for ensuring the radiation protection of workers who are likely to be confronted to radioactive aerosols. The CAM behavior are evaluated under IEC normative conditions. In atmospheric conditions as measured in decommissioning nuclear sites, outside of IEC, wrongs CAM behavior are observed. Which correspond to the false positives triggering. The aim of this thesis work is to enhance the knowledge about the CAM behavior when it is faced to outside IEC normative conditions. A specific experimental chamber has been designed, inside which the reproduction of the dismantling nuclear site atmosphere is achievable. Thus, this experimental chamber made it possible, in the laboratory, the study of the behavior of a CAM type ABPM203M. With the results we have, on the one hand, highlighted the conditions which lead to unexpected behavior of the CAM and, on the other hand, demonstrated the reasons why a false positive alarm is often emitted under these conditions, outside IEC. At the synthesis of the results of the study, a new measurement process was proposed, which makes it possible, on the one hand, to consider both the characteristics of non-radioactive aerosols and those of radioactive aerosols and on the other hand, to improve the measurement achieved out by the CAM to always ensure the radiation protection of workers
Diao, Pape Sanoussy. "Système de détection embarqué ULB millimétrique pour la perception de l'environnement." Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC2005/document.
Full textWith the current context of security challenges, small objects detection is becoming a major issue in the fight against malicious acts. However, developments in millimeter-band technologies and the potential of these bands, particularly around 60 GHz, can facilitate the design of increasingly efficient systems to meet these challenges. This thesis is part of this context to propose an ultra-wideband (UWB) millimeter-wave detection system for short-range applications.After a detailed state-of-the-art of the fundamentals of detection, we present a validation of the radar cross-section (RCS) estimation by simulations with HFSS software and by measurements in anechoic chamber. These two studies allowed us to identify the essential elements for system analysis and the critical parameters for the detection of canonical objects such as cylinders and plates.Once the system analysis was identified, we proposed a multi-band detection approach based on monostatic radar to improve the detection coverage of the systems, but also and especially to overcome the limitation of objects detection according to their orientation in relation to the antenna boresight. We also proposed a simple architecture (transceiver) that could be associated with the detection principle. The system design allowed us to identify low noise amplifiers (LNAs) as critical elements of the receiver and thus establish their specifications to achieve the targeted performances.A comparison of IHP's SG13S and OMMIC's D007IH technologies is conducted in the last part of this work. The choice of technology is justified and the design of LNAs under ADS Keysight is detailed. A simulation of the entire system based on the performance of the designed LNAs and RCS simulations is presented to illustrate the implementation of detection. Finally, detection performances are evaluated for cylindrical targets and the contributions of the proposed system are illustrated in comparison with conventional single-band detection
Timofeeva, Maria. "Sonde magnétique inductive de haute sensibilité et conditionneur adapté très faible impédance : Perspectives de détection mixte Electrique : Magnétique, sans contact, à haute sensibilité, pour impédance-métrie résolue en volume." Caen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CAEN2049.
Full textThis PhD thesis was carried out in the framework of a contract CIFRE between the GREYC laboratory and the company Inphynix. The objective is the study and development of high performance magnetometers, based on search coils and associated transimpedance amplifier with a perspective of simultaneous measurement of both Electric E and Magnetic H fields. The magnetometer specifications were a high bandwidth, a high dynamic range and a small volume occupancy. A theoretical and experimental study of compact search coils dedicated were performed. The spatial resolution for search coils with different geometrical forms was studied. Differential current amplifiers and transimpedance amplifiers optimized for this application were studied especially for differential signal mode transfer and noise. An original differential search coil based magnetometer, made of coupled coils, operating in flux mode and connected to a differential transimpedance amplifier has been developed. It was shown that this structure is better than two separated coils in terms of volume occupancy, spatial resolution, noise and low cut-off frequency. The structure of an original mixed E-H field sensor and its amplifier has been defined. Key words: Search coil sensor, Magnetometer, Transimpedance amplifier, Differentiel current amplifier, Spatial resolution, mixed E-H field sensor
Azevedo, Goncalves João Carlos. "Développement de bancs de caractérisation pour la mesure de bruit et la détection de puissance entre 130 GHz et 320 GHz." Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1I116.
Full textThanks to advances in silicon technologies, it is now possible to design complex circuits in the millimeter frequency band above 110 GHz. The design of these systems relies on the use of accurate and reliable models of passive and active devices such as MOS or bipolar transistors. In order to ensure the validity of these models above 110 GHz, it is necessary to perform measurements above 110 GHz. However, beyond this frequency, the current test bench and methods of characterization are reaching their limits. These thesis studies are fully in line with this problem related to the increasing frequency of characterization needs, whose objective is the development of characterization benches for noise and power measurement between 130 GHz and 320 GHz. The work carried out has addressed the development of a noise receiver that has enabled the characterization of noise sources developed up to 260 GHz. The last problem dealt with by this work was the development of a high frequency power detector up to 320 GHz, with a large measurement dynamic range and a sufficiently high sensitivity to ensure an accurate and reliable measurement
Cagniant, Antoine. "Développement et modélisation d'un spectromètre multidétecteur Ge/Si pour la détection des ultra-traces de produits de fission dans l'environnement." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066151/document.
Full textFor the verification of the Comprehensive nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), the measurement of fission products trace levels in the environment is fundamental. Such measurement is a key indicator of a nuclear explosion. For constant amelioration of these measurements, the CEA/DAM-Ile de France has developed and installed a new dedicated surface spectrometer. Named GAMMA3, it is equipped with three germanium detectors, two silicon detectors (integrated in a dedicated gas cell, the PIPSBox) and includes an optimized shielding.This shielding reduces greatly the interference of environmental photons, muons and neutrons with the detectors. The residual radiological background measured inside the shielding is the community’s lowest for a surface laboratory. This set of high energy resolution detectors allows the operator to optimize a measurement according to the sample geometry, activity or nature. More precisely, a radioactive noble gas can be measured by photon/electron coincidence, an active sample can be measured by photon/photon coincidence, and a low-active sample can be measured in a high-efficiency configuration. Combining optimized shielding and optimized measurement, Minimum Detectable Activities required for CTBT certification are obtained quickly. Specifically, MDA is reached in 5 hours for 140-Ba (24 mBq), in 6h30 hours for 131m/133m-Xe (5 mBq) and in 7h15 for 133-Xe (5 mBq), when CTBT requirement is in 6 days
Zarif, Yussefian Nikta. "Mise en oeuvre d'un mode d'imagerie par transillumination et détection multi-vue à ultra-faible bruit dans l'imageur QOS[indice supérieur TM] pour imagerie moléculaire optique sur petit animal." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5891.
Full textJacquier, Philippe. "Vers des mesures précises de violation de la parité dans le Césium : Contruction d'une expérience nouvelle utilisant une détection active par émission induite." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 1991. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011878.
Full textMaisonobe, Romain. "Mesure du coefficient de corrélation angulaire a entre l'électron et l'antineutrino dans la désintégration ß du neutron avec le spectromètre aSPECT." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01060163.
Full textQueguiner, Emeline. "Analysis of the data of the EDELWEISS-LT experiment searching for low-mass WIMP." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1196/document.
Full textMany astrophysical and cosmological observations lead to postulate the existence of an unknown matter, called dark matter. Ordinary matter can explain only 5 % of the energy content of the Universe : the main components would be the dark energy (70 %) and dark matter (25 %). This latter is invisible and manifest itself only via its gravitational effects. Several particles, grouped under the generic term of WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles), could correspond to this theory and are actively searched. Many experiments have been developed for this purpose and are based on three strategies: the production of these particles with colliders, the observation of the particles produced by their annihilation in astrophysical objects or the direct detection of these particles via their interaction with the nucleus of the atoms constituent of a detector. It is on this last method that the EDELWEISS experiment is based. It is a dark matter direct detection experiment dedicated to the search for WIMP with masses between 1 GeV and 1 TeV. Its primary purpose is to detect nuclear recoils induced by elastic scattering of dark matter particles in detectors. Since the expected event rates < 10 /(kg.year) are several orders of magnitude lower than those induced by ambient radioactivity, a double measurement of ionization and heat is used to discriminate electron-induced recoils arising from β and γ interactions from WIMP-induced nuclear recoils. In addition, the experiment was placed underground to guard against cosmic radiation, inducing events in the detectors. These are germanium bolometers, called FID, cooled to cryogenic temperatures (18 mK) and operating at low field (1 V/cm). Since 2015, the new strategy of the experiment consists of focusing on WIMPs with mass below 10 GeV, an interessant research area where experiments using cryogenic detectors can exploit their ability to operate with experimental thresholds well below 1 keV. The operation of the experiment has been improved to achieve this goal. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the data set recorded by EDELWEISS in 2015 and 2016. These used the FID detectors subjected to a greater electric field than previously to improve their sensitivity. It is expected that the limit on the spin-independent WIMP-nucleon crosssection extracted from these data will be greatly impacted by a dominant background, called heat-only events. That is why they are studied in detail in this work. They are characterized by a rise in heat seen by thermal sensors without any ionization signal on the collecting electrodes. This study resulted in to highlight a model for these events that can be used in the WIMP search analyses. Following these results, a maximum likelihood analysis was constructed. This method of analysis makes it possible to statistically subtract the background noise from the experiment by exploiting the difference between the energy spectra of signal and backgrounds. In this way, limits on the spin-independent WIMP-nucleon cross-section are obtained. They will be compared to the results of other experiments
Cordolino, Sobral Andrews. "Robust low-rank and sparse decomposition for moving object detection : from matrices to tensors." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LAROS007/document.
Full textThis thesis introduces the recent advances on decomposition into low-rank plus sparse matrices and tensors, as well as the main contributions to face the principal issues in moving object detection. First, we present an overview of the state-of-the-art methods for low-rank and sparse decomposition, as well as their application to background modeling and foreground segmentation tasks. Next, we address the problem of background model initialization as a reconstruction process from missing/corrupted data. A novel methodology is presented showing an attractive potential for background modeling initialization in video surveillance. Subsequently, we propose a double-constrained version of robust principal component analysis to improve the foreground detection in maritime environments for automated video-surveillance applications. The algorithm makes use of double constraints extracted from spatial saliency maps to enhance object foreground detection in dynamic scenes. We also developed two incremental tensor-based algorithms in order to perform background/foreground separation from multidimensional streaming data. These works address the problem of low-rank and sparse decomposition on tensors. Finally, we present a particular work realized in conjunction with the Computer Vision Center (CVC) at Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB)
Pattavina, Luca. "Radon-induced surface contaminations in neutrinoless double beta decay and dark matter experiments." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00640789.
Full textKerbrat, Estelle. "Imagerie par retournement temporel en contrôle non destructif des matériaux." Paris 7, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA077207.
Full textDi, Marco Marie. "Réduction du bruit de fond en vue de la détection de la matière sombre avec le projet PICASSO." Thèse, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/14759.
Full textLaurin, Mathieu. "Recherche de la matière sombre à l’aide de détecteurs à liquides surchauffés dans le cadre de l’expérience PICO/Picasso." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18480.
Full textDark matter makes up 85% of the matter content of the universe and we still don’t know what it is made of. The Picasso experiment, now named PICO, has been searching for it for several years with the use of superheated liquid detectors. Following the interaction of a particle with a superheated liquid freon of the CXFY family, a bubble is formed through a phase change and is detected with several types of sensors, telling us about the nature of the event. Located at SNOLab, in Ontario, these detectors produce some of the best results in the field. The present work will go through three types of superheated liquid detectors. A full description of the working principles will be presented for each of them. In addition, the fabrication, the operation mode and the data analysis will be shown. Detector calibration techniques will then be presented with different particle sources. Finally, the most recent results will be discussed, demonstrating the performance of the superheated liquid detector technique.
Gornea, Razvan Stefan. "Détection directe de la matière sombre avec le détecteur à gouttelettes surchauffées dans le cadre du projet PICASSO." Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18112.
Full textLafrenière, Matthieu. "Mesures d'étalonnage aux neutrons et caractérisation par étude Monte Carlo de la réponse des détecteurs à gouttelettes surchauffées conçus pour la recherche et la détection directe du neutralino (la matière sombre) menant aux résultats finaux de l'expérience PICASSO." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20603.
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