Journal articles: 'Detectors photon'

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TAKIZAWA, Y., T. IKEDA, T. OKU, C. OTANI, K. KAWAI, H. SATO, H. M. SHIMIZU, H. MIKAMI, H. MIYASAKA, and H. WATANABE. "DEVELOPMENT OF SUPERCONDUCTING TUNNEL JUNCTIONS FOR EUV DETECTORS." Surface Review and Letters 09, no. 01 (February 2002): 561–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x02002646.

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Superconducting tunnel junctions (STJs) are applicable to as photon detectors with an energy resolution and a high photon-counting rate. The absorption of a photon in the superconductor of the STJ generates a number of quasiparticles that is proportional to the photon energy. Especially for soft X-ray and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) applications, STJs have good performance because of their high absorption efficiency below 1 keV. We are developing an energy-dispersive photon detector for EUV radiation using STJs with Al trapping layers. We evaluated the performance of the detector for EUV photons by using the Synchrotron Facility at KEK-PF in Tsukuba, Japan. We achieved an energy resolution of FWHM=18 eV (including the external noise of 17.6 eV) for 55 eV EUV photons with a 100 × 100 μ m 2 STJ. We present details of the junction design and discuss our experiments and the results.

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Müller, J. Gerhard. "Photon Detection as a Process of Information Gain." Entropy 22, no. 4 (March 30, 2020): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22040392.

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Making use of the equivalence between information and entropy, we have shown in a recent paper that particles moving with a kinetic energy ε carry potential information i p o t ( ε , T ) = 1 ln ( 2 ) ε k B T relative to a heat reservoir of temperature T . In this paper we build on this result and consider in more detail the process of information gain in photon detection. Considering photons of energy E p h and a photo-ionization detector operated at a temperature T D , we evaluate the signal-to-noise ratio S N ( E p h , T D ) for different detector designs and detector operation conditions and show that the information gain realized upon detection, i r e a l ( E p h , T D ) , always remains smaller than the potential information i p o t ( E p h , T D ) carried with the photons themselves, i.e.,: i r e a l ( E p h , T D ) = 1 ln ( 2 ) ln ( S N ( E p h , T D ) ) ≤ i p o t ( E p h , T D ) = 1 ln ( 2 ) E p h k B T D . This result is shown to be generally valid for all kinds of technical photon detectors, which shows that i p o t ( E p h , T D ) can indeed be regarded as an intrinsic information content that is carried with the photons themselves. Overall, our results suggest that photon detectors perform as thermodynamic engines that incompletely convert potential information into realized information with an efficiency that is limited by the second law of thermodynamics and the Landauer energy bounds on information gain and information erasure.

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Buchal, Ch, and M. Löken. "Silicon-Based Metal-Semiconductor-Metal Detectors." MRS Bulletin 23, no. 4 (April 1998): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s088376940003027x.

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Photodetectors must provide fast and efficient conversion of photons to charge carriers. When considering semiconductor light sources, the indirect bandgap of silicon and germanium represents a serious obstacle to radiative electron-hole recombinations. Momentum conservation demands the simultaneous interaction of the electron-hole pair with a momentum-matching phonon. As a consequence, radiative recombinations are five orders of magnitude less probable in Si if compared to a direct semiconductor such as GaAs.Although the absorption of a photon and the generation of an electron-hole pair may be considered as the inverse process to emission, photon absorption within indirect semiconductors is a highly probable process if the photon energy is sufficient to bridge the energy gap in a direct process. The resulting electronhole pair is created in an excited state and relaxes sequentially. The ubiquitous-silicon solar cells operate this way. In the visible spectral range, Si photodetectors have demonstrated fast and efficient performance, being readily adapted for opto electronic applications and being fully compatible to standard-silicon processing schemes.

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Tremsin, Anton S., John V. Vallerga, Oswald H. W. Siegmund, Justin Woods, Lance E. De Long, Jeffrey T. Hastings, Roland J. Koch, Sophie A. Morley, Yi-De Chuang, and Sujoy Roy. "Photon-counting MCP/Timepix detectors for soft X-ray imaging and spectroscopic applications." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 28, no. 4 (May 28, 2021): 1069–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577521003908.

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Detectors with microchannel plates (MCPs) provide unique capabilities to detect single photons with high spatial (<10 µm) and timing (<25 ps) resolution. Although this detection technology was originally developed for applications with low event rates, recent progress in readout electronics has enabled their operation at substantially higher rates by simultaneous detection of multiple particles. In this study, the potential use of MCP detectors with Timepix readout for soft X-ray imaging and spectroscopic applications where the position and time of each photon needs to be recorded is investigated. The proof-of-principle experiments conducted at the Advanced Light Source demonstrate the capabilities of MCP/Timepix detectors to operate at relatively high input counting rates, paving the way for the application of these detectors in resonance inelastic X-ray scattering and X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) applications. Local count rate saturation was investigated for the MCP/Timepix detector, which requires optimization of acquisition parameters for a specific scattering pattern. A single photon cluster analysis algorithm was developed to eliminate the charge spreading effects in the detector and increase the spatial resolution to subpixel values. Results of these experiments will guide the ongoing development of future MCP devices optimized for soft X-ray photon-counting applications, which should enable XPCS dynamics measurements down to sub-microsecond timescales.

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Va'vra, J. "Photon detectors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 371, no. 1-2 (March 1996): 33–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(95)01138-2.

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Akino, Yuichi, Masateru Fujiwara, Keita Okamura, Hiroya Shiomi, Hirokazu Mizuno, Fumiaki Isohashi, Osamu Suzuki, Yuji Seo, Keisuke Tamari, and Kazuhiko Ogawa. "Characterization of a microSilicon diode detector for small-field photon beam dosimetry." Journal of Radiation Research 61, no. 3 (March 25, 2020): 410–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrr/rraa010.

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Abstract This study characterized a new unshielded diode detector, the microSilicon (model 60023), for small-field photon beam dosimetry by evaluating the photon beams generated by a TrueBeam STx and a CyberKnife. Temperature dependence was evaluated by irradiating photons and increasing the water temperature from 11.5 to 31.3°C. For Diode E, microSilicon, microDiamond and EDGE detectors, dose linearity, dose rate dependence, energy dependence, percent-depth-dose (PDD), beam profiles and detector output factor (OFdet) were evaluated. The OFdet of the microSilicon detector was compared to the field output factors of the other detectors. The microSilicon exhibited small temperature dependence within 0.4%, although the Diode E showed a linear variation with a ratio of 0.26%/°C. The Diode E and EDGE detectors showed positive correlations between the detector reading and dose rate, whereas the microSilicon showed a stable response within 0.11%. The Diode E and microSilicon demonstrated negative correlations with the beam energy. The OFdet of microSilicon was the smallest among all the detectors. The maximum differences between the OFdet of microSilicon and the field output factors of microDiamond were 2.3 and 1.6% for 5 × 5 mm2 TrueBeam and 5 mm φ CyberKnife beams, respectively. The PDD data exhibited small variations in the dose fall-off region. The microSilicon and microDiamond detectors yielded similar penumbra widths, whereas the other detectors showed steeper penumbra profiles. The microSilicon demonstrated favorable characteristics including small temperature and dose rate dependence as well as the small spatial resolution and output factors suitable for small field dosimetry.

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Hatsui, Takaki, and Heinz Graafsma. "X-ray imaging detectors for synchrotron and XFEL sources." IUCrJ 2, no. 3 (April 10, 2015): 371–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205225251500010x.

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Current trends for X-ray imaging detectors based on hybrid and monolithic detector technologies are reviewed. Hybrid detectors with photon-counting pixels have proven to be very powerful tools at synchrotrons. Recent developments continue to improve their performance, especially for higher spatial resolution at higher count rates with higher frame rates. Recent developments for X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) experiments provide high-frame-rate integrating detectors with both high sensitivity and high peak signal. Similar performance improvements are sought in monolithic detectors. The monolithic approach also offers a lower noise floor, which is required for the detection of soft X-ray photons. The link between technology development and detector performance is described briefly in the context of potential future capabilities for X-ray imaging detectors.

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Schmitt, Bernd, Anna Bergamaschi, Sebastian Cartier, Roberto Dinapoli, Dominic Greiffenberg, Ian Johnson, Aldo Mozzanica, Xintian Shi, Julia Smith, and Gemma Tinti. "Current and future detector developments at the Swiss Light Source." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205327331409319x.

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The detector group of the Swiss Light Source (SLS) at the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) has a long history of x-ray detector developments for synchrotrons. Initially these detectors were all single photon counting systems. In the last years the focus at PSI was moving towards charge integrating systems mainly driven by the detector needs for the upcoming XFELs. Charge integrating systems however also solve some of the problems of single photon counting systems. Charge integrating systems have an almost infinite linear count rate capability, allow systems with smallest pixel sizes and for low photon energies. In this presentation we give an overview of the detector developments at PSI and focus on Jungfrau, Mönch and Eiger. Eiger is a single photon counting system specifically developed for high frame rates. It has a 75 micron pixel size and can run at frame rates up to 24 kHz. A 9M Eiger detector will be installed in a few months at the cSAXS beamline of the SLS. Jungfrau uses the same sensor as Eiger (about 4cm x 8 cm with a pixel size of 75 microns). It has a charge integrating architecture with dynamic gain switching to achieve a dynamic range of 10^4 photons (at 12 keV). With a frame rate of up to 2 kHz Jungfrau is currently being developed for applications at both XFELs and synchrotrons. 16M Jungfrau detectors are foreseen at the SwissFEL. Mönch is currently a research project. A first prototype with 160x160 pixels and a pixel size of 25 microns was designed and is currently characterised. It offers the smallest pixel size of current hybrid pixel detectors and also has a very low noise allowing hybrid pixel detectors to be used down to about 400eV. We present measurement results for Jungfrau, Mönch and Eiger and give an outlook on future possible systems.

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BONDANI, MARIA, ALESSIA ALLEVI, and ALESSANDRA ANDREONI. "CHOOSING A PHOTOEMISSIVE DETECTOR SUITABLE FOR PHOTON-NUMBER STATISTICS OF PULSED FIELDS." International Journal of Quantum Information 09, supp01 (January 2011): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749911007113.

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We investigate the possibility of using linear detectors that exhibit a response to dark just resolved from that corresponding to a single detected photon to reconstruct the photon-number statistics of pulsed fields containing sizeable numbers of photons per pulse. We demonstrate that by applying a self-consistent procedure to analyze the output pulses of such detectors, we can properly measure statistical distributions of the number of detected photons and photon number correlations. The lack of fulfillment of such minimal requirements impairs the possibility of reliable shot-by-shot determinations of photon numbers.

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Mitrofanov, Oleg, and Igal Brener. "All-dielectric photoconductive metasurfaces for terahertz applications." Photoniques, no. 101 (March 2020): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/photon/202010147.

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We review applications of all-dielectric metasurfaces for one of the cornerstone technologies in THz research – ultrafast photoconductive (PC) switches – which are widely used as sources and detectors of broadband THz pulses. Nanostructuring the PC switch channel as a perfectly-absorbing and optically thin PC metasurface allows us to engineer the optical as well as the electronic properties of the channel and improve the efficiency of THz detectors. This approach also opens new routes for employing novel PC materials and enabling new device architectures including THz detector arrays.

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Schulze-Briese, Clemens. "Hybrid photon-counting detectors accelerating synchrotron and laboratory science." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314093073.

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Since their introduction in 2007, single-photon-counting PILATUS hybrid pixel detectors and MYTHEN micro-strip detectors have transformed synchrotron research by enabling new data acquisition modes and even novel experiments. At the same time data quality has improved due to the noise-free operation and the direct conversion of the X-rays, while millisecond readout time and high-frame rates allow for hitherto unknown data acquisition speed and efficiency. Instant retrigger technology, introduced in 2012 with the PILATUS3 further improves the count-rate capabilities to 107 photons/sec/pixel, allowing single photon counting at brightest synchrotron beamlines. On the other hand, the unique properties of these detectors have also been explored to improve and accelerate diffraction and scattering experiments in the laboratory. The noise-free operation is a key advantage in combination with the low-flux laboratory sources, allowing for high-throughput and optimal data quality. The modular architecture of the detectors and the vacuum-compatibility of the PILATUS detector modules are ideal prerequisites to design specific detector solutions. In-vacuum operation is ideally suited to eliminate all background arising from windows and air, resulting in optimal signal-to-noise ratio. Furthermore, the lowest accessible X-ray energy is no longer limited by windows and air absorption but rather by the beamline spectrum and the detector. The minimal X-ray energy compatible with noise-free counting for the PILATUS is below 2 keV. With EIGER, hybrid pixel detectors will enter into a new realm of spatial and temporal resolution. Continuous read-out with frame rates up to 3000 Hz and a pixel size of 75 µm are ideally suited for all scanning type of imaging experiments, time-resolved and high-throughput experiments as well as for outrunning radiation damage. A short overview of the novel aspects of the detector technology will be given. The main emphasize of the presentation will be on the science enabled by the combination of advanced source, optics and detector instrumentation.

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Boyko, T. D., R. J. Green, A. Moewes, and T. Z. Regier. "Measuring partial fluorescence yield using filtered detectors." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 21, no. 4 (June 12, 2014): 716–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160057751401073x.

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Typically, X-ray absorption near-edge structure measurements aim to probe the linear attenuation coefficient. These measurements are often carried out using partial fluorescence yield techniques that rely on detectors having photon energy discrimination improving the sensitivity and the signal-to-background ratio of the measured spectra. However, measuring the partial fluorescence yield in the soft X-ray regime with reasonable efficiency requires solid-state detectors, which have limitations due to the inherent dead-time while measuring. Alternatively, many of the available detectors that are not energy dispersive do not suffer from photon count rate limitations. A filter placed in front of one of these detectors will make the energy-dependent efficiency non-linear, thereby changing the responsivity of the detector. It is shown that using an array of filtered X-ray detectors is a viable method for measuring soft X-ray partial fluorescence yield spectra without dead-time. The feasibility of this technique is further demonstrated using α-Fe2O3as an example and it is shown that this detector technology could vastly improve the photon collection efficiency at synchrotrons and that these detectors will allow experiments to be completed with a much lower photon flux reducing X-ray-induced damage.

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Hall, David, Yu-Hsin Liu, and Yu-Hwa Lo. "Single photon avalanche detectors: prospects of new quenching and gain mechanisms." Nanophotonics 4, no. 4 (November 6, 2015): 397–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2015-0021.

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AbstractWhile silicon single-photon avalanche diodes (SPAD) have reached very high detection efficiency and timing resolution, their use in fibre-optic communications, optical free space communications, and infrared sensing and imaging remains limited. III-V compounds including InGaAs and InP are the prevalent materials for 1550 nm light detection. However, even the most sensitive 1550 nm photoreceivers in optical communication have a sensitivity limit of a few hundred photons. Today, the only viable approach to achieve single-photon sensitivity at 1550 nm wavelength from semiconductor devices is to operate the avalanche detectors in Geiger mode, essentially trading dynamic range and speed for sensitivity. As material properties limit the performance of Ge and III-V detectors, new conceptual insight with regard to novel quenching and gain mechanisms could potentially address the performance limitations of III-V SPADs. Novel designs that utilise internal self-quenching and negative feedback can be used to harness the sensitivity of single-photon detectors,while drastically reducing the device complexity and increasing the level of integration. Incorporation of multiple gain mechanisms, together with self-quenching and built-in negative feedback, into a single device also hold promise for a new type of detector with single-photon sensitivity and large dynamic range.

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LOLLI, L., G. BRIDA, I. P. DEGIOVANNI, M. GRAMEGNA, E. MONTICONE, F. PIACENTINI, C. PORTESI, et al. "Ti/Au TES AS SUPERCONDUCTING DETECTOR FOR QUANTUM TECHNOLOGIES." International Journal of Quantum Information 09, supp01 (January 2011): 405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749911007022.

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Single photon detectors are fundamental tools for quantum metrology, e.g. to calibrate both detectors and sources, as for quantum information. One of the most promising detectors able to resolve single photons is the transition-edge sensor (TES). We report our last results obtained with Ti/Au TES deposited on SiN substrate. Photon counting measurements, obtained by using pulsed sources, in the NIR-visible wavelength range, show the ability to resolve up to fourteen photons with an energy resolution of 0.44 eV at 690 nm (1.80 eV) and 0.38 eV at 1310 nm (0.95 eV), with a good linearity. A preliminary measurement obtained by using a parametric down conversion (PDC) heralded single photon source, at 812 nm (1.53 eV), is also reported.

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D’Ambrosio, C., and H. Leutz. "Hybrid photon detectors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 501, no. 2-3 (April 2003): 463–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(03)00431-5.

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Horiuchi, Noriaki. "Single-photon detectors." Nature Photonics 7, no. 9 (August 29, 2013): 672–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2013.222.

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Li, Yingrui, Gangqiang Zha, Yu Guo, Shouzhi Xi, Lingyan Xu, and Wanqi Jie. "Investigation on X-ray Photocurrent Response of CdZnTe Photon Counting Detectors." Sensors 20, no. 2 (January 9, 2020): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20020383.

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Counting rate is an important factor for CdZnTe photon counting detectors as high-flux devices. Until recently, there has been a lack of knowledge on the relationship between X-ray photocurrent response and the photon counting performance of CdZnTe detectors. In this paper, the performance of linear array 1 × 16-pixel CdZnTe photon counting detectors operated under different applied biases is investigated. The relation between experimental critical flux and applied bias show an approximate quadratic dependence, which agrees well the theoretical prediction. The underlying relationship among X-ray photocurrents, carrier transport properties, and photon counting performance was obtained by analyzing X-ray current–voltage and time current curves. The typical X-ray photocurrent curve can be divided into three regions, which may be explained by the photoconductive gain mechanism and electric field distortion characteristics. To keep CdZnTe photon counting detectors working in a “non-polarized state”, the applied bias should be set on the left side of the “valley region” (high bias direction) in the X-ray I-V curves. This provides an effective measurement for determining the proper working bias of CdZnTe detectors and screening photon counting detector crystals.

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Trueb, P., C. Dejoie, M. Kobas, P. Pattison, D. J. Peake, V. Radicci, B. A. Sobott, D. A. Walko, and C. Broennimann. "Bunch mode specific rate corrections for PILATUS3 detectors." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 22, no. 3 (April 9, 2015): 701–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577515003288.

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PILATUS X-ray detectors are in operation at many synchrotron beamlines around the world. This article reports on the characterization of the new PILATUS3 detector generation at high count rates. As for all counting detectors, the measured intensities have to be corrected for the dead-time of the counting mechanism at high photon fluxes. The large number of different bunch modes at these synchrotrons as well as the wide range of detector settings presents a challenge for providing accurate corrections. To avoid the intricate measurement of the count rate behaviour for every bunch mode, a Monte Carlo simulation of the counting mechanism has been implemented, which is able to predict the corrections for arbitrary bunch modes and a wide range of detector settings. This article compares the simulated results with experimental data acquired at different synchrotrons. It is found that the usage of bunch mode specific corrections based on this simulation improves the accuracy of the measured intensities by up to 40% for high photon rates and highly structured bunch modes. For less structured bunch modes, the instant retrigger technology of PILATUS3 detectors substantially reduces the dependency of the rate correction on the bunch mode. The acquired data also demonstrate that the instant retrigger technology allows for data acquisition up to 15 million photons per second per pixel.

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Richardson, Robert L., Husheng Yang, and Peter R. Griffiths. "Effects of Detector Nonlinearity on Spectra Measured on Three Commercial FT-IR Spectrometers." Applied Spectroscopy 52, no. 4 (April 1998): 572–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702981943897.

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The effect of the nonlinear response of mercury-cadmium-telluride (MCT) detectors has been evaluated on three commercial Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometers. The greater the photon flux and the photon flux density, and the smaller the area of the detector on which the source image is focused, the greater are the effects of the nonlinearity. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of spectra measured with an MCT detector under conditions of high photon flux and, especially, high photon flux density is significantly less than the SNR calculated by using the manufacturer's D* value. Detector nonlinearity usually leads to negative deviations in Beer's law plots. An empirical correction algorithm has been applied to Beer's law spectra acquired with the use of photoconductive MCT detectors and has been found to work well.

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Crosignani, Viera, Sohail Jahid, Alexander Dvornikov, and Enrico Gratton. "Deep tissue imaging by enhanced photon collection." Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 07, no. 05 (September 2014): 1450034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793545814500345.

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We have developed a two-photon fluorescence microscope capable of imaging up to 4mm in turbid media with micron resolution. The key feature of this instrument is the innovative detector, capable of collecting emission photons from a wider surface area of the sample than detectors in traditional two-photon microscopes. This detection scheme is extremely efficient in the collection of emitted photons scattered by turbid media which allows eight fold increase in the imaging depth when compared with conventional two-photon microscopes. Furthermore, this system also has in-depth fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) imaging capability which increases image contrast. The detection scheme captures emission light in a transmission configuration, making it extremely efficient for the detection of second harmonic generation (SHG) signals, which is generally forward propagating. Here we present imaging experiments of tissue phantoms and in vivo and ex vivo biological tissue performed with this microscope.

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Aguiar, Pablo, and Cristina Lois. "Analytical Study of the Effect of the System Geometry on Photon Sensitivity and Depth of Interaction of Positron Emission Mammography." Journal of Oncology 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/605076.

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Positron emission mammography (PEM) cameras are novel-dedicated PET systems optimized to image the breast. For these cameras it is essential to achieve an optimum trade-off between sensitivity and spatial resolution and therefore the main challenge for the novel cameras is to improve the sensitivity without degrading the spatial resolution. We carry out an analytical study of the effect of the different detector geometries on the photon sensitivity and the angle of incidence of the detected photons which is related to the DOI effect and therefore to the intrinsic spatial resolution. To this end, dual head detectors were compared to box and different polygon-detector configurations. Our results showed that higher sensitivity and uniformity were found for box and polygon-detector configurations compared to dual-head cameras. Thus, the optimal configuration in terms of sensitivity is a PEM scanner based on a polygon of twelve (dodecagon) or more detectors. We have shown that this configuration is clearly superior to dual-head detectors and slightly higher than box, octagon, and hexagon detectors. Nevertheless, DOI effects are increased for this configuration compared to dual head and box scanners and therefore an accurate compensation for this effect is required.

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You, Lixing. "Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors for quantum information." Nanophotonics 9, no. 9 (June 22, 2020): 2673–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0186.

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AbstractThe superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) is a quantum-limit superconducting optical detector based on the Cooper-pair breaking effect by a single photon, which exhibits a higher detection efficiency, lower dark count rate, higher counting rate, and lower timing jitter when compared with those exhibited by its counterparts. SNSPDs have been extensively applied in quantum information processing, including quantum key distribution and optical quantum computation. In this review, we present the requirements of single-photon detectors from quantum information, as well as the principle, key metrics, latest performance issues, and other issues associated with SNSPD. The representative applications of SNSPDs with respect to quantum information will also be covered.

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Thekkadath, G. S., B. A. Bell, I. A. Walmsley, and A. I. Lvovsky. "Engineering Schrödinger cat states with a photonic even-parity detector." Quantum 4 (March 2, 2020): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2020-03-02-239.

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When two equal photon-number states are combined on a balanced beam splitter, both output ports of the beam splitter contain only even numbers of photons. Consider the time-reversal of this interference phenomenon: the probability that a pair of photon-number-resolving detectors at the output ports of a beam splitter both detect the same number of photons depends on the overlap between the input state of the beam splitter and a state containing only even photon numbers. Here, we propose using this even-parity detection to engineer quantum states containing only even photon-number terms. As an example, we demonstrate the ability to prepare superpositions of two coherent states with opposite amplitudes, i.e. two-component Schrödinger cat states. Our scheme can prepare cat states of arbitrary size with nearly perfect fidelity. Moreover, we investigate engineering more complex even-parity states such as four-component cat states by iteratively applying our even-parity detector.

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Mueller, Marcus, Meitian Wang, and Clemens Schulze-Briese. "Optimal data collection using photon-counting Hybrid Pixel Detectors." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314096582.

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The data collection parameters used in a diffraction experiment have a strong impact on the quality of the acquired data. A careful choice of parameters leads to better data and can make the difference between success and failure in phasing attempts and better data will also result in a more accurate atomic model. The selection of data acquisition parameters has to account for the application of the data in various phasing methods or high-resolution refinement. Furthermore, experimental factors like crystal characteristics and the properties of X-ray source and detector have to be considered. Hybrid Pixel Detectors are now for several years in use in macromolecular crystallography and an increasing number of synchrotron beamlines as well as laboratory instruments are equipped with such detectors. Photon-counting Hybrid Pixel Detectors have fundamentally different characteristics and offer various advantages over other detector technologies. To fully exploit the advantages of Hybrid Pixel Detectors, different data collection strategies than those established for other detector types have to be applied. Fine φ-slicing is a strategy particularly well suited because of the fast readout time and the absence of readout noise. This strategy was systematically investigated collecting a large number of data sets from crystals of four different proteins to investigate the benefit of fine φ-slicing on data quality with a noise-free detector in practice. The results show that fine φ-slicing can substantially improve scaling statistics and anomalous signal. Furthermore, when collecting data in continuous rotation at high frame rates up to hundreds of images per second, quality might be impaired by detector readout. Results on the influence of readout time on data quality will be presented and strategies to easily avoid detrimental effects of detector readout will be discussed.

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Syresin, Evgeny, Alexander Grebentsov, Oleg Brovko, Mikhail Yurkov, Wolfgang Freund, and Jan Grünert. "MCP-based detectors: calibration and first photon radiation measurements." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26, no. 5 (July 12, 2019): 1400–1405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577519006295.

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Detectors based on microchannel plates (MCPs) are used to detect radiation from free-electron lasers. Three MCP detectors have been developed by JINR for the European XFEL (SASE1, SASE2 and SASE3 lines). These detectors are designed to operate in a wide dynamic range from the level of spontaneous emission to the SASE saturation level (between a few nJ up to 25 mJ), in a wide wavelength range from 0.05 nm to 0.4 nm for SASE1 and SASE2, and from 0.4 nm to 4.43 nm for SASE3. The detectors measure photon pulse energies with an anode and a photodiode. The photon beam image is observed with an MCP imager with a phosphor screen. At present, the SASE1 and SASE3 MCP detectors are commissioned with XFEL beams. Calibration and first measurements of photon radiation in multibunch mode are performed with the SASE1 and SASE3 MCPs. The MCP detector for SASE2 and its electronics are installed in the XFEL tunnel, technically commissioned, and are now ready for acceptance tests with the X-ray beam.

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THOMAS, ANDREAS. "RECENT RESULTS FROM THE REAL PHOTON EXPERIMENT AT MAMI." International Journal of Modern Physics E 19, no. 05n06 (June 2010): 1064–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301310015503.

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Experiments with real photons have been performed for many years at the Mainz accelerator MAMI with different detectors. The upgraded MAMI C accelerator recently delivered electrons with an energy of 1604MeV. The A2 collaboration performs experiments with energy tagged polarised real photons produced via 'Bremsstrahlung'. Linear and circular photon polarisation is possible. In the years 2005/2006 the Crystal Ball detector with its unique detection capability for multi photon final states was set up in Mainz. The Crystal Ball at MAMI setup offers an excellent possibility to study decays of the η and η′ mesons. Due to the high intensity photon beam the apparatus can be seen as an η-factory. Recent results from the Crystal Ball experiment at MAMI are presented. In the future we plan to use a longitudinal and transverse polarised frozen spin target to investigate the spin polarisibilities of the nucleons.

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Bantawa, Kabi Raj. "Experimental Facility at A2 Collaboration (MAINZ) for Photoproduction reaction." Journal of Nepal Physical Society 3, no. 1 (January 28, 2016): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnphyssoc.v3i1.14446.

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<p>Since 20 years, a very successful experimental program with real photons has been achieved at the Mainz Microtron (MAMI) facility. The A2 Collaboration at MAINZ is a unique place for the experimental facility of photoproduction reaction. The combination of highly sensitive photo spectrometers Crystal Ball and TAPS as forward wall detector along with particle identification detector and Multiwire proportional chambers as inner wall detectors provide the high precision of the measurement. MAMI-C, which consists of there Race Track Microtrons (RTMs) with the Harmonic Double -Sided Microtron (HDSM) is an intense, stable and continuous-wave accelerator to accelerate electron to 1.5 GeV. This electron beam is responsible to produce real photons via bremsstrahlung process at Glasgow Photon Tagger. A major part of the ongoing and future programme at MAMI will exploit polarised nucleon targets.</p><p>Journal of Nepal Physical Society Vol.3(1) 2015: 73-81</p>

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Reusch, Tobias, Markus Osterhoff, Johannes Agricola, and Tim Salditt. "Pulse-resolved multi-photon X-ray detection at 31 MHz based on a quadrant avalanche photodiode." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 21, no. 4 (June 3, 2014): 708–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577514006730.

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The technical realisation and the commissioning experiments of a high-speed X-ray detector based on a quadrant avalanche silicon photodiode and high-speed digitizers are described. The development is driven by the need for X-ray detectors dedicated to time-resolved diffraction and imaging experiments, ideally requiring pulse-resolved data processing at the synchrotron bunch repetition rate. By a novel multi-photon detection scheme, the exact number of X-ray photons within each X-ray pulse can be recorded. Commissioning experiments at beamlines P08 and P10 of the storage ring PETRA III, at DESY, Hamburg, Germany, have been used to validate the pulse-wise multi-photon counting scheme at bunch frequencies ≥31 MHz, enabling pulse-by-pulse readout during the PETRA III 240-bunch mode with single-photon detection capability. An X-ray flux of ≥3.7 × 109 photons s−1can be detected while still resolving individual photons at low count rates.

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Blaj, Gabriel. "Dead-time correction for spectroscopic photon-counting pixel detectors." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26, no. 5 (August 5, 2019): 1621–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577519007409.

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Modern photon-counting pixel detectors have enabled a revolution in applications at synchrotron light sources and beyond in the last decade. One of the limitations of the current detectors is their reduced counting linearity or even paralysis at high counting rates, due to dead-time which results in photon pile-up. Existing dead-time and pile-up models fail to reproduce the complexity of dead-time effects on photon-counting, resulting in empirical calibrations for particular detectors at best, imprecise linearization methods, or no linearization. This problem will increase in the future as many synchrotron light sources plan significant brilliance upgrades and free-electron lasers plan moving to a quasi-continuous operation mode. Presented here are the first models that use the actual behavior of the analog pre-amplifiers in spectroscopic photon-counting pixel detectors with constant current discharge (e.g. the Medipix and CPix families of detectors) to deduce more accurate analytical models and optimal linearization methods. In particular, for detectors with at least two counters per pixel, the need for calibration, or previous knowledge of the detector and beam parameters (dead-time, integration time, large sets of synchrotron filling patterns), is completely eliminated. This is summarized in several models of increasing complexity and accuracy. Finally, a general empirical approach is presented, applicable to any particular cases where the analytical approach is not sufficiently precise.

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Zhang, K., G. Rosenbaum, and G. Bunker. "Energy-Resolving X-ray Fluorescence Detection Using Synthetic Multilayers." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 5, no. 4 (July 1, 1998): 1227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049597019535.

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The potential of synthetic multilayers for energy-resolving the X-ray fluorescence in X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) experiments is discussed. Two detection systems, one using curved multilayers and the other using graded multilayers to select X-ray fluorescence photons, have been designed to cover a wide energy range with a usefully large solid angle. Such a detector will be more advantageous than the barrel-like crystal-array detector because of the unique properties of synthetic multilayers, such as larger horizontal acceptance angles and bandwidth. In addition, the detector should be much simpler to construct and readily accommodates energy changes, especially the detector using graded multilayers. Comparison of the multilayer array detector with conventional detectors, such as ionization chambers and conventional 13-element Ge detectors, shows that the proposed system will be superior, particularly with the increased photon fluxes available from insertion devices and with decreased sample concentration, since this detection system eliminates the `bad' photons before they enter any X-ray detector. Consequently, the X-ray detector proper for this system does not suffer from the incident-count-rate bottleneck common to current X-ray fluorescence detectors with energy resolution by signal processing. Thus, this new fluorescence detection system will provide tremendous opportunities for XAFS measurements on dilute systems, such as biological systems, at third-generation synchrotron sources.

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Ghirri, Alberto, Samuele Cornia, and Marco Affronte. "Microwave Photon Detectors Based on Semiconducting Double Quantum Dots." Sensors 20, no. 14 (July 19, 2020): 4010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20144010.

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Detectors of microwave photons find applications in different fields ranging from security to cosmology. Due to the intrinsic difficulties related to the detection of vanishingly small energy quanta ℏ ω , significant portions of the microwave electromagnetic spectrum are still uncovered by suitable techniques. No prevailing technology has clearly emerged yet, although different solutions have been tested in different contexts. Here, we focus on semiconductor quantum dots, which feature wide tunability by external gate voltages and scalability for large architectures. We discuss possible pathways for the development of microwave photon detectors based on photon-assisted tunneling in semiconducting double quantum dot circuits. In particular, we consider implementations based on either broadband transmission lines or resonant cavities, and we discuss how developments in charge sensing techniques and hybrid architectures may be beneficial for the development of efficient photon detectors in the microwave range.

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Sauli, Fabio. "Novel Cherenkov photon detectors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 553, no. 1-2 (November 2005): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2005.08.024.

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Schewe, Phillip F. "Quantum-dot photon detectors." Physics Today 58, no. 4 (April 2005): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4796980.

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Cova, Sergio D., and Massimo Ghioni. "Single-Photon Counting Detectors." IEEE Photonics Journal 3, no. 2 (April 2011): 274–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphot.2011.2130518.

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Allington-Smith, J. R., and H. E. Schwarz. "Compact Imaging Photon Detectors." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 33, no. 1 (1986): 293–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.1986.4337102.

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SHI, LiLi, JingBo WU, XueCou TU, BiaoBing JIN, Jian CHEN, and PeiHeng WU. "Terahertz single photon detectors." SCIENTIA SINICA Physica, Mechanica & Astronomica 51, no. 5 (March 23, 2021): 054203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/sspma-2020-0274.

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Pestotnik, R., S. Korpar, H. Chagani, R. Dolenec, P. Križan, and A. Stanovnik. "Silicon photo-multipliers as photon detectors for PET." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 623, no. 1 (November 2010): 594–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2010.03.081.

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Mirin, R. P., S. W. Nam, and M. A. Itzler. "Single-Photon and Photon-Number-Resolving Detectors." IEEE Photonics Journal 4, no. 2 (April 2012): 629–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphot.2012.2190394.

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Richard, F. "Conventional detectors for a photon-photon collider." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 355, no. 1 (February 1995): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(94)01184-2.

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Mushatet, Adil F., and Shelan K. Tawfeeq. "An efficient performance evaluation modeling tool for SNSPD used in QKD systems." International Journal of Quantum Information 17, no. 07 (October 2019): 1950059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021974991950059x.

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Single-photon detection concept is the most crucial and often difficult factor to determine the performance of quantum key distribution (QKD) systems. One solution to facilitate understanding this concept is to create a virtual environment for modeling, analyzing, and investigating the performance of single photon detectors. In this paper, a simulator for superconducting single photon detectors with time domain visualizer and configurable parameters is presented. The widely used ID281SNSPD in the QKD area was theoretically modeled in terms of pulse analysis, the impact of biasing current and the temperature on the dark counts rate and single photon-detection efficiency and influence of the number of photons per pulse on the single photon-detection efficiency. The simulated results were in good agreement with the theoretical results and the simulator demonstrated its adaptability.

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Zhou, Nan, Miao Qing Zhuang, and Hao Liang. "Design of High Speed and High Efficiency Single-Photon Detectors Using Silicon Avalanche Photodiodes." Key Engineering Materials 705 (August 2016): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.705.168.

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Avalanche photodiodes are crucial materials for single-photon detection. Single-photon detectors are indispensable components for optical experiments and applications such as quantum information processing and quantum communications, both of which demand high single-photon detection efficiency. The authors have first developed a silicon single-photon avalanche detector in near infrared spectrum with 1 MHz square wave gating and tested its performance. Then we have also designed a high-speed and high-efficiency silicon single-photon detection system with 152 MHz sine wave gating and improved its single-photon detection efficiency to 77.48%.

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Hu, Huiqin, Xinyi Ren, Zhaoyang Wen, Xingtong Li, Yan Liang, Ming Yan, and E. Wu. "Single-Pixel Photon-Counting Imaging Based on Dual-Comb Interferometry." Nanomaterials 11, no. 6 (May 24, 2021): 1379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11061379.

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We propose and experimentally demonstrate single-pixel photon counting imaging based on dual-comb interferometry at 1550 nm. Different from traditional dual-comb imaging, this approach enables imaging at the photon-counting regime by using single-photon detectors combined with a time-correlated single-photon counter to record the returning photons. The illumination power is as low as 14 pW, corresponding to 2.2 × 10−3 photons/pulse. The lateral resolution is about 50 μm. This technique paves the way for applying dual-comb in remote sensing and imaging.

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PERERA, A. G. U., and S. G. MATSIK. "QUANTUM STRUCTURES FOR FAR-INFRARED DETECTION." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 12, no. 03 (September 2002): 821–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s012915640200171x.

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FIR photon detector development starting from the extrinsic detectors for LWIR to FIR wavelengths are presented. Several other types of IR detectors, including the cut-off wavelength extension into the FIR range for quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs), are summarized. Efforts in developing p-GaAs homojunction interfacial workfunction internal photoemission (HIWIP) far-infrared detectors and the most reason developments on GaAs/AlGaAs Heterojunction interfacial workfunction internal photoemission (HEIWIP) far-infrared detectors are presented.

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Polakovic, Tomas, Whitney Armstrong, Goran Karapetrov, Zein-Eddine Meziani, and Valentine Novosad. "Unconventional Applications of Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detectors." Nanomaterials 10, no. 6 (June 19, 2020): 1198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10061198.

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Superconducting nanowire single photon detectors are becoming a dominant technology in quantum optics and quantum communication, primarily because of their low timing jitter and capability to detect individual low-energy photons with high quantum efficiencies. However, other desirable characteristics, such as high detection rates, operation in cryogenic and high magnetic field environments, or high-efficiency detection of charged particles, are underrepresented in literature, potentially leading to a lack of interest in other fields that might benefit from this technology. We review the progress in use of superconducting nanowire technology in photon and particle detection outside of the usual areas of physics, with emphasis on the potential use in ongoing and future experiments in nuclear and high energy physics.

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Cai, Chen, Chen, Ma, Xu, Wu, Xu, and Wu. "Quantum Calibration of Photon-Number-Resolving Detectors Based on Multi-pixel Photon Counters." Applied Sciences 9, no. 13 (June 29, 2019): 2638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9132638.

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In this paper, we reconstructed the positive operator-valued measure (POVM) of a photon-number-resolving detector (PNRD) based on a multi-pixel photon counter (MPPC) by means of quantum detector tomography (QDT) at 791 nm and 523 nm, respectively. MPPC is a kind of spatial-multiplexing PNRD with a silicon avalanche photodiode (Si-APD) array as the photon receiver. Experimentally, the quantum characteristics of MPPC were calibrated at 2 MHz at two different wavelengths. The POVM elements were given by QDT. The fidelity of the reconstructed POVM elements is higher than 99.96%, which testifies that the QDT is reliable to calibrate MPPC at different wavelengths. With QDT and associated Wigner functions, the quantum properties of MPPC can be calibrated more directly and accurately in contrast with those conventional methods of modeling detectors.

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Lewis, Cale E., and Mini Das. "Spectral Signatures of X-ray Scatter Using Energy-Resolving Photon-Counting Detectors." Sensors 19, no. 22 (November 18, 2019): 5022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19225022.

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Energy-resolving photon-counting detectors (PCDs) separate photons from a polychromatic X-ray source into a number of separate energy bins. This spectral information from PCDs would allow advancements in X-ray imaging, such as improving image contrast, quantitative imaging, and material identification and characterization. However, aspects like detector spectral distortions and scattered photons from the object can impede these advantages if left unaccounted for. Scattered X-ray photons act as noise in an image and reduce image contrast, thereby significantly hindering PCD utility. In this paper, we explore and outline several important characteristics of spectral X-ray scatter with examples of soft-material imaging (such as cancer imaging in mammography or explosives detection in airport security). Our results showed critical spectral signatures of scattered photons that depend on a few adjustable experimental factors. Additionally, energy bins over a large portion of the spectrum exhibit lower scatter-to-primary ratio in comparison to what would be expected when using a conventional energy-integrating detector. These important findings allow flexible choice of scatter-correction methods and energy-bin utilization when using PCDs. Our findings also propel the development of efficient spectral X-ray scatter correction methods for a wide range of PCD-based applications.

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van Driel, Tim Brandt, Sven Herrmann, Gabriella Carini, Martin Meedom Nielsen, and Henrik Till Lemke. "Correction of complex nonlinear signal response from a pixel array detector." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 22, no. 3 (April 22, 2015): 584–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577515005536.

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The pulsed free-electron laser light sources represent a new challenge to photon area detectors due to the intrinsic spontaneous X-ray photon generation process that makes single-pulse detection necessary. Intensity fluctuations up to 100% between individual pulses lead to high linearity requirements in order to distinguish small signal changes. In real detectors, signal distortions as a function of the intensity distribution on the entire detector can occur. Here a robust method to correct this nonlinear response in an area detector is presented for the case of exposures to similar signals. The method is tested for the case of diffuse scattering from liquids where relevant sub-1% signal changes appear on the same order as artifacts induced by the detector electronics.

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Tsai, Hsinhan, Fangze Liu, Shreetu Shrestha, Kasun Fernando, Sergei Tretiak, Brian Scott, Duc Ta Vo, Joseph Strzalka, and Wanyi Nie. "A sensitive and robust thin-film x-ray detector using 2D layered perovskite diodes." Science Advances 6, no. 15 (April 2020): eaay0815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay0815.

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Solid-state radiation detectors, using crystalline semiconductors to convert radiation photons to electrical charges, outperform other technologies with high detectivity and sensitivity. Here, we demonstrate a thin-film x-ray detector comprised with highly crystalline two-dimensional Ruddlesden-Popper phase layered perovskites fabricated in a fully depleted p-i-n architecture. It shows high diode resistivity of 1012 ohm·cm in reverse-bias regime leading to a high x-ray detecting sensitivity up to 0.276 C Gyair−1 cm−3. Such high signal is collected by the built-in potential underpinning operation of primary photocurrent device with robust operation. The detectors generate substantial x-ray photon–induced open-circuit voltages that offer an alternative detecting mechanism. Our findings suggest a new generation of x-ray detectors based on low-cost layered perovskite thin films for future x-ray imaging technologies.

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Milburn, G. J., T. Ralph, A. White, E. Knill, and R. Laflamme. "Efficient linear optics quantum computation." Quantum Information and Computation 1, Special (December 2001): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic1.s-4.

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Two qubit gates for photons are generally thought to require exotic materials with huge optical nonlinearities. We show here that, if we accept two qubit gates that only work conditionally, single photon sources, passive linear optics and particle detectors are sufficient for implementing reliable quantum algorithms. The conditional nature of the gates requires feed-forward from the detectors to the optical elements. Without feed forward, non-deterministic quantum computation is possible. We discuss one proposed single photon source based on the surface acoustic wave guiding of single electrons.

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Liou, Juin Jie, Hao-Tse Hsiao, I.-Cheng Yao, Jia-Syun Jheng, and Chu-Hsuan Lin. "The Superior Responsivity Enhancement of Thin-Film Ge Photodetectors by AuNP Coatings." Coatings 10, no. 8 (July 29, 2020): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10080739.

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We have tried to improve the responsivity of germanium-based thin-film photodetectors. It has been shown that applying a mechanical strain to the detector led to a 46.6% enhancement on the 1550 nm detection. This improvement is better than the 1310 nm case, because the bandgap shrinkage is more beneficial to the small-energy photon detection. The AuNP coating is even more attractive for responsivity enhancement of thin-film germanium (Ge) detectors. The responsivity enhancement due to the AuNP deposition is as high as 89% and 47%, for the 1310 nm and 1550 nm detections, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the best responsivity enhancement for the thin-film Ge detectors reported to date.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Detectors photon'

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