Relevant bibliographies by topics / Detergency

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Detergency'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Detergency"

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Sulastri, Evi, Ni Ketut Sumarni, and Vitasari Vitasari. "Pengaruh Variasi Konsentrasi Zeolit sebagai Builder Agent terhadap Karakteristik Deterjen Cair." MPI (Media Pharmaceutica Indonesiana) 2, no. 4 (2019): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24123/mpi.v2i4.1572.

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This study aimed to determine the effect of various concentrations of zeolite as a buider agent in liquid detergent. Zeolite was synthesized from rice husk ash using solution to gel (sol-gel) method, followed by hydrothermal and then characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The synthesized zeolite was then formulated into liquid detergent with sodium lauryl sulfate, glycerin, citric acid, colouring agent, parfume, and three concentrations of zeolite, i.e.: 15% (F1), 20% (F2), and 25% (F3). Liquid detergent was prepared by mixing process using stirrer. The characterizations of liquid detergents were including pH, viscosity, specific gravity, foaming power, foam stability, and detergency power. The XRD showed that the zeolite was type-A zeolite. Moreover, the characterization showed that zeolite with varying concentrations tend to influence in pH, viscosity, and detergency power but relatively similar in specific gravity, foaming power, and foam stability. The result indicated that the detergents with zeolite have better cleaning ability than the control (without builder) and the comparator detergents (with STPP builder). The higher the concentration of zeolite, the higher the detergency power. Therefore, F3 was recommended as formula of detergent with the best detergency power.
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Hu, Qian, Jindan Wu, Zhiqiang Qin, et al. "Effective Detergency Determination for Single Polymeric Fibers Using Confocal Microscopy." Polymers 15, no. 15 (2023): 3314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15153314.

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Detergency determination for single polymeric fibers is of significant importance to screening effective detergents for laundry, but remains challenging. Herein, we demonstrate a novel and effective method to quantify the detergency for single polymeric fibers using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). It was applied to visualize the oil-removing process of single polymeric fibers and thus assess the detergency of various detergents. Four typical surfactants were selected for comparison, and a compounded detergent containing multiple components (e.g., anionic and nonionic surfactants, enzymes) was demonstrated to be the most effective and powerful soil-removing detergent because more than 50% of oil on the cotton fiber could be easily removed. Moreover, the oil removal process of three kinds of fibers (i.e., cotton, viscose, and polyester) was imaged and monitored by confocal microscopy. It was found that the percentage of the detergency of a single polyester fiber exceeded 70%, which is much higher than that of cotton and viscose fibers (~50%), which may be due to its relatively smooth surface. Compared to traditional methods, the CLSM imaging method is more feasible and effective to determine the detergency of detergents for single polymeric fibers.
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Yuliyanti, Mela, Vinsensius Maunia Singgih Husada, Halida Anwar Alzundi Fahrudi, and Widiastuti Agustina Eko Setyowati. "Quality and Detergency Optimization, Liquid Detergent Preparation, Mahogany Seed Extract (Swietenia mahagoni)." JKPK (Jurnal Kimia dan Pendidikan Kimia) 4, no. 2 (2019): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/jkpk.v4i2.32750.

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The use of <em>Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate</em>(LAS) as a surfactant for making detergent can pollute aquatic ecosystem and agricultural soils. Mahogany seed extract can be used as a substitute for LAS because it contains saponin so that it can be used also as a foaming agent to remove dirt on clothes. This research aims to know the optimum liquid detergent formula seen from its suitability with SNI 06-4075-1996 about Liquid Washing Detergents, foam stability and detergency power. The research steps are (1) Making simplicia (2) Extracting mahogany seeds with ethanol solvent (3) Identification of saponin (4) Making liquid detergent preparations (5) Quality test, foam stability test and detergency power. The results showed that formula 2 with a ratio of mahogany seed extract : LAS is 2 : 1 is the most optimum formula because it appropiate with SNI, and has the best foam stability and detergency power. Formula 2 has pH 11.1; specific gravity 1.1; 0.1% free alkaline, foam stability of 70% and detergency without rinsing 91.53% and by rinsing 94.680%.<pre><em> </em></pre>
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Kalak, Tomasz, Krzysztof Gąsior, Daria Wieczorek, and Ryszard Cierpiszewski. "Improvement of washing properties of liquid laundry detergents by modification with N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate sulfobetaine." Textile Research Journal 91, no. 1-2 (2020): 115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517520934161.

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Detergency of commercial liquid detergents before and after modification with SB3C16 (5%, m/m) sulfobetaine (N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate) was examined using colorimetric analysis based on a CIELab system. The EMPA 101 standard cotton fabric soiled with carbon black and olive oil was used in washing tests under the following experimental conditions: the concentration of liquid laundry detergents 1.25–50 g/L, 30 min washing cycle, water hardness 5.35 mval/L, 40℃, 200 rpm. Results of physicochemical analysis of color, form, odor, pH, viscosity, density and content of anionic surfactants in detergents, as well as construction parameters of tested cotton fabrics, showed compliance with the requirements of standards and manufacturers’ declarations. The studies revealed that increasing the concentration of laundry detergent solutions caused a gradual increase in foaming power and detergency. Modification with SB3C16 positively improved washing ability and the maximum values were achieved at 23.7% (m-L1, 50 g/L) and 37% (m-L2, 40–45 g/L), respectively. Detergency efficiency was improved by 6.86% (m-L1) and 10.72% (m-L2) on average. EMPA 101 fabrics before and after washing were subjected to microscopic observations, which showed no serious damage to the fibers, but only slight loosening of individual fibers. In summary, the results clearly indicate that SB3C16 sulfobetaine favorably improves washing performance and can be successfully used in liquid laundry detergents due to its good surface properties.
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Sampepana, Eldha, and Suroto Hadi Saputra. "Pemanfaatan Metil Ester Sulfonat pada Pembuatan Deterjen Cair." Jurnal Riset Teknologi Industri 7, no. 14 (2016): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.26578/jrti.v7i14.1544.

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In the manufacture of detergents still using surfactants (which serves as an emulsifier) of crude oil in the form of the AS. (alcohol sulfate) and LAS (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate), where this type of surfactant cannot be degraded by microorganisms when discharged into the environment, causing environmental pollution. Methyl ester sulfonate surfactant is an anionic surfactant which has a composition of C16 - C18 fatty acids are capable of acting against nature deterjensinya, while the C12 - C14 fatty acids contribute to the foaming effect. The purpose of this study was to look for the formulation of methyl ester sulfonate (MES) the right to produce a good detergent by using materials such as methyl ester sulfonate surfactant self-made, methyl ester sulfonate and sodium lauryl market Ester Sulfate (SLS) with a concentration of 15 %, 20 % and 25 %. Detergent results of the study have high detergency ( net ) compared with the detergency of detergent commercial, have a stable emulsion stability, the stability of the foam/foam detergent power made from methyl ester sulfonate surfactant produces less foam, compared with a detergent made from SLS and surfactant SNI 06-4075-1996 standards.
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KALAK, TOMASZ, ALEKSANDRA GAŁKA, DARIA WIECZOREK, RYSZARD CIERPISZEWSKI, and JOANNA PIEPIÓRKA-STEPUK. "The effect of N-tetradecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate addition on washing properties of liquid laundry detergents." Industria Textila 72, no. 03 (2021): 233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/it.072.03.1742.

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The use of colorimetric analysis based on a CIELab system to determine detergency of commercial liquid laundrydetergents before and after modification with SB3C14 sulfobetaine (N-tetradecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate) is presented. The EMPA 101 standard cotton fabric soiled with carbon black and olive oil was usedin washing tests under the following conditions: temperature 40°C, rotational speed 200 rpm, 30 minute washing cycle,water hardness 5.35 mval/l, the concentration of liquid laundry detergents 1.25–50 g/l. The physicochemical analysis ofcolour, form, odour, pH, density, viscosity and content of anionic surfactants showed compliance with the manufacturers’declarations. The studies demonstrated that with increasing laundry detergent concentration a gradual increase indetergency occurred. At the highest tested concentrations of 50 g/L, detergency of 18.1% and 22.2% for cheaper L1 andmore expensive L2 products was achieved, respectively. Modification with the 5% addition of the zwitterionicsulfobetaine SB3C14 led to an improvement of the washing properties by 4.7% on average. At a concentration of 50 g/l,the modified L1 and L2 solutions demonstrated the highest detergency equal to 22.8% and 35.3%, respectively. Thisproves the existence of synergistic effect by the interaction of all ingredients in the solutions with higher concentrations.Microscopic analysis of EMPA 101 fabrics before and after washing processes showed no serious damage to the fibres,only the presence of slight fraying of individual ones. The results suggest that the SB3C14 sulfobetaine can besuccessfully used in liquid laundry detergents due to its very favourable surface properties
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KALAK, TOMASZ, ALEKSANDRA GAŁKA, DARIA WIECZOREK, RYSZARD CIERPISZEWSKI, and JOANNA PIEPIÓRKA-STEPUK. "The effect of N-tetradecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate addition on washing properties of liquid laundry detergents." Industria Textila 72, no. 03 (2021): 233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/t.072.03.1742.

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The use of colorimetric analysis based on a CIELab system to determine detergency of commercial liquid laundrydetergents before and after modification with SB3C14 sulfobetaine (N-tetradecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate) is presented. The EMPA 101 standard cotton fabric soiled with carbon black and olive oil was usedin washing tests under the following conditions: temperature 40°C, rotational speed 200 rpm, 30 minute washing cycle,water hardness 5.35 mval/l, the concentration of liquid laundry detergents 1.25–50 g/l. The physicochemical analysis ofcolour, form, odour, pH, density, viscosity and content of anionic surfactants showed compliance with the manufacturers’declarations. The studies demonstrated that with increasing laundry detergent concentration a gradual increase indetergency occurred. At the highest tested concentrations of 50 g/L, detergency of 18.1% and 22.2% for cheaper L1 andmore expensive L2 products was achieved, respectively. Modification with the 5% addition of the zwitterionicsulfobetaine SB3C14 led to an improvement of the washing properties by 4.7% on average. At a concentration of 50 g/l,the modified L1 and L2 solutions demonstrated the highest detergency equal to 22.8% and 35.3%, respectively. Thisproves the existence of synergistic effect by the interaction of all ingredients in the solutions with higher concentrations.Microscopic analysis of EMPA 101 fabrics before and after washing processes showed no serious damage to the fibres,only the presence of slight fraying of individual ones. The results suggest that the SB3C14 sulfobetaine can besuccessfully used in liquid laundry detergents due to its very favourable surface properties
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Wulandari, P. P., M. T. Adiwibowo, A. S. Redjeki, M. Ibadurrohman, and Slamet. "Synthesis of Eco-Friendly Detergent Based on Crude Palm Oil and Titania Nanoparticles." Asian Journal of Chemistry 31, no. 10 (2019): 2394–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2019.21984.

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In this work, we report the synthesis of eco-friendly detergent from crude palm oil and titania. Crude palm oil was converted into methyl ester sulfonate through esterification, transesterification and followed by sulfonation process. As-produced methyl ester sulfonate was characterized with Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (LCMS) and surface tension analysis. Detergents were synthesized by dispersing titania nanoparticles into methyl ester sulfonate solution, forming a nanofluid. Stability and detergency of the nanofluidic detergents were then evaluated. The results showed that the nanofluid detergents were stable in the presence of 0.1 wt % titania and the photocatalytic activity of titania nanoparticles improved the ability of nanofluidic detergents to remove dirt as well as degrading the surfactant residues in the laundry waste stream.
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Liana, T., E. C. Prima, P. Sinaga, and R. Riandi. "Production of Biosurfactant from Frangipani Flower Extract (Plumeria rubra) as an Eco-friendly Detergent in a Science Learning Project." Journal of Science Education Research 7, no. 1 (2023): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/jser.v7i1.56203.

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This study aims to provide experience to students through experimental activities in making liquid detergent to teach substance material and its changes according to the learning outcomes to be achieved. The research method used is a type of experimental research in the laboratory. Frangipani flower extract (Plumeria rubra) which is used as research material contains saponins that be used as natural surfactants in the manufacture of liquid detergents. Frangipani flower extraction was carried out by maceration using 96% ethanol solvent, the resulting extract was then subjected to a saponin identification test. In this study, it was prepared in 4 different formulations with a comparison of frangipani flower extract of 2 ml (F1), 4 ml (F2), 6 ml (F3), and 8 ml (F4). After that, it was evaluated physically and chemically including organoleptic tests, pH tests, foam stability, and detergency. The results of the saponin test on frangipani flower extract showed positive results, and the results of the chemical physics test were by SNI standards. The most optimum formulation is a liquid detergent with an extract concentration of 4 ml showed an organoleptic test according to SNI standards, a stability test of 85.00%, a pH of 10.30, and detergency showed good results.
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Chahande, Dr N. H. "Synergistic Combination of Carbohydrate Polymer with Conventional Active Materials for Detergent Formulations." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 02 (2024): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem28634.

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Novel ecofriendly polymeric surfactant based on Sorbitol and Maleic anhydride has been synthesized and used successfully in detergent composition. Sorbitol is obtained majorly as a vegetable product. In present research work a small quantity of Maleic anhydride and Benzoic acid along with major quantity of Sorbitol has been used in synthesis of polymer. The mole ratio of ingredients and cooking schedule has been standardized to get desired molecular weight, HLB ratio and surfactant properties. Powder detergents have been formulated based on these novel polymer and conventional active ingredients such as alpha olefin sulphonate, sodium lauryl sulphate. And linear alkyl benzene sulphonate. This synergistic combination of novel polymer has been used as a 60 to 80% replacement of conventional linear alkyl benzene sulphonate in detergent powder formulation. The preparation of this polymer is ecofriendly and has a potential for commercial use as an ecofriendly detergent in powder form. The surface tension, foam height, % detergency and stain removing characteristics have been evaluated and compared with commercially available powder detergent sample. The petroleum resources are soaring in price and their replacement with novel polymer of vegetable origin will certainly promote the cause of Green Chemistry and Green Environment. Key word: - Novel polymer, Sorbitol, Detergents, Surfactants, Maleic anhydride, Synergistic combination. HLB- Hydrophilic–lipophilic balance.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Detergency"

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Johnson, Edward G. "Dynamics of interfaces and detergency." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361250.

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Koran, Karen M. "Surface interactions of surface washing agents an examination of detergency, interfacial tension and contact angle /." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2007. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ucin1186105489.

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KORAN, KAREN M. "SURFACE INTERACTIONS OF SURFACE WASHING AGENTS: AN EXAMINATION OF DETERGENCY, INTERFACIAL TENSION AND CONTACT ANGLE." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1186105489.

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Chowdhury, Mehrin. "The effect of surfactants, enzymes and temperature on soils investigated using electrochemical and crystallisation techniques for detergency applications." Thesis, Durham University, 2016. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11548/.

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The behaviour of surfactant at an oil-water interface is of fundamental importance across a range of application, one of which is detergency. For the characterisation of various anionic and non-ionic surfactants, which make up commercial detergent solution, at the aqueous-organic interface, electrochemical methods combined with conductivity, electrocapillary curves and optical microscopy were employed. The findings have revealed that the adsorption and partitioning of the anionic surface active ions at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions can cause reproducible chaotic effects at the region of transfer potentials of the surfactant ions. Factors such as the Marangoni effect and spontaneous emulsification at the phase boundary, as well as the presence of micelles, micellar emulsification and transfer of emulsion droplets across the interface have been found to contribute to these chaotic currents at the organic-water interface. By applying cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry techniques, it was established that the irregular oscillations became more pronounced as the concentration of sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate (SDBS) was increased from 1.5 mM -13.4 mM and the current spikes dissipated as the concentration of triton- x- 114 was increased from 8.6 mM - 114 mM in the aqueous phase consisting of 13.4 mM of SDBS. Similar results were obtained using P&G’s Y and N surfactants. The rise in current instability due to enhanced concentration of the SDBS, which was used as the standard surfactant, was confirmed using chronoamperometry, conductivity measurements and electrocapillary curves. The interfacial instability was prominent in the presence of electrolytes at the aqueous-1,2-DCE/oil phase boundaries which was visually evident in the optical microscopic images obtained. Furthermore, needle-like crystals were identified at the aqueous-1,2-DCE interface with electrolytes, with and without the addition of anionic/non-ionic surfactants. This suggests that a crystallisation process was initiated by the presence of dehydrated salt ions at the phase boundary, which is likely to be promoted by the surfactant ions. Lard has been used as the fat ‘model’ for washing experiments since it is composed of more problematic high melting point components compared to other sources of fat. Lard was deposited onto fabrics and left to age over a period of 4 hours at 20 °C and also, at the temperatures of -10 °C, 10 °C, 20 °C and 30 °C for 5 days. These samples, when analysed using the small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) technique.
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Gadea, Alcazar Gerson Heng Fat, Manrique Sheyla Marianela Hernandez, Jauregui Tatiana Mamani, Canales Janine Valeria Nieves, and Albinagorta Maria Pia Rivera. "Detergente eco amigable: Saphi." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/626571.

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En los últimos años, se ha incrementado el interés global por salvaguardar la ecología y reducir la contaminación que tanto perjuicio causa al medio ambiente. Debido a ello, los consumidores prefieren la compra de productos que ofrezcan, además de calidad, un aporte para solucionar el macro problema de la eutrofización. Nuestro grupo, en el afán de seguir esta tendencia, ha visualizado una oportunidad de negocio, es así que propone crear Saphi que se muestra como una alternativa eco amigable a los detergentes tradicionales. Para este fin, se hará uso de una raíz de la planta llamada Saqta, la cual crece en la región Cuzco y tradicionalmente se usa como jabón natural para lavar la lana de alpaca antes de hilarla. Con la colaboración de especialistas, se pretende diseñar este artículo de limpieza bajo el nombre de Saphi (palabra que significa limpieza en quechua) y comercializarlo en envases reciclables; los cuales le darán una personalidad única al producto e identificable para el consumidor promedio. En el presente trabajo se presentará el Informe de Investigación con información cualitativa como el plan de Marketing, plan de Recursos Humanos, plan de Responsabilidad Social, validaciones, entre otros e información cuantitativa en torno al análisis financiero y de rentabilidad con el fin de introducir el novedoso artículo al mercado, documento esencial para lograr un correcto y eficaz inicio de operaciones de nuestra empresa. Es así, que podemos llegar a la conclusión que nuestro negocio es rentable, llegando a recuperar la inversión inicial en el segundo año.
In recent years, global interest has increased to safeguard the ecology and reduce the pollution that damages the environment. Due to this, consumers like the purchase products that offer, in addition to quality, an input to solve the problem of eutrophication. Our group, with the final purpose to follow this trend, has visualized a business opportunity, this is how we propose to create Saphi that is shown as an eco-friendly alternative to traditional detergents. For this purpose, a root of the plant called Saqta will be used, which grows in the Cuzco region and is traditionally used as a natural soap for washing alpaca wool before spinning. With the collaboration of specialists, it is intended to design this cleaning article under the name of Saphi (a word that means cleaning in Quechua) and to market it in recyclable containers; which will give a unique personality to the product and identifiable for the average consumer. In the present work the research report is presented with qualitative information such as the Marketing plan, Human Resources plan, Social Responsibility plan, validations, among others, and quantitative information about the financial and profitability analysis in order to introduce the novel article to the market, essential document to achieve a correct and efficient start of operations of our company. Thus, we can reach the conclusion that our business is profitable, recovering the initial investment in the second year.
Trabajo de investigación
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Tsompou, Andriani. "THE ROLE OF WATER PURITY IN EMULSIFICATION AND REMOVAL OF OIL FROM SOLID SURFACES." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för biomedicinsk vetenskap (BMV), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-43851.

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Detergents are broadly used in our everyday life for cleaning and washing procedures. They are however, a source of water pollution and can have a negative effect on human health and the environment. To reduce their negative impact, a new trend of using only pure water for washing and cleaning applications is being implemented. However, a scientific basis needs to be established first, as the mechanisms and the effectiveness of this method are not fully understood. In this work, we aim to investigate the effect of water purity on the removal of oil from surfaces and the stability of colloidal systems. To do that, two purified water grades are compared with non-purified tap water and 10 mM NaCl solution. Results from measurement of oil film mass before and after water contact and Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation (QCM-D) indicate that purified water grades can wash a surface more efficiently than non-purified water grades. Contact angle measurements show that pure water facilitates the cleaning process while spreading of oil on plastic surfaces indicates that electrostatic interactions have an important role in the system. Visual observations of o/w emulsions, show that purified water grades redisperse the oil better. We hypothesize that the mechanism behind the cleaning and washing without detergents relies on the electrostatic interactions. To further investigate the effect of salt on cleaning mechanisms, we performed zeta potential measurements. Results indicate that salt has a negative effect on the stability of the particles.
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Sebastiani, Benedetta. "Market analysis towards sustainable laundry detergents : chances of penetration of an italian ecological detergent." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/147177.

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O imperativo mais urgente de nosso século atual é a preocupação com o meio ambiente. Sustentabilidade pode ser considerada como a solução chave para este problema universal. Vivendo em uma sociedade de consumo significa que as ações dos seres humanos sempre têm uma espécie de impacto sobre o nosso futuro comum. Isso, juntamente com as taxas de população em rápido crescimento, implica que algo tem que mudar o padrão de consumo em o mundo todo. Em geral, as economias emergentes são aqueles que, deste ponto de vista, assustam mais, devido as suas urbanização cada vez mais em aumento, juntamente com os seus enorme tamanho e o seus desenvolvimento industrial retrógrado e privo de regulamentações. Especificamente o Brasil, com o seu crescimento exponencial e as suas dimensões continentais, representa uma das maiores forças de consumo do planeta. Porque os estudos comportamentais sobre o consumo ecológico neste país concentram-se principalmente em alimentos orgânicos, este presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o mercado para produtos sustentáveis no cluster de Porto Alegre. Precisamente, o padrão de consumo em direção a detergentes para a roupa são inferidos, a fim de (a) identificar a oferta de detergentes para a roupa no mercado; (b) compreender como é que ocorre o processo de compra de detergentes para a roupa; e (c) definir valores e atitudes que impulsionam o comportamento dos consumidores verdes, investigando as possibilidades de penetração de um produto Italiano verde. Este trabalho é divulgado através de uma triangulação desenvolvida em três fases diferentes. A partir da delimitação teórica do comportamento do consumidor e do consumo verde, segue uma pesquisa qualitativa, de modo secundária como primária – através de entrevistas semiestruturadas – apoiadas por uma pesquisa quantitativa de Schwartz com o objetivo de inferir valores e atitudes dos segmentos de interesse. Resultados da pesquisa mostram um mercado que estaria pronto para considerar um produto mais verde entre as ofertas, quer devido à consciência ambiental, ou ligeiro desagrado da qualidade média do produto já comercializado. Ao mesmo tempo, os consumidores não estaria prontos para enfrentar um trade-off muito mais alto entre o preço e a qualidade, e estaria bastante inclinado a uma democratização da oferta verde. Este estudo melhora o conhecimento sobre o peso de essa consciência ecologia que, juntamente com considerações sociais e valores pessoais, influenciam o padrão de consumo, oferecendo uma descrição de um mercado potencial para detergentes de roupa ecológica.
The most urgent imperative of our current century is the concern about the Environment. Sustainability may be considered as the key solution to this universal problem. Living in a consumer society means that humans’ actions always have a sort of impact on what will be our common future. This, together with the fast growing population rates, implies that something have to change in the pattern of consumption worldwide. In general, emerging economies are those that from this point of view scare the most, due to their increasingly augmenting urbanization, together with their enormous size and their retrograde industrial development and regulations. Specifically Brazil, with its exponential growth and its continental dimensions represents one of the biggest consumption forces of the planet. Since behavioral studies among ecological consumption in this country are mainly concentrated on organic food, this present work aims to analyze the market toward sustainable products in the cluster of Porto Alegre. Precisely, the pattern of consumption toward laundry detergents are inferred, in order to (a) identify the offer of laundry detergents in the market; (b) understand how does the purchasing process of laundry detergents occurs; and (c) define values and attitudes that drives green consumers’ behavior, investigating the chances of penetration of an Italian green product. This work is disclosed through a triangulation of three different phases. Starting from the delimitation of the theoretical background both of consumer behavior and green consumption, it was then followed a qualitative research, either secondary and primary – via semi-structured interviews – supported by a quantitative Schwartz survey with the aim of inferring values and attitudes of the segments of interest.
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Pires-Oliveira, Rafael 1985. "Degradação de cabelo causada por tensoativos : quantificação por meio da análise das soluções de lavagem por espectrofotometria UV¿Vis." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/250474.

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Orientador: Inés Joekes
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química
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Resumo: Sabe-se que tensoativos (surfactantes) de xampus causam degradação da fibra capilar. Entretanto, não há na literatura estudos para quantificar os danos decorrentes do uso de tensoativos comerciais, que são impuros. Este trabalho avalia e compara a degradação de cabelo induzida pela ação de 16 tensoativos comerciais. Cabelo-padrão Caucasiano castanho escuro foi imerso em soluções aquosas de 16 tensoativos comerciais, de dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) e de água destilada, em condições que imitam às do banho (38 °C, agitação constante). Obtiveram-se os espectros UV¿Vis das soluções de lavagem. O método de Lowry foi utilizado para estimar a quantidade de proteínas extraída por SDS e por água destilada. As soluções de cabelo em todos os tensoativos e em água tornam-se coloridas após tempo prolongado (dias) de contato com os cabelos. A intensidade da cor varia de acordo com o caráter iônico do tensoativo e, somente no caso dos tensoativos, aumenta com o tempo de contato. Os espectros UV¿Vis obtidos mostram que o grau de degradação da fibra capilar varia de acordo com o índice HLB (detergência) dos tensoativos. Aniônicos extraem em maior quantidade (ou mais rapidamente) as substâncias do cabelo, anfotéricos degradam menos e não-iônicos degradam na mesma intensidade que a água. A degradação se dá pela extração proteínas, fragmentos de cutículas e grânulos de melanina, sem que haja alteração de cor do cabelo. Os espectros UV¿Vis das soluções de lavagem apresentam bandas em 275 nm (proteínas) e de 525 a 625 nm (melaninas). Estas bandas correlacionam-se com a estimativa de proteína pelo método de Lowry. A partir desta correlação, a degradação de cabelos devido ao uso de tensoativos pode ser quantificada e comparada pelos espectros UV¿Vis das soluções de lavagem com os tensoativos comerciais
Abstract: It is well known that shampoo's surfactant causes degradation of human hair. However, studies that quantify hair damage caused by commercial surfactants are lacking in scientific literature. This work investigates and compares hair damage induced by 16 commercial surfactants. Standard virgin dark-brown Caucasian hair was immersed in aqueous solutions of 16 commercial surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and distilled water under conditions that imitate bath (38 °C, constant shaking). UV¿Vis spectra were recorded of the washing solutions. Lowry method estimated the amount of protein extracted by SDS and distilled water. All surfactants solutions and water become colored after prolonged (days) contact with the hair. The color intensity varies with ionic character of the surfactant and, only in the case of surfactants, increases with contact time. UV¿Vis spectra show that the degree of hair damage varies according to the HLB index (detergency) of the surfactants. Anionics extract a greater amount (or faster) of hair substances, amphoterics extract fewer, and non-ionics degrade at the same intensity as water. The degradation is caused by the extraction of proteins, fragments of cuticle and melanin granules, without change hair color. UV¿Vis spectra of washing solutions show bands at 275 nm (proteins) and 525¿625 nm (melanins). These bands correlate with protein evaluation by the Lowry method. From this correlation, hair damage due to surfactants can be quantified and compared through UV¿Vis spectra of washing solutions of commercial surfactants
Mestrado
Físico-Química
Mestre em Química
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Penteado, José Carlos Pires. "Desenvolvimento e aplicação do método analítico para determinação de LABs em detergentes por SPME-GC/MS." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46133/tde-28022007-091600/.

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O alquil benzeno sulfonato linear (LAS) é o principal tensoativo aniônico, largamente utilizado em detergentes. O alquil benzeno linear (LAB), um subproduto, faz uma associação ao tensoativo devido a sulfonação incompleto do LAS. Recentemente tem tido grande interesse de usá-lo como marcador de efluente doméstico no ambiente aquático. Neste estudo, um novo método para determinação de LAB em detergentes envolvendo cromatografia a gás acoplado a espectrometria de massa em combinação com microextração em fase sólida (SPME) é proposto. O planejamento fatorial foi utilizado para obter valores ótimos para os principais parâmetros de análises de LAB em detergentes usando SPME direto como etapa de pré-concentração. SPME-GC/MS combinada com análise de componentes principais (PCA) e empregada para avaliar os parâmetros que afetam a SPME. O método otimizado foi aplicado nas amostras de detergentes comerciais (0,97 a 3,67 mg.g-1 LAB totais) e LAS (24,7 mg.g-1 LAB totais). Um perfil similar foi encontrado entre as amostras de detergentes e o LAS indicando que os tensoativos são idênticos. E algumas amostras, os LAB não foram encontrados (limite de detecção < 0,2 µg.mL-1).
Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonated (LAS) is the main anionic surfactant, wide used in detergents. The Linear Alkylbenzene (LAB), a by-product, makes association with the surfactant, due the incomplete sulfonation of the LAS. Recently there has been widespread interest in their use as markers tracers of domestic waste in the aquatic environment. In this study, a new method for determination of LAB in detergents involving gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in combination with Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) is proposed. A factorial design was utilized to obtain the optimum values for the main operation parameters in the analysis of LAB in detergents using direct SPME in the pre-concentration step. SPME-GC/MS in combination whit principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to evaluate the parameters that affect on SPME. The optimized method was applied to commercial detergents (0.97 and 3.67 mg.g-1 of total LAB) and LAS ( 24.47 mg.g-1 of total LAB) samples. Similar profiles of LAB congeners were found for the detergents and LAS samples indicating that identical surfactants. In some samples, LAB were not found (limit of detection < 0.2 mg.mL-1).
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Fernandes, Joana Rita Mesquita Ribeiro. "Avaliação do efeito resultante da exposição crónica de truta arco-íris (Oncorhynchus mykiss) a cloreto de benzalcónio ao nível das brânquias por via de biomarcadores enzimáticos e nucleares." Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/4878.

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Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências Farmacêuticas
Atualmente o uso de detergentes tem originado maior preocupação, quer a nível científico, quer a nível do ecossistema, uma vez que afetam o meio aquático na medida em que este é o destinatário final destes compostos. Foram realizados vários estudos que demonstram os efeitos nefastos que estes compostos têm a nível do compartimento aquático. Estes efeitos, podem provocar alterações nos organismos que nele habitam, como sejam alterações a nível do stress oxidativo, dano no DNA, bem como alterações bioquímicas e morfológicas nos vários tecidos e órgãos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal avaliar os efeitos provocados nas brânquias de Oncorhynchus mykiss (n.v. truta arco-íris) decorrentes da exposição crónica (28 dias) a diferentes concentrações de cloreto de benzalcónio. Os biomarcadores utilizados para essa avaliação foram a quantificação da atividade da enzima catalase, e avaliação de efeitos genotóxicos através do ensaio dos cometas. Os resultados obtidos para a catalase nas concentrações [0,583] e [1,050] mg/L e as concentrações [0,100], [0,180], [0,324], [0,583] e [1,050] mg/L no ensaio dos cometas demonstraram que o cloreto de benzalcónio apresenta ser uma ameaça direta para o organismo teste utilizado. Foi possível observar que nas concentrações mais altas se registou indução de stress oxidativo e em todas as concentrações danos celulares ao nível do DNA. Com a realização deste estudo, foi possível demonstrar que o cloreto de benzalcónio representa uma ameaça direta para os organismos aquáticos principalmente no que diz respeito a efeitos genotóxicos. At present the use of emerging compounds, such as detergents, has increased causing a growing concern in the public opinion and scientific community, since it affects the aquatic environment and the live-organisms that live here. Different studies have shown several adverse effects on aquatic species such as changes in oxidative stress levels, and DNA damage, as well as morphological and biochemical alterations in various tissues and organs. This study was designed to evaluate the effects in the gills of Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow truits) resulting from a chronic exposure (28 days) to different concentrations of benzalkonium chloride. The biomarkers used were catalase activity and the comet assay. The results for catalase concentrations [0.583] and [1.050] mg / L and concentrations [0.100] [0.180] [0.324] [0.583] and [1.050] mg / L in the comets test showed the benzalkonium chloride has to be a direct threat to the test organism used. The assessment of other hypothetical alterations should be assessed in the future using other set of biomarkers. With this study, we demonstrated that benzalkonium chloride is a direct threat to aquatic organisms, especially with respect to genotoxic effects.
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Books on the topic "Detergency"

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1922-, Cutler W. Gale, and Kissa Erik 1923-, eds. Detergency: Theory and technology. M. Dekker, 1987.

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Ee, Jan H. van, 1950-, Misset Onno 1952-, and Baas Erik J. 1964-, eds. Enzymes in detergency. Marcel Dekker, 1997.

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1951-, Friedli Floyd E., ed. Detergency of specialty surfactants. Marcel Dekker, 2001.

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Uri, Tsoler, ed. Handbook of detergents. M. Dekker, 1999.

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(Firm), Knovel, ed. Formulating detergents and personal care products: A [complete] guide to product development. AOCS Press, 2000.

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McGucken, William. Biodegradable: Detergents and the environment. Texas A&M University Press, 1991.

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Morse, G. K. The environmental and economic impact of key detergent builder systems in the European Union. Selper, 1994.

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Klonteig, Vally. Fosfatfrie vaskemidler: Vaskeeffekt, virkninger på miljøet. Statens institutt for forbruksforskning, 1992.

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Oude, N. T., ed. Detergents. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-47108-0.

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1946-, Lai Kuo-Yann, ed. Liquid detergents. 2nd ed. Taylor & Francis, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Detergency"

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Tadros, Tharwat. "Detergency." In Encyclopedia of Colloid and Interface Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20665-8_62.

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Buchmeier, W., M. Dreja, W. von Rybinski, P. Schmiedel, and T. Weiss. "Sensorics for Detergency." In Sensors in Household Appliances. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527601430.ch4.

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Simmons, John V. "Surface Activity, Emulsions & Detergency." In Science and the Beauty Business. Macmillan Education UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19705-7_7.

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Ito, Susumu. "Alkaline Enzymes in Current Detergency." In Extremophiles Handbook. Springer Japan, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-53898-1_12.

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Lim, Jong-Choo, and Clarence A. Miller. "Dynamic Behavior in Systems Containing Nonionic Surfactants and Polar Oils and its Relationship to Detergency." In Surfactants in Solution. Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3836-3_34.

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Landeck, Lilla, Lynn A. Baden, and Swen-Malte John. "Detergents." In Kanerva’s Occupational Dermatology. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40221-5_75-2.

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Tadros, Tharwat. "Detergents." In Encyclopedia of Colloid and Interface Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20665-8_63.

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Tang, Hong-Zhi, and Tze-Chi Jao. "Detergents." In Encyclopedia of Tribology. Springer US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-92897-5_922.

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Landeck, Lilla, Lynn A. Baden, and Swen-Malte John. "Detergents." In Kanerva's Occupational Dermatology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02035-3_75.

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Friend, Christopher. "Detergents." In Encyclopedia of Lubricants and Lubrication. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22647-2_185.

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Conference papers on the topic "Detergency"

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Kang, Namgyu, and Nishiya Kaito. "Kansei Analysis of Liquid Laundry Detergent Bottle's Shape and Packages Design." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001771.

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Nowadays, there are various bottles and packages of liquid laundry detergents in Japan. Many companies have tried to create not only more powerful detergency of the products but also the new value of design in the laundry detergent bottle and package. And our lifestyle is changing like an increasing nuclear family and single life and enjoying a shopping using the internet in recent. Since selecting a detergent might be linked depending on such lifestyle, we need to survey the relationship between the design of detergents such as a bottle shape or package and the user's lifestyle. Therefore, we focused on the shape of bottles and packages of liquid laundry detergents in this study. Therefore, this study aims to clarify the difference in impressions of the bottle's shapes and packages of laundry liquid detergent based on Kansei engineering.So, we have experimented with ten bottles and packages using the ranking evaluation method to clarify the relationship between participants' decision to want to use bottles and the following items; 1) Luxury feeling level, 2) Easiness level to grip, 3) Fit feeling level to the laundry space, 4) Easiness level to store the bottle up, 5) Fleeing level of detergency power, and 6)Preference level to want to use. As a result, the item of "Preference level to want to use" had a stronger relationship with the bottle's packages of liquid laundry detergents than the bottle's shapes concerned with the usability of liquid laundry detergents. Even though the handle helps grip the bottles, participants preferred these bottles that do not have any handles with a luxury feel. Moreover, for the "Preference level to want to use," the Kansei factors of the bottle's shape, such as "Luxury feeling level" and "Fit feeling level to the laundry space," are more critical than the Usability factors, such as "Easiness level to grip" and "Easiness level to store up." Also, in the bottle packages situation, the item "Preference level to want to use" had a more substantial relationship with the item of "Luxury feeling level" than "Fleeing level of detergency power." This "Preference level to want to use" and packages differ depending on the participants' lifestyle, such as 'living style' and 'number of washes clothes per week.' For example, the participants who live alone want to use the bottle with a luxury feeling and easy to store. In contrast, the participants who live with family want to use the bottle with a luxury feeling, which fits their laundry space. These participants who live with family showed a similar tendency as the number of washes increased. Moreover, there are different characteristics in evaluating liquid laundry detergent depending on each one's lifestyle. Also, these results mean we need to survey more the condition of laundry space in Japan to propose a new bottle package design as future work.
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Sato, Junya, Hideaki Watanabe, Hiroyuki Masui, and Shiho Kuroda. "Approaches and cleaning mechanisms to remove stubborn stains using Methyl Ester Ethoxylate surfactant." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/theq1330.

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Research shows that people are increasingly valuing quality of life, for which reducing housework is key. In laundry, one challenge is stubborn stains like permanent marker and collar/cuff darkening/yellowing. While a common solution is to apply detergent directly to such stains, this takes time, effort (scrubbing), and often does not remove satisfactorily. Although more surfactant in detergent generally produces higher detergency, Alcohol Ethoxylate changes to hexagonal phase when its concentration reaches 30%, limiting surfactant concentration. Alternatively, Methyl Ester Ethoxylate (MEE) has a bent molecular geometry, keeping it in lamellar phase when 30-70% concentrated, so we examined its potential to increase surfactant concentration.We first tested MEE's effectiveness on permanent marker stains. After applying a 30% MEE solution and leaving it for 30 minutes, detergency was 30% and the fabric did not appear clean. Yellowing or permanent marker stains are caused by polymerized sebum and resin components, so we theorized that surfactant alone could not fully emulsify them. Hence, we switched focus to the solubility parameter (SP value). When we applied an agent with a similar SP value as the permanent marker stain together with the detergent and left it for 30 minutes, detergency increased to around 40%. Furthermore, after extending application time to 6-12 hours, the detergency of applying surfactant alone increased to 70%, but the combination of agent and extended application time increased it to 85%, achieving an overwhelmingly clean appearance. This suggests that detergency factors include effectiveness of application time and polarity transformation due to water volatilization. Therefore, we believe that extended application of MEE is a simple method to achieve thorough cleanliness, which can reduce housework. In this report, we discuss stain dissolution after detergent application and the corresponding change of detergent state during extended application. We also report on application examples incorporating washing machine programs.
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Phaodee, Parichat, David Sabatini, and Jeffrey Harwell. "Advanced detergent formulation design by progressing from hydrophilic/lipophilic balance (HLB) to hydrophilic-lipophilic deviation (HLD)." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/qwtm2212.

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Laundry detergent products generally contain 10-30% surfactants as active ingredients and detergency is an essential worldwide activity that the global market is anticipated to reach over $200 billion by 2027 (Research and Market, 2021). While the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) concept was initially utilized to design detergency formulations, it does not take into consideration important formulation variables (e.g., salinity, target soil, and temperature). Detergency formulation based on microemulsion phase behavior was then widely employed as an improved formulation design but is time-consuming. More importantly, optimal formulations (optimal salinity (S*) for ionic surfactants and phase inversion temperature for nonionic surfactants) varied widely depending on surfactant systems and the nature of the soil being cleaned. The hydrophilic-lipophilic deviation (HLD) method advances the HLB approach by incorporating formulation variables and has been extensively utilized for microemulsion formation and more recently as a unifying detergency formulation design approach. HLD-based detergency results demonstrated that surfactant formulation approaching HLD of 0 (specifically, between -3 and 0) showed significant detergency improvement for oily and waxy soils with widely varying equivalent alkane carbon numbers (EACNs). Thus, the HLD approach is recommended as a unifying approach for designing effective detergency formulations for a range of surfactant systems and soils.
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Bitting, Bill, F. Gschwendtner, W. Kohlhepp, M. Kothe, C. J. Testroet, and K. H. Ziwica. "Intake Valve Deposits — Fuel Detergency Requirements Revisited." In 1987 SAE International Fall Fuels and Lubricants Meeting and Exhibition. SAE International, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/872117.

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Caprotti, Rinaldo, Angela Breakspear, Olaf Graupner, and Thomas Klaua. "Detergency Requirements of Future Diesel Injection Systems." In Powertrain & Fluid Systems Conference & Exhibition. SAE International, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-3901.

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Jewitt, C. H., G. L. Bostick, and V. L. Kersey. "Injector, Intake Valve, and Carburetor Detergency Performance of Gasoline Additives." In 1987 SAE International Fall Fuels and Lubricants Meeting and Exhibition. SAE International, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/872114.

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Adiwibowo, Muhammad Triyogo, Muhammad Ibadurrohman, and Slamet Slamet. "Stability and detergency of nanofluidic detergents containing palm oil-based primary alkyl sulfate surfactant and zinc oxide: Effect of carboxymethyl cellulose." In SolarPACES 2017: International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5064353.

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Blatz, F. J., J. J. Skuzinski, and G. H. Keller. "Development of a New Outboard Engine Oil Ring Sticking and Detergency Test." In International Fuels & Lubricants Meeting & Exposition. SAE International, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/922372.

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Kasai, Moritsugu, Hiroaki Koshima, and Yoriyuki Takashima. "Piston Detergency and Anti-Wear Performance of Non-Phosphorus and Non-Ash Engine Oil." In International Powertrains, Fuels & Lubricants Meeting. SAE International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2019-01-0021.

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Kalghatgi, G. T. "A Study of Inlet System Detergency in a Gasoline Engine Using an Optical Method." In International Fuels & Lubricants Meeting & Exposition. SAE International, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/922256.

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Reports on the topic "Detergency"

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Steffani, C., and M. Meltzer. Alkaline detergent recycling via ultrafiltration. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/104336.

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Cotter, Brian W., Jeffrey C. Petermann, Julie M. Heiser, and Scott C. Smith. Evaluation of Liquid Detergents and Methods Used for Airfield Rubber Removal. Defense Technical Information Center, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada579608.

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Cotter, Brian W., Athar Saeed, Dean H. Hitzelberger, Troy D. Thomas, and Robert M. Wyatt. Evaluation of Detergent Rubber Removal System Under Expeditionary Conditions in Support of Operation Unified Response. Defense Technical Information Center, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada546530.

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Brunner. PR-015-07203-O01 Deposit Response Program using the ASTM D6201 Ford 2-3L IVD Test. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010722.

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A summary report to determine the effect of increased levels of Drag Reducing Agent (DRA) in gasoline on engine deposits, specifically intake valve deposits. Eight ASTM D6201 tests on the Ford 2.3L engine were conducted � three with 15 ppm DRA in fuel, three with nominal 25 ppm DRA in fuel, one with no DRA but a standard lowest additive concentration (LAC) package, and one with no DRA and no detergent additive.
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Javorcik, Beata Smarzynska, Wolfgang Keller, and James Tybout. Openness and Industrial Responses in a Wal-Mart World: A Case Study of Mexican Soaps, Detergents and Surfactant Producers. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w12457.

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Oh, Ju Hyun, Aimee Martinez, Huaixuan Cao, et al. Radio frequency heating of washable conductive textiles for bacteria and virus inactivation. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/48060.

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The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has increased the use of single-use medical fabrics such as surgical masks, respirators, and other personal protective equipment (PPE), which have faced worldwide supply chain shortages. Reusable PPE is desirable in light of such shortages; however, the use of reusable PPE is largely restricted by the difficulty of rapid sterilization. In this work, we demonstrate successful bacterial and viral inactivation through remote and rapid radio frequency (RF) heating of conductive textiles. The RF heating behavior of conductive polymer-coated fabrics was measured for several different fabrics and coating compositions. Next, to determine the robustness and repeatability of this heating response, we investigated the textile’s RF heating response after multiple detergent washes. Finally, we show a rapid reduction of bacteria and virus by RF heating our conductive fabric. 99.9% of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was removed from our conductive fabrics after only 10 min of RF heating; human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) was completely sterilized after 5 min of RF heating. These results demonstrate that RF heating conductive polymercoated fabrics offer new opportunities for applications of conductive textiles in the medical and/or electronic fields.
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Huber, John Tal, Joshuah Miron, Brent Theurer, Israel Bruckental, and Spencer Swingle. Influence of Ruminal Starch Degradability on Performance of High Producing Dairy Cows. United States Department of Agriculture, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568748.bard.

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This research project entitled "Influence of Ruminal Starch Degradability on Performance of High Producing Dairy Cows" had the following objectives: a) Determine effects of feeding varying amounts of ruminally degradable starch (RDS) on efficiency of milk and milk protein production; and 2) Investigate digestive and metabolic mechanisms relating to lactation responses to diets varying in ruminal and total starch degradability. Four lactation studies with high producing cows were conducted in which steam-flaked (~ 75% RDS) was compared with dry-rolled sorghum (~ 50% RDS) grain. All studies demonstrated increased efficiency of conversion of feed to milk (FCM/DMI) and milk protein as amount of RDS in the diet increased by feeding steam-flaked sorghum. As RDS in diets increased, either by increased steam-flaked sorghum, grinding of sorghum, or increasing the proportion of wheat to sorghum, so also did ruminal and total tract digestibilities of starch and neutral-detergent soluble (NDS) carbohydrate. Despite other research by these two groups of workers showing increased non-ammonia N (NAN) flowing from the rumen to the duodenum with higher RDS, only one of the present studies showed such an effect. Post-absorptive studies showed that higher dietary RDS resulted in greater urea recycling, more propionate absorption, a tendency for greater output of glucose by the liver, and increased uptake of alpha-amino nitrogen by the mammary gland. These studies have shown that processing sorghum grain through steam-flaking increases RDS and results in greater yields and efficiency of production of milk and milk protein in high producing dairy cows.
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Spiegel, Yitzhak, Michael McClure, Itzhak Kahane, and B. M. Zuckerman. Characterization of the Phytophagous Nematode Surface Coat to Provide New Strategies for Biocontrol. United States Department of Agriculture, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613015.bard.

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Chemical composition and biological role of the surface coat (SC) of the root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. are described. SC proteins of M. incognita race 3 infective juveniles (J2) were characterized by electrophoresis and western blotting of extracts from radioiodine and biotin-labelled nematodes. J2 labelled with radioiodine and biotin released 125I and biotin-labelled molecules into water after 20 hours incubation, indicating that SC proteins may be loosely attached to the nematode. Antiserum to the principal protein reacted with the surface of live J2 and with surface proteins previously separated by electrophoresis. Human red blood cells (HRBC) adhered to J2 of several tylenchid nematodes over the entire nematode body. HRBC adhered also to nylon fibers coated with SC extracted from M. javanica J2; binding was Ca++/Mg++ dependent, and decreased when the nylon fibers were coated with bovine serum albumin, or pre-incubated with fucose and mannose. These experiments support a working hypothesis that RBC adhesion involves carbohydrate moieties of HRBC and carbohydrate-recognition domain(s) (CRD) distributed on the nematode surface. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a surface CRD i the phylum Nematoda. Gold-conjugated lectins and neoglycoproteins combined with silver enhancement have been used for the detection of carbohydrates and CRD, respectively, on the SC of M. javanica J2. Biotin reagents were used to trace surface proteins, specifically, on live J2. The labile and transitory nature of the SC was demonstrated by the dynamics of HRBC adherence to detergent-treated J2, J2 at different ages or fresh-hatched J2 held at various temperatures. SC recovery was demonstrated also by a SDS-PAGE profile. Monoclonal antibodies developed to a cuticular protein of M. incognita J2 gave a slight, but significant reduction in attachment of Pasteuria penetrans spores. Spore attachment as affected by several enzymes was inconsistent: alcian blue, which specifically blocks sulfyl groups, had no afffect on spore attachment. Treatment with cationized ferritin alone or catonized ferritin following monoclonal antibody caused significant decreases in spore attachment. Those results suggest a role in attachment by negatively charged groups.
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9

Rinkevich, Baruch, and Cynthia Hunter. Inland mariculture of reef corals amenable for the ornamental trade. United States Department of Agriculture, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695880.bard.

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The worldwide market for ornamental saltwater invertebrates supplies the needs of millions of aquarium hobbyists, public exhibitions (i.e., zoos) universities and research institutions. With respect to reef building corals, it is estimated that more than half a million coral colonies/year from a total 93 genera, were exported globally during the period of 1985-1997. International value of retail sale of live coral trade alone is estimated as $78 million in 1997 (not including the illegally, widely smuggled material). The continuous, large-scale collection of marine organisms is responsible, in many places, for the destruction of coral reefs. The expected expansion of the trade further threatens these fragile habitats. While no true captive-bred corals are commercially available, our long-term goal is to develop ex situ inland farming of coral colonies that will circumvent the need for in situ collections and will provide domesticated specimens for the trade and for research. We simultaneously studied two model branching coral species, Stylophora pistillata (Pocilloporidae; in Israel) and Porites (Poritidae; in the US). The proposal included three specific aims: (a) To develop protocols for nubbins (small fragments, down to the size of a single polyp) usage in coral farming;(b) To address the significance of colony pattern formation to the coral trade; and (c) To develop the protocols of using nubbins in physiological and ecotoxicological assays (using oil dispersants, the expression of the stress protein HSP-70, household detergents, etc.). Ten scientific publications (published manuscripts, accepted for publications, submitted to scientific journals, in preparation), revealing results that were related to all three specific aims, originated from this BARD proposal. As a result of the work supported by the BARD, we have now, in hand, original and improved protocols for coral maintenance ex situ, proven expertise on manipulating coral colonies’ pattern formation and biological knowledge on island mariculture of reef corals (from Hawaii and from the Red Sea) amenable for the ornamental trade (for public and private aquaria use, for experimentation). At least one Israeli company (Red Sea Corals, Ltd., KibbutzSaar) is using our methodologies for further developing this new mariculture sector. We are now in the process of introducing the rationale and methodologies to Hawaiian private entities to expand dissemination of the research outcomes.
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