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Journal articles on the topic 'Detergent powders'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Stevens, Daryl, Peter Dillon, Declan Page, Michael Warne, and Guang Guo Ying. "Assessing environmental risks of laundry detergents in greywater used for irrigation." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 1, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 61–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2011.027.

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The objective of this study was to assess the environmental risk posed to Australian and New Zealand ecosystems by the presence of powdered laundry detergents in greywater used for irrigating gardens. Fifty powdered laundry detergents were assessed and all contained hazards which posed moderate to very high risks from increased alkalinity, sodicity and salinity to plants and soils when used at manufacturer-recommended doses and the resulting greywater used for irrigation. A number of detergents had phosphorus and boron concentrations considered to be a high risk for a number of plants. Risk to groundwater quality was also evaluated and found to potentially be a tighter constraint than risk to plants and soil where irrigation reuse is extensive in arid areas. A detergent environmental performance index was composed on risks assessed for three scenarios to compare with a washability performance index for the same powders. Only one detergent exceeded the 80% environmental index (100% = low risk from all hazards assessed) and maintained wash performance above 85%. The analysis suggests that for poorly drained soils greywater reuse is not recommended for most of the powdered laundry detergents evaluated. However the methodology may provide a basis for environmental labelling of detergents.

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2

Mer, Anjali, Rajesh Samant, and Prabha Padmanabha. "Characterization of commercial detergents and natural cleansing agents with comparison of their potential for biodegradability." International Journal of Advanced Chemistry 6, no. 1 (December 12, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijac.v6i1.8505.

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Background: Commercial detergents are chemical formulations designed to dissolve or disperse grease, grime, and dirt by making them water soluble or suspending it in water. They are best known for their wide use in laundry industry and household cleaning. After use, the wash waters along with the residual detergents are discharged into sewage system and are carried to water bodies, which result in damaging the biodiversity of aquatic environment due to the non-degradable nature of the active detergent matter present in these cleansing agents.Method: A critical analytical study was conducted on the quality of popular detergent powders sold in the Indian market viz. Ariel, Surf Excel, Rin and Tide with respect to their moisture content, active and total alkalinity, active detergent matter, water-insoluble matter, oxygen releasing capacity and pH. Two natural cleansing agents viz. Areetha and Shikakai were tested for the same parameters. Bacterial cultures were isolated from detergent-rich soil in Dhobighat, Mumbai and used to study detergent degradation over a period of time. Methylene Blue Photometric Assay was used to estimate the reduction in active detergent matter.Result and Conclusion: Areetha and Shikakai were found effective as detergents but with certain limitations. Degradation was seen in the commercial detergents over a period of time.

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3

Farshchi, Amin, Ali Hassanpour, and Andrew E. Bayly. "The structure of spray-dried detergent powders." Powder Technology 355 (October 2019): 738–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2019.06.049.

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4

Babu, N. G. Ramesh, and Anupa Mary Aji. "Molecular Characterization of Alkaline Protease Gene Isolated from Aeromonas hydrophila strain AH10." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 8, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 154–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v8i2.29583.

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Alkaline protease enzymes are enzymes which can catalyze the process of proteolysis between the pH ranges from 8 to 12. Extracellular alkaline proteases are used as additives in detergent powders. In the present study, source of the organism was from a detergent contaminated area. The study has been carried out in Aeromonas hydrophila AH10 strain that produces protease enzyme with an alkaline pH optimum. The organism was a gram-negative rod with a protease enzyme activity of 0.385 ml/min. purification of the protease enzyme from the bacteria was carried out. This protease is suitable for use in alkaline detergent powders as well as in silver recovery process. The Aeromonas hydrophila strain AH10 gene encoding this high-alkaline protease was cloned and characterized. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 8(2): 154-160

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5

Rathinamoorthy, R. "Performance analysis of Polyvinylpyrrolidone." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 31, no. 5 (September 2, 2019): 619–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-12-2018-0155.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on the performance analysis of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) – Chitosan composite dye transfer inhibitor (DTI) for household laundry. The developed composite DTI is tested against different commercial dyes and detergent powders normally used in the household laundry for its performance. Design/methodology/approach The DTI article is tested for its performance against five commercial dyes and five commercial detergent compositions. The dye re-deposition behaviour of the control fabric was measured in terms of the colour difference (ΔE) values. The influence of PVP on the washing efficiency of detergent was evaluated against tea, coffee and juice stains. Findings The results showed that there is an excellent performance of the developed product noted in terms of DTI performance against reactive, basic and sulfur dyes. The DTI product showed a significantly (p<0.05) less performance against acid and direct dyes. There is no significant differences noted in the stain removal efficiency of the detergent in the presence of PVP in the wash liquor (p>0.05). Originality/value The usage of DTI polymer in the household laundry has no significant influence on the detergents performance in terms of stain removing efficiency. The DTI polymer’s function in the wash liquor depends up on the type of polymer used, as they are sensitive to the type of detergent compositions used and the type of dyes bleeds in the wash liquor.

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6

Abojassim, Ali A., Hussain H. Abd, Dalal N. Hamed, and Anmar A. Abdullah. "Study of radioactivity levels in detergent powders samples by gamma spectroscopy." Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences 7, no. 4 (October 2014): 532–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2014.09.001.

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7

Siwayanan, Parthiban, Ramlan Aziz, Nooh Abu Bakar, Hamdan Ya, Ropien Jokiman, and Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan. "Detergency Stability and Particle Characterization of Phosphate-Free Spray Dried Detergent Powders Incorporated with Palm C16 Methyl Ester Sulfonate (C16MES)." Journal of Oleo Science 63, no. 6 (2014): 585–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/jos.ess13200.

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8

Thakur, Subhash C., Hossein Ahmadian, Jin Sun, and Jin Y. Ooi. "An experimental and numerical study of packing, compression, and caking behaviour of detergent powders." Particuology 12 (February 2014): 2–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2013.06.009.

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9

Khanmohammadi, Mohammadreza, Nahid Mashkuri, Masumeh Rostami, and Amir Bagheri Garmarudi. "Quantitative determination of sodium perborate and sodium percarbonate in detergent powders by infrared spectrometry." Journal of Analytical Chemistry 67, no. 4 (April 2012): 330–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1061934812040089.

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10

Maxfield, Lewis, Luis Martindejuan, and Andrew E. Bayly. "Prediction of self-heating in detergent powders for application to spray dryer wall accumulations." Drying Technology 38, no. 3 (March 5, 2019): 395–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2019.1576727.

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11

Farshchi, Amin, Ali Hassanpour, Rammile Ettelaie, and Andrew E. Bayly. "Evolution of surface micro-structure and moisture sorption characteristics of spray-dried detergent powders." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 551 (September 2019): 283–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2019.04.069.

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12

Palzer, St. "Agglomeration of pharmaceutical, detergent, chemical and food powders — Similarities and differences of materials and processes." Powder Technology 206, no. 1-2 (January 2011): 2–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2010.05.006.

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13

Mahabir-Jagessar Tewari, K., and S. A. M. van Stroe-Bieze. "Analysis of amine-containing phosphonates in detergent powders by anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection." Journal of Chromatography A 771, no. 1-2 (May 1997): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00189-1.

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14

Alshahri, Fatimh. "Activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K, and 238U in detergent powders and their potential radiation hazards." Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 426–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16878507.2020.1750848.

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15

Abd Maurad, Zulina, Luqman Chuah Abdullah, Mohd Shamsul Anuar, Nor Nadiah Abdul Karim Shah, and Zainab Idris. "Preparation, Characterization, Morphological and Particle Properties of Crystallized Palm-Based Methyl Ester Sulphonates (MES) Powder." Molecules 25, no. 11 (June 5, 2020): 2629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112629.

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Methyl ester sulphonates (MES) have been considered as an alternative green surfactant for the detergent market. Investigation on the purification of methyl ester sulphonates (MES) with various carbon chains of C12, C14, C16 and C16–18 derived from palm methyl ester is of great interest. These MES powders have been repeatedly crystallized with ethanol and the purity of MES has increased to a maximum of 99% active content and 96% crystallinity index without changing the structure. These crystallized MES with high active content have 1.0% to 2.3% moisture content and retained its di-salt content in the range of 5%. The crystallized MES C16 and C16–18 attained excellent flow characteristics. Morphology, structural and its crystallinity analyses showed that the crystals MES had good solubility properties, stable crystal structure (β polymorphic) and triclinic lateral structure when it is in high active content. The brittleness of MES crystals increased from a β’ to a β subcell. Crystal with high brittleness has the potential to ease production of powder, which leads to a reduction in the cost of production and improves efficiency.

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16

Courtens, E. N. P., F. Meerburg, V. Mausen, and S. E. Vlaeminck. "When the smoke disappears: dealing with extinguishing chemicals in firefighting wastewater." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 8 (February 17, 2014): 1720–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.081.

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Water is not enough. Nowadays, numerous chemicals are used for fire extinction. After use, however, these may unintentionally enter sewerage systems. In order to safely treat firefighting wastewater (FFWW), knowledge of the potential effects of these chemicals on biological treatment processes is essential. This study characterized and mimicked the composition of FFWW containing two powders, three foams and one foam degrader. Nitrogen (162–370 mg NH4+-N L−1) and phosphorus (173–320 mg PO43−-P L−1) concentrations exceeded discharge limits, whereas chemical and biological oxygen demand, suspended solids and detergent concentrations remained sufficiently low. Adequate nutrient removal could be obtained through FeCl3 addition and nitrification/denitrification with acetate as substrate. In batch tests, residual nitrifying activities of 84, 81, 89, 95 and 93% were observed in the presence of powders, foams, foam degrader, synthetic and real FFWW, respectively. All categories showed higher denitrification rates than the control. Although the powders at first seemed to inhibit anammox activity at 82%, after pH correction anammox was fully feasible, allowing nitrogen removal through oxygen-limited nitrification/denitrification (OLAND). Detailed cost calculations indicated that OLAND could save 11% of capital and 68% of operational costs compared to nitrification/denitrification, identifying OLAND as the most recommendable process for nitrogen removal from firefighting wastewaters.

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17

Dalbey, Mike. "A Suggested Procedure for Sampling “Suspect White Powders” Where Law Enforcement Agencies Require a “Credible Threat” Before Responding." Microscopy Today 10, no. 1 (February 2002): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500050483.

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Immediately following the bioterror associated anthrax cases in September, there were an unprecedented number of reports of “suspicious white powdery substances” nationwide. Some of these reports were hoaxes. Others were honest cases of mistaken identity. A very few involved anthrax spores.An incident on our campus caused the temporary closing of a portion of a dormitory building and disrupted the activities of a large number of students, faculty, and staff. When campus officials contacted the FBI for assistance in evaluating the suspect material they were advised that the bureau was so overwhelmed by reports of suspicious substances that they were unable to respond effectively unless additional circumstances suggested a credible biohazard threat. The material in our incident eventually proved to be laundry detergent.

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18

Afreen, Sadia. "Developing A New Combination And Proportion Of Chemicals For The Production Of Laundry Detergent At Low Cost In Context Of Bangladesh." Journal of Chemical Engineering 26 (March 24, 2012): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jce.v26i1.10184.

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This work proposes a new combination and proportion of chemicals available in the local market to prepare laundry detergent at low cost in context of Bangladesh. The proposed formula ensures good foaming and washing quality of the detergent that can compete the existing other laundry detergents in the market. The pH of the product is maintained at 10 which is close to that of other detergent powder being sold in market now. The cost analysis in accordance with the proposed formula shows that the production of 1 kg detergent powder costs 20-25 BDT; therefore, can be sold at a price lower than the other detergents available in market. The proposed formula can reduce the selling price of the detergent at 40-45 BDT, whereas the other companies are selling it from 50-140 BDT in the market. This offers a new scope to produce laundry detergent at a very low cost as well as good washing performance of the product using the locally available chemicals in Bangladesh. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jce.v26i1.10184 JCE 2011; 26(1): 50-53

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19

Stankovic, Mirjana, and Lato Pezo. "Powder detergents production plant." Chemical Industry 57, no. 2 (2003): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0302079s.

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The IGPC Engineering Department designed basic projects for powder detergent production plant, using technology developed in the IGPC laboratories, in 1998. - 2000. Several projects were completed: technological, machine, electrical, automation. On the basis of these projects, a production plant with a capacity of 25,000 t/y was manufactured, at "Delta In", Zrenjanin, in 2000.This technology was an innovation, because new approach in mixing a powder materials was used, as well as introducing a new type of dryer in detergent production. The product meets all quality demands for detergents with high specific weight (1000 g/l), as well as environmental regulations. The detergent production process is fully automatized, and the product has uniform quality. There is no waste material in detergent zeolite production, because all products with unsatisfactory quality are returned to the process. The production process can be controlled manually, which is necessary during start-up, and repairs.

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20

Siwayanan, Parthiban, Ramlan Aziz, Nooh Abu Bakar, Hamdan Ya, Ropien Jokiman, and Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan. "Characterization of Phosphate-Free Detergent Powders Incorporated with Palm C16 Methyl Ester Sulfonate (C16MES) and Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulfonic Acid (LABSA)." Journal of Surfactants and Detergents 17, no. 5 (June 10, 2014): 871–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11743-014-1603-4.

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21

Mahabir-Jagessar Tewari, K., and S. A. M. van Stroe-Bieze. "Erratum to “Analysis of amine-containing phosphonates in detergent powders by anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection” [J. Chromatogr. 771 (1997) 155]." Journal of Chromatography A 786, no. 2 (October 1997): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00791-7.

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22

Hu, Shan, Bo Zhang, and Yi Xu. "Using electric flocculation to treat domestic laundry wastewater with different types of detergents." E3S Web of Conferences 261 (2021): 04008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126104008.

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Laundry wastewater contains a large number of surfactants, suspended solids and other pollutants, and the COD value is high. If the wastewater is discharged into the water without harmless treatment, it will cause serious environmental pollution. The electrocoagulation process was selected as a promising environmentally friendly technology for treating domestic laundry wastewater. In this paper, the contribution of the liquid and powder detergents to the composition of domestic laundry wastewater was investigated. Combination of stainless steel and aluminum anode electrodes were compared. The effect of electrolysis time and current density on the removal of COD, LAS and turbidity of liquid detergent and powder detergent laundry wastewater were evaluated. The experimental results showed the electrocoagulation process has significant removal. It was found that the electrolysis time in 25 minute, current density in 5 mA/cm2 had optimum efficiency when considering efficient removal and economic energy consumption. For Liquid detergent laundry wastewater, COD, LAS and turbidity removal rates were 84%, 93% and 96%. For powder detergent laundry wastewater, COD, LAS and turbidity removal efficiency were 80%, 83% and 91%, respectively. Energy consumption in the optimum conditions for liquid detergent and powder detergent laundry wastewater by electrocoagulation were 7.324KWh/m3, 3.642KWh/m3, respectively, while using combination of stainless steel and aluminum anode electrodes equals 1 to 1.

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23

Nedeljkovic, Dragutin. "The Effect of the Temperature and Moisture to the Permeation Properties of PEO-Based Membranes for Carbon-Dioxide Separation." Polymers 13, no. 13 (June 23, 2021): 2053. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13132053.

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An increased demand for energy in recent decades has caused an increase in the emissions of combustion products, among which carbon-dioxide is the most harmful. As carbon-dioxide induces negative environmental effects, like global warming and the greenhouse effect, a decrease of the carbon-dioxide emission has emerged as one of the most urgent tasks in engineering. In this work, the possibility for the application of the polymer-based, dense, mixed matrix membranes for flue gas treatment was tested. The task was to test a potential decrease in the permeability and selectivity of a mixed-matrix membrane in the presence of moisture and at elevated temperature. Membranes are based on two different poly(ethylene oxide)-based polymers filled with two different zeolite powders (ITR and IWS). An additive of detergent type was added to improve the contact properties between the zeolite and polymer matrix. The measurements were performed at three different temperatures (30, 60, and 90 °C) under wet conditions, with partial pressure of the water equal to the vapor pressure of the water at the given temperature. The permeability of carbon-dioxide, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen was measured, and the selectivity of the carbon-dioxide versus other gases was determined. Obtained results have shown that an increase of temperature and partial pressure of the vapor slightly increase both the selectivity and permeability of the synthesized membranes. It was also shown that the addition of the zeolite powder increases the permeability of carbon-dioxide while maintaining the selectivity, compared to hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

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Farshchi, Amin, Amin Sadeghpour, Michael Rappolt, Hossam Tantawy, Joel Caragay, Eric S. J. Robles, Ali Hassanpour, and Andrew Bayly. "Liquid crystalline phases of linear alkylbenzene sulphonate in spray-dried detergent powders studied by small-angle X-ray scattering, TEM, and ATR-IR spectroscopy." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 614 (April 2021): 126130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.126130.

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25

Rachmawati, Putri Anggraeni. "BIODEGRADABLE DETERGEN DARI SAPONIN DAUN WARU DAN EKSTRAKSI BUNGA TANJUNG." Indonesian Chemistry and Application Journal 2, no. 2 (March 19, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/icaj.v2n2.p1-4.

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The use of powder detergent in Indonesia begin to increase drastically since 1990. The material that use in formulation of detergen is an active material, support materials, additives, fragrance material that and antifoam. The active material of detergent likeLinear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) used to increase cleaner power. Waru leave contain of metabolites namely alkaloid, triterpenoid, tanin, flavonoid, and saponin. Saponin has important role as foam producer in detergent industry, soap, and shampoo. The purpose of experiment is to know about effectivenessof waru leave exstract as an aditif in the production of detergent. This experiment include analysis phytochemicals characteristic because it need : pH level, viscosity and foam stability. The data analysed theoreticallybased on observation result. The observation result show that waru leave can be used as liquid detergent with biodegradable characteristic.

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Sarkar, Dev Narayan, and Kaushik Kundu. "Safed Detergent Powder: Regional Brand with Rural Focus." Asian Case Research Journal 23, no. 02 (December 2019): 457–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218927519500196.

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Safechem Industries was the leading manufacturer of detergents and allied products in Eastern India under the brand name of ‘SAFED’. Safed had local factories to service the eastern market at a lower cost than other organized players and this also enabled it to compete with the unorganized sector, especially in the rural markets. The case presents a situation in which the General Manager for Marketing & Strategy at Safechem Industries had to formulate the marketing and growth strategy for the future. The company is based mainly in rural parts of Eastern India. The case describes the detergent industry in India with a special focus on rural markets. It also elaborates on the strengths and weaknesses of Safechem with respect to the detergents market and the strategies adopted by it. The General Manager is expected to choose an appropriate marketing and strategic option to help the company achieve its growth plan.

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27

Vescan, Amelia Tero, Bianca Eugenia Osz, Madalina Batranu, Amalia Miklos, Cristina Filip, Silvia Imre, and Camil Eugen Vari. "Water Hardness Key Element in Choosing Between Washing Efficiency with Enzyme Detergent and the Lifespan of the Washing Machine." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 12 (January 15, 2019): 3393–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.12.6757.

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The use of detergents with enzymatic activity is very popular if we consider their real economic advantages - reducing energy and water consumption but also reducing the environmental impact by using more biodegradable components related to organic and inorganic components. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the impact of environmental factors such as the variability of water hardness in the public water supply network and the temperature applied to the amylolytic, lipolytic and proteolytic enzyme activity of 6 detergents available on the market. The determinations were performed by modified methods from the European Pharmacopoeia 8th Edition in determination the enzymatic activity of the pancreas powder. The determinations show a significant influence of increased water hardness on lipase and protease activity in detergent (p [0.01 *) between extreme hardness values, while amylolytic activity does not vary significantly with increasing water hardness.

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Nisa, Adninda Huda, Mela Firdaust, and Bayu Chondro Purnomo. "DESKRIPSI KUALITAS DAN KUANTITAS LIMBAH CAIR USAHA LAUNDRY DI KELURAHAN SUMAMPIR KECAMATAN PURWOKERTO UTARA KABUPATEN BANYUMAS TAHUN 2018." Buletin Keslingmas 38, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31983/keslingmas.v38i2.4875.

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Background The development of laundry business in the increasingly rapid in Sumampir village make the aquatic environment in the region to be foamy and overgrown with microalgae. Research purposes to describe and to know the quality and quantity of waste water of laundry in Sumampir Village. Type of research, descriptive research. The subjects 9 laundry business, parameters measured are phosphate content of waste water, detergent type, detergent composition, detergent dosage, volume of waste water, frequency of waste water disposal and waste water management from laundry business.The results 89% of laundry business with average phospate 0,76 mg/L (content appropriate) and 11% laundry business with phosphate level of 5.84 mg/L (did not appropriate), 67% of the laundry business used liquid detergent, soft and matic top load type and 33% of respondents used powder detergent, hard and matic front load, 44% of respondents did not use detergents according to the type of washing machine. Detergent composition used by laundry business that is 25% Total Surfactant, Antibacterial Agent, Sodium Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate and Natrium Carbonate 20%. The majority of the detergent dosage used by the laundry business is 23 ml. The average volume of waste water produced from 9 laundry business 1038.57 liters/day. Average frequency of waste water disposal from 9 laundry business 13 times/day and 100% laundry business does not manage the waste water and does not have a waste water treatment facilities. Conclusion, the quality and quantity of wastewater at laundry business in Sumampir Village is at risk of environmental pollution

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Murtomaa, Matti, Kalle Ojanen, Ensio Laine, and Jutta Poutanen. "Effect of detergent on powder triboelectrification." European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 17, no. 4-5 (December 2002): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0928-0987(02)00167-7.

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30

Sundberg, Martin, Anders Christiansson, Cecilia Lindahl, Lotten Wahlund, and Carol Birgersson. "Cleaning effectiveness of chlorine-free detergents for use on dairy farms." Journal of Dairy Research 78, no. 1 (December 7, 2010): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029910000762.

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A method for evaluating cleaning effect based on Bacillus cereus spores was developed and tested in a model system designed to resemble actual farm conditions. A test rig with four removable sampling plates was mounted in a milk line. The plates were attached at the end of T-junctions protruding either 1·5 or 3-times the milk pipe diameter from the main loop to reflect different levels of cleaning difficulty. In each cleaning test, B. cereus spores were applied to the four sampling plates to simulate soil. A series of cleaning tests was conducted at 35, 45, 55 and 65°C with six commercial chlorine-free, alkaline detergents; three liquid and three powder-based products. A commercial alkaline detergent with chlorine, a sodium hydroxide solution, a sodium hydroxider/hypochlorite solution and pure water were also tested. Triplicate tests were performed with each cleaning solution, giving a total of 120 cleaning tests. The cleaning effect was evaluated by comparing the number of spores before and after cleaning. At all temperatures, the two chlorine-based cleaning solutions gave significantly greater reductions in B. cereus spores than the chlorine-free products. All six commercial chlorine-free, alkaline detergents generally gave similar cleaning effects, with no differences in the performance of powder-based and liquid forms. The mechanical spore reduction effect with water alone was greater (1·5–1·8 log-units) than the additional chemical effect of sodium hydroxide or chlorine-free detergents (0·5–1·2 log-units). The chlorine-based solutions had a considerably more powerful chemical effect (2–4 log-units depending on temperature). In general, an increase in cleaning solution temperature up to 55°C gave a greater reduction in spores. A further increase to 65°C did not improve cleaning effectiveness.

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31

Sholberg, P. L., and J. Boulé. "Palmolive® detergent controls apple, cherry, and grape powdery mildew." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 89, no. 6 (November 1, 2009): 1139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps09017.

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Palmolive® detergent applied in water was compared with the standard fungicide treatment for control of powdery mildew on apple [Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. & Ev.) E.S. Salmon], cherry [P. clandestina (Wall.:Fr.) Lév.], and grape [Erysiphe necator (Schw.) Burrill]. Initial tests in the greenhouse with apple and grape seedlings showed that Palmolive® was as effective as myclobutanil in preventing powdery mildew on leaves. In apple orchard trials conducted in 2004, 2005 and 2006 Palmolive® detergent prevented powdery mildew on leaves, but caused fruit russetting when used at a rate higher than 5 mL L-1 through the growing season. The 10 mL L-1 rate reduced foliar powdery mildew in an apple and cherry nursery and in Pinot noir grapes, but caused russetting on grape berries. Further studies to determine optimum rates and spray timing will be required before it can be used safely on grapes. Studies on activity of Palmolive® detergent on Cameo apple leaves showed that it had protectant, eradicant, and antisporulant properties comparable with myclobutanil if applied within 1 d before or after inoculation with P. leucotricha and had superior antisporulant properties when applied to 7-d-old lesions. Palmolive® detergent, if used appropriately, could be an important component of an IPM strategy for control of powdery mildew on apple, cherry, and grape because it presents very little risk for the development of fungicide resistance. Key words: Pest management, plant disease, orchard, vineyard

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32

Yao, Xiaoyan, Hongsing Tan, Daitao Geng, Leping Dang, and Hongyuan Wei. "Dissolution Kinetics and Mechanism of Powder Detergent in Water." Asian Journal of Chemistry 27, no. 9 (2015): 3468–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2015.18920.

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Moulay, Saâd, Bentaleb Halim, and Abdessemed Mohamed. "Algerian montmorillonite as a builder in a detergent powder." Journal of Surfactants and Detergents 6, no. 2 (April 2003): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11743-003-0253-6.

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Shastry, Abhishek, Paolo Palacio-Mancheno, Karl Braeckman, Sander Vanheule, Ivan Josipovic, Frederic Van Assche, Eric Robles, Veerle Cnudde, Luc Van Hoorebeke, and Matthieu Boone. "In-Situ High Resolution Dynamic X-ray Microtomographic Imaging of Olive Oil Removal in Kitchen Sponges by Squeezing and Rinsing." Materials 11, no. 8 (August 20, 2018): 1482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11081482.

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Recent advances in high resolution X-ray tomography (μCT) technology have enabled in-situ dynamic μCT imaging (4D-μCT) of time-dependent processes inside 3D structures, non-destructively and non-invasively. This paper illustrates the application of 4D-μCT for visualizing the removal of fatty liquids from kitchen sponges made of polyurethane after rinsing (absorption), squeezing (desorption) and cleaning (adding detergents). For the first time, time-dependent imaging of this type of system was established with sufficiently large contrast gradient between water (with/without detergent) and olive oil (model fat) by the application of suitable fat-sensitive X-ray contrast agents. Thus, contrasted olive oil filled sponges were rinsed and squeezed in a unique laboratory loading device with a fluid flow channel designed to fit inside a rotating gantry-based X-ray μCT system. Results suggest the use of brominated vegetable oil as a preferred contrast agent over magnetite powder for enhancing the attenuation coefficient of olive oil in a multi fluid filled kitchen sponge. The contrast agent (brominated vegetable oil) and olive oil were mixed and subsequently added on to the sponge. There was no disintegration seen in the mixture of contrast agent and olive oil during the cleaning process by detergents. The application of contrast agents also helped in accurately tracking the movement and volume changes of soils in compressed open cell structures. With the in house-built cleaning device, it was quantified that almost 99% of cleaning was possible for contrasted olive oil (brominated vegetable oil with olive oil) dispersed in the sponge. This novel approach allowed for realistic mimicking of the cleaning process and provided closer evaluation of the effectiveness of cleaning by detergents to minimize bacterial growth.

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Hannu, Timo J., Vesa E. Riihimäki, and Päivi L. Piirilä. "Reactive Airways Dysfunction Syndrome from Acute Inhalation of Dishwasher Detergent Powder." Canadian Respiratory Journal 19, no. 3 (2012): e25-e27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/150919.

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Reactive airway dysfunction syndrome, a type of occupational asthma without a latency period, is induced by irritating vapour, fumes or smoke. The present report is the first to describe a case of reactive airway dysfunction syndrome caused by acute exposure to dishwater detergent containing sodium metasilicate and sodium dichloroisocyanurate. The diagnosis was based on exposure data, clinical symptoms and signs, as well as respiratory function tests. A 43-year-old nonatopic male apprentice cook developed respiratory symptoms immediately after exposure to a cloud of detergent powder that was made airborne by vigorous shaking of the package. In spirometry, combined obstructive and restrictive ventilatory impairment developed, and the histamine challenge test revealed bronchial hyper-responsiveness. Even routine handling of a strongly caustic detergent, such as filling a dishwasher container, is not entirely risk free and should be performed with caution.

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NOGUCHI, Toshiharu. "The Progress of Laundry Powder Detergents in Japan." Oleoscience 8, no. 11 (2008): 479–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/oleoscience.8.479.

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Davis, Pamela J., Herman van Bekkum, and Eric N. Coker. "Properties of Zeolite A Obtained from Powdered Laundry Detergent." Journal of Chemical Education 76, no. 4 (April 1999): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed076p469.3.

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Holichenkov, O. M., Yu S. Domaratska, V. I. Liashenko, Z. Yu Maistrenko, H. P. Umanets, and O. Yu Kucherenko. "The study of the completeness of the removal of the detergents from children's clothes by the amount of anionic surfactants in wastewater." Environment & Health, no. 1 (98) (February 2021): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32402/dovkil2021.01.066.

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Objective: We determined a safety level of the agents by the residual amount of the anionic surfactants in wastewater from the objects after their washing with the agents for the treatment of children's products. Materials and methods: 16 detergents for children's clothes washing were purchased at the supermarkets of Kyiv. In our study we applied sanitary-and-chemical research methods: express method for the assessment of the anionic surfactants on the clothes fabrics; an extraction-photometric method for the determination of the the residual amount of the main active substances of the anionic surfactants in the experimental sample. Results: The analysis of the results shows that there is a significant difference in the surfactant amount in the wastewater after washing with powder and liquid detergents based on the synthetic anionic surfactants and natural soap. Therefore, the anionic surfactants are rinsing best of all from the clothes washed with the detergents based on natural soaps (Soaps “Droog”, “Clean & White”, “Kroha”). After washing of the children's clothes with powder and liquid detergents for automatic washing based on synthetic anionic surfactants, the residual amount of the anionic surfactants on the fabrics exceeds the accepted hygienic standard. Conclusions: It has been discovered that even after repeated rinsing, the fabrics, treated with washing powder and liquid detergents, contain the residual amount of the anionic surfactants that exceeds normative parameters (8 of 13 investigated detergents based on the anionic surfactants) by 2-3 times. Taking into account a specificity of children’s functional skin state, especially the incompletely formed multistage protection system, it is recommended to use the detergents based on natural soap and products containing less than 5% of the surfactants for washing of the clothes of the children aged 0 to 6 years.

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Milojevic, Vladimir, Ljubisa Nikolic, Goran Nikolic, and Jakov Stamenkovic. "The influence of sodium-polyacrilic macromolecular chain length to the powder detergents secondary washing performances." Chemical Industry 67, no. 1 (2013): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind120220040m.

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In order to investigate the influence of sodium-polyacrylate polymer as a co-builder in addition to the carbonate/zeolite builders in detergent builder system, secondary washing performances of powder laundry detergent containing equal percentage of sodium polyacrylate with the different weight average molar mass, Mw, have been examined. The value of the degree of whiteness, elongation at break, and total residue content are the most important secondary washing performances that significantly depend on sodium polyacrylates efficiency used as crystal inhibitors, stabilizers for suspended soil, and agents for soil redisposition prevention on fabric surface. The values of the whiteness and elongation at break for cotton fabrics increase with the increase of average weight molecular mass, Mw, up to the value of 70000 g/mol, while in the case of further increase of weight average molar mass up to the 250000 g/mol value of these characteristics begin to decline. The values of the total residue content after combustion indicate an increase in its content with the increase of weight average molar mass of 3000 to 70000 g/mol, while the highest value has been reached in the sample of detergent containing sodiumpolyacrilic with the weight average molar mass of 250000 g/mol. All detergent samples show no significant dependence of the secondary washing characteristics on the number of washing cycles.

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Ito, A. "The Packed Type Superplasticizer Developed by using Technology of Powder Detergent." Concrete Journal 53, no. 12 (2015): 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3151/coj.53.12_1077.

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РОДИОНОВ, Ю. В., Д. В. НИКИТИН, С. А. АНОХИН, and А. А. ГУСЬКОВ. "DETERGENT RECIPES FOR WASHING AND DISINFECTING DAIRY EQUIPMENT FOR FARMING." VESTNIK RIAZANSKOGO GOSUDARSTVENNOGO AGROTEHNOLOGICHESKOGO UNIVERSITETA IM P A KOSTYCHEVA, no. 2(50) (June 30, 2021): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36508/rsatu.2021.50.2.016.

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Проблема и цель. Целью исследований являлось сравнение эффективности различных рецептур моющих средств для дезинфекции бактерий группы кишечных палочек (БГКП), стафилококков и Pseudomonas aeruginosa с поверхности нержавеющая сталь марки AISI 316. Методология. Для достижения цели в качестве образцов моющих средств заданных рецептур при равных композициях использовались: озонированная питьевая вода, барботированная в течение 5 мин.; 1 %-й водный раствор азотистой кислоты, 1 %-й водный раствор ортофосфорной кислоты, 1 %-й водный раствор щелочи; механическая смесь кальцинированной соды 20-25 % и горчичного порошка 75-80 ; 2,2 %-й и 5,2 %-й водные экстракты горчичного порошка. Экстрагирование горчичного порошка осуществляли в гидромодулях 1:25 и 1:50 при вакууме 0,6 кПа и температуре 56 °C в течение 40 мин. Для заражения образцов пластин из нержавеющей стали бактериями осуществляли предварительное выращивание микрофлоры на питательной среде (МПА – мясопептонный агар) с последующим её добавлением в молоко с содержанием жира 3,4-4,5 % в соответствии с ТУ 9222- 242-00419785-04. Исследуемые образцы пластин подвергались 15-минутной дезинфекции моющим раствором методом распыления ультрамалого объема. Эффективность дезинфекции оценивалась пробами ватно-марлевого смыва стерильного стержня, помещенного в пробирку с питательной средой с последующим анализом по методу МУК 4.2.2942-11. Результаты. Анализ результатов дезинфекции показал, что механическая смесь кальцинированной соды 20-25 % и горчичного порошка 75-80 %; 2,2 %-й и 5,2 %-й водные экстракты горчичного порошка и озонированная питьевая вода обладают одинаковой дезинфекционной эффективностью по сравнению с образцами химических моющих средств, применяемых в молочной промышленности. Заключение. Предложенные образцы моющих средств заданных рецептур природного происхождения позволят отказаться от химических компонентов в моющих и дезинфицирующих растворах, что повысит экологическую безопасность отработанных растворов и снизить стоимость их дальнейшей утилизации. Problem and purpose. The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of various formulations of detergents for disinfection of bacteria of the group of E. coli (BCG), staphylococci and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the surface of stainless steel AISI 316. Methodology. To achieve the goal, the following were used as samples of detergents of specified formulations with equal compositions: ozonized drinking water, bubbled for 5 minutes; 1% aqueous solution of nitrous acid, 1% aqueous solution of phosphoric acid, 1% aqueous solution of alkali; mechanical mixture of soda ash 20-25% and mustard powder 75-80%; 2.2% and 5.2% mustard powder aqueous extracts. The extraction of mustard powder was carried out in hydromodules 1:25 and 1:50 at a vacuum of 0.6 kPa and a temperature of 56 ° C for 40 min. To infect samples of stainless steel plates with bacteria, the microflora was preliminarily grown on a nutrient medium (MPA - mesopatamia agar) with its subsequent addition to milk with a fat content of 3.4 - 4.5% in accordance with TU 9222-242-00419785-04. The test samples of the plates were subjected to 15 minutes of disinfection with a washing solution by the ultra-small volume spraying method. The effectiveness of disinfection was assessed by samples of a cotton-gauze washout of a sterile rod, placed in a test tube with a nutrient medium, followed by analysis according to the MUK 4.2.2942-11 method. Results. Analysis of the results of disinfection showed that the mechanical mixture of soda ash 20-25% and mustard powder 75-80%; 2.2% and 5.2% aqueous extracts of mustard powder and ozonized drinking water have the same disinfection efficiency compared to the samples of chemical detergents used in the dairy industry. Conclusion. The proposed samples of detergents of predetermined formulations of natural origin will make it possible to abandon chemical components in detergents and disinfectants, which will increase the environmental safety of waste solutions and reduce the cost of their further disposal.

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Nehashi, T., S. Yabe, and F. Sai. "Powdered detergents for odor-free laundry dried outdoors." Zeolites 11, no. 2 (February 1991): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-2449(91)80443-4.

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Kuroda, M., Y. Sakamoto, and Y. Otani. "Powdered detergent composition containing nonionic surfactant absorbed by a carrier." Zeolites 15, no. 1 (January 1995): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-2449(95)90270-8.

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Virdi, Ishpreet. "Impact of Perceived Deception on Consumer Behaviour: The Case of Detergent Powder." AIMS International Journal of Management 14, no. 1 (June 13, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.26573/2020.14.1.2.

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Kenconojati, H., Suciyono, and M. H. Azhar. "The harmful effect of commercial powder detergent on water flea (Daphnia sp.)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 441 (February 25, 2020): 012081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/441/1/012081.

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Gaspard, P., and J. Schwartzbrod. "Determination of the Parasitic Contamination of Irrigated Vegetables." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 7-8 (April 1, 1993): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0563.

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In countries with limited water resources, the agricultural use of treated wastewater represents an interesting alternative. The recent World Health Organisation guidelines (1989) for the microbiological quality of treated wastewaters used for crop irrigation require an arithmetic mean of ≤ 1 intestinal nematode egg per litre. In this study diverse methods have been tried for recovering parasitic nematode eggs from vegetables artificially contaminated by Ascaris eggs. The vegetables examined were lettuce and tomatoes. Vegetables were seeded with Ascaris eggs at different levels from 3 to 900 eggs. Eggs elution was realized with chemical solution (distilled water, aceto-acetic buffer pH 4.5, formalin 20%, anionic detergent DDN50®, cationic detergent hyamine®) and/or mechanical treatment (brush - scrub or brush - scrub coupled with glass powder treatment). Concentration was performed by flotation technique with a 55% zinc sulphate solution (d=1.3). Recovery was low for all samples after chemical elution. When we tested the association of chemical and mechanical treatments the percent recovery were ranging from 72 to 100% for vegetables contaminated with 10 to 400 eggs. The method proposed includes an elution with a glass powder suspension in a cationic detergent (50/50), a concentration with ZnSO4 55% solution (d=1.3) and a quantification with a counting cell. The sensitivity threshold of the proposed method lies at about 10 eggs per samples.

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Serafim, Camila Cano, Fabiola Cristine De Almeida Rego, Jéssica Taboni Fabris, Janaina Fabbris Molina, Camila Roberta Lupo, Marta Juliane Gasparini, Rogério Semchechem, Maria Carolina Ricciardi Sbizera, Marilice Zundt, and Joice Sifuentes Dos Santos. "Consumo de Nutrientes e Perfil Metabólico de Cordeiros Confinados com Diferentes Teores de Soro de Leite em Pó na Dieta." UNICIÊNCIAS 21, no. 1 (August 24, 2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/1415-5141.2017v21n1p7-11.

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O soro de leite em pó é um coproduto lácteo, que pode ser aproveitado na dieta de cordeiros recém-desmamados, com o intuito de estimular consumo de alimentos sólidos, por ser palatável e por possuir alto teor de carboidratos solúveis, que são rapidamente degradados no rúmen. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de diferentes níveis de soro de leite em pó, em dietas de cordeiros confinados da raça Santa Inês, sobre o consumo dos nutrientes e os parâmetros sanguíneos desses animais. Os tratamentos realizados foram: 0, 5, 10 e 15% de níveis de inclusão na alimentação dos cordeiros, na matéria seca total da dieta. O tempo experimental foi de 69 dias. O delineamento experimental foi um quadrado latino, quatro por quatro, sendo quatro tratamentos e quatro períodos. Foram utilizados 4 animais. A dieta foi composta de volumoso e concentrado à base de milho e soja. Foram realizadas análises bromatológicas do alimento ofertado, sobras e fezes dos animais. As amostras de sangue para análise laboratorial foram colhidas no quinto dia de cada período. Os dados foram analisados pelo pacote estatístico SAS (versão 9.2). O consumo de matéria seca, em função do peso vivo animal não variou entre tratamentos (p>0,05), com média de 4,22%. O consumo de proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido foram diferentes entre os tratamentos (p<0,05), com as seguintes médias 222, 40, 326 e 176g/dia, respectivamente. A inclusão alterou consumo de nutrientes e, também, os parâmetros sanguíneos dos animais.Palavras-chave: Consumo de Matéria Seca. Coproduto Lácteo, Triglicerídeos. Ureia.AbstractWhey powder is a dairycoproduct that can be used in the diet of recently weaned lambs in order to stimulate consumption of solid foods because it is palatable and has a high content of soluble carbohydrates that are rapidly degraded in the rumen. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of different levels of whey powder in confined lamb diets of Santa Inês breed on the nutrient intake and blood parameters of these animals. The treatments were: 0, 5, 10 and 15% inclusion levels in the lambs’ diet, in the total dry matter of the diet. The experimental time was 69 days. The experimental design was a Latin square, four by four, with four treatments and four periods. Four animals were used. The diet was composed of bulky and concentrated corn and soybean. Bromatological analyzes of the food offered, leftovers and the animals’ feces were carried out. Blood samples for laboratory analysis were collected on the fifth day of each period. The data were analyzed by the statistical package SAS (version 9.2). Dry matter intake as a function of live weight did not vary among treatments (p> 0.05), with an average of 4.22%. Crude protein, ethereal extract, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were different among treatments (p <0.05), with the following means 222, 40, 326 and 176g / day, respectively. The inclusion altered nutrient intake and also the animals’ blood parameters.Keywords: Dry Matter Intake, Milk Coproduct, Triglycerides, Urea.

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Hardie, Ailsa G., Ncumisa Madubela, Catherine E. Clarke, and Eugene L. Lategan. "Impact of powdered and liquid laundry detergent greywater on soil degradation." Journal of Hydrology 595 (April 2021): 126059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126059.

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BROWN, DONNA M., BRUCE A. CAMERON, and SONYA S. MEYER. "A survey of commercial laundry detergents ? how effective are they? Part I: powders." Journal of Consumer Studies and Home Economics 17, no. 2 (June 1993): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-6431.1993.tb00161.x.

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Tan, Chao, Hui Chen, and Zan Lin. "Brand classification of detergent powder using near-infrared spectroscopy and extreme learning machines." Microchemical Journal 160 (January 2021): 105691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2020.105691.

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