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Fredriksson, Cajsa. "Determinants of household savings : An international cross-country analysis to detect the determinants of household savings." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Handelshögskolan (from 2013), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-79936.
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The purpose of this paper is to look into the determinants of household savings in an international cross-section. The focus is on the effects from social security, old-age dependency, participation rate and change in unemployment, among other variables as an addition to the disequilibrium saving hypotheses, which is the base theory for the savings function. The fixed-effect least square dummy variable method is used on panel data of 14 OECD countries over the time-span 2000 to 2018. The determinants that has a significant effect on household saving in the empirical result is unanticipated income; a positive sign supports the permanent-income hypothesis and the disequilibrium saving hypothesis. This means that individuals tend to save the transitory income. The next significant variable is the lagged savings rate, which indicates inactivity in the savings behavior. The change in the unemployment rate is also significant and the positive sign supports the uncertainty hypothesis, indicating that individuals tend to save for precautionary reasons. The last significant variable was social security and it had a negative effect on household savings; which is supported by the life-cycle hypothesis, and can indicate a wealth substitution effect or general confidence in the social security system.
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Huang, Peng. "Determinants of household saving in China." Master's thesis, Lincoln University. Commerce Division, 2006. http://theses.lincoln.ac.nz/public/adt-NZLIU20061202.004631/.
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It is a conventional wisdom that since the start of the Chinese economic reform in 1978, the domestic saving structure in China has changed significantly. Previous studies of household saving in China (for example: Qian, 1988, Feltenstein et al, 1990, and Wakabayashi and Mackellar, 1999) have usually relied upon the Keynesian absolute-income hypothesis, Duesenberrys relative-income hypothesis, and Friedmans permanent-income hypothesis. This thesis uses the Modigliani-Brumberg life-cycle hypothesis to examine the determinants of household saving behavior in the Peoples Republic of China during the period 1978 to 2003. The research uses modern cointegration techniques to examine the impact on saving rates of economic growth, age dependency, wealth, the real interest rate, social security payments and unemployment (as a proxy for income uncertainty). Autoregressive distributed lag models are constructed and tested. The results find that economic growth, the real interest rate and social security payments have the expected effect with significant parameters; age dependency has the expected sign but in one model is not statistically significant; and that unemployment is not significant. The most surprising result is that increases in household wealth are associated with increased saving rates, which may help explain very high economic growth rates in China post 1978.
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Moyo, Dambisa Felicia. "Essays on the determinants of components of savings in developing countries." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270137.
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Chipote, Precious. "Determinants of household savings in South Africa: an econometric approach." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1015281.
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Savings play a crucial role in promoting economic growth through their effect on investments. In addition, savings cushion the economy against fluctuating international capital flows. In periods of low or fluctuating capital, domestic savings are essential to finance high levels of capital formation thereby leading to increased productivity and sustainable economic growth. In South Africa saving levels have been declining, particularly household savings. This has been a major cause of concern as low savings hinder economic growth. In light of this, the study explored the determinants of household savings in South Africa over the period 1990 to 2011 using quarterly data. Based on the review of the theoretical and empirical literature, particular attention was paid to the effects of age dependency ratio, the level of household income, inflation and real interest rate on household savings. Apart from informal graphical test, the study employed the Augmented Dickey-Fuller and Phillips Perron unit root tests to test for stationarity in the time series. To identify the long-run and short-run dynamics among the variables, the study used the Johansen co-integration and the Error Correction Mechanism. Results of the study indicated that age dependency ratio, inflation and real interest rate have a positive impact on household savings whilst income has a negative long run relationship with household savings. In addition, the findings revealed that income, inflation and real interest rate play a major role in determining household savings whereas age dependency ratio is insignificant. The study recommends that the government should employ a countercyclical fiscal policy to avoid the development of excessive current account deficits during periods of more rapid economic growth, rising investment and falling saving.
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Horáková, Marie. "Úspory českých domácností a jejich srovnání s vybranými zeměmi EU." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-162582.
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This Master's thesis focuses on Czech household savings. It describes the most important traditional and alternative financial products used by Czech households. Next it reveals the reasons why Czech households are so conservative in their attitude to their financial means in comparison with other European countries. In the last part of this thesis the most important determinants of household savings are identified and with the help of correlation coefficient the intensity of correlation between gross household savings and their determinants is explored.
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De, Vos Chantel. "Determinants of savings and investment among low-income households in South Africa." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/3001.
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Thesis (MTech (Cost and Management Accounting))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019This study examined the determinants of savings and investment among low-income households in South Africa. Savings and investment play a significant role in improving living standard of people and also act as important factors for state survival in times of economic crises. The benefits of household savings and investment cannot be easily quantified, especially in achieving economic growth. Despite the numerous benefits, low income household savings and investments remain an issue that has characterised the lives of many low-income households in South African since post-apartheid. The study is based on Non-Ricardian Households (NRH) which comprises medium and high-income households, which are involved in the financial market, participate in buying bonds or stocks, and are classified as saving households. Non-Ricardian households comprise low-income households which largely depend on government welfare benefits for sustenance and are classified as the low savings and hence low-income households. The research used National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) dataset wave one to five. Four different panel models were analysed in determining the socio-economic characteristics of NRH in South Africa. The panel estimators include Pooled OLS, fixed and random effects methods. The results show that households’ income, household size, household geographical local and household grants among others are major determinant of households’ savings and investment in South Africa. Government grants received by households have positive relationship with savings and negative relationship with investment. This is because the low-income households do not save to invest but save for delay consumption. The results have also showed the likelihood of government grants to household’s crowd out household investment as they over depend on the government for both present and future expenditure. The study recommends that government should create a more enabling environment for Non-Ricardian households to engage in productive activities and to also create more low skills jobs and encourage reduction of birth rate among low-income households.
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Ögren, Anton. "Determinants behind Household Saving Behavior : -Empirical analysis on 15 OECD countries." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-157920.
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This paper investigates the factors behind what determine household saving behaviour. Observing the persistence differences of household saving ratio in OECD countries, serves as the base for the empirical study. Taking stance from economic theory and previous papers to formulate the method and likely explanatory variables suitable for this study, a model is specified based on the theoretical and empirical discussions. The result of the empirical analysis estimation finds that the explanatory variables accomplish to explain some of the household saving behaviour. Confirming and expanding on the discussion on the theoretical and empirical discussions. Factors such as uncertainty and fiscal policy are found to have a significant effect on household saving, while failing to prove other established determinants, like demographic factors. Among other included factors considered.
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Latronico, Fernanda Rampim. "Planejamento e habitualidade são determinantes na poupança familiar?" reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/18698.
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Balance expenses of families, governments and companies can bring sustainability on medium and long term for Brazil. Therefore, comprehending what could bring it to a balance, analyzed by the household savings, could be the base to form public policies strategies. In the light of this work, a sample of actual financial movement of users of the financial control application Minhas Economias was analyzed, for appointing which characteristics and behaviors of a individual could impact its savings rate, considering the hypothesis that planning and habituality could imply higher savings rates. Some of the results are in line with the theories of Dholakia et al. (2016) and Shefrin & Thaler (1988), attesting that habituality and planning could impact the families savings rate. Furthermore, it was possible to conclude that income and expenses, as well as its standard deviations, also generate, in level, significant statical impact over the savings rate. Furthermore, it was possible to conclude that income and expenses, as well as its standard deviations, also generate, in level, significant statical impact over the savings rate. However, longitudinal analysis showed that planning, measured by the dummy variable budget, loses significance. That fact can be explained due to the non-observable effects (fixed characteristics of each individual), and as it is controlled, the dummy has no longer an effect. Therefore, the budget can reveal something peculiar in the individual and that, certain way, is controlled in the panel.
Equilibrar os gastos das famílias, governos e empresas pode trazer sustentabilidade no médio e longo prazo para o Brasil. Desta forma, compreender o que pode levar a um equilíbrio, analisado pela poupança familiar, pode ser a base para formar estratégias de políticas públicas. Para a realização do trabalho, portanto, uma amostra de movimentação financeira real de usuários do aplicativo de controle financeiro Minhas Economias foi analisada, levando a entender quais características e comportamentos de um indivíduo podem impactar a sua taxa de poupança, trabalhando com a hipótese que planejamento e habitualidade podem fazer com este tenha maiores taxas de poupança. Alguns dos resultados obtidos corroboraram com as teorias de Dholakia et al. (2016) e Shefrin & Thaler (1988), que a habitualidade e planejamento podem impactar a taxa de poupança das famílias. Além disso, foi possível concluir que receitas e despesas, bem como seus desvios padrão, também geram impacto estatisticamente significativo sobre a taxa de poupança em nível. No entanto, quando da análise longitudinal observou-se que o planejamento, medido pela variável dummy orçamento, perde significância. Tal fato pode ter se dado devido aos efeitos não observáveis (características fixas de cada indivíduo), e ao haver controle sobre isso, a dummy não possui mais efeito. Desta forma, o orçamento pode revelar algo que está no indivíduo e que no painel é de certo modo controlado.
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Klein, Sean Patrick. "Household savings and portfolio choice." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/58182.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2010.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
This thesis consists of three essays that examine household savings and portfolio choice behavior. Chapter One analyses the effects of employer matching contributions and tax incentives on participation and contribution behavior in employer-sponsored 401(k) savings plans. Employer sponsored retirement savings plans consist of several different incentives designed to increase employee savings, including matching contributions, tax deductibility, and tax free compounding. There is a substantial literature on the effects of match rates on retirement savings, but little on the effects of preferential tax treatment. This chapter provides estimates of the impact of employer matching and tax deductibility on retirement savings using a uniquely suited dataset from a large United States Corporation. I estimate that the effect of a one percentage point change in the match rate corresponds to a 0.06 percentage point increase in savings plan participation rates, while a similar one percentage point increase in marginal tax rates increases participation by 1.35 percentage points. Changes in the match rate have an insignificant effect on contribution rates (conditional on participation), though a one percentage point change in marginal tax rates tends to increase contribution rates by 0.16 percentage points. The effects of the match rate and marginal tax rate are transformed into changes in the annualized rate of return of the savings plan and this disparity remains.
(cont.) Finally, these estimates are used to calculate the changes in wealth at retirement due to changes in match rates and marginal tax rates under a variety of parameterizations. Chapter Two examines the trading and contribution behavior of employees participating in the 401(k) plan at a large United States corporation. This corporation offers employer matching contributions in company stock, and employees are prohibited from trading the matching contributions for an extended period. The empirical work details evidence of rebalancing behavior that is impacted by vesting restrictions and within-firm variation in match rates. Employees are between 3 and 7 percentage points more likely to rebalance their retirement portfolio once matching contributions have fully vested, and an additional 6 to 11 percentage points more likely if they face a 100% match rate relative to a 50% match rate. Variation in match rates also leads to changes in composition of employee contributions: increases in the match rate lead to decreases in the amount of company stock that the employee purchases with their own funds. Employees are between 13 and 19 percentage points less likely to contribute their own income to the matched asset and, if they still contribute to company stock, the employee's own-money contributions in company stock fall by between 13 and 18 percentage points. Together, these estimates provide evidence that employee contribution and rebalancing behavior is altered by asset-specific matching contributions and by restrictions on the trade of particular assets.
(cont.) Chapter Three uses data from multiple panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation to identify the effect of unemployment insurance benefits on household savings behavior. This chapter extends existing literature on precautionary savings and insurance to allow for the fact that insurance benefits are multi-dimensional, including replacement rates and benefit durations; incorporates additional econometric methods to accommodate the skewness and variation in household savings; allows for heterogeneous savings responses based on the likelihood of the insured risk through a two-step estimation procedure; and by allowing insurance benefits to affect the level and composition of assets by analyzing changes in the composition of the household's portfolio across assets that are likely (or unlikely) to represent precautionary savings. I find suggestive evidence of quantitatively large reductions in precautionary savings behavior in response to variation in both replacement rates and benefit durations, though these results are not statistically distinguishable from zero. The negative effect of benefit increases on savings is magnified for households at greater risk of unemployment, and for the households with below median levels of financial wealth, though again these results are statistically insignificant once standard errors are properly adjusted. These extensions do not provide enough power to detect savings responses to variation in insurance benefits at standard levels of confidence, despite point estimates that represent economically large responses.
by Sean Patrick Klein.
Ph.D.
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Persson, Sanna, and Jerry Pettersson. "The connection between household savings ratio and human development index : Which factors affect the household savings ratio?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-87939.
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This thesis investigates which factors affecting savings behavior by using a fixed effect regression model. To see what affects the household savings rate the following independent variables is considered: Natural logarithm of trend per capita income, natural logarithm of deviation from trend per capita income, growth of disposable income, real interest rate, inflation, wealth in relation to household disposable income, foreign savings in relation to disposable income, dependency ratio and human development index. To see whether changes of human development within a county impacts the household´s savings ratio this variables was included in a separate regression. To avoid possible biasedness from ordinary least square, a panel data technique called fixed effect regression model is used. The investigated time period is between year 1999 and 2016 and to make a restriction, variables from 25 developed countries were studied. The involved economic theories in this work are Keynesianism, permanent income hypothesis and the savings theory behind Maslow´s behavioral pyramid. The result made by using this study is that growth in income and foreign savings in relation to disposable income is insignificant and can´t be used in explaining the differences between household´s savings. Human development index within a country has a negative effect on the savings ratio but a conclusion regarding whether changes in HDI´s does affect savings can´t be made and more research within that field is needed.
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Dellien, Hans. "Household Savings and Deposits in Rural Honduras." Connect to resource, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1215015711.
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Dal, Borgo Mariela. "Essays in household savings and portfolio choice." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2015. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/72943/.
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The first part of this thesis presents a decomposition of household savings. One of the explanations for the wealth gap is that households with the same income level and demographic characteristics present differences in saving rates. This issue has been studied for African American versus Whites, but has not been directly addressed for Hispanics. Using pre-retirement data from the Health and Retirement Study, I compute saving rates as the ratio of wealth change to income over the years 1992-1998 and 1998-2004. In a regression framework I find that Mexican Americans, but not other Hispanics, have lower saving rates than Whites, even after controlling for income and socio-demographic factors. The inclusion of Social Security (S.S.) and pension wealth widens the gap further, which reflects the lack of pensions’ coverage among Mexican Americans. In contrast, the difference between African Americans and Whites is only significant when retirement assets are not added to total wealth, consistent with the equalizing effect of S.S. Then I conduct a regression decomposition for the mean gap in saving rates and find that: i) the component of the Mexican American-White differential not explained by observable characteristics becomes significant when S.S. and pensions are included; ii) with or without retirement assets the unexplained racial gap disappears; and iii) income and education are the main predictors of the savings gaps. The second and third parts investigate the effect of bankruptcy protection on households’ portfolio choice. The debtor protection provided by the U.S. personal bankruptcy law reduces exposure to uninsurable risks: it allows defaulters to discharge unsecured debt and to protect a certain amount of home equity. A reduction in background risk - for example, resulting from labor or entrepreneurial income - can affect the demand for risky financial assets. Thus, the bankruptcy protection can affect ex ante households’ willingness to tilt the financial portfolio towards those assets. On the one hand the implicit consumption insurance may lead to higher risk-taking by increasing the consumption floor if there is a negative wealth shock ("risk-taking channel"). On the other hand, more generous bankruptcy provisions will lead to a reduction in the demand for stock via: i) a higher probability of bankruptcy, since stocks are lost in bankruptcy because they are not protected ("protection channel"); or ii) worse credit market conditions -less access to credit at a higher price-, since higher bankruptcy protection implies a reduction of the collateral ("credit market channel"). In the context of a portfolio choice model, in the second chapter I illustrate how the bankruptcy protection can affect risk-taking through the "risk-taking channel" and the "protection channel". In the third part, I examine empirically the relationship between bankruptcy protection and stock market participation by exploiting the variation in that protection across states and over time. I find that doubling the amount of home equity that can be protected reduces stock ownership by 2 p.p. at intermediate protection levels ($22,000 to $90,000). This decline is restricted to high-asset and high-income households, which are more likely to participate in the stock market. Since poor rather than rich households are affected by worse credit market conditions when bankruptcy becomes more generous, the "credit market channel" is not a plausible mechanism. I do not find any effect of higher protection on the share of stocks in liquid assets, which suggests that the bankruptcy protection does not affect households’ risk appetite. My findings are consistent with unprotected rather than risky assets becoming less attractive as the level of protection increases, as predicted by the "protection channel".
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Brito, González Fernando José. "Fertility and household savings: the case of Chile." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2016. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/138145.
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Magíster en Economía AplicadaIngeniero Civil Industrial
There is consensus among economists and policy makers that higher saving rates foster domestic investment and economic growth. Therefore, understanding the determinants of savings is a fundamental concern for economic development. Consistent with the life-cycle hypothesis, one of the key determinants of savings is demographics. The decline in fertility and the forthcoming population aging, particularly in emerging economies, have the potential to reshape age structure and affect domestic savings. Thus, exploring the dynamics of demographics plays a central role in the study of the main determinants of household savings. This study estimates the impact of the quantity of children on household savings. To explore this issue, this paper employs Chilean cross-sectional micro-data from the Household Expenditure Survey (waves 1987, 1997, 2007 and 2012). A main problem in the study of the relationship between the number of children and household savings is endogeneity. The number of children is likely to affect household savings, but the reverse causal effect may also be true. The household data set used in this study not only allows us to control for attributes at households level, but also to deal with potential endogeneity. Specifically, this paper contributes to the literature on the demographic-savings nexus using an Instrumental Variable approach to avoid potential endogeneity biases. Specifically, this study exploits the fact that sex sibling composition generates an exogenous variation of the household's quantity of children. Consistent with the idea that Chilean parents prefer balanced sex ratios in their family composition, this study cannot reject the null hypothesis that the sex sibling composition of the first two children significantly affects the probability of having a third child. Another advantage of this instrument is that the sex of a child is randomly determined. Thus, an instrumental variable constructed from the sex sibling composition proves to satisfy both the relevance and exclusion conditions. Studies that do not take into account potential endogeneity problems found little effect (see, e.g., [Harris et al., 2012] or [Gallego and Butelmann, 2001]). However, once we deal with potential endogeneity, this paper finds that the effect of the number of children on household savings is statistically significant and economically meaningful. This study finds an average effect of -13.98%. This effect is progressive in the sense that it is small for the poor (-8.05%) and large for the rich (-18.29%). The main conclusion of this paper is that the demographic transition increased average savings rates in Chile. Specifically, while parents (of all socioeconomic segments of population) begun to have less children and postponing parenting they automatically decreased household's consumption and via labor offer they also increased household's income. Additionally, they had an important precautionary motive for increasing savings rate. Increased savings rates due to fertility trends, however, was mostly observed among the rich. This show us how much can be gained from well run public policies targeted to the poor. Governmental aid that not only provides basic goods and services to reduce marginal propensity to consume, but also that promotes basic financial education to make young people conscious on the consequences of their consumption lifestyles, can have a dramatic positive effect and can help to match up opportunities.
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Lan, Lan. "Essays on Household Savings, Intergenerational Transfers, and Production Network." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU10058/document.
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Cette thèse étudie plusieurs sujets dans Macroeconomics, qui contient trois articles indépendants, chacun correspondant à un chapitre. Un fil conducteur des trois articles est d'aborder les questions macroéconomiques du point de vue de la théorie et des données au niveau micro. Le premier et le deuxième chapitre explorent les taux d'épargne de la Chine en utilisant la théorie et les enquêtes au niveau des ménages. Il explique le profil « en forme de Dromadaire » des ménages chinois, en mettant l'accent sur les transferts intergénérationnels. Le troisième chapitre explore la propagation des volatilités au niveau de l'entreprise dans le réseau de production. La thèse comprend trois chapitres, chacun étant autonome et pouvant être lu séparément. Le premier chapitre étudie comment les transferts intergénérationnels peuvent expliquer le profil d'épargne en forme de chameau des ménages chinois. À partir de 2005, un profil « démodé »» en forme de chameau des ménages chinois a commencé à émerger, ce qui a été documenté par diverses études. Cette fonctionnalité en « forme de chameau » est déroutante étant donné qu'elle est en contradiction avec l'hypothèse du cycle de vie. Dans un modèle à générations imbriquées quantitatives (OLG), les taux d'épargne sont liés à l'altruisme des parents et aux contraintes de crédit de leurs enfants, au moyen de transferts intergénérationnels. Les taux d'épargne des parents d'âge moyen diminuent avec l'altruisme («altruisme») et l'étroitesse des contraintes de crédit de leurs enfants sur l'achat d'un logement (« contrainte de crédit »). Les estimations des taux d'épargne sur le cycle de vie basées sur ce modèle s'alignent bien avec les données.Le deuxième chapitre valide l'hypothèse sur l'altruisme, les contraintes de crédit et les taux d'épargne. En utilisant un échantillon de couples parent-enfant appariés tirés des études de panel sur la famille en Chine, ce chapitre teste le canal « altruisme » en exploitant la mort exogène des enfants comme une expérience naturelle. Ensuite, je teste le canal « contrainte de crédit » à partir de deux mécanismes : l'allocation aléatoire des diplômés militaires à différentes villes, et la variation inter-villes de l'accessibilité hypothécaire. Les parents dont les enfants sont envoyés par l'armée dans des villes où les prix des logements sont plus élevés ont des taux d'épargne inférieurs, ceteris paribus. L'accès à des escomptes d'acompte pour les acheteurs de maison entraîne une augmentation des taux d'épargne de leurs parents. Le troisième chapitre examine si les chocs idiosyncratiques au niveau de l'entreprise se propagent dans les réseaux de production. Ce document identifie les chocs idiosyncratiques avec des fusions et acquisitions (M & A). Il constate que les événements de fusions et acquisitions imposent des gains de productivité et de revenus substantiels sur les entreprises cibles. Ces gains se traduisent par une augmentation significative de la production et se répercutent sur leurs clients grâce à des liens intrants-extrants. Étonnamment, les effets indirects des fusions et acquisitions sur les entreprises clientes sont beaucoup plus importants que les effets directs sur les entreprises cibles. Cela vient du fait que les fusions et acquisitions entraînent une augmentation de l'asymétrie dans la structure du réseau, ce qui amplifie encore les chocs au niveau de l'entrepriseThis thesis investigates several topics in Macroeconomics, which contains three self-contained papers, each corresponds to one chapter. A common thread of the three papers is to address macroeconomic questions from the perspective of micro-level theory and data. The first and second chapter explore China’s saving rates using household-level theory and surveys. It explains the “camel-shaped” age-saving profile of Chinese households, with a focus on intergenerational transfers. The third chapter explores the propagation of firm-level volatilities in production network. The thesis consists of three chapters, each of which is self-contained and can be read separately. The first chapter investigates how can intergenerational transfers explain the camel-shaped agesaving profile of Chinese households. Commencing in 2005, a “camel-shaped” age-saving profile of Chinese households began to emerge, which has been documented by various studies. This “camel-shape” feature is puzzling considering that it is at odds with the Life-Cycle Hypothesis. In this paper, we show that the camel-shaped age-saving profile of Chinese households is largely due to the middle-aged households generating a vast amount of intergenerational transfers. These households transfer a significant fraction of their wealth to their children and parents, primarily to their children. In a quantitative overlapping generations(OLG) model, saving rates are linked with altruism of parents and credit constraints of their children, through intergenerational transfers. Saving rates of middle-aged parents decline with altruism (“altruism” channel”) and the tightness of their children’s credit constraints on housing purchase (“credit constraint” channel). The estimations of life-cycle saving rates based on this model line up well with the data. The second chapter validates the hypothesis on altruism, credit constraints and saving rates. Using a sample of matched parent-child pairs from the China Family Panel Studies, this chapter tests the “altruism” channel by exploiting the exogenous deaths of children as a natural experiment. Next, I test the “credit constraint” channel from two mechanisms: random allocation of military graduates to different cities, and cross-city variation of mortgage accessibility. Parents whose children are sent by the military to cities with higher housing prices have lower saving rates, ceteris paribus. Access to discounts of down payments for homebuyers leads to an increase in their parents’ saving rates. The third chapter examines whether firm-level idiosyncratic shocks propagate in production networks. This paper identifies idiosyncratic shocks with mergers and acquisitions (M&A). It find that M&A events impose substantial productivities and revenues gains on the target firms. These gains translate into significant output increase and spill over to their customers through input-output linkages. Surprisingly, the indirect effects of M&A on customer firms are much larger than the direct effects on target firms. This comes from the fact that M&As leads to increase of asymmetry in network structure, therefore further amplifies the firm-level shocks
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KOSKI, PAULINA. "Determinants of the private savingsrate in Sweden." Thesis, KTH, Nationalekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-198694.
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This thesis investigates the determinants of private savings in Sweden, covering the time period 1914-2014. The steadily increasing fraction of the elderly, as a percentage of the working age population is a demographic development confronted by almost all industrialized countries nowadays. These conditions will bring further economic pressure on the finance of the social security systems in the years to come, hence affecting private savings. The association between private savings, globalization of capital markets and the release of liquidity constraints in many countries might also be an important determinant. These new conditions have in some cases improved consumer welfare by enabling more intertemporal substitution, the process of maximizing consumer’s utility by allocating resources across time. In this study the savings function is estimated based on several aspects concerning demographic and economic factors, based on the theories; life-cycle hypothesis of saving, precautionary saving theory, permanent income hypothesis and the Ricardian Equivalence theory. This study suggests that the private saving function is sensitive to the inflation rate and the policy implication of the relationship is presented.
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Kasongo, Atoko. "Essays on savings in South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7616.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhDSavings is essential for boosting economic growth. Low savings in a country will have negative consequences for both investment and economic growth. South Africa has continued to expe rience declining saving rates and in recent years, accompanied by declining economic growth. The study evaluated savings in South Africa by decomposing it into household saving, cor porate saving and public saving. The focus was to investigate the determinants of household savings, corporate and public savings. In addition to examining the determinants of savings, the research has also analysed the saving-investment relationship for South Africa. The study used a Bayesian vector auto regressive model to investigate the determinants of household sav ing from 1980Q1 to 2017Q4. The results of the investigation on household saving showed that GDP, inflation rate, and financial deepening determine household saving in South Africa. The Bayesian VAR was also used to identify the determinant of budget deficit between 1980Q1 to 2017Q and found Real GDP, inflation rate, total government debt, investment by general government and the inflation rate to be determinants. The Blundel-Bond Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) was used to investigate the determinants of corporate saving in form of cash holding for 80 non-financial firms listed on the JSE between 2007 and 2017. The results showed leverage, cash flow, debt maturity and previous amounts of cash holding to have significant effect on cash holding in SA. Lastly, the study examined the saving-investment nexus for South Africa using yearly data from 1980 to 2016. Using the Autoregressive Distributed lag (ARDL) and the Error Correction Model, (ECM), the study found a cointegrating relationship between domestic saving and domestic investment. It further found a positive relationship between domestic saving and domestic investment in both the short and long run. Causality analysis showed a unidirectional causality from domestic saving to domestic investment.
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Frache, Derregibus Serafin. "Essays on households' consumption and saving decisions." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2014. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/8909.
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In this thesis I contribute to the applied study of households' consumption and saving behaviour. In the first chapter I introduce and explain why it is relevant to understand how households react to income shocks in terms of their consumption and saving decisions. The second chapter is inspired by a recent paper by Krueger and Perri (2011), who argue that the observed response of household wealth to income shocks, which is smaller over long periods, provides evidence in favour of the classic permanent-income model with perfect financial markets. Whether a model with financial market imperfections, however, such as the standard incomplete-markets model with liquidity constraints, can also generate such a wealth response crucially depends on the importance of precautionary wealth accumulation. I structurally estimate a model with a precautionary- savings motive and show that it can generate the observed wealth responses in the data. I further show that the wealth responses to income shocks do not allow us to rule out financial market imperfections. In the third chapter I extend the analysis, studying empirically what can be learned from international evidence on the way in which households react to income. I use detailed panel data from newly available surveys of Chile, Spain and the United States. Although it compares three different countries with dissimilar levels of development in their financial markets, the evidence suggests that the amount of precautionary savings in these economies is low and that household behaviour is not strongly influenced by the presence of borrowing constraints. The structural estimation for all countries suggests a low target level of wealth resulting from high levels of impatience or low levels of risk aversion. In the fourth chapter I extend the analysis to the real estate properties owned by the households. I revisit the Italian data, building on Kaplan and Violante (2014) who have argued that a substantial fraction of wealthy households with illiquid wealth, such as real estate, behave as hand-to-mouth consumers. In exploring the data, I find that, in the Italian sample, households which adjust their illiquid wealth show responses to income shocks like permanent-income consumers. Instead households which do not adjust their illiquid wealth, and whose behaviour in general can thus not be characterised by the first order conditions, show responses to income shocks which suggest a stronger precautionary-saving motive, such as wealthy hand-to-mouth consumers might be expected to show. The fifth chapter provides the conclusions of the thesis.
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Mina, Filipa Calado. "Determinants of household debt refinancing in Portugal." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/14197.
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Mestrado em FinançasEste estudo empírico pretende contrinuir para a explicação dos determinantes do refinanciamento da dívida pelos agregados familiares. Apesar da importância atual do refinanciamento, existe um gap de literatura teórica e empírica sobre o mesmo. Este estudo empírico, baseado numa base de dados única proveniente de um gabinete de aconsellhamento de crédito, contribui para prencher esta lacuna, uma vez que descreve as características das famílias que utilizaram os serviços de aconselhamento de crédito e que decidiram recorrer ou não à renegociação da dívida. Além disso, esta pesquisa demonstra uma síntese do enquadramento legal em que o refinanciamento tem sido formalizado em Portugal. Adoptou-se o modelo binário, cuja variavel dependente é a procura do refinanciamento (ou não) da dívida e foram testados vários fatores explicativos: economico-financeiros, socio demograficos e comportamentais. Os resultados sugerem que o rendimento e a riqueza, a educação, a dimensão do agregado familiar e ser mulher influenciam positivamente o recurso à renegociação. Por outro lado, os fatores com influência negativa na probabilidade de renegociação são a capacidade de pagamento, ser divorciado e a idade do representante do agregado familiar.
This research aims to contribute for the explanation of the determinants of the renegotiation of the debt by the households. Contrasting with the actual importance of the debt renegotiation by the households, there is a gap in the theoretical and empirical literature about the issue. This study, based on a unique microdata data set from a Portuguese credit counseling office, contributes to fill that gap because describes the characteristics and analysis the behavior of a set of households that use the credit counselling and decide or not to renegotiate their debt. Moreover, this research also presents a synthesis of the legal framework under which the refinancing is done in Portugal. Adopting a binary model where the dependent variable is renegotiating (or not) the debt, different kind of explanatory factors were tested: economic and financial, socio-demographic and behavioral. The results suggest factors that have a positive contribution to the negotiation: income and wealth, education, family size and being female. By contrary, some other factors are more likely to decrease the probability of renegotiate: ability to pay, being divorced and age of household representative.
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Gardner-Brown, Matthew T. "Household goods shipments : Tender of service for unpacking a cost savings proposal." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/28264.
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Naidoo, Jeremy. "The impact of credit types on household savings levels in South Africa." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30482.
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Despite robust economic growth in post-apartheid South Africa, we have consistently seen high unemployment and severe income inequality amongst its people. Arguably this has resulted in a culture of dependence on consumer credit; consumers are spending future income by using credit. This could result in a decrease in household savings levels amongst ordinary South Africans. Many studies have referred to an increase in consumer credit to supplement people’s income support or to offset low wages. This has a major impact on consumers who then find themselves over-indebted due to economic shocks and this could result in a negative impact on disposable income. The study investigates how the various types of credit play a major role on household savings levels in South Africa, and the analysis done in this study, on the various credit types, highlights the differences between secured type credit and unsecured type credit. The analysis of the relationship between the various credit types on household saving levels in South Africa was done using empirical data from 2008 up to 2106. The data used in the study was extracted from National Credit Regulator, as well as household savings data extracted from South African Reserve Bank. The methodology involves the use of the bounds test approach to co-integration using Autoregressive Distribution Lag models and Granger Causality testing to establish causality. The results indicated that overall there was a positive relationship between total credit and household savings levels in South Africa. However, we also find a significant negative relationship between unsecured credit and household savings levels in South Africa. Further analysis also found that three out of the four credit types tested resulted in a decrease in household savings levels. Given the importance of savings levels to the economy, and also the high risk of economic shocks in South Africa, this study concludes with proposals for tighter regulation in the consumer credit market. It further argues for robust mechanisms to be put in place by stake holders to ensure that consumers are cushioned against economic shocks that could result in over-indebtedness.
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Salame, David, and Harley Klerck. "The Impact of House Price Changes on Household Savings : A panel data study of the impact of the changes in house prices and interest rates on household savings in Europe." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Nationalekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-32775.
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Real estate remains to be a major component of wealth for households as the market value of houses continues to rise noticeably again, as before the global recession 2007. Understanding households’ responses to changes of house prices and interest rates is important as fluctuations of these kind affect their preferences of saving. This thesis examines the impact of house price- and interest rate changes on household savings with the usage of secondary panel data from seven European countries. Providing a definite estimation of the interest elasticity of saving for households is not conceivable with any confidence considering the difficulties in estimating differential behavior. In accordance to previous studies the result of house prices is significant negative regarding household savings. However, the repo rate contradicts earlier results with a significant negative correlation toward household savings indicating an increased confidence due to a behavioral shift. In conclusion, this study shows that internal effects are of great importance as several factors suffer from high internal impact.
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Vassileva, Iana. "Characterization of household energy consumption in Sweden : energy savings potential and feedback approaches." Doctoral thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hållbar samhälls- och teknikutveckling, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-14865.
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Energy consumption is on a constant rise with domestic use contributing substantially to the overall consumption. The population growth along with ever increasing comfort levels and daily appliance usage are driving the domestic electricity demand to higher levels. Targeting domestic consumption is thus of great importance if global consumption is to be lowered. This involves understanding and changing consumers’ behaviour, awareness and increasing their knowledge on the subject of energy use. In this thesis various factors determining household energy consumption such as dwelling size, income and number of occupants have been found alongside consumer behaviour to influence consumption the most. Energy awareness, related interest and knowledge have also been considered when trying to explain differences in household consumption patterns. Despite all possible characteristics and factors, the largest differences in energy consumption are found between individual households. Providing feedback and information to households has been proven effective when addressing the issue of reducing domestic energy use. In this thesis, the effectiveness of three of the most popular ways of currently delivering feedback and information on energy consumption (displays, websites and bills) have been investigated by analyzing consumption patterns before and after their implementation. Consumers living in apartments that followed their consumption through the web based feedback were the ones that achieved the greatest electricity reductions (17,5%) when compared to the years before the website. In order to provide effective feedback, with long lasting results that would keep consumers interested, several parameters have been proposed to be included when developing feedback and information. The type of dwelling (house or apartment), the age of the occupants, their level of education, income and their energy awareness and interest are the main determinants of feedback preferences. The findings presented in this thesis contribute to a better understanding of households’ energy consumption patterns closely related to their characteristics, behaviour, interest and awareness, and also provide ways of improving the development of consumption feedback and information.
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Fan, Weiwei. "Household savings, relationship banking, and urbanization : three essays in economic development and finance /." View Abstract or Full-Text, 2003. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?ECON%202003%20FAN.
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Chimeri, Rememberance Hopeful. "A comparative analysis of rural and urban household savings behaviour in South Africa." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1514.
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Thesis (M.Sc. (Agricultural Economics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2015Saving is important in the economy as it has linkages with growth, development and sustainability. The poor average saving rate in the rural economy has restricted the capacity of rural development in South Africa. The study focuses on comparing rural and urban household savings behaviour in South Africa, using household data from the Income and Expenditure Survey (IES) for the period 2010/2011. The dynamic linear saving functions originating from the Absolute Income and Permanent Income Hypotheses were estimated separately for the different household types using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method. Panel data analysis was carried out by pooling together the cross-sectional household types over the twelve-month period. The study established that urban households earn higher incomes and have more average savings than rural households in South Africa. A positive significant relationship was found to exist between current saving decisions and income across all household types in South Africa. Another interesting finding was that rural households have more marginal saving rates than urban households in the short-term and in the long-run. The Fixed Effects Model was deemed to be the best estimator in estimating saving functions across all household types in South Africa, as validated by the Hausman and Redundant Fixed Effects tests. Given that rural households have a potential to save, the study recommends increased awareness and education of rural households on the benefits of accessing basic financial services. Policy-wise, the study recommends the government to increase support in agriculture and extend the provision of food and health subsidies to rural households in South Africa.
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Topoleski, John. "Behavioral Aspects of Retirement Savings: How do 401(K) Plans Affect Household Asset Accumulation?" ScholarWorks@UNO, 2005. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/313.
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The nature of employee retirement plans has changed dramatically over the past fifteen years as employers have been replacing traditional defined benefit retirement plans with defined contribution plans like the 401(k) plan. This dissertation is focused on the impact that 401(k) plan have on household asset accumulation. The first essay looks at how much asset accumulation can be attributed to 401(k) plans as opposed to other factors such as demographics and saver type characteristics. Overall, the conclusions are consistent with recent research that says these plans induce a reshuffling of assets rather than being funded through a reduction in consumption. Controlling for cohort effects reduces the amount of wealth attributable to 401(k) eligibility to a negligible (and statistically insignificant) amount. The second essay considers the impact that borrowing against the assets in 401(k) plan might have on household asset accumulation. Most personal finance advice warns against borrowing against a retirement plan because of the potential negative impact on retirement wealth. This is especially true for borrowers who are also undisciplined savers and do not or cannot maintain their retirement plan contributions during loan period or who separate from their employers before the loan is repaid. For good savers a retirement plan loan only has a modest impact on retirement wealth. Only modest make-up contributions would need to be made to mitigate the impact of a retirement plan loan. It seems that many borrowers may be using retirement loans because they are in financial difficulty. It also appears that borrowers are trying to maintain their retirement savings, but their asset accumulation within broader measures of wealth is below that of households that do not have outstanding 401(k) loans.
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Zinyengere, David Takudzwa. "Household Determinants of Malaria in Mutasa District of Zimbabwe." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5597.
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Malaria is a vector borne, acute febrile illness, caused by Plasmodium parasites. Malaria impacts the medical and socioeconomic development programs of affected communities, as it diverts both individual and national resources into managing the disease burden. The purpose of this study was to explore and evaluate household determinants of malaria in Mutasa District, Zimbabwe. The precede-proceed theoretical model guided the study. Secondary data from Demographic Health Survey and District Health Management Information System, and current data from household determinant questionnaires, were used to evaluate the influence and significance of identified household determinants. Multiple logistic regression models were used to examine the association between malaria prevalence and the identified household determinant factors. The study result showed the existence of household determinant factors that affected the prevalence of malaria in Mutasa District. The presence of livestock animals within a 50-meter radius of the household, ownership of animal drawn carts and low socioeconomic status significantly increased malaria risk, while availability of drinking water within a 50-meter radius of the household, significantly reduced malaria risk. Other variables, although not statistically significant, had varied levels of malaria infection risk. The study results may contribute to positive social change by providing an insight into innovative strategies that enhance existing interventions. The study results may also provide opportunities for upgrading malaria intervention policies and sustainable community participation, thus enhancing malaria elimination efforts
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Thirumurthy, Harsha. "Household saving behavior and the real interest rate: an empirical study." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1354811060.
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Zainir, F. "Private savings, financial developments and institutions in emerging economies." Thesis, Coventry University, 2012. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/49c61e95-2367-4ace-8f9f-92f5ac8cf5c7/1.
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In the 1950s and 1960s, after gaining independence from their colonial powers, most developing countries adopted “market substitution” as their policy for economic development and growth. In essence, this was an industrialisation strategy followed by these developing economies to concentrate on home-grown products and nurture their expertise in order to reach the status of industrialised nations. However, by the end of 1970s, many developing countries began to realize the failures of their inward-looking approach to industrialization when their economies were mired with high unemployment, inflation and chronic external debt. By the middle of 1980s, many of these countries began to change their policies and reorient themselves into market economies. However, with financial crises and economic recessions that resulted from pursuing market driven liberalization policies, these economies began to realize the flaws of the market driven approach to industrialization. Nevertheless, they continued with the liberalised policies incorporating market as well as non-market (institutional) reforms, aimed at strengthening regulation, improving corporate governance and curbing corruption to avoid the destabilising consequences of financial liberalization. The evolving economic policies that influenced financial development and growth in developing economies came about with the objective of enhancing household and private sector‘s savings. These policies have been designed to influence financial development and economic growth (which can impact upon private savings) in two different ways: (i) by increasing saving due to households taking precautionary motives, or (ii) negatively by spending more due to increase in overall expenditures. Theoretically, the combined effect on private saving is therefore ambiguous. The purpose of this thesis is to assess empirically the importance of various economic factors influencing private sector savings in emerging market economies. In addition, the influence of non-market institutional factors on savings is explored from the incorporation of newly institutional measures into these countries economic policies. Several econometric methodologies are employed with empirical analysis conducted on data for twenty emerging economies across three primary regions in the world, i.e. Asia Pacific, Middle East and North African (MENA), and South America. The twenty countries also include other emerging economies that are proximate to MENA regions such as South Africa, Turkey and Israel. In general, the findings based on SUR (Seemingly Unrelated Regression) methodology show that per capita growth, financial development, government savings, and trade openness have a positive impact on private savings; while youth and old dependency-age groups, real interest rate, and urban growth have a negative effect on private savings. In general, most of these results are consistent with previous studies for other countries. Additionally, causality tests are conducted using Vector Autoregressive (VAR) methodology as well as Pedroni and Johansen cointegration methods within the Vector Error Correction (VEC) model to determine both short-term and long-term causality effects between financial development and economic growth. The results indicate that in the long run financial development has a causal effect on growth; however, in the short run the results are quite mixed. For example, the short run result using the VAR method shows that income growth has Granger causality effect on financial development, but the F-test result for the VEC method shows evidence of bivariate causality. The long-term causality results also confirm the finding of previous research about the importance of developing financial sector in order to spur the country‘s economic growth. The final empirical investigation is to conduct panel data regression to test the impact of non-market institutions on private savings. The main result here is that sound institutional factors based on respect for property rights (e.g. bureaucracy, accountability and regulation quality) have a positive effect on aggregate private savings. Furthermore, political stability is found to have a negative impact on savings while efficient bureaucracy has a positive impact on savings. It can be construed that with an uncertain political environment, i.e. diminishing political stability, the public in general would save more than spend. On the other hand, efficient bureaucracy would boost public confidence about the country‘s governance, which can lead to increased overall savings by the public.
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Wolfe, Laurence E. M. "An analysis of the determinants of household waste recycling behaviour." Thesis, Open University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.578562.
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Previous research has identified household recycling as being an important pro- environmental behaviour and that behaviour is influenced by a number of psycho- social determinants. Several behavioural models were evaluated for appropriateness in representing recycling behaviour. The Triandis Theory of Interpersonal Behaviour (TIB) was selected as it incorporates a diverse range of psycho-social components, identified in the literature review as being important to household recycling. The TIB has been successfully used in other areas of human behaviour and was considered a useful model for investigating household recycling behaviour. This thesis presents research into household recycling behaviour in a UK local authority using a mixed-method approach. The research was conducted in phases commencing with scoping of the study area, analysis of secondary data from a large scale quantitative survey of households, and primary qualitative research through interviews with residents. It uses the TIB as a framework for presenting the findings, Questions from the household survey were used as proxies representing TIB components and compared with the results from the household interviews to provide an in-depth exploration of household recycling. A key finding was that individuals demonstrated characteristics of one of two types of recycling behaviour based on effort and degree of self-restriction. Significant differences were observed between behavioural determinants in accordance with their recycling behaviour. This suggests that recycling behaviour may be associated with different levels of influence based on the disposition of the individual. The research concluded that the TIB provides a useful way of framing the determinants of household recycling behaviour, and that its wider application could contribute to the understanding and practice.
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Linde, Kathryn Leigh. "An analysis of the determinants and recent decline of private savings in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002742.
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Low domestic saving rates make South Africa highly dependent on foreign capital inflows to fund higher investment levels. These inflows are highly volatile and may prove to be unsustainable in the long-run. This study analyses the determinants of private saving in South Africa, with specific reference to the decline in private saving rates that occurred at a time of higher economic growth prior to the 2008 global financial crisis. The Johansen cointegration method is used to estimate separate vector error correction models (VECM) in order to assess the effect of specific variables on both corporate and household saving. The results obtained that are common to both corporate and household savmg show that the govemment budget balance negatively impacts private saving rates though the offset is less than one. The real prime overdraft rate positively impacts private saving, although the result is small . The impact of real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is positive. In recent years, however, private saving rates fell alongside higher economic growth, which may reflect a structural change in corporate saving behaviour. The results distinct to the corporate saving model show that commodity prices have a negative impact on corporate saving. This does not conform to a priori expectations, but is supported by the behaviour of these two variables in recent years. Foreign savings were found to impact negatively on corporate saving. This result is important, since the dependence of the South African economy on foreign capital inflows to fund higher investment levels is reflected by high current account deficits during recent periods of economic growth. Evidence of financial liberalization negatively impacting on private saving in South Africa due to the removal of borrowing constraints was found. A negative relationship was found between corporate saving and investment demonstrating that corporations have reduced levels of retained eamings for funding investment expenditures. The results distinct to the household saving model provide evidence of a negative wealth effect in South Africa, with rising housing wealth found to increase consumption. Evidence of households "piercing the corporate veil" in South Africa was found. Therefore, households view corporate saving behaviour as essentially being conducted on their behalf. This finding and the finding that the offset between the budget deficit and private saving is less than one suggest that counter-cyclical fiscal policy will be an important policy response for achieving higher domestic saving rates in South Africa.
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Thorne, Alfredo E. "The determinants of savings in a developing economy : the case of Peru, 1960-1984." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670396.
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West, Cynthia D. "Competitive determinants of technology diffusion in the wood household furniture industry." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39800.
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Saggi, Karan. "Who is the Customer? Identifying the Initial Adopters of Formal Savings. Field Evidence from Malawi." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/957.
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This thesis examines household characteristics as determinants of formal savings accounts in rural Malawi. The main questions answered in this paper include the effects of household characteristics on the probability of having formal savings, the amounts saved in these accounts, and the probability of adopting formal savings. The central discussion aims to identify the initial adopters of formal savings accounts, using a marketing approach previously unapplied to this area of research. This paper also contributes to the dialogue of the household composition by considering three untried variables: number of adults, number of children, and literacy of all household members. Results show that households are most likely to adopt formal savings, when provided access, if they have a head who can read Chichewa, a functional cellphone, more adults who can read Chichewa, and are close to the bank service. The field evidence comes from research conducted over a two year period 2008-2010 in sampled regions of Central Malawi.
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Waheed, Shahina [Verfasser], Frithjof [Akademischer Betreuer] Kuhnen, and Winfried [Akademischer Betreuer] Manig. "Household savings in rural Pakistan : Empirical and conceptual issues / Shahina Waheed. Gutachter: Winfried Manig. Betreuer: Frithjof Kuhnen." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2002. http://d-nb.info/104372091X/34.
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Song, Tebek. "Differentiation strategies of Korean Deposit Money Banks to sustain a competitive advantage in the household savings market." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3531.
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Competition among financial institutions in Korean household savings market (HSM) has become severe. Deposit money banks (DMBs) which have occupied the main prop of the Korean financial system have entered turbulent times mainly due to the relaxation of financial regulations which artificially provide a stabilized market environment, as well as the out-performance of non-banking financial institutions (NBFIs). Also, Korean households are becoming better educated, more sophisticated and richer in line with the increase in wealth of the nation. The market share of DMBs in HSM has gradually declined, but that of NBFIs has continuously increased. Consequently, DMBs are required to do something in the market in order, at least, to survive. As the first step, they should have a clear picture of the external environments which can dictate or affect their operations, along with the full understanding of their internal capabilities. Based on the conditions of external environments and internal capabilities, DMBs have to choose one of the 5Ds (ie. disinvestment, de-escalation, do-nothing, development or diversification) as their strategic direction in the market they serve. However, no matter which strategic direction DMBs choose, they are required to differentiate themselves from their competitors in order to support successfully the implementation of a strategic direction chosen and to achieve competitive advantages in the market they serve. In differentiating themselves from others, DMBs will encounter somewhat different aspects from those firms which produce and sell physical goods mainly due to the characteristics (ie. intangible, inseparable, heterogeneous, perishable and non-owned) of their products. Therefore, DMBs have to use the extended 7Ps in order to overcome the problems caused by the unique characteristics of their products and to differentiate themselves from their competitors effectively in the market. However, the discretion of Korean DMBs to implement the extended 7Ps in the market has been so strictly restricted by the regulation that they can not exercise their full capabilities in the market, and they have a passive attitude towards the implementation of strategies in order to differentiate themselves from others. However, the results of this research - mainly based on the study of the financial systems and regulations of Korea and of households as customers of FIs-HSM, and the surveys for FIs-HSM and Korean households - show the possibility that DMBs can achieve competitive advantages effectively in HSM by differentiating themselves from their competitors, be they other DMBs or NBFIs in HSM. DMBs can freely use some components (ie. promotion, physical environment, personnel as a participant, process) of the 7Ps in the market even though other components (ie. product, price, place) of the 7Ps have strictly restricted use in the market at present. Besides, all components of the 7Ps will be sooner or later free to use for differentiating themselves in the market in accordance with the relaxation of financial regulations. As a conclusion, DMBs have to utilize their capabilities fully in order to achieve competitive advantages in the market and to prepare for future changes in the market by conducting the continuous R&D and market research.
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Vostřelová, Radana. "Finanční chování domácností v České republice." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-85338.
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This thesis deals with the fiscal behavior of households within the Czech Republic. The main areas of interest are the appropriate management of personal or family finance and the importance of household budgeting. It shows that the awareness of ones income and expenses are the basis of a financial literacy, which is still at an insufficient level. Such households are thus regarded as a weaker market article, which have to be protected either by means of education, awareness raising or modifying legislation in their favor. Specific elements in the protection of clients are intertwined throughout the work. The thesis also deals with the relationship of Czech households to consumption, savings and debt. It records the specific period of changing attitudes to the way we deal with money and establishes that households that are no longer thrifty, consume more and loans become a common part of life for them. The thesis also concentrates on the most used financial products, specifying the reason for their popularity. Also, the consequences of poor household management are described and international comparisons are included as well.
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Anil, Bulent. "The persistence of spatial mismatch the determinants of moving decision among low-income households /." unrestricted, 2007. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11292007-111956/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2007.Title from file title page. David L. Sjoquist, committee chair; Geoffrey K. Turnbull, Erdal Tekin, Charles L. Jaret, committee members. Electronic text (118 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed on July 14, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 107-117).
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Layte, Richard. "Gendered equity? : The material and cultural determinants of the domestic division of labour." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321582.
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Lilja, Kristina. "Utav omsorg och eftertanke : en undersökning av Falu stads sparbanks sparare 1830-1914." Licentiate thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economic History, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-2474.
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Balesh, Fadi W. "Analysis of correlates and determinants of household behaviour towards Malaria in Tigray, Ethiopia." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30807.
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This study is based on a survey of over 900 respondents living in Tigray, Ethiopia and is intended to assist the Ethiopian government as well as other interested parties in analyzing the factors affecting the incidence of malaria in Tigray and those affecting people's choice of health care provider.Two models were designed to answer these two questions. The first was a multinomial logit model in which socio-economic indicators were related to the incidence of malaria. The second model was specified as a conditional logit model aimed at determining people's choice between seeking treatment at a hospital/clinic or at a pharmacy/community health worker.
Economic development is the key to eradication of the major parasitic diseases, particularly malaria. An interesting result was obtained on the gender of the respondent; women in Tigray are less likely to report having had malaria than men.
Education level was found to be positively correlated with the likelihood of choosing the Hospital/Clinic option over the Pharmacy/Community Health Worker.
The Hospital/Clinic option was less likely to be chosen with increasing cost of treatment. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Castle, Sarah E. "Household determinants of child health amongst the Fulani and Dogon of central Mali." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 1992. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/682258/.
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Kondeh, Sahr M'Gbenbo. "The determinants of household consumption expenditure patterns in Sierra Leone : an empirical investigation." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336839.
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Röttger, Joost [Verfasser], Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Schabert, and Ludger [Gutachter] Linnemann. "Essays in dynamic macroeconomics: public policy, household savings, and lack of commitment / Joost Röttger. Betreuer: Andreas Schabert. Gutachter: Ludger Linnemann." Dortmund : Universitätsbibliothek Dortmund, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1110894287/34.
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Karuppusamy, Sadasivan. "The determinants and trends in household energy consumption in United States during 2001-2009." Thesis, The University of Texas at San Antonio, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3607575.
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Objective: The focus of this study is a broad examination of household energy consumption for appliance use, space heating, space cooling, and water heating in United States over the period 2001-2009 using Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS) from the years 2001 and 2009. Methods: Linear Regression Analysis is used to identfy determinants of household energy consumption for each of the end uses. Regression based decomposition analysis is used to identify trends in residential energy consumption for each of the end uses. Results: The study identified current determinants of household energy consumption for each of the end uses. These determinants are employed in the study to predict trends in household energy consumption for each of the end uses. Based on the results policy interventions at local and federal level for energy conservation are suggested.
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Bayoh, Isaac Moussa. "Estimating the determinants of household residential location choice using a multinomial, discrete choice model." The Ohio State University, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1374586719.
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Salekeen, Serajes, and Aliya Khabdulina. "The medium-term determinants of the current account: the study of the "savings glut" and the "twin deficits" arguments." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Economics, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-9665.
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Over the last decade, the world economy has been characterized by an alarming escalation of global current account imbalances. The United States and many of other high-income countries have been running huge current account deficits; according to basic accounting principles, these deficits have to be counterbalanced by increasing current account surpluses in other parts of the world. The latter (current account surpluses) are mainly incurred by newly industrialized economies in the East Pacific and rapidly developing oil exporters.
The paper investigates the medium-term determinants of the current account based on the sample of 24 countries over the period of 1990-2004. The choice of explanatory variables for the analysis is backed up by the two theories of current account imbalances, namely, the "savings glut" and the "twin deficits "arguments. The results of the regression model show that both above-mentioned theories can be credited for the emergence of global current account imbalances. Moreover, our findings suggest some remedial measures to improve the situation based on the mix of policy tools from both "savings glut" and "twin deficit" perspectives.
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Mathebula, Jabulani Hazel. "Determinants of household participation in agricultural production in Shatale Region of the Bushbuckridge local Municipality, Mpumalanga Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1516.
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Thesis (M.Sc. (Agricultural Economics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2015The role of agriculture in poverty alleviation in the rural areas has been acknowledged and supported in South Africa. In former homelands, households generate livelihoods from agriculture and agricultural related activities. However, in some areas, the role of agriculture in alleviating poverty has not been appreciated but instead households participate in off-farm activities more frequently. Bushbuckridge area in the Mpumalanga province is such an area with few households engaging in agriculture. The study aims to investigate the determinants of household participation in agricultural production in Shatale region of Bushbuckridge Local Municipality (BLM). The study had three objectives; the first objective was determine socio-economic factors influencing household labour participation in agricultural production, the second was to analyse socio-economic factors influencing the amount of time allocated to agricultural production and the third objective was to analyse household income diversification in Shatale region of BLM. Multi-stage sampling and stratified sampling approaches were used to collect primary data from 86 households in ward 7 and ward 13 in Shatale region of Bushbuckridge Local Municipality (BLM). The double-hurdle model which comprises a probit model and a truncated regression model was used to analyse the data on assumption that the decision to participate in agricultural production and the amount of time allocated are influenced by different factors. Income diversity was analysed using the Number of Income Sources (NIS) method. The results of the first hurdle showed that gender of the household head, highest level of education, occupation of the household head, access to irrigation water, access to extension service and farming experience negatively influenced household participation in agricultural production and age of the household head and land size positively influenced household participation in agricultural production. The results of the second hurdle showed marital status of the household head, infants and irrigation water negatively influenced the amount of time allocated in agricultural production. Land size and farming experience positively influenced the amount of time allocated in agricultural production. About 49% of the households’ diversified income into four sources and 18.6 percent diversified into on five sources on incomes which included farming, old age pension, child support grant, trading and remittances. There is a need of government intervention in Shatale region to encourage household participation in agricultural production. Government can intervene through provision of land for farming, capacitating farming households, infrastructural development, increasing extension support services to farming households and expansion of canal networks.
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Changwony, Frederick Kibon. "Three essays in household finance." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/20407.
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This thesis explores the impact of two behavioural finance concepts, social psychology and psychology, on household financial decisions. Under social psychology, I investigate whether the variety and intensity of social engagement enhances stock market participation. With regard to psychology, I examine two behavioural biases. First, I investigate whether mental accounting influences portfolio choice in three asset classes and whether financial advice and housing tenure increase (decrease) the effects of mental accounts on portfolio choice. Second, I examine whether households’ self-reported housing wealth are anchored on published house price indices and whether anchoring bias is mediated by market information, mortgage refinancing decisions and social factors. The main contributions and findings in the three studies are as follows. First, although there is an elaborate body of research concerning the relationship between social engagement mechanisms and portfolio choice, most studies investigate specific mechanisms in isolation. Using three waves in the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS), I bring together five social engagement measures in one model and show that socially engaged individuals are more likely to participate in the stock market. Consistent with Granovetter’s (1973) theory of social networks I find that a weak tie (measured by social group involvement) has a positive effect on stock market participation whereas a strong tie (measured by talking to neighbours) has no effect. More trusting individuals are more likely to participate in the stock market, as are those who identify with a political party. In contrast, the degree to which religion is important appears to have little impact. These results are robust using different specifications. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that the likelihood of stock market participation increases with the variety and intensity of social engagement. Second, despite the established theoretical underpinnings of mental accounting in behavioural portfolio theory (BPT) and recent extensions, not much is known about their implications in real life situations. I use a recent UK household survey, the Wealth and Assets Survey (WAS), which has comprehensive information about financial assets to investigate whether there are differences in the ownership and portfolio share of three asset classes among individuals who exhibit no mental account, a single mental account and multiple mental accounts, and the conditional influences of financial advice, housing, cognitive ability, time preference and risk tolerance. Overall I find that mental accounting together with financial advice and housing tenure explain variations in both the probability of ownership and portfolio share in the three asset classes. Households that exhibit a single mental account have low share of investments in, and are less likely to own, a risky asset when compared to those that exhibit no mental account or exhibit multiple mental accounts. I also find that, when compared to having no mental account, exhibiting a single mental account or multiple mental accounts increases both the probability and investment share in a fairly safe asset but decreases portfolio share in safe assets. In addition, among those that exhibit a single mental or multiple mental accounts, financial advice decreases portfolio share in risky assets and fairly safe assets and increases portfolio share in safe assets. Housing tenure increases both the probability and portfolio share in risky assets, decreases portfolio share in fairly safe assets and increases portfolio share in safe assets. These results are consistent using multi-equation regressions, sub-samples, reparametrised variables and poisson regressions. Finally, as little is known about how households derive the self-reported house prices estimates that are commonly used to determine housing wealth, the third study examines whether households are anchored on published house price indices. The key conjecture is that, while assessing the values of their homes, homeowners place more weight on house price news at the expense of property characteristics and other market information. I find support for this hypothesis using sixteen waves of the BHPS, multiple methods, and both regional and national house price indices. I conclude that changes in self-reported housing wealth are anchored on changes in published house price indices. Specifically, ownership through a mortgage and greater financial expectations increase anchoring effects while mortgage refinancing decreases the effects. Moreover, use of money raised from refinancing for home investment, as opposed to other consumption purposes, has a positive association with change in self-reported house value and both uses reduce anchoring bias. In addition, I find that computer use increases anchoring bias and, among social engagement mechanisms, religiosity reduces anchoring while other measures have no effect. These results are robust to internal instrumental variables, national aggregate house prices, alternative indices and sub-samples.
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Almeida, Alexandre Nunes de. "Determinantes do consumo de famílias com idosos e sem idosos com base na pesquisa de orçamentos familiares de 1995/96." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-08012003-081045/.
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Com o aumento no número de pessoas idosas devido ao aumento da expectativa de vida e diminuição das taxas de natalidade, esse trabalho partiu da hipótese de que o idoso, além de apresentar uma forte demanda por cuidados médicos, também têm uma demanda crescente por outros tipos de bens e serviços, como, por exemplo, cosméticos e viagens. Ademais, a importância desse grupo, com sua renda mais estável oriunda dos benefícios da seguridade social e uso de ativos ou bens acumulados, altera de forma significativa a estrutura de consumo da família na qual pertence, criando uma forte relação de interdependência com os filhos e netos. O objetivo principal do presente trabalho foi analisar, através de alguns determinantes sócio-econômicos, o comportamento de consumo das famílias com idosos chefes e famílias que não apresentavam nenhum indivíduo com mais de 60 anos, nas principais áreas metropolitanas brasileiras, Distrito Federal e Goiânia. A base de dados utilizada corresponde a Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 1995/96 do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Inicialmente, na revisão de literatura, foram mencionados os principais aspectos demográficos que estão causando o envelhecimento populacional, assim como a importância do idoso na família e algumas considerações sobre as políticas previdenciárias que melhoram a vida dessas pessoas e de seus dependentes. Através da análise de estatística descritiva dos dados, observou-se que a aposentadoria representa a maior parte dos rendimentos dos idosos. No entanto, também existem parcelas significativas da renda que são provenientes do trabalho na condição de empregado e de conta-própria. Constatou-se que os dispêndios com medicamentos, serviços de saúde, despesas pessoais, roupas, alimentação fora de casa, comunicação e transporte, ocupam parcelas substanciais no consumo individual dos idosos e de suas famílias. Observou-se também que a renda mensal per capita de famílias que possuem idosos chefe é de aproximadamente 200 reais a mais do que de famílias que não possuem idoso. Posteriormente, utilizando o modelo lógite, foi possível mostrar que as variáveis: renda per capita familiar, idade, chefe que trabalha, escolaridade do chefe e localização geográfica da família, explicaram satisfatoriamente a probabilidade de consumir das famílias com idosos e famílias sem idosos, para os seguintes agregados de consumo: produtos farmacêuticos, serviços de assistência à saúde, despesas pessoais, fumo e seus derivados, roupas, viagens, lazer, comunicação e transporte. Entre os resultados mais importantes pode-se constatar que: a medida que os indivíduos envelhecem aumenta a demanda por com cuidados médicos; não existem diferenças significativas de consumo entre os chefes idosos e não-idosos que trabalham; quanto maior a escolaridade dos chefes idosos e não-idosos maior é a probabi lidade de consumo da maioria dos bens e serviços analisados; as famílias idosas e não-idosas residentes na área metropolitana de São Paulo apresentam menor probabilidade de dispender com bens e serviços de saúde e maior probabilidade de dispender com comunicação e transporte, com relação as outras áreas de pesquisa da POF.As the number of elderly people increase, mainly due to life expectancy increases and birthrate decreases, this study supports the hypothesis that the elderly, besides showing a high demand for medical care, also presents an increasing demand for other types of goods and services, such as, cosmetics and travel. Besides, the importance of this group, with a more stable income deriving from pensions of social security and the use of assets or accumulated goods, alters significantly the family consumption structure to which they belong, generating a strong relation of interdependence with their sons and grandchildren. The main goal of this study was to analyze, through some social-economic determinants, the family consumption behavior of families having elderly as the head of the family and families which showed no individual over 60 years old, in the most important metropolitan Brazilian cities, Federal District and Goiânia. The used database corresponds to the Household Budget Survey 1995/96 from IBGE (The Brazilian Geographical and Statistical Institute). Initially, in the literature review, it was mentioned the main demographic aspects which are causing the population to age, as well as the importance of the elderly in the family and some considerations about the social security policies which have improved the life conditions of these people and their dependents. Through the analysis of descriptive statistics, it was observed that retirement represents a major part of income for the elderly. However, there are also significant income parts coming from formal jobs and self-employment. It was noticed that the expenses on medicines, health assistance, personal expenses, clothing, eating out, communication and transportation, take up important parts of the consumption of the elderly and their families. It was noticed that monthly income per capita from families whose head is the elderly is approximately R$200,00 more than those which do not have an elderly. Later, using the Logit model, it was possible to show the variables: family per capita income, age, head working out of his house, school background of the head of the family, and geographical location of the family, explained satisfactorily the consumption probability of families having elderly and not having elderly, for the following consumption aggregates: pharmaceutical products, health service assistance, personal expenses, cigarette smoking and its derivatives, clothing, traveling, leisure, communication and transportation. Among the most important results it is possible to conclude that: the demand for medical assistance increases, not having significant differences in consumption between elderly heads of families and non-elderly heads of family which work outside of the house, more years in school increases consumption probability for most of the goods and services analyzed. The elderly families and non-elderly residing in the metropolitan area of São Paulo showed smaller probability of spending on goods and health services, higher probability of spending on communication and transportation, compared to the other areas of study of household budget survey 1995/96.
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Gondwe, Sellah Rose Jaranthowa. "Determinants of flow of formal credit to small and medium enterprises : a case of social capital and savings mobilisation for Malawi." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/107aff98-ee98-4632-962e-59a7e504714e.
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This thesis explores the role of social capital and domestic savings mobilisation, as demand and supply determinants of access to formal credit for small and medium enterprises (SMEs), in developing countries. The thesis provides evidence on how the domestic banking sector in developing countries can address information asymmetry between lenders and borrowers, and supply of loanable funds for SMEs, by considering other non-conventional determinants. The research focuses on Malawi, a developing economy in Sub Saharan Africa, to conduct micro-level and macro-level analyses. Analysis of cross sectional data uses probit models to reveal evidence of the effect of social capital on access to formal credit. Analysis of time series data uses vector autoregressive model to document evidence of the effect of domestic savings mobilisation on credit extended to the private sector by banks. The findings indicate that social capital is a determinant of access to formal credit and should be considered in credit risk assessments, for a more comprehensive process. The Findings also suggest that bank deposits influence credit provided to the private sector, providing evidence that domestic savings mobilisation also matters for economic growth in less developed countries. Evidence further suggests that although banks lend to the Government, the effect of the lending on mobilised deposits is not significant. The research recommends acknowledgement of, and more use of social capital, especially for first-time borrowers, to complement other quantitative risk assessment approaches. Initiatives to improve the flow of information between lenders and borrowers would not only improve access to credit but also increase savings mobilised domestically, to provide a readily available pool of funding for banks, and hence the supply of credit to entreprises, ceteris paribus.