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Journal articles on the topic 'Determinants of myocardial oxygen demand'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Rishu, Segan, Walia Lily, and Mittal Naveen. "EFFECT OF DIABETIC AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY ON DETERMINANTS OF MYOCARDIAL OXYGEN DEMAND." International Journal of Basic & Applied Physiology 3, no. 1 (2014): 62–66. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4475995.

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Background: Resting myocardial oxygen demand determinants are less studied in diabetic autonomic neuropathy patients. Objective: An insight into the determinants of myocardial oxygen demand in diabetic autonomic neuropathy patients may explain sudden adverse cardiovascular events in such patients. Methods: Case control study (n=60) was done on forty age matched (40-60 yr) type 2 diabetics with/ without diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy and twenty controls for myocardial oxygen demand determinants (heart rate, rate pressure product, systolic blood pressure) at rest. Results: Results demonst

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2

AKINBOBOYE, O. "Determinants of resting myocardial oxygen demand in the hypertrophied myocardium." American Journal of Hypertension 15, no. 4 (2002): A167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0895-7061(02)02728-0.

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3

Deedwania, Prakash C. "Transient myocardial ischemia and its relation to determinants of myocardial oxygen demand." American Journal of Cardiology 66, no. 16 (1990): G25—G27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(90)90390-m.

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4

Schwid, Howard A., Charles W. Buffington, and David P. Strum. "Computer simulation of the hemodynamic determinants of myocardial oxygen supply and demand." Journal of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia 4, no. 1 (1990): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0888-6296(90)90440-q.

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5

Asha, Shrivastava, Wasnik Sanjay, and Dave Rashmi. "Correlation Of Glycemic Status With Indicators Of Myocardial Oxygen Usage." International Journal of Basic and Applied Physiology 2, no. 1 (2013): 41–46. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4479178.

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Present study aimed to investigate the correlation between poor glycemic control determined by glycosylated haemoglobin( A1C) and myocardial oxygen demand. Method: Case-control study comprised of three groups of 50 each age matched (30-45 yrs) normoglycemics, prediadetics and type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) as per American Diabetic Association 2011 (ADA) criteria. The haemodynamic determinants of myocardial oxygen demand measured were heart rate(HR), systolic blood pressure(SBP) and rate pressure product(RPP) Result: The observations revealed significant differences in the fasting plasma gluco

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6

Pepine, C. J., and W. W. Nichols. "Effects of transient increase in intrathoracic pressure on hemodynamic determinants of myocardial oxygen supply and demand." Clinical Cardiology 11, no. 12 (1988): 831–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clc.4960111207.

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7

Chou, Alan F. "Failure of intravenous pindolol to reduce the hemodynamic determinants of myocardial oxygen demand or enzymatically determined infarct size in acute myocardial infarction." Journal of Emergency Medicine 4, no. 5 (1986): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0736-4679(86)90232-5.

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8

Foo, K., N. Sekhri, C. Knight, et al. "The effect of diabetes on heart rate and other determinants of myocardial oxygen demand in acute coronary syndromes." Diabetic Medicine 21, no. 9 (2004): 1025–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2004.01413.x.

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9

Wieneke, Heinrich, Clemens von Birgelen, Michael Haude, et al. "Determinants of coronary blood flow in humans: quantification by intracoronary Doppler and ultrasound." Journal of Applied Physiology 98, no. 3 (2005): 1076–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00724.2004.

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The direct determinants of coronary flow are lumen area and blood flow velocity; however, the precise mechanisms that control these factors are not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to assess by which mechanisms lumen area and coronary flow velocity interact with hemodynamic and morphometric factors, thereby influencing coronary flow. Intracoronary Doppler and ultrasound measurements were performed in 28 patients without coronary lumen irregularities. Flow velocity and lumen cross-sectional area were measured in the proximal segments of all three coronary arteries. Global lume

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10

Duncker, Dirk J., and Robert J. Bache. "Regulation of Coronary Blood Flow During Exercise." Physiological Reviews 88, no. 3 (2008): 1009–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00045.2006.

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Exercise is the most important physiological stimulus for increased myocardial oxygen demand. The requirement of exercising muscle for increased blood flow necessitates an increase in cardiac output that results in increases in the three main determinants of myocardial oxygen demand: heart rate, myocardial contractility, and ventricular work. The approximately sixfold increase in oxygen demands of the left ventricle during heavy exercise is met principally by augmenting coronary blood flow (∼5-fold), as hemoglobin concentration and oxygen extraction (which is already 70–80% at rest) increase o

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11

Namani, Ravi, Ghassan S. Kassab, and Yoram Lanir. "Integrative model of coronary flow in anatomically based vasculature under myogenic, shear, and metabolic regulation." Journal of General Physiology 150, no. 1 (2017): 145–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.201711795.

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Coronary blood flow is regulated to match the oxygen demand of myocytes in the heart wall. Flow regulation is essential to meet the wide range of cardiac workload. The blood flows through a complex coronary vasculature of elastic vessels having nonlinear wall properties, under transmural heterogeneous myocardial extravascular loading. To date, there is no fully integrative flow analysis that incorporates global and local passive and flow control determinants. Here, we provide an integrative model of coronary flow regulation that considers the realistic asymmetric morphology of the coronary net

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12

Tsuda, Takeshi. "Clinical Assessment of Ventricular Wall Stress in Understanding Compensatory Hypertrophic Response and Maladaptive Ventricular Remodeling." Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease 8, no. 10 (2021): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcdd8100122.

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Ventricular wall stress (WS) is an important hemodynamic parameter to represent myocardial oxygen demand and ventricular workload. The normalization of WS is regarded as a physiological feedback signal that regulates the rate and extent of ventricular hypertrophy to maintain myocardial homeostasis. Although hypertrophy is an adaptive response to increased biomechanical stress, persistent hypertrophic stimulation forces the stressed myocardium into a progressive maladaptive process called ventricular remodeling, consisting of ventricular dilatation and dysfunction in conjunction with the develo

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13

Heusch, Gerd. "Cardioprotection and its Translation: A Need for New Paradigms? Or for New Pragmatism? An Opinionated Retro- and Perspective." Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics 28 (January 2023): 107424842311796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10742484231179613.

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The dawn of cardioprotection by infarct size reduction originated from the idea to favourably alter the oxygen demand–supply balance of the ischaemic/infarcting myocardium by reducing the contractile determinants of its oxygen consumption. This idea is probably not correct, since the ischaemic/infarcting myocardium does not contract anyway. None of the successful initial preclinical attempts of infarct size reduction translated into clinical practice, except for timely reperfusion which has become and still is the backbone of all clinical infarct therapy up today. The idea of cardioprotection

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14

Widodo, Gipta Galih, Elly Nurachmah, and Budiharto Budiharto. "Efek Cold Pressor Test Terhadap Pasokan dan Kebutuhan Oksigen Miokard Pada Perokok Aktif di Kecamatan Ungaran Kabupaten Semarang." Jurnal Keperawatan Indonesia 12, no. 1 (2008): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7454/jki.v12i1.194.

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AbstrakPenelitian kuasi eksperimen ini bertujuan menguji pengaruh cold pressor test (CPT) terhadap pasokan dan kebutuhan oksigen miokard pada perokok aktif dengan pengukuran tekanan darah dan segmen ST di Kecamatan Ungaran Kabupaten Semarang. Jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 76 perokok aktif di Kecamatan Ungaran Kabupaten Semarang dan ditentukan dengan cluster sampling. Pengaruh CPT terhadap tekanan darah dan segmen ST pada perokok aktif diuji dengan dependent sample t test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rerata tekanan darah setelah intervensi CPT mengalami penurunan. Hasil analisis

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15

Venugopal, Lalitha, Priyadharsini Rajendran, and Parghavi V. "A study on rate pressure product in south Indian pregnant women with anaemia." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 5, no. 5 (2018): 1158. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20183821.

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Background: Anaemia is a cause of serious concern and contributes to a significantly higher maternal mortality. Rate Pressure Product (RPP) is a major determinant of myocardial oxygen consumption and blood flow. There is an increase in oxygen demand in anemia. Thus, in the present study, we have compared the difference in RPP between a normal pregnant women and pregnant women with anemia.Methods: A total of 180 pregnant women (normal pregnant woman - 90 and pregnant woman with anaemia - 90) belonging to different trimesters of pregnancy were included in the study. Age, height, and weight were

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16

Gibbs, C. L. "MECHANICAL DETERMINANTS OF MYOCARDIAL OXYGEN CONSUMPTION." Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 22, no. 1 (1995): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.1995.tb01910.x.

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17

Ferro, Giuseppe, Letìzia Spinelli, Carlo Duilio, et al. "Noninvasive Assessment of Myocardial Oxygen Supply/Demand." American Journal of Noninvasive Cardiology 5, no. 2 (1991): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000470424.

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18

Rima, Siti Pujiwati Permata, and Tri Yunis Miko Wahyono. "High Myocardial Oxygen Demand Index as a poor predictor of prolong length of stay in patient with acute ischemic stroke in Indonesia regional referral hospital: A single center study." Romanian Journal of Neurology 23, no. 2 (2024): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjn.2024.2.2.

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Background. The double product (DP) acts as an index for myocardial oxygen oxygen demand, derived from the multiplication of Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Pulse Rate (PR). This research aimed to explore the association between high myocardial oxygen demand and extended hospital stays among acute ischemic stroke patients in Indonesia. Methods. This study was a retrospective cohort study carried out from January 2022 to December 2022 at a regional referral hospital located in Jakarta, Indonesia. Participants were chosen consecutively until the necessary sample size was achieved. Information

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19

Madden, Kenneth M., Gale Tedder, and Chris Lockhart. "The oral glucose tolerance test induces myocardial ischemia in healthy older adults." Clinical & Investigative Medicine 30, no. 3 (2007): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.25011/cim.v30i3.1080.

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Purpose: Postprandial myocardial ischemia has been observed in frail older adults with postprandial hypotension and in patients with severe coronary artery disease, especially after high doses of carbohydrates. The impact of oral glucose on myocardial oxygen supply and demand in healthy older adults without postprandial hypotension or postprandial angina remains unexamined. We hypothesized that oral glucose would result in decreased myocardial oxygen supply relative to demand in a healthy older subject pool free of postprandial hypotension, reversible coronary risk factors and postprandial ang

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20

Elbeery, J. R., J. C. Lucke, M. P. Feneley, et al. "Mechanical determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption in conscious dogs." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 269, no. 2 (1995): H609—H620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1995.269.2.h609.

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A new practical descriptor of metabolic to mechanical myocardial energy transfer (MET), termed the virtual work model, was evaluated in 32 conscious dogs and in 8 isolated canine hearts. An index of total mechanical energy expenditure (TME) was calculated as the sum of external energy (stroke work) and an internal energy index of heat (left ventricular end-diastolic volume times left ventricular mean ejection pressure). Physiological comparison of TME (x-axis) and myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2; y-axis) yielded highly linear MET relationships (mean r = 0.93 +/- 0.07), with an average slop

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21

Elbeery, Jospeh R., John C. Lucke, Michael P. Feneley, et al. "Mechanical determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption in conscious dogs." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 270, no. 6 (1996): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1996.270.6.1-a.

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Pages H609–H620: Jospeh R. Elbeery, John C. Lucke, Michael P. Feneley, George W. Maier, Clarence H. Owen, R. Eric Lilly, Michael A. Savitt, Mark St. J. Hickey, Stanley A. Gall, Jr., James W. Davis, Peter VanTrigt, J. Scott Rankin, and Donald D. Glower. “Mechanical determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption in conscious dogs.” Page H618: Equations 12, 14, and 15 should read as follows. There should only be one SW term in Eq. 12 MVo2 = Hun + Hp + Hc + SW (12) Equations 14 and 15 should contain end-diastolic volume (EDV) instead of end-systolic volume (ESV) MVo2 = Hun + k · EDV · MEP + SW (14)

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22

Yaku, Hitoshi, Yoichi Goto, Yuichi Ohgoshi, et al. "Determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption in fibrillating dog hearts." Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 105, no. 4 (1993): 679–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5223(19)34194-7.

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23

Hinderliter, Alan, Paula Miller, Edith Bragdon, Martha Ballenger, and David Sheps. "Myocardial ischemia during daily activities: The importance of increased myocardial oxygen demand." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 18, no. 2 (1991): 405–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(91)90593-x.

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24

Munir, Md Mahbubul Hasan, Md Mushfiqur Rahman, and Shafiul Alam Shaheen. "Anaesthetic Management of Ischemic Heart Disease Patients in Noncardiac Surgery." Ibrahim Cardiac Medical Journal 4, no. 2 (2016): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icmj.v4i2.52993.

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Perioperative myocardial infarction is one of the most important predictors of short and long term morbidity and mortality associated with noncardiac surgery. Myocardial infraction occurs whenever myocardial oxygen supply does not match myocardial oxygen demand. Intraoperative ischemia can be precipitated by increase in myocardial oxygen demand caused by tachycardia, hypertension, anaemia, stress, sympathomimatic drugs or discontinuation of beta blocker. Clinical predictors of perioperative cardiac morbidity are acute myocardial infraction or recent myocardial infraction, unstable or severe an

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25

Park, C. M., K. March, T. Tillin, N. Chaturvedi, and A. D. Hughes. "P1.12 ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN LEFT VENTRICLE MYOCARDIAL OXYGEN DEMAND." Artery Research 6, no. 4 (2012): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.artres.2012.09.049.

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26

Heusch, Gerd. "Myocardial ischemia: lack of coronary blood flow, myocardial oxygen supply-demand imbalance, or what?" American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 316, no. 6 (2019): H1439—H1446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00139.2019.

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This opinionated article reviews current concepts of myocardial ischemia. Specifically, the historical background is briefly presented. Then, the prevailing paradigm of myocardial oxygen-supply-demand imbalance is criticized since demand is a virtual parameter that cannot be measured and data on measurements of myocardial blood flow and contractile function rather support matching between flow and function. Finally, a concept of myocardial ischemia that focusses on the reduction of coronary blood flow to below 8–10 µl/g per beat with consequences for myocardial electrical, metabolic, contracti

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27

Dietrich, D. L., and G. Elzinga. "ATP formation and energy demand in anoxic heart muscle of the rabbit." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 263, no. 2 (1992): H526—H532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1992.263.2.h526.

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In quiescent rabbit papillary muscle at 20 degrees C, the formation of ATP in nitrogen, estimated from the production of lactate, is 21% of that in oxygen. Stimulating the anoxic muscles at 0.2 Hz causes a threefold increase in ATP formation. In this study we want to determine 1) whether glycolytic ATP formation can be increased to a rate that would meet the aerobic ATP demand at rest and 2) what the maximum glycolytic rate attainable through stimulation is. Glycolytic rate is estimated from the amount of lactate produced at various times over 40 min of anoxia. Nucleotides and creatine compoun

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28

Gleim, G. W., N. L. Coplan, M. Scandura, T. Holly, and J. A. Nicholas. "MYOCARDIAL OXYGEN DEMAND AT EQUIVALENT SYSTEMIC OXYGEN CONSUMPTION FOR 4 DIFFERENT EXERCISE MODES." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 18, supplement (1986): S82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198604001-00407.

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29

Baer, R. W., G. J. Vlahakes, P. N. Uhlig, and J. I. Hoffman. "Maximum myocardial oxygen transport during anemia and polycythemia in dogs." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 252, no. 6 (1987): H1086—H1095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1987.252.6.h1086.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of hematocrit changes on coronary pressure-flow relations during maximum vasodilation to define the relative importance of changes in hemoglobin concentration, blood viscosity, and perfusion pressure in determining maximum myocardial oxygen transport. An anemic group and a polycythemic group of dogs were studied under halothane anesthesia at the hematocrit extremes and after serial exchange transfusions to intermediate hematocrits. Circumflex pressure-flow relations were generated at each hematocrit during maximum pharmacological vasodilati

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30

Braunwald, Eugene, and David S. Warner. "Reducing Myocardial Injury by Minimizing Imbalance between Oxygen Supply and Demand." Anesthesiology 107, no. 1 (2007): 161–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.anes.0000268391.73266.5b.

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Abstract Factors Influencing Infarct Size following Experimental Coronary Artery Occlusion. By P. R. Maroko, J. K. Kjekshus, B. E. Sobel, T. Watanabe, J. W. Covell, J. Ross, Jr., and E. Braunwald. Circulation 1971; 43:67–82. Reprinted with permission. The purpose of this study was to determine whether hemodynamic and pharmacologic factors can influence the extent and severity of myocardial necrosis produced by coronary occlusion. In 48 dogs, 10 to 14 epicardial leads were recorded on the anterior surface of the left ventricle in the distribution and vicinity of the site of occlusion of a branc

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31

Reeves, Inez, Willie Liang, M. Sadegh Asadi, and Richard M. Millis. "Umbilical cord vitamin D, ionized calcium and myocardial oxygen demand." Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 27, no. 10 (2013): 1000–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/14767058.2013.852173.

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32

Crystal, George J., Song-Jung Kim, M. Ramez Salem, and Mohamed Abdel-Latif. "Myocardial Oxygen Supply/Demand Relations During Phenylephrine Infusions in Dogs." Anesthesia & Analgesia 73, no. 3 (1991): 283???288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-199109000-00010.

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33

Herbertson, M. J., H. A. Werner, J. A. Russell, K. Iversen, and K. R. Walley. "Myocardial oxygen extraction ratio is decreased during endotoxemia in pigs." Journal of Applied Physiology 79, no. 2 (1995): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.79.2.479.

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Why the myocardial oxygen extraction ratio (ERm) is decreased during septic shock in humans is unknown. Therefore, we calculated ERm in 15 anesthetized pigs by measuring arterial and coronary venous oxygen content. We measured myocardial lactate flux, myocardial contractility, and global myocardial blood flow and its distribution. After baseline measurements, animals received either saline (n = 6) or 50 micrograms/kg of endotoxin (n = 9). Measurements were repeated for 4 h. After endotoxin, ERm decreased from 67 +/- 12% at baseline to 36 +/- 10% (P < 0.01) at 1 h and 54 +/- 10% (P < 0.05

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34

Goodwill, Adam G., Gregory M. Dick, Alexander M. Kiel, and Johnathan D. Tune. "Regulation of Coronary Blood Flow." Comprehensive Physiology 7, no. 2 (2017): 321–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2040-4603.2017.tb00750.x.

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ABSTRACTThe heart is uniquely responsible for providing its own blood supply through the coronary circulation. Regulation of coronary blood flow is quite complex and, after over 100 years of dedicated research, is understood to be dictated through multiple mechanisms that include extravascular compressive forces (tissue pressure), coronary perfusion pressure, myogenic, local metabolic, endothelial as well as neural and hormonal influences. While each of these determinants can have profound influence over myocardial perfusion, largely through effects on end‐effector ion channels, these mechanis

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35

Researcher. "EFFECT OF PRANAYAMA ON RATE PRESSURE PRODUCT IN PREHYPERTENSIVES." International Journal of Physiology (IJPHY) 2, no. 1 (2024): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14249325.

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Prehypertension, an intermediate stage between normal and hypertensive blood pressure, is linked to arterial stiffness, left ventricular hypertrophy, and elevated cardiovascular risks. Rate Pressure Product (RPP), a reliable marker of myocardial oxygen demand, is significantly influenced by lifestyle stressors and increased heart rate and blood pressure. This study examines the effect of Pranayama, a yogic breathing technique, on RPP in prehypertensives. Findings indicate that regular Pranayama practice enhances parasympathetic activity, reducing heart rate and systolic blood pressure, thereby

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36

Stahl, L. D., H. R. Weiss, and L. C. Becker. "Myocardial oxygen consumption, oxygen supply/demand heterogeneity, and microvascular patency in regionally stunned myocardium." Circulation 77, no. 4 (1988): 865–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.77.4.865.

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37

Tanaka, Yuri, Nobuhiko Joki, and Hiroki Hase. "Ischemic Heart Disease in Patients with End-Stage Kidney Disease." Blood Purification 40, no. 4 (2015): 332–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000441582.

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Background: It was recently reported that the severity of coronary and carotid atherosclerosis in patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) has improved over the last two decades. However, the frequency of coronary artery events observed at the initiation of dialysis remains high. Summary: Recently, 5 different clinical types of acute myocardial infarction (MI) were introduced in the third universal definition of MI. Type 2 MI, known as secondary MI, is a more heterogeneous entity, where a condition other than coronary artery narrowing contributes to an acute imbalance in oxygen supply and

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38

Bursikov, A. V., E. Sh Valiulina, and L. N. Birtseva. "Ergometric principles of cardiovascular function assessment in arterial hypertension." Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention 10, no. 2 (2011): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15829/1728-8800-2011-2-29-34.

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Aim. To investigate hemodynamic and ergometric parameters and their agreement with metabolic demand during veloergometry in patients with Stage I-II arterial hypertension (AH). Material and methods. In total, 80 18-59-year-old men, with Stage I-II AH were examined, together with 25 healthy men of comparable body weight. All participants underwent standard veloergometry, with achievement of sub-maximal heart rate (HR), or development of test-termination criteria, such as excess blood pressure (BP) elevation, dyspnoea, or fatigue. Results. A significant increase in myocardial oxygen consumption,

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39

Crystal, George J., Xiping Zhou, and Ramez M. Salem. "Is Calcium a Coronary Vasoconstrictor In Vivo?" Anesthesiology 88, no. 3 (1998): 735–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199803000-00025.

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Background Calcium produces constriction in isolated coronary vessels and in the coronary circulation of isolated hearts, but the importance of this mechanism in vivo remains controversial. Methods The left anterior descending coronary arteries of 20 anesthetized dogs whose chests had been opened were perfused at 80 mmHg. Myocardial segmental shortening was measured with ultrasonic crystals and coronary blood flow with a Doppler flow transducer. The coronary arteriovenous oxygen difference was determined and used to calculate myocardial oxygen consumption and the myocardial oxygen extraction r

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40

Ahmad, Ashfaq. "REVIEW OF TREATMENT PLANS USED FOR ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN ISLAMABAD, PAKISTAN." Canadian Journal of Applied Sciences 1 (2011): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21065/19257430.10.1.

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Myocardial infarction is simply due to decreased supply of oxygen and blood to the particular tissue of heart which ultimately leads to the death of tissue. Naturally heart is quite stable in its involuntary action due to balance between oxygen supply and oxygen demand of the cardiac muscle. when this balance is disturbed by the clot formation(atherosclerosis) in coronary artery or increased demand of oxygen due to increased heart rate then clinical situation arises as tightening of chest,laboured breathing, sweating and radiating pain originating form chest and terminating to left arm and jaw

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41

Latfullin, I. A. "Myocardial infarction (clinic, diagnostic features, complications, treatment)." Kazan medical journal 78, no. 2 (1997): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj81374.

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Myocardial infarction (MI) occurs due to an acute mismatch between myocardial oxygen demand and its blood supply through the coronary arteries of the heart, which results in the development of ischemic necrosis of the heart muscle with subsequent topical changes on ECG.

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42

Gao, Fen, Vincent J. de Beer, Maaike Hoekstra, Chuanshi Xiao, Dirk J. Duncker та Daphne Merkus. "Both β1- and β2-adrenoceptors contribute to feedforward coronary resistance vessel dilation during exercise". American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 298, № 3 (2010): H921—H929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00135.2009.

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During exercise, β-feedforward coronary vasodilation has been shown to contribute to the matching of myocardial oxygen supply with the demand of the myocardium. Since both β1- and β2-adrenoceptors are present in the coronary microvasculature, we investigated the relative contribution of these subtypes to β-feedforward coronary vasodilation during exercise as well as to infusion of the β1-agonist norepinephrine and the β1- and β2-agonist isoproterenol. Chronically instrumented swine were studied at rest and during graded treadmill exercise (1–5 km/h) under control conditions and after β1-blocka

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43

White, Kathleen M. "Using Continuous SVO2 to Assess Oxygen Supply/Demand Balance in the Critically Ill Patient." AACN Advanced Critical Care 4, no. 1 (1993): 134–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/15597768-1993-1011.

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To ensure that tissues arc well oxygenated, oxygen supply and demand are now targets of therapy for the critically ill patient. This chapter reviews the physiologic determinants of oxygen supply, how it is threatened by respiratory or cardiac dysfunction or by hemorrhaged or anemic states, and how it can be assessed in individual patients. Activities and conditions that increase tissue oxygen demand arc examined so that clinicians can identify those patients whose oxygen demands may be excessive and should be controlled. Failure of tissues to consume enough oxygen is explained in patients with

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Braunwald, Eugene. "Myocardial oxygen consumption: The quest for its determinants and some clinical fallout." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 35, no. 5 (2000): 45B—48B. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(00)80050-9.

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BRAUNWALD, E. "Myocardial oxygen consumption: The quest for its determinants and some clinical fallout." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 35, no. 5 (2000): 45B—48B. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(00)80072-8.

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46

BRAUNWALD, E. "Myocardial oxygen consumption: The quest for its determinants and some clinical fallout." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 35, no. 5 (2000): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(00)90023-8.

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Braunwald, Eugene. "Myocardial oxygen consumption: the quest for its determinants and some clinical fallout." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 34, no. 5 (1999): 1365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(99)00428-3.

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Warltier, David C., Paul S. Pagel, and Judy R. Kersten. "Approaches to the Prevention of Perioperative Myocardial Ischemia." Anesthesiology 92, no. 1 (2000): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200001000-00038.

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Goals for the perioperative management of patients with coronary artery disease include: * Prevent increases in sympathetic nervous system activity: reduce anxiety preoperatively; prevent stress response and release of catecholamines by appropriate use of opioids or volatile anesthetics and beta-adrenoceptor antagonists; beta-blocker therapy should be initiated before and continued during and after the surgical procedure. * Decrease heart rate: reduction in heart rate increases oxygen supply to ischemic myocardium and reduces oxygen demand; the use of beta-blockers is the most effective means

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Matsumoto, Tamaki, Minoru Shinohara, Masashi Shibata, and Toshio Moritani. "The noninvasive method for evaluation of myocardial oxygen supply and demand." Taiikugaku kenkyu (Japan Journal of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences) 38, no. 4 (1993): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5432/jjpehss.kj00003391955.

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Rutherford, William F., Elizabeth Crooks, and Charles J. Fisher. "A-44 Myocardial oxygen demand in cardiac patients during helicopter transport." AeroMedical Journal 3, no. 5 (1988): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0894-8321(88)80111-6.

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