Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Déterminisme génétique – Dissertations universitaires comme sujet'
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Saudemont, Alexandra. "Origine évolutive des plans d'organisation chez les bilatériens : étude du déterminisme génétique de la subdivision du mésoderme chez l'annelide platynereis dumerilii." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077209.
Full textOur vision of metazoan phylogeny was deeply modified since ten years: the current model species in developmental biology constitute a very imperfect sampling of animals, with a notable lack of models within Lophotrochozoans. However, a good sampling of the species is crucial to deal with any evolutionary question, such as the origin of body plans. A way of tackling this question is to study the aspects of the animal development from which body plans result, such as for example mesoderm subdivision in distinct territories that will give rise to the various mesodermal organs. This thesis presents the study of the genetic determinism of mesoderm subdivision in a Lophotrochozoan model, the polychaete annelid Platynereis dumerilii. In Drosophila, the NK complex genes are known for their implication in mesoderm subdivision, while the situation is less clear in the vertebrates. A systematic phylogenetic analysis of this family of homeodomain transcription factors showed that its diversification took place before the separation of the lines of Cnidarians and Bilaterians. The study of these genes in an annelid suggests that their functions were various and numerous in the last common ancestor of Bilaterians, Urbilateria. They would have been implied not only in mesoderm subdivision, but also, for some, in the ontogenesis of the nervous System or pharynx development. These results support the idea of an Urbilateria ancestor more complex than it traditionally was imagined
Beau, Jacques. "Etude des correlats genetiques du rythme de l'activite chez la souris consanguine." Paris 5, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA05S013.
Full textRoubertoux, Pierre L. "Analyse genetique et comportements sociaux." Paris 5, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA05S002.
Full textAchour, Ikbel. "Immunoglobulines homodimériques et conventionnelles des camélidés : génétique et évolution." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077171.
Full textIn addition to producing conventional tetrameric IgGs, camelids have the particularity of producing ; functional homodimeric IgG type that lacks light chains, and is therefore made up of two identice heavy chains. This non-conventional IgG type is characterized by variable and constant regions referred to as VHH and CHH respectively, and which differ from conventional VH and CH counterpart Although structural properties of homodimeric IgGs have been well investigated, the genetic basis involved in their generation are still largely unknown. We showed that a single IgH locus in alpaca (Lama pacos) chromosome 4 contains ail genetic elements required for the generation of the two types of Igs. The alpaca IgH locus is composed of a V-region that contains both VHH and VH gem segments, followed by a unique DH-JH cluster and C-region genes, which include both CHH and C genes. Although this general gene organization greatly resembles that of other typical mammalian Vn-Dn-Jn-Cn translocon IgH loci, the intermixed gene organization within the alpaca V and C region reveals a new type of translocon IgH locus. Transcript analyses of expressed homodimeric and tetrameric IgGs showed similar levels of mutation and that of IgMs revealed the existence of VHH Cm transcripts, strongly suggesting that cells bearing homodimeric IgGs develop from lgM+ cells The gene organization of the camelid IgH locus implies a striking regulation of stepwise gene arrangements to enable expression of either tetrameric or homodimeric Ig in B lymphocytes
Bidet, Philippe. "Caractérisation génétique d'un sous-groupe hautement virulent de Escherichia coli responsable de pathologies extra-intestinales." Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05T020.
Full textUsing DNA-array method, we developed a PCR able to detect the highly virulent E. Coli subgroup characterized by ribotype B2i and Sequence-Type 29 (EcMLST). Combining MLST and serotyping, we were able to distinguish among E. Coli strains belonging to this subgroup and causing invasive diseases in infants, three «sequence-O-types» associated with urosepsis (STc2902), meningitis (STc29018) or both syndromes (STc29O4S). Strain S88, representative of the STC29045 emerging clone in France has been sequenced in the Coliscope project. We found that two different traits of this strain, a new O antigen and a ColV plasmid close to those of avian pathogenic strains, are essential for its virulence in a neonatal meningitis rat model. Unraveling the origin of this clone will be aided by the molecular tools we have developed
Kebir, Oussama. "Épigénétique & psychose : Étude génétique des enzymes de la machinerie de régulation épigénétique." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T019.
Full textGenetic factors and environment are involved in the etiopathogeny of schizophrenia with an interaction model. The biological substratum of this interaction is unknown but could be explained by an epigenetic model. In the first part of this work, we chose to examine in detail, through a critical review of the literature data, the environmental factor of prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol, a synthetic estrogen considered as endocrine disruptor which also perturbs epigenetic regulation particularly DNA methylation. Although epidemiological data do not incriminate or exclude prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol as a factor increasing the risk of psychiatric disorders, there are several arguments in favor of this hypothesis. In the second part of this work, we tested the hypothesis of genetic polymorphisms of enzymes of the machinery of epigenetic regulation as a genetic vulnerability factor for schizophrenia. A family-based association study (325 trios) was conducted involving 10 genes encoding HDACs. SNP markers (n = 551) were extracted by the method of tagSNP. Statistical analysis identified 10 SNPs associated with schizophrenia with a threshold significance less than 0. 01. They are located on HDAC3, HDAC9, HDAC10, and HDAC11. An epistatic interaction was identified between HDAC3, HDAC9 and HDAC10. Although this study is exploratory and without correction for multiple testing, our results support data for the involvement of these genes with neurodevelopmental disorders
Ragusa, Angela. "Variabilité génétique des thalassémies en Sicile : étude moléculaire approfondie des formes surexprimant l'hémoglobine foetale." Paris 5, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA05S005.
Full textRabès, Jean-Pierre. "L' hypercholestérolémie familiale : de l'athérosclérose à l'hétérogénéité génétique." Paris 5, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA05CD02.
Full textSarzi, Emmanuelle. "Caractérisation génétique et phénotypique des déplétions de l'ADN mitochondrial." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05T048.
Full textMitochondrial diseases are a common group of metabolism pathologies. Nowadays, they represent more than 17% of our clinical consultations. Multiple respiratory chain deficiency account for an important number of mitochondrial disease and are characterised by a multi-systemic organ involvement leading to early death. Since these last 15 years, we have recruited a large number of patients with multiple respiratory chain deficiency. In 2001, it has been shown that a mtDNA quantitative anomaly was at the origin of this defect also named mtDNA depletions. The large number of patients with multiple respiratory chain deficiency and the weak yield of molecular diagnosis prompt us to consider mtDNA depletion as a cause of multiple respiratory chain deficiency. The aim of this work was firstly to estimate the incidence of mtDNA depletion in our series of multiple respiratory chain cases. Then, we characterised the genetic and phenotypic features of mtDNA depletions. Finaly, the study of one family among our consanguineous and/or multiplex patients allowed us to identify a new gene responsible for mtDNA depletions associated with a hepatocerebral failure. This gene also named PEO1 encodes for the mitochondrial Twinkle helicase which has been ever known to cause adult onset PEO in a dominant transmission. Finally, we have studied another consanguineous family with multiple respiratory chain deficiency and hepatic failure. This work allowed us to improve the genetic counselling in our laboratory especially for all patients with multiple respiratory chain deficiency associated with a mtDNA depletion
Bourdon, Alice. "Ribonucléotide réductase et synthèse de l'ADN mitochondrial." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05T006.
Full textMitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletions are characterized by a decreased number of mtDNA molecules and constitute a major cause of respiratory chain deficiency. This work allowed us to identify a new nuclear gene of mtDNA depletion associated with a severe encephalomyopathy leading to death in the first months of age. This gene encodes a small ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) subunit p53R2 which is a target of the transcription factor p53. RNR catalyses the reduction of the nucleotides into their corresponding desoxyribonucleotides, which is the rate limiting step for DNA synthesis. The second part of this work focuses on the role of p53R2 in mtDNA replication studying its subcellular localization and the expression of the subunits of RNR in several mouse tissues during development
Nora, Tamara. "La diversité génétique et phénotypique des populations virales issues de patients infectés par VIH - 1." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077187.
Full textDuring my thesis, we developed a new technique for study the genetic diversity of HIV. This method is based on the isolation of infectious clonal viruses directly resulting from single plasma-derived infections events. A comparison of the genomic sequences of clonal viruses from six patients demonstrated strong evidence for extensive recombinaison in vivo, showed that recombination could increase the diversity of drug resistant genotypes and reveals that recombination contributes to the generation and preservation of the HIV-1 diversity. The isolation of clonal viral populations from five different patients permits to evaluate the phenotypic properties of Env proteins exprimed by clonal viruses. Even when comparaisons were restricted to viruses from a same patient with similar tropism, genetically diverses Env proteins exhibited a remarkable fonctionnal diversity, included a wide range of infectivities for a given target cell, differences in their relative ability to infect different target cells and differences in sensibility to inhibition by some entry inhibitors. No correlation was observed between viral infectivity and inhibition by entry inhibitors, indicating that theses properties can be dissociated
Dossou, Yovo Omer Placide. "Recherche de gènes modificateurs de l'expression clinique de la drepanocytose." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077186.
Full textClinical expression of sickle cell disease is quite variable. Interplay of both environmental and genetic factors, linked and unlinked to the globin loci (α and β clusters), indeed contribute to such variability. We focus our attention on the potential contribution of genetic modifiers unlinked to the two globin loci viz MBL2, RANTES, VCAM-1 and ET-1 to two major complications of sickle cell disease namely vaso occlusive crisis and susceptibility to severe infections in two population groups; an unselected benin general population and a clinically followed cohort of sickle cell children. We demonstrated a) an over representation of low MBL2 expressor p. G57E allele at heterozygote state in non sickle cell adults as compared to new born controls (30,2% versus 25% p=0. 01) suggesting a selective advantage ; b) protection against susceptibility to infections in sickle cell children by the variant g. Lnl. 1T>C allele of RANTES, highlighting, for the first time, an association between a pro inflammatory cytokine polymorphism and attenuation of one of the major complication of sickle cell disease. This surrogate marker may find clinical application in targeting susceptible patients eligible for efficacious anti infectious measures
Houari-Barat, Mouna. "Approches génétiques de l'obésité chez l'homme : étude de trois régions chromosomiques liées à l'obésité et à des phénotypes associés." Paris 5, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA05CD11.
Full textSaint-Martin, Cécile. "Les formes familiales d'épilepsie généralisée idiopathique : étude des gènes CLCN2 et SCN1A et recherche d'un nouveau gène sur le chromosome 2." Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05T041.
Full textIdiopathic Generalized Epilepsies (IGE) are assumed to be mainly of genetic origin particularly with considering the importance of the SCN1A gene, encoding the sodium channel Navl. L, and CLCN2 encoding another voltage gated channel, specific to chloride. Screening of SCN1A and CLCN2 in large IGE populations allowed us to identify new CLCN2 mutations altering the electrophysiological properties of the chloride channel and to demonstrate that the phenotype associated to certain SCN1A mutations is highly variable. In a second part, a genome scan analysis was performed on two large families displaying generalized epilepsy and cortical myoclonies. The first family allowed the refinement of a previously described locus in 2pll. L-ql2. 2, and the exclusion of five candidate genes. The second family excluding both the identified loci confirms the hypothesis of genetic heterogeneity for this syndrome. Altogether this project is a step forward in the understanding of the mechanisms associated to mutations of known genes, CLCN2 and SCN1A, and in the genetic investigation of a novel epileptic syndrome
Wipff, Julien. "Implication de la fibrilline-1 et bases génétiques de la sclérodermie systémique." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05T037.
Full textRecent evidences suggested that Systemic sclerosis (SSc) could belong to fibrillinopathies because of Fibrillin-1 (FBN-1) and TGFbeta abnormalities inECM. First FBN-1 assessment, performed with a case-control study, did not detect association between FBN1 gene polymorphic markers and SSc. Then, we show a decrease of tissular FBN-1 microfibrillar network observed in the dermis of SSc patients but absence of in vitro alteration of synthesis, secretion and organization of microfibril network by fibroblasts. For TGFbeta pathway, subsequent analyses evaluate TGFbeta receptors with i) the study of Endoglin by case-control study and biochemical dosages it) sequencing of four TGFbeta receptors (ENG, ALK1, TGFBR2 and BMPR2). The most interesting results of the candidate gene strategy (HIFJA, ACE, SLC6A4, TPH1, KCNA5, PTPN22, IRF5, STAT4) were found for IRF5 and STAT4 genes which are associated with SSc and in particular with its fibrotic phenotype
Laklou, Hassane. "Approche génétique des troubles de l'humeur et de la schizophrènie (étude de différents Loci candidats)." Paris 5, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA05S024.
Full textLapoumeroulie, Claudine. "Polymorphisme des beta thalassemies en algerie : caracterisation structurale et fonctionnelle d'une mutation nouvelle." Paris 5, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA05S005.
Full textGressier, Florence. "Pharmacogénétique de la réponse aux antidépresseurs en conditions réelles de prescription." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T022.
Full textThere is substantial interindividual variation in response to antidepressants. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic gene polymorphisms could, at least in part, explain these differences. Two prospective and naturalistic studies have been conducted in depressed Caucasian patients undergoing an antidepressant treatment. The first one is a 4-week study including 120 inpatients in which the 5-HTTLPR, G-protein beta3 subunit C825T, ABCB1 C3435T and CYP2D6 polymorphisms were analysed. The second one is a 6-month study in which an intermediate analysis on 397 unipolar patients was performed with the GNB3 C825T and BDNF Val66Met polymorphisms. All antidepressants were studied in naturalistic conditions. Only the 5-HTTLPR and CYP2D6 polymorphisms were associated with antidepressant efficacy. As compared to LL/LS, the SS genotype of the 5-HTTLPR was associated with lower antidepressant efficacy in depressed women and TSH may mediate this association. CYP2D6 ultrarapid metabolisers treated by imipraminics required higher doses. In terms of tolerance, as compared to CC/CT, the TT genotype of the GNB3 C825T developed more hypertension at 6 months. To improve the therapeutic outcome of major depression, adapting the antidepressant for each patient, we suggest the implementation in routine of genetic tests in patients unresponsive to a first antidepressant treatment: 5-HTTLPR in women, CYP2D6 in patients treated by imipraminics, C825T in subjects with cardiovascular risk factors
Hudry, Eloïse. "Cholestérol et maladie d'Alzhiemer : le rôle de la cholestérol 24-hydroxylase." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05T032.
Full textAlzheimer disease (AD) is characterized by the presence of extracellular amyloid β (Aβ) deposits. Aβ peptides are produced through the successive cleavage of APP by β- and y-secretases. Several studies have demonstrated a clear link between AD and lipid metabolism. In the brain, cholesterol in excess can only be exported as 24S-hydroxycholesterol, this conversion being controlled by the cholesterol 24-hydroxylase. We studied the effects of the modulations of the cholesterol 24-hydroxylase activity in the APP23 mice, an AD mouse model. Our results suggest that the overexpression of the cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (though intracerebral gene transfer) may be a valuable therapeutic strategy for AD. On the contrary, its inhibition seems toxic and increases the production of Aβ peptides. A change of cholesterol 24-hydroxylase activity is therefore able to play a beneficial or noxious role on AEX
Dakouane, Giudicelli Mbarka. "Influence du vieillissement sur la spermatogenèse : évaluation histologique et génétique." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05N18S.
Full textThe increase of frequency ofAssisted Reproductive Techniques (ART) for elder men raises the question of the genetic risk for the offspring. Our aim was to evaluate the influence of ageing on the testicular histology, the aneuploidy rate in testis postmeiotic cells and the DNA fragmentation in sperm. Patients and methods. – We performed a histomorphometric study of 36 men aged from 61 to 102 years and 10 young men from 29 to 40 years. The aneuploidy rate was evaluated by fluorescent in situ hybridation (FISH X,Y, 18) and DNA fragmentation in spermatozoa was evaluated by TUNEL. Histomorphometry showed various alterations of testicular histology with age including thickening of the basal membrane when spermatogenesis.
Marduel, Marie. "Génétique de l’hypercholestérolémie familiale, de l’analyse des mutations fréquentes à l’identification d’un gène impliqué dans des formes rares." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05T046.
Full textHypercholesterolomia is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis and serious cardiovascular weaknesses. It often is caused by more than one factor, but there exist monogenic forms, like Autosomal Dominant Hypercholesterolemia (ADH), that are caracterised by high levels of plasmatic LDL cholesterol. ADH is a frequent disease, but its molecular bases are not fully understood. Three major genes had been identified so far : LDLR (LDL receptor), APOB (apolipoprotein B, constituent of LDL accepted by their receptors) and PCSK9 (an enzyme regulating the quantity of receptors at the surface of their cell). Our team had recently identified a 4th major gene, HCHOLA4, and showed that the disease was genetically more heterogenous. The objective of the present work was to analyse mutations responsible of ADH in the French population, and search another major gene. We have analysed the distribution and the nature of the mutations LDLR, APOB, PSCK9 and “others” in 1358 French probands and shown a specific spectrum of mutations in the French population : 45% of the events had not been reported before. Their causal effect has been assessed by in silico analyses and/or by cosegretation studies. Moreover, we showed a gradient of severity between different ADH causing gene. We have also localised a 5th gene responsible of ADH, in 19q13. 31, and detected several mutations in the APOE gene that have not been traced in a normocholesterolemic control population. Effects of the mutations have been gauged by genetic approach and in silico and in vivo analysis. This work has thus been able to describe ADH more precisely, and show that some mutations of APOE might be the cause for a new type of ADH
Medjahed, Halima. "Développement d'outils génétiques pour étudier la virulence de Mycobacterium abscessus." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077077.
Full textMycobacterium abscessus is a rapidly growing mycobacterial species that can be involved in pulmonary and disseminated infections in immunosuppressed or young cystic fibrosis patients. It is an emerging pathogen and has attracted recent attention due to the numerous cases of infection; furthermore, genomic tools have been developed for this species. Nevertheless, the study of this species has until now been limited to spontaneous variants. We have compared three different mutagenesis Systems : the ts-sacB, the phage, and the recombineering Systems, and show that there are important differences in their efficiency for the construction of allelic-exchange mutants. We show, using the mmpL4b gene of the glycopeptidolipid pathway as a target, that allelic-exchange mutants can be constructed with a reasonable efficiency ( 7%) using the recombineering System. Studies on this species were limited so far to natural spontaneous variants. These studies have nevertheless showed that the Rough variants of M abscessus which are characterized by a low production of glycopeptidolipids are hypervirulent in human and also in in vivo models. Interestingly, these highly virulent isolates strongly induce TNF-α secretion by macrophages. However, the mechanism of the higher virulence process is currently unknown. The mutant constructed in this study, which is low glycopeptidolipids producer, is unable to slide and it loss the ability to form biofilms. These confirm the role of glycopeptidolipids in the modification of cell surface. Using in vivo model the virulence of this mutant has been tested. This study shows that other factor is involved with the lack glycopeptidolipids in the virulence of M abscessus. The study of the mechanism of the virulence of M abscessus is a pre-requisite to develop new drugs or vaccine candidates against this emerging pathogen
Fajac, Isabelle. "Transfert de gènes dans les cellules épithéliales des voies aériennes à l'aide de dérives de polylysine : application à la mucoviscidose." Paris 5, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA05CD12.
Full textGirard, Muriel. "Etude des facteurs de prédisposition génétique de destruction des voies biliaires en période néonatale." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T018.
Full textWe study the genetic predisposition to the Biliary Atresia (BA) and Neonatal Sclerosing Cholangitis (NSC) to identify new molecular actors of the biliary development. BA represents 70% of the of liver transplantation indication in children. BA incidence is the highest in Polynesians. In this population, we found births seasonality, indicating an environmental effect and demonstrate that incidence of the disease to the ethnic origin of the patients. By a pan-genomic genotyping of the cohort we found suggestive association with 58 SNPs delineating - coding genes implicated into a unique metabolic pathway that fits for the cholangipcytes destruction. NSC is a rare disease sometimes associated with ichtyosis. In the ichtyosis form of the disease, we (i) confirmed the Claudin-1 gene involvment, (ii) suggest a founder effect of the first exon mutation of Claudin-1 gene in the Moroccan population and (iii) suggest a modifying independant locus that could account of the intra-familial variability of the biliary desease. In the desease without ichtyosis, we demonstrated the absence of Claudin-1 gene mutation and we found two predisposition loci in 17q12 and 3q13. 12 by linkage analysis of a consanguineous family. An exome analysis of the patients is still in progress. This work, open also the involvment of the microRNAs in this field
Pin, Didier. "Traitement de l'épidermolyse bulleuse dystrophique canine par greffe de feuillets épidermiques génétiquement modifiés." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077166.
Full textRECESSIVE DYSTROPHIC EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA (RDEB) IS A GENODERMATOSIS CAUSED BY GENETIC MUTATIONS THAT HAMPER THE EXPRESSION OF COLLAGEN TYPE VII (COLVII). IT WAS SHOWN THAT RETROVIRAL VECTORS EFFICIENTLY TRANSFER THE COLVII CDMA INTO PRIMARY HUMAN RDEB KERATINOCYTES, REVERT THE RDEB PHENOTYPE RECOMBINANT COLVII AFTER GRAFTING ONTO SCID MICE. THE FEASIBILITY OF A GENE THERAPY APPROACH FOR RDEB WAS FURTHER VERIFIED IN A DOG MODEL OF SPONTANEOUS RDEB ASSOCIATED WITH AN AMINO ACID SUBSTITUTION IN THE COLLAGENIC DOMAIN OF COLVII. AUTOLOGOUS EPITHELIA MADE IN VITRO USING KERATINOCYTES TRANSFECTED WITH THE RETROVIRAL VECTOR MSCV-COL7-VSVG EXPRESSING THE WILD TYPE OF THE CANINE COLLVIIWERE GRAFTEl ONTO TWO RDEB DOGS. EIGHT DAYS AFTER IMPLANTATION, THE GRAFTED SITES CLINICALLY APPEARED TO BEAR A NORMAL SKIN. AT MONTH 1, NO CLINICAL SIGN OF INFLAMMATION OR IMMUNE REJECTtON OR EPIDERMAL DETACHMENT WAS OBSERVED. AT MONTH 2, EXAMINATION OF BIOPSIES OF THE GRAFTED AREAS SHOWED RESTORATION OF THE DERMAL-EPIDERMAL ADHESION, A STRONG IMMUNOREACTIVITY OF THE BASEMENT MEMBRANE TO ANTI-COLVII ANTIBODIES AND ABSENCE OF CELLULAR AND HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE DESPITE A PERSISTENT EXPRESSION OF THE RECOMBINANT COLVII. AT MONTH 5, THE TRANSGÈNE PRESENTS IN EPIDERMAL STEM CELLS AND EXPRESS THE WILC TYPE COLLAGEN VII TRANSCRIPTS AND PROTEINS. THE PROTEINS ARE LOCATED AT THE DERMAL-EPIDERMAL JUNCTION AND IN THE CYTOPLASM OF ALL KERATINOCYTES. THESE RESULTS STRONGLY SUGGEST THAT RDEB CAN BE SUCCESSFULLY TREATED BY GENE TRANSFER WITHOUT ANY DETECTABLE ADVERSE EFFECT AND FOR A LONG TIME
Tourret, Jérôme. "Génération de la diversité génétique au sein de l'espèce Escherichia coli et relation avec la phylogénie et la virulence." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05T061.
Full textThe links between genetic diversity, phylogeny and extra-intestinal virulence in E. Coli have been explored through four works: The genomes of 20 strains have been compared, allowing to precisely define the core and pangenomes, to confirm the clonal structure of the species and to show that recombination events are not homogeneously scattered throughout the chromosome. Chromosomic recombination frequency have been measured in fourteen strains and shown to be polymorphic and inducible. Pathogenicity island single or multiple deletion mutants of strain 536 have been assessed on a mouse septicemia model. They do not participate equally to virulence and have an additive virulent effect. An extra-intestinal virulence synergy has been evidenced between a pathogenic and a non virulent strain of E. Coli. These results show that virulence is a complex and polygenic phenomenon
Teixeira, Luis. "Syndrome de Kallmann-de Morsier : caractérisation de deux nouveaux gènes responsables, PROK2 et PROKR2, et étude de la migration des cellules neuroendocrines à GnRH au cours de l'embryogénèse." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05T032.
Full textKallmann syndrome (KS) combines hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia. Anosmia is related to the absence or hypoplasia of the olfactory bulbs and tracts. Hypogonadism is due to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency, which presumably results from a failure of the embryonic migration of neuroendocrine GnRH cells from the olfactory epithelium to the forebrain. In the first part, we foxind that mutations in PROKR2 and PROK2, encoding prokineticin receptor-2 and prokineticin-2, are présent in 9% of patients with KS. These mutations are mainly missense mutations resulting in loss of fonction. In addition, we discussed of the digenic or oligogenic mode of inheritance of PROKR2 and others genes involved in KS. Furthermore, we showed that PROKR2 and FGFR1 are co-expressed in same neurons, suggesting cross-talk between the FGF/FGFR1 and PROK2/PROKR2 signaling pathway. In the second part of the thesis, we observed that neuroendocrine cells synthetizing GnRHl migration defect is common in four arhinencephalie fetuses, including on fetus with KS. Based on these results we defined an olfacto-genital fetopathological sequence in human, that is to say different genetic developmental diseases resulting in abnormal olfactory development are responsible for a defect in migration of neuroendocrine cells synthetizing GnRHl
Benko, Sabina. "Altérations génomiques à grande distance d'éléments non-codants conservés et dérégulation d'expression tissu-spécifique au locus SOX9." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05T039.
Full textSQX9 is a major developmental gene mapping to a vast gene desert that encompasses its regulatory domain. The SOX9 gene coding equence mutations result in campomelic dysplaisa (CD), a complex polymalformative syndrome. We showed that alterations of non-coding sequences (translocations, deletions or point mutations) at the SOX9 locus result in isolated CD endophenotypes namely Pierre Robin sequence (iPRS) and disorders of sex developpement (iDSD). Both in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that those alterations, located at great distance with respect to SOX9 coding sequences (>1,2Mb/iPRS; >500kb/iDSD), comprise regions conserved throughout the evolution that function as regulatory elements driving tissue specific gene expression of SOX9. We suggest that alterations identified in iPRS and iDSD patients represent a tissue specific loss of SOX9 expression in the mandibular mesenchyme or the developing gonad respectively, while other territories of normal SOX9 expression remain intact
Maupetit, Mehouas Stéphanie. "La pseudohypoparathyroïdie de type 1b, un modèle d’étude des mécanismes d’empreinte au locus GNAS." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T025.
Full textGNAS is a complex locus submitted to genomic imprinting: the expression of transcripts is restricted to one allele in a parent of origin manner depending of the methylation status of their promoter. A rare disease, pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1b (PHP1b) is characterized by a loss of genomic imprinting, characterized by methylation abnormalities of the locus and leading to abnormal expression of transcrits. The objectives of my work was: i) to characterized the epigenetic defect at the GNAS locus in a cohort of patients affected with PHP1b. Three sub-‐clusters of PHP1b have been identified on the basis of their methylation pattern at the GNAS locus, leading to the hypothesis that distinct molecular mechanisms lead to distinct methylation pattern in PHP1b patients. Ii) to studied molecular mechanisms, which control the methylation at the GNAS locus. We tested the hypotheses that PHP1b could be due at least in some cases, to an epigenetic mosaic. The confirmation of this epigenetic mosaicism is demonstrated by the analysis of the methylation pattern at the GNAS locus in clonal cells obtained from cultured fibroblasts of a patient affected with Spor-‐PHP1b. Furthemore, we hypothesized that a putative global imprint disorder could be involved in some PHP1b patients. We investigate the methylation pattern of 6 imprinted loci in Spor-‐PHP1b patients. In collaboration with Irene Netchine’s team (Inserm UMR-‐S938 Team 4), we found 5 out of 63 PHP1b patients present with an incomplete loss of imprinting at several imprinted loci. A trans acting factor may be responsible of these incomplete losses of imprinting at several imprinted loci
Boissel, Sarah. "Approche génétique des bases moléculaires et physiopathologiques de formes autosomiques recessives de retard mental." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05T031.
Full textMental retardation (MR) is characterized by deficits in higher brain functions that result in significant limitations in adaptive and cognitive skills. It is the most frequent handicap in children and young adults, affecting 2-3% of the general population. However, the cause of MR remains unexplained in most cases, leaving families without accurate diagnosis and genetic counseling. Understanding the biological bases of these disorders is therefore an important medical and scientific challenge for the next years. This manuscript describes the analysis of three consanguineous multiplex families in which isolated or syndromic MR segregates. This thesis develops the identification using autozygosity mapping and functional analyses of three novel genes responsible for autosomal recessive MR. First, we study the family Ha, in which affected children present with non syndromic MR, and identify COMMD4 as a good candidate gene for MR. Second, we report on a MED23 mutation resulting in isolated MR, providing the first example of a mutation in the Mediator complex associated with pure mental deficiency. Third, we study a large family in which patients show psychomotor retardation with multiple congenital anomalies. We show that an inactivating FTO mutation is responsible for a novel lethal syndrome, illustrating the first example of a human disorder related to the defect of an AlkB-related protein
Burnichon, Nelly. "Caractérisation des altérations génétiques constitutionnelles et somatiques des phéochromocytomes / paragangliomes." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05T028.
Full textParagangliomas (PGL) are rare tumors arising from parasympathetic or sympathetic paraganglia. A pheochromocytoma (PHEO) is a PGL that arises from the adrenal medulla. PHEO/PGL are malignant in 10‐15% of cases and genetically determined in about 30% of cases. The PHEO/PGL susceptibility genes identified when this project began were the VHL, RET, NF1, SDHB, SDHC and SDHD genes. SDHB gene mutations predispose to malignancy and poor prognosis in affected patients. During this thesis project, we have studied PHEO/PGL constitutional genetics and characterized somatic events involved in the emergence of such tumors. We performed the genetic characterization of a cohort of 445 patients with PGL, in which we have identified an SDHx mutation in 54% of cases. This study allowed identifying genotype/phenotype correlations for a targeted genetic testing in patients with familial or sporadic forms of the disease. We have then evaluated the implication of new PHEO/PGL predisposing genes. We have identified and functionally validated the first SDHA gene mutation and studied the recently identified genes (IDH1, IDH2 and TMEM127) in the PHEO/PGL COMETE cohort. We have then studied somatic genetic alterations that occur within PHEO/PGL. We have characterized chromosomal losses and gains, and studied the transcriptome of 202 PHEO/PGL in the context of the Carte d’Identité des Tumeurs program. These studies have led to a precise classification and characterization of genetically determined tumors and to the identification of somatic mutations in VHL and RET genes in approximately 15% of sporadic tumors. They revealed differentially expressed genes as well as a gain of chromosome arm 17q in malignant PHEO/PGL, and particularly those linked to SDHB gene mutations
Beldjord, Chérif. "Defauts moleculaires du locus beta dans les thalasseies en algerie. Description d'un modele original impliquant un defaut d'epissage de l'arn messager." Paris 5, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA05S001.
Full textFlavigny, Jeanne. "Anomalies génétiques de la cardiomyopathie hypertrophique familiale : de leur identification à l'analyse de leurs conséquences ex vivo et in vitro." Paris 5, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA05CD01.
Full textJonquoy, Aurélie. "Physiopathologie et approche thérapeutique des chondrodysplasies liées à FGFR3." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T009.
Full textAchondroplasia, hypochondrodysplasia and thanatophoric dysplasia belong to a severe chodrodysplasias family, caused by FGFR3 gain of function mutations. A better understanding of the role of this gene during endochondral ossification is crucial to determine the cause of the disease and develop new pharmaceutical strategies. By studiyng the phenotype of chondrodysplasic Fgfr3Y367C/+ mice during development, we showed that constitutive activation of Fgfr3 disrupted proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes, as well as vascular invasion of cartilage. These defects result in shortening of both the growth plate and the trabecular bone, and in delayed secondary ossification center formation. We also showed that Fgfr3 has a dual effect, as both a negative and a positive regulator of the endochondral ossification process. I tested the effect of a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor, on endochondral ossification, using a limb explant culture system. Spectacular bone growth of Fgfr3Y367C/+ showed, for the fist time, the positive effect of such an inhibitor on bone growth. This pharmaceutical approach also allowed us to better characterized bone defects in these chondrodysplasias. Our results suggest that constitutive activation of Fgfr3 induces cell cycle exit and premature differentiation of chondrocytes, and support the development of tyrosine kinase as as therapeutic approaches for chondrodysplasias
Malan, Valérie. "Apport des nouveaux outils de cytogénétique moléculaire à la définition clinique et moléculaire de nouveaux syndromes." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05T025.
Full textChromosome abnormalities are the leading cause of mental retardation (MR) and congenital malformations. Today, because of its greater resolution (10 to 100), array CGH (Comparative Genomic Hybridization) supersedes karyotype analysis when a whole genome analysis is required. Using array CGH, 10-15% of chromosomal abnormalities are detected in patients presenting with mental retardation. The first objective of the present study was, using this novel molecular cytogenetic tool, to investigate chromosome abnormalities observed in patients presenting with a syndromic form of mental retardation. This study allowed to describe two novel clinically recognizable syndromes associated respectively with a 19q13. 11 microdeletion and Xq27. 3q28microduplication. In the second part of my thesis, a cohort of patients presenting with a syndromic overgrowth syndrome was explored using this novel approach. This cohort included patients with a clinically recognizable entity such as Sotos syndrome or Weaver syndrome as well as patients presenting with a nonspecific overgrowth conditions. Using a 1 Mb resolution BAC microarray, five pathogenic chromosome abnormalities were identified. This led us to investigate further the “negative branch” of the cohort (18 patients) using a high resolution array CGH (Agilent 244K). Interestingly, two 19p13. 3 non overlapping deletions disrupting the same gene NFIX were detected in two patients. Subsequently, the NFIX gene was studied at the molecular level in 76 patients presenting with an overgrowth syndrome. We identified by direct sequencing a heterozygous mutation of the NFIX gene in a patient with a “Sotos-like” phenotype. As the phenotype of these three patients were very similar, we hypothesized that haploinsufficiency of NFIX gene was causal. Interestingly, Nfix-/- mutant mice have a phenotype reminiscent of Marshall-Smith syndrome (MSS). This led us to screen MSS patients for NFIX mutations. We identified NFIX mutations in 9 MSS patients. The study of the consequences of these mutations on the stability of the mutated NFIX transcript led us to suggest that variation in efficiency of the process of “Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay” could explain the phenotypic differences between the Sotos-like syndrome and the Marshall-Smith syndrome. In conclusion, the present work illustrates the value of array CGH in identifying novel chromosomal disorders and in establishing the molecular basis of well described Mendelian diseases
Mugniery, Emilie. "Impact de l'activation constitutive de FGFR3 sur l'ossification endochondrale." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T032.
Full textFGFR3 (Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3) is a tyrosine kinase receptor. FGFR3 gain of function missense mutations lead to a family of chondrodysplasias due to a dysregulation of endochondral ossification. To study the impact of FGFR3 activating mutation on endochondral ossification, we studied several mouse models which expressed the activating Fgfr3 mutation Y367C ubiquitously, in cartilage or in osteoblasts. In the ubiquitous mouse model, we demonstrated that FGFR3 was a positive and negative regulator of chondrocyte proliferation during antenatal and postnatal stage, respectively. Moreover our data suggested that FGFR3 activating mutation led to premature exit of cell cycle of the chondrocytes resulting in their abnormal differentiation. Major defects in the bone formation process was observed in the primary and secondary ossification centers when the activating mutation was present in the cartilage. In three week old mice, we concluded that these bone defects were due to a direct failure of chondrogenesis and that trabecular bone formation was under paracrine regulation by the chondrocytes. In adulthood, FGFR3 regulated bone formation by an autocrine mechanism
Hammoumi, Saliha. "Etude des facteurs susceptibles de favoriser ou de limiter l'infecton des cellules humaines par le virus de l'encéphalomyocardite." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077210.
Full textIn order to evaluate the transmission risk of EMCV, from animal, mainly pig, to human, especially during xenotransplantations, we were interested in factors likely to support or limit this transmission by studying the interaction of EMCV with human cells. Tools allowing the detection of the virus multiplication at the various stages of the infection were developed. In particular, for the follow-up of the proteins synthesis, a recombinant EMCV expressing EGFP was created. The recombinant virus was pathogenic for mouse like the parental virus. EGFP could be detected by autofluorescence in vitro in infected cells and in vivo on prints of mouse brains. The infectious power of various viral strains on human cell lines and primary cells, reflecting the tropism of the virus in animal, was analysed. The results indicated that the infection of the cells depends on the cellular type and the viral strain and that adsorption varies primarily according to the strains. By comparison of the sequences of capsid, amino acids playing a probable part in this adsorption were highlighted. The analysis of the cellular partners implied in the attachment made it possible to show that the adsorption of the strain 1086C is dependent on sialic acid and that lysine 231 of VP1 would play an important part in this connection. In addition, the adsorption of the B279/95 strain is independent of sialic acid but depends on heparanes sulfates. This suggests the probable use of co-receptors carrying heparane sulfates or sialic acids
Mazzolini, Julie Emilie. "Etude des mécanismes moléculaires de la phagocytose dans les macrophages et de sa perturbation par le VIH-1." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T001.
Full textPhagocytosis is a mechanism of internalization of microorganisms and debris that leads to the formation of an intracellular vacuole larger than 0. 5 microns. This mechanism is initiated by the activation of receptors on the surface of professional phagocytes such as macrophages and depends on an intense actin polymerization and reorganization of the plasma membrane involving exocytosis from intracellular compartments. Recycling endosomes bearing AP1, VAMPS and TNFa, and a subpopulation of late endosomes bearing VAMP7, participate in the exocytosis. We investigated the respective locations of the polymerized actin and vesicular compartments, by evanescent wave microscopy. We used the "frustrated phagocytosis" system where cells try to "phagocyte to infinity" and spread on the ligands of phagocytic receptors, as well as a new system that we developed to study the step of phagosome closure. According to our observations, F-actin accumulates in the cell periphery and in the tips of pseudopodia while actin depolymerizes in the center of the phagocytic cup, where vesicular trafficking is more active. This model is to be completed to clarify the molecular players involved in the different stages of progression and closure of phagosomes. The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infects macrophages, which causes a déficience of phagocytosis of thèse cells. One of thé major virulence factors of HIV-1 is thé Nef (négative factor) protein, known to disrupt thé organization of thé actin cytoskeleton and subcellular trafficking. We observed that infection with HIV-1, and expression of Nef in particular, inhibits phagocytosis by différent receptors in macrophages. Nef protein significantly alters thé recruitment at thé phagocytic cup of recycling endosomes bearing AP1, VAMPS and TNFa. In contrast, Nef does not interfère with thé accumulation of VAMP7 nor that of F-actin. To inhibit phagocytosis Nef requires its myristoylation site and thé LL, DD and PXXP motifs. Finally, we found that Nef interacts with thé AP1 motif via thé LL motif, probably leading to thé disruption of membrane reorganization required for efficient phagocytosis, whereas actin is not altered. My thesis work helped bring new éléments on thé cellular and molecular mechanisms of phagocytosis and to better understand thé dysfunctions observed in macrophages of HIV-1-infected patients
Mastrogiannaki, Maria. "Rôle des facteurs de transcription HIF (Hypoxia Inducible Factors) hépatiques et intestinales dans la régulation de l'homéostasie du fer." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T008.
Full textHepcidin, a liver expressed hormone, is the central regulator of iron homeostasis and is decreased in response to hypoxia and iron deficiency. In contrast, intestinal iron absorption is upregulated during these conditions. Hypoxia Inducible Factors, HIF-1 and HIF-2, are ironand hypoxia-regulated transcription factors, and the central regulators of mammalian oxygen homeostasis. During my thesis, I generated intestinal-specific and liver-specific HIF knockout mouse models in order to investigate in physiopathological conditions the links between HIF signaling and i) the regulation of hepatic hepcidin expression, and ii) the regulation of intestinal iron absorption. I demonstrated that HIF-2 is dispensable for the regulation of hepcidin in conditions of iron deficiency or hypoxia. However, I showed that HIF-2, upon stabilized in physiopathological conditions, induces hepcidin repression, indirectly through increased Erythropoietin (EPO) production and the regulation of erythropoiesis. In the intestine, I showed that HIF-2, but not HIF-1, controls iron absorption by regulating the expression of DMT1 (Divalent Metal Transporter-1) and DCYTB (Duodenal cytochrome b) proteins which import iron in the enterocytes. Finally, I demonstrated that HIF-2 is involved in the regulation of iron hyper-absorption in a genetic mouse model of hereditary hemochromatosis (HH). HH is a genetic disorder characterized by abnormally low hepcidin expression and excessive iron accumulation in the liver and parenchyma. These findings suggest a prominent role of HIF-2 in the physiopathological regulation of intestinal iron absorption and may provide new therapeutical perspectives for the treatment of anemias and iron overload-associated disorders
David, Benjamin. "Contribution rabbinique à la réflexion éthique : transmission des maladies génétiques et Eugénisme." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05T029.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is the analysis of Jewish ethic's perspective regarding the medical solutions of the transmission of genetic diseases. After we have proved that the Talmudic scholars recognized the dangers of transmitting genetic diseases we will present clinical cases. Each one presents a medical and ethical problem that we will analyse. The principal subject is preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) that allows the prevention of bearing a sick child. In which clinical cases is this procedure ethically acceptable and in which is it considered eugenics? Are a couple who are at risk to have a child with a genetic disease obliged to bear children? Are they obliged to undergo PGD? Regarding eugenics we will prove that this notion is entirely antithetical to Judaism and the practice of eugenics stands in direct contradiction to Jewish law
Nicolino, Marc. "Glycogénose Type II (Maladie de Pompe) : approche d'une thérapie génique et caractérisation des anomalies moléculaires." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05CD17.
Full textPiguet, Françoise. "Brain gene therapy for metachromatic leukodystrophy : towards clinical trial." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T010.
Full textMetachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is a lethal lysosomal storage disorder of the CNS and PNS due to a deficiency in arylsulfatase A (ARSA) enzyme that results in sulfatide accumulation, demyelination and neuronal degeneration. The late infantile form of MLD is the most frequent and severe form of the disease, death of patients occuring before the age of 5 years. No treatments are currently available for MLD, even if new therapeutic approaches are under evaluation. Given the rapid course of neurodegeneration and the impermeability of the blood brain barrier to the ARSA enzyme, direct brain delivery of ARSA through gene therapy vector seems to be the most suitable therapeutic approach. Intracerebral delivery of Adeno-Associated viral vector of serotype 5 (AAV5) encoding human ARSA was shown to efficiently correct the phenotype of the MLD mouse model. However, before moving towards clinical trial, efficiency and tolerance of the procedure needed to be evaluated in a larger size brain. In normal non-human primates, we demonstrated that a limited number of intracerebral injections of AAV5/ARSA vector led to a widespread diffusion of the vector (37-46% of the injected hemisphere) and ARSA enzyme (up to 33 mm), as well as a significant increase in ARSA activity in 50-65% of the injected hemisphere, without any signs of toxicity. One of the main challenges for brain gene therapy in LSDs is to provide a therapy allowing the treatment of the entire brain, which requires widespread delivery of the normal gene and/or protein, but also the targeting of the right type of cells. AAVrh. 10 vector was recently shown to give a better diffusion of therapeutic proteins in the rodent brain after intracerebral administration. For this reason, we decided to evaluate this serotype in our therapeutic strategy. In symptomatic MLD mice, AAVrh10/ARSA vector injection resulted in a more rapid and complete correction of sulfatide storage and brain neuropathology 2 months after intracerebral injections in comparison with AAV5/ARSA vector. Importantly, ARSA enzyme was detected in oligodendrocytes, the targeted cell in MLD, and the levels of oligodendrocyte-specific sulfatide isoforms (C24:0-sulfatide) were completely corrected, a result of major importance for therapeutic intervention. Using an AAVrh. 10/GFP vector, we also characterized more precisely the axonal transport and cell tropism of AAVrh. 10 vector and demonstrated the existence of retrograde transport of the vector. Given these encouraging results, safety and efficiency study was performed in non-human primates. GLP-grade AAVrh. 10/ARSA vector was injected in one or both hemispheres (1. 1. 1011 VG/hemisphere) in white matter areas selected using brain MRI. In a clinical perspective, surgical device was optimized to allow simultaneous infusion of 12 deposits, thus reducing time of surgical procedure. Tolerance of the procedure was assessed by sequential neurobehavioral tests and brain MRI. Animals were analyzed 3 months post-injection. We documented diffusion of the vector in up to 90% and increased activity of ARSA enzyme up to 31% in the injected hemisphere. As compared to our previous results with AAV5/ARSA, the use of a 20-fold lower dose of AAVrh. 10 vector led to increased amounts of vector in the non-injected hemisphere and increased level of ARSA activity in the injected hemisphere. Toxicological evaluation is currently ongoing in NHP, prior to a phase I/II clinical trial for rapidly evolutive forms of MLD
Haase, Georg. "Thérapie génique de maladies dégénératives des motoneurones et transfert de gènes dans le nerf lésé." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05CD05.
Full textDelva, Laurent. "Rôle de la CRABPII dans la résistance secondaire de la leucémie aiguë promyélocytaire traitée par l'acide rétinoïque : Implication de la CRABPII dans son métabolisme et dans la transcription de gènes sensibles à son action." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05CD02.
Full textLemarchand, Patricia. "Thérapie génique des maladies respiratoires : Transfert de gènes par voie vasculaire à l'aide de vecteurs adénoviraux." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05CD01.
Full textGillion-Boyer, Olivia. "Rôles de PLCE1 et INF2 dans la physiopathologie des podocytopathies héréditaires." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T044.
Full textDuring the last decade, the identification of several podocyte genes in hereditary forms of podocytopathies has allowed to refine the glomerular filtration barrier structure and function. We conducted a mutational analysis on a worldwide cohort of 139 patients with nephrotic syndrome and identified 9 novel mutations of the PLCE1 gene encoding the phospholipase Cε1. Surprisingly in an autosomal recessive disease, we observed an incomplete penetrance in 3 pedigrees suggestive of oligogenic inheritance or genetic and/or environnemental modifiers, although the screening of 19 candidate genes failed to identify a causative variant. We confirmed the major role of INF2 encoding a diaphanous-related formin in autosomal dominant podocytopathies. We showed that most INF2 mutations are located in the N-terminal domain of the protein which is involved in its autoinhibition through the binding to its C-terminus, and also interacts with another podocyte and cytoskeletal component IQGAP1. Since INF2 interacts with MAL (Myelin And Lymphocyte protein) and the Rho GTPase Cdc42, essential players of the peripheral myelination process, we hypothesized that INF2 mutations could be involved in the intriguing association of a podocytopathy with the Charcot Marie Tooth peripheral neuropathy. We screened a cohort of 16 families with this neurorenal phenotype and identified mutations in 75% of them. We showed that INF2 is expressed in Schwann cells, where it colocalizes and interacts with MAL, and that mutations in INF2 alter INF2 interaction with Cdc42. This suggests that INF2 mutations could disturb the INF2-MAL-Cdc42 pathway and its role in myelin formation and maintenance
Brisset, Sophie. "Apport de l'hybridation génomique comparative (CGH) sur puce en cytogénétique constitutionnelle : applications à l'étude de remaniements télomériques et à l'analyse chromosomique d'une cellule unique." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05N03S.
Full textComparative genomic hybridisation (CGH) on metaphase spreads and microarray CGH are genome-wide analyses of DNA copy number imbalances. First of all, we studied telomeric rearrangements by microarray CGH. Fetuses with increased nuchal translucency have been analysed with conventional and microarray CGH. Precise characterisation of a de novo unbalanced chromosomal abnormality has been achieved using microarray CGH. Secondly, we performed CGH analysis of a single cell. A reliable DOP-PCR protocol have been developed to amplify single lymphocytes DNA. Trisomy 21 has been detected on a single lymphocyte by microarray CGH. Chromosomal analysis of a single cell or few cells is promising and should be applied in prenatal diagnosis or cancer
Beraud, Mélanie. "Le locus yciGFE(katN) du régulon sigma S : régulation différentielle chez E.coli et Salmonella par H-NS et le régulateur YncC." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077107.
Full textThe a regulon is set up to allow Enterobacteria to adapt to stationary phase of growth or in response to some stresses. The RNA polymerase subunit sigma S (encoded by rpoS) is a a factor whose expression and activity are tightly regulated and it plays a major role in general stress resistance, biofilm formation and virulence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Our study deals with the functional characterization of the as regulon. We used the ProteinChip SELDI- TOF technology in order to characterize the proteome of Salmonella mutants, including the yncC mutant. The sigma S- dependent gene yncC is of unkown function and encodes a putative regulatory protein that belongs to the GntR/FadR family of transcriptional regulators. Potential targets for YncC regulation were identified and subsequently validated by in vivo and in vitro experiments. These belong to the sigma S-dependent operon yclGFEkatN, which encodes a catalase and proteins of unknown function. The yclGFEkatN operon is repressed by H-NS, an histone-like protein known to repress the expression of numerous genes, especially horizontally acquired genes. The operon is partially present in Escherichia coli K-12 where it is also regulated by sigma S, YncC and H-NS. However, levels of expression and mechanisms of regulation the operon are different in the two species. This operon has probably been acquired by horizontal gene transfer in both species, but more recently in E. Coli K-12 than in Salmonella. Presumably, the ancestral acquisition of the yciGFEkatN genes in Salmonella has allowed integration of this operon, and tight regulation of its expression, within the sigma S regulatory network
Collod, Gwenaëlle. "Hétérogénéité du syndrome de Marfan." Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05CD01.
Full textGalasso-Fauque, Patricia. "Assistance médicale à la procréation : conséquences épigénétiques et transcriptionnelles dans le modèle murin." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05T003.
Full textChildren born from assisted reproductive technologies (ART) account for a large proportion of all births (around 2. 4% in France). Since the introduction of assisted reproductive technologies (ART), many studies have been conducted in order to evaluate their impact upon the children's health born in such a way. The epigenetic risk notion was invoked and a link between ART and diseases associated with imprinting alterations such as Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) was suggested. The epigenetic « life cycle » of imprinting concerns all phases of fertilization. The aim of this work was to investigate the consequences of each manipulation associated to ART practices such as superovulation, in vitro fertilization and embryo culture, on DNA methylation/gene expression patterns in mice. Firstly, we were able to show that in vitro fertilization and embryo culture result in methylation defects of the control regions surrounding the H19 gene, considered as a relevant biomarker at the blastocyst stage. Given these results, our work was extended to the post-implantation period analysing the imprinted H19-Igf2 locus in embryos and placentas and the transcriptomic data in placental tissues. Altered expressions of a set of imprinted genes including H19 and Ig/2 genes in post-implantation embryos and placentas were found. Moreover, expression modulations found in the placental transcriptomic analysis induced by the ART, could be crucial for obtaining a fairly normal embryonic development. These data have improved the knowledge on the processes and consequences involved in the modifications of genomic imprinting and transcriptional regulations, induced by ART manipulations