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1

Gauthier, Roby, Hongyi Lin, Venkat Viswanathan, and Jay F. Whitacre. "A Coupled NMR and Differential Capacity Study of the Consumption of Electrolyte and Additive Components during the Formation Cycle of Li-Ion Pouch Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 2 (2024): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-012224mtgabs.

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Understanding the side reactions occurring inside lithium-ion cells remain a significant challenge, presenting opportunities for innovation. In this context, we developed a coupled 1H NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) and dQ/dV (differential capacity) analysis method aimed at enhancing our understanding of these reactions during the formation cycle. Using deuterated acetonitrile as an extraction solvent, we measured the relative consumption of electrolyte components inside different electrolyte, including in 1.2M LiPF6 EC:EMC 3:7 2% VC and 1.2M LiPF6 EC:EMC 3:7 2% VC + 1% DTD electrolytes at di
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2

Bin Zulkifli, Ahmad Zulazlan Shah, Muhammad Akmal Bin Kamarudin, Azizah Binti Mainal, and Suhana Binti Mohd Said. "Conductivity Studies on the Effect of a Nematic Liquid Crystal on Polyvinyl Alcohol-Based Electrolytes." Advanced Materials Research 895 (February 2014): 142–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.895.142.

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Recently, a few studies have shown that the introduction of liquid crystals (LCs) in polymer electrolytes would lead to an increase in the chain mobility and the ionic conductivity. It is believed that this enhancement of the polymer electrolyte performance is greatly influenced by the order parameter of the liquid crystal in this system. In this study, a deuterated 4-pentyl-4-cyano-biphenyl (5CB-d2) nematic liquid crystal-doped polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer electrolyte were prepared. The orientational order of the nematic liquid crystal is then investigated via the quadrupolar splittings of
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3

Dong, Bo, Jordi Jacas Biendicho, Stephen Hull, Ronald I. Smith, and Anthony R. West. "In-Situ Neutron Studies of Electrodes for Li-Ion Batteries Using a Deuterated Electrolyte: LiCoO2as a Case Study." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 165, no. 5 (2018): A793—A801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0291805jes.

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4

Yerdauletov, M., M. V. Avdeev, A. A. Tomchuk, F. S. Napolskiy, D. M. Djanseitov, and V. A. Krivchenko. "Nanoscale Structure of Positive Electrodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries with Graphene-Based Additives according to Small-Angle Neutron Scattering." Поверхность. Рентгеновские, синхротронные и нейтронные исследования, no. 4 (April 1, 2023): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s1028096023040052.

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The adaptation of neutron scattering methods for studying the microstructure of electrode materials of lithium-ion batteries was continued in order to improve their characteristics with respect to specific energy. Using small-angle scattering of thermal neutrons, the effect of conductive carbon additives (graphene and graphene oxide) on the porous structure of electrodes made from LiFePO4, Li4Ti5O12 and LiNiMnCoO2 was studied. To separate the scattering by closed and open pores, the electrodes were wetted with a typical liquid electrolyte with a deuterated liquid carrier (dimethyl carbonate),
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5

Koizumi, Satoshi. "In-situ Observation of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Using Deuterium Gas." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (2014): C1324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314086756.

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In order to visualize water distribution in an operating fuel cell, we combined two different methods using neutron as a probe, i.e., a combined method of small-angle & ultra-small-angle scattering (SANS) and radiography imaging. SANS observes water distribution in a membrane electrolyte assembly (MEA), whereas radiography observes bulk water appeared in a gas flow channel (so called "flooding"). The polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) was specially designed suitable for small-angle neutron scattering by replacing materials with aluminum in order to decrease background scattering. We empl
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6

Campillo-Robles, Jose Miguel, Damian Goonetilleke, Mallol Daniel Soler, et al. "Monitoring lead-acid battery function using operando neutron radiography." Journal of Power Sources 438 (August 10, 2019): 226976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.226976.

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Investigating batteries while they operate allows researchers to track the inner electrochemical processes involved in working conditions. This study describes the first neutron radiography investigation of a lead-acid battery. A custom-designed neutron friendly lead-acid cell and casing is developed and studied operando during electrochemical cycling, in order to observe the activity within the electrolyte and at the electrodes. This experimental work is coupled with Monte Carlo simulations of neutron transmittance. Details of cell construction, data collection and data analysis are pres
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7

Niemann, Valerie Anne, Mathieu Doucet, Hanyu Wang, et al. "Determining the Composition and Structure of a High-Performing SEI Layer for Lithium-Mediated Nitrogen Reduction to Ammonia." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 60 (2023): 2902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02602902mtgabs.

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The industrial synthesis of ammonia (NH3) via the Haber-Bosch process has enabled mass production of fertilizer and the human population growth to 8 billion.1 NH3 also shows promise as a long-term, energy-dense fuel amenable to widespread distribution.2 However, the Haber-Bosch process operates at high temperatures and pressures in centralized facilities and accounts for 1.3% of global carbon emissions.1,2 To ensure a food-secure future and realize NH3 as a truly carbon-free fuel, we must develop an NH3 synthesis alternative that operates at ambient conditions and can be driven by renewables.
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8

Yu, Sunmoon, Hiroki Yamauchi, and Yang Shao-Horn. "Effect of Cations on Electrocatalytic CO2-to-Methanol Conversion by Heterogenized Molecular Catalyst." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 26 (2023): 1696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01261696mtgabs.

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Catalytic benefit and role of electrolyte cations for electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction have recently received significant research attention. It has been experimentally and theoretically demonstrated that cations can stabilize the key intermediate species, for example, *CO2 –, through mid- or short-range electrostatic interactions, facilitating the CO2 activation step.1-2 However, to date, these discussions are mostly limited to CO2-to-CO conversion (a two electron/proton transfer reaction) and electrostatic stabilization of reaction intermediate species. In present work, we show that ca
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9

Petibon, R., Jing Li, Neeraj Sharma, Wei Kong Pang, Vanessa K. Peterson, and J. R. Dahn. "The use of deuterated ethyl acetate in highly concentrated electrolyte as a low-cost solvent for in situ neutron diffraction measurements of Li-ion battery electrodes." Electrochimica Acta 174 (August 2015): 417–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.05.169.

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10

Lee, Jongmin, Alexander Bychkov, Inbal Gavish Segev Gavish, Yair Ein-Eli, and Markus Strobl. "Neutron Imaging of Proton-Irradiated Batteries for Space Applications." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2025-01, no. 5 (2025): 611. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2025-015611mtgabs.

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A Li-ion battery (LIB) is the core component of energy stroage systems for space applications. To ensure performance stability and durability, it is crucial to understand the impact of cosmic radiations on LIB components and identify the underlying degradation mechanisms. Protons (H+), predominant species in cosmic rays, introduce defects in a crystalline structure, such as Frenkel pairs [1]. Graphite-based anodes are critically affected by these defects, influencing the formation of the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) and dead Li. Therefore, analyzing Li distribution in operating batteries
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11

Giesecke, Marianne, Guillaume Mériguet, Fredrik Hallberg, Yuan Fang, Peter Stilbs, and István Furó. "Ion association in aqueous and non-aqueous solutions probed by diffusion and electrophoretic NMR." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 5 (2015): 3402–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cp04446k.

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The results of diffusion and electrophoretic NMR (eNMR) measurements are reported for a series of tetramethylammonium (TMA) electrolytes (with sulphate, fluoride, acetate, chloride, bromide, nitrate, iodide and perchlorate as anions) in deuterated solvents such as water, dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), acetonitrile, methanol and ethanol.
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12

Christoulaki, Anastasia, Chiara Moretti, Alexis Chennevière, Emmanuelle Dubois, and Nicolas Jouault. "Improving structural features of nanoporous alumina using deuterated electrolytes." Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 303 (August 2020): 110201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2020.110201.

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13

Francis, P. L., A. M. Leone, I. M. Young, P. Stovell, and R. E. Silman. "Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric assay for 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate and 6-hydroxymelatonin glucuronide in urine." Clinical Chemistry 33, no. 4 (1987): 453–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/33.4.453.

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Abstract Circulating melatonin is hydroxylated to 6-hydroxymelatonin and excreted in urine as the sulfate and glucuronide conjugates. We extracted these two compounds from urine by using octadecylsilane-bonded silica cartridges to eliminate most of the urea and electrolytes, and silica cartridges to separate the sulfate and glucuronide conjugates. After hydrolyzing the separated conjugates enzymically, we determined the free hydroxymelatonin by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Though recoveries were low and variable, we were able to quantify the analyte in the original sample by adding de
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14

Sakaushi, Ken. "Observation of kinetic isotope effect in electrocatalysis with fully deuterated ultrapure electrolytes." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 849 (September 2019): 113372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113372.

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15

Gober, Megan, James R. Torres, Yuxuan Zhang, et al. "High Spatial Resolution Neutron Imaging of Lithium-Ion Batteries: Correlating Microstructure and Lithium Transport." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 4 (2024): 520. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-024520mtgabs.

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With the increasing desire for fast charging capabilities in lithium-ion batteries due to the popularity of electric vehicles, research has recently been focused on increasing energy and power density while simultaneously revealing the need for improved safety mechanisms and decreased overall cost. In response to this need, interest in thick battery electrodes has increased. By increasing the active material per unit area within the electrode, the energy density is increased due to minimization of current collectors, separators, and other packaging components. However, increasing the thickness
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16

McLaren, Robert, and Norman J. Dovichi. "Characterization of thermal modulation of electrical conductivity: a small volume absorbance measurement technique." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 67, no. 7 (1989): 1178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v89-178.

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Laser-induced thermal modulation of electrical conductivity is a new photothermal method for the measurement of minute absorbance in sub-nanoliter liquid samples. In this paper, a model is presented for the technique. This model is based upon the interaction of a Gaussian laser beam with a cylindrical, homogeneous electrolytic resistor. Particularly simple results are produced if the laser beam spot size is much smaller than the diameter of the electrodes. The theory is verified with respect to the electrode spacing and to the laser power, spot size, and chopping frequency; the highest sensiti
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17

GRANADA, J. R., R. E. MAYER, G. GUIDO, et al. "Thermal Neutron Measurements on Electrolytic Cells with Deuterated Palladium Cathodes Subjected to a Pulsed Current." Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology 27, no. 3 (1990): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18811248.1990.9731174.

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18

Pasadakis-Kavounis, Alexandros, Vanesa Baj, and Johan Hjelm. "Aggregation and Capacity Limiting Effects in Anthraquinone-Based Flow Battery Negolytes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 7 (2023): 2849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-0172849mtgabs.

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Anthraquinone-based molecules constitute promising electroactive materials for use in aqueous organic flow batteries. It has been observed that in high concentration in aqueous solutions these molecules tend to aggregate. It has been speculated that the aggregation causes a decrease in capacity as the number of electrons partaking in the electrochemical processes gets smaller. Three water-soluble anthraquinones were studied in different electrolytes in order to have a more meaningful insight into the possible causes, aggregation phenomena and electrochemical performance. 1H-NMR and PGSTE measu
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19

Bianchini, Matteo, Emmanuelle Suard, Laurence Croguennec, and Christian Masquelier. "A New Electrochemical Cell for Rietveld Refinements of In-Situ Powder ND Data." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (2014): C1177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314088226.

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In-situ techniques proved to be exceptionally useful tools to understand electrode materials for Li-ion batteries (1). However in-situ neutron diffraction (ND) knew a slow development, due to the intrinsic difficulties it held (2). The two main limiting factors are: the high amount of electrode active material required for ND, which makes electrochemistry challenging; and the strong scattering coming from the different parts of the battery (current collectors, protective case, organic solvent-based electrolytes...). To overcome these problems, we have designed a new electrochemical cell, manuf
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20

Chong, Xiaodan, Cuibo Liu, Yi Huang, Chenqi Huang, and Bin Zhang. "Potential-tuned selective electrosynthesis of azoxy-, azo- and amino-aromatics over a CoP nanosheet cathode." National Science Review 7, no. 2 (2019): 285–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwz146.

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Abstract Azoxy-, azo- and amino-aromatics are among the most widely used building blocks in materials science pharmaceuticals and synthetic chemistry, but their controllable and green synthesis has not yet been well established. Herein, a facile potential-tuned electrosynthesis of azoxy-, azo- and amino-aromatics via aqueous selective reduction of nitroarene feedstocks over a CoP nanosheet cathode is developed. A series of azoxy-, azo- and amino-compounds with excellent selectivity, good functional group tolerance and high yields are produced by applying different bias input. The synthetically
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21

Agyekum, Kennedy, Bernadette Cladek, Yewon Shin та ін. "Compositional effects on the triple conduction behavior of Ba[CoxFe0.8-xZr0.1Y0.1]O3-δ (BCFZY) - Insights from neutron total scattering studies". Structural Dynamics 12, № 2_Supplement (2025): A221. https://doi.org/10.1063/4.0000528.

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Triple-conducting perovskite oxides are well-known for their outstanding electrocatalytic activity, thermal and chemical stability, and remarkable simultaneous ionic and electronic conduction rendering them exceptionally valuable for serving as cathodes in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs/H-SOFcs). The perovskite BaCo0.4Fe0.4Zr0.1Y0.1O3-δ (BCFZY4411) has garnered heightened interest due to its triple conducting capability, convenient synthesis, compatibility with many electrolytes, and stability. Recent studies emphasize that the electronic/O2-/H+ transport
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22

Hillman, A. Robert, Rachel Brown, Karl Ryder, et al. "(Invited) Static and Dynamic Solvation Phenomena in Poly(thiophene-co-pyrrole) Films Exposed to Molecular and Eutectic Solvent Media." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2025-01, no. 57 (2025): 2751. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2025-01572751mtgabs.

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Solvation plays a profound role in the behaviour of electroactive films and their exploitation in diverse applications. Examples include energy storage device performance via ion transport rate, electrocatalysis via reactant transport, electroanalysis via analyte partition and permeation, and actuator operation via viscoelastic properties. Optimization of electroactive film solvation is thus of wide interest. Most commonly, this is explored with a view to application in a specific solvent, so the strategy is to vary polymer lyophilicity by substitution chemistry; for example, the polymer can b
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23

Saboungi, Marie-Louise, Oleg Borodin, David Long Price, et al. "Nanoscale Structure of a Hybrid Aqueous-Nonaqueous Electrolyte ." Journal of Chemical Physics, March 6, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0138382.

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A new class of electrolytes has been reported, hybridizing aqueous with non-aqueous solvents, which combines the non-flammability and non-toxicity characteristics of aqueous electrolytes with the superior electrochemical stability of non-aqueous systems. Here we report measurements of the structure of an electrolyte composed of an equal-mass mixture of 21 m LiTFSI-water and 9 m LiTFSI-dimethyl carbonate using high-energy x-ray diffraction and polarized neutron diffraction with isotope substitution. The neutron structure factors from the partially and fully deuterated samples exhibit peaks at l
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24

Whitfield, Pamela S. "Low-temperature crystal structures of the solvent dimethyl carbonate." Powder Diffraction, March 22, 2023, 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s088571562300009x.

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Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is an important industrial solvent but is additionally a common component of liquid lithium-ion battery electrolytes. Pure DMC has a melting point of 277 K, so encountering solidification under outdoor climatic conditions is very likely in many locations around the globe. Even eutectic, ethylene carbonate:dimethyl carbonate commercial LiPF6 salt electrolyte formulations can start to solidify at temperatures around 260 K with obvious consequences for their performance. No structures for crystalline DMC are currently available which could be a hindrance for in situ batte
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25

Hofmann, Andreas, Freya Müller, Sandro Schöner, and Fabian Jeschull. "Revealing the Formation of Dialkyl Dioxahexane Dioate Products from Ethylene Carbonate Based Electrolytes on Lithium and Potassium Surfaces." Batteries & Supercaps, September 19, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/batt.202300325.

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In this study, the formation of dicarbonate degradation products of ethylene carbonate‐based carbonate mixtures containing dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate or diethyl carbonate that were combined with lithium or potassium metal, is investigated. It is shown by NMR and GCMS that the dicarbonate products dimethyl dioxahexane dioate, ethyl methyl dioxahexane dioate and diethyl dioxahexane dioate are formed from the reactants to different extents and, in particular, the potassium surface initiates the fast formation of the corresponding dicarbonate products. Experiments with deuterated D
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26

Wu, Yongmeng, Cuibo Liu, Changhong Wang, Yifu Yu, Yanmei Shi, and Bin Zhang. "Converting copper sulfide to copper with surface sulfur for electrocatalytic alkyne semi-hydrogenation with water." Nature Communications 12, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24059-y.

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AbstractElectrocatalytic alkyne semi-hydrogenation to alkenes with water as the hydrogen source using a low-cost noble-metal-free catalyst is highly desirable but challenging because of their over-hydrogenation to undesired alkanes. Here, we propose that an ideal catalyst should have the appropriate binding energy with active atomic hydrogen (H*) from water electrolysis and a weaker adsorption with an alkene, thus promoting alkyne semi-hydrogenation and avoiding over-hydrogenation. So, surface sulfur-doped and -adsorbed low-coordinated copper nanowire sponges are designedly synthesized via in
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27

Bhadouria, Ashutosh, Joseph Nathanael Heil, Durvesh Eknath Parab, Jeffrey P. Greeley, and Brian Michael Tackett. "Propane Activation on Pt Electrodes at Room Temperature: Quantification of Adsorbate Identity and Coverage." Angewandte Chemie, December 23, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.202421613.

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C—H bond activation is the first step in manufacturing chemical products from readily available light alkane feedstock and typically proceeds via carbon‐intensive thermal processes. The ongoing emphasis on decarbonization via electrification motivates low‐temperature electrochemical alternatives that could lead to sustainable chemicals production. Platinum (Pt) electrocatalysts have shown activity towards reacting alkanes; however, little is known about propane electrocatalytic activation and conditions suitable for enabling selective oxidation to valuable products. Herein, we utilize a combin
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28

Bhadouria, Ashutosh, Joseph Nathanael Heil, Durvesh Eknath Parab, Jeffrey P. Greeley, and Brian Michael Tackett. "Propane Activation on Pt Electrodes at Room Temperature: Quantification of Adsorbate Identity and Coverage." Angewandte Chemie International Edition, December 23, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202421613.

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C—H bond activation is the first step in manufacturing chemical products from readily available light alkane feedstock and typically proceeds via carbon‐intensive thermal processes. The ongoing emphasis on decarbonization via electrification motivates low‐temperature electrochemical alternatives that could lead to sustainable chemicals production. Platinum (Pt) electrocatalysts have shown activity towards reacting alkanes; however, little is known about propane electrocatalytic activation and conditions suitable for enabling selective oxidation to valuable products. Herein, we utilize a combin
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29

Magnier, Lucile, Lauréline Lecarme, Fannie Alloin, et al. "Tomography Imaging of Lithium Electrodeposits Using Neutron, Synchrotron X-Ray, and Laboratory X-Ray Sources: A Comparison." Frontiers in Energy Research 9 (June 16, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2021.657712.

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X-ray and neutron imaging are widely employed for battery materials, thanks to the possibility to perform noninvasive in situ and in operando analyses. X-ray tomography can be performed either in synchrotron or in laboratory facilities and is particularly well-suited to analyze bulk materials and electrode/electrolyte interfaces. Several post-lithium-ion (Li-ion) devices, such as Li–sulfur, Li–O2, or all-solid-state Li batteries, have an anode made of metallic Li in common. The main failure mode of Li batteries is the inhomogeneity of the Li electrodeposits onto the Li anode during charge step
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30

Zhang, Xiu-Feng, Shi-Nan Zhang, Zhao Zhang та ін. "Boosted high-throughput D⁺ transfer from D₂O to unsaturated bonds via Pdδ+ cathode for solvent-free deuteration". Nature Communications 16, № 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-59776-1.

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Abstract Deuterated organic compounds have gained significant attention due to their diverse applications, including reaction mechanism studies, probes for metabolism and pharmacokinetics, and raw materials for labeled compounds and polymers. Conventional reductive deuteration methods are limited by the high cost of deuterium sources (e.g., D₂ gas) and challenges in product separation and D₂O recycling. Electrochemical deuteration using D₂O is promising, but existing methods still suffer from low Faradaic efficiency (FE) and high separation costs. Herein, we report a deuterium ion diffusion-ba
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31

Pasadakis-Kavounis, Alexandros, Vanessa Baj, and Johan Hjelm. "Aggregation and Capacity Limiting Effects in Anthraquinone-Based Flow Battery Negolytes." Journal of The Electrochemical Society, January 15, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ad1ec3.

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Abstract Anthraquinone-based molecules are promising electroactive materials suitable for use in aqueous organic flow batteries. At high concentrations in aqueous solutions, the well-known negolyte molecule anthraquinone disulfonic acid (AQDS) molecule has been observed to aggregate under near-neutral and acidic conditions. Aggregation has been hypothesized to be directly linked to observed concurrent capacity reduction. In this study, we investigated three different water-soluble anthraquinones in electrolytes of varying compositions and pH to gain further insight into the possible causes of
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32

Zhu, Pan, Shangze Li, Jiangzhou Qin, et al. "Enhanced Electrochemical Deuterated Ammonia (ND3) Production via Microenvironment‐Regulated Nitrate Reduction." Advanced Energy Materials, June 23, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202502344.

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AbstractDeuterated ammonia (ND3) has been widely used in pharmaceutical synthesis, chemical analysis, and semiconductor manufacturing, yet its conventional production suffers from high energy consumption, carbon emissions, and prohibitive costs. Here, an electrochemical approach is presented for ND3 production under ambient conditions, achieving industrial‐scale performance through microenvironment regulations. Using a highly dispersed iron catalyst on nitrogen doped carbon support for nitrate reduction in D2O, the kinetic limitations of sluggish D2O dissociation are partially mitigated, reach
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33

Zou, Peimiao, Dinu Iuga, Sanliang Ling, et al. "A fast ceramic mixed OH−/H+ ionic conductor for low temperature fuel cells." Nature Communications 15, no. 1 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45060-1.

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AbstractLow temperature ionic conducting materials such as OH− and H+ ionic conductors are important electrolytes for electrochemical devices. Here we show the discovery of mixed OH−/H+ conduction in ceramic materials. SrZr0.8Y0.2O3-δ exhibits a high ionic conductivity of approximately 0.01 S cm−1 at 90 °C in both water and wet air, which has been demonstrated by direct ammonia fuel cells. Neutron diffraction confirms the presence of OD bonds in the lattice of deuterated SrZr0.8Y0.2O3-δ. The OH− ionic conduction of CaZr0.8Y0.2O3-δ in water was demonstrated by electrolysis of both H218O and D2O
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34

Passell, Tom O. "The Case for Deuteron Stripping with Metal Nuclei as the Source of the Fleischmann–Pons Excess Heat Effect." Journal of Condensed Matter Nuclear Science 15, no. 1 (2015). https://doi.org/10.70923/001c.72345.

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Evidence is cited from the research literature on metals containing absorbed deuterium supporting the hypothesis that the excess heat episodes observed over the past 25 years are the result of exothermic deuteron stripping reactions with atomic nuclei of the absorbing metal. The deuteron stripping reaction is one in which the neutron half of the mass 2 deuteron is captured by an atomic nucleus while the proton half of the deuteron is ejected, repelled by the coulomb field of the positively charged metal nucleus. This hypothesis provides a plausible explanation why so little external radiation
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