Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Deutérium – Isotopes'
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Hodille, Etienne. "Etude de l'implantation du deutérium dans les composés face au au plasma constituants du tokamak ITER." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4065.
Full textDuring ITER operation, important flux of Hydrogen Isotopes (HIs) constituting the fuel interact with the plasma facing components (PFC) of the machine. In the case of tungsten (W) making the divertor which is the most exposed area to the plasma wall interaction, the incident flux can be implanted and diffuse inside the bulk material inducing a trapping of the fuel. To safety issue, the tritium inventory retained in ITER’s PFC is limited. In addition, the outgassing of the fuel during plasma operation can impact the edge plasma control.The aim of this PhD project is first to determined relevant trapping parameters of the fuel in W (detrapping energies/temperatures and trap concentrations) by modelling experimental results. The simulations of experimental results shows that under specific condition, the HI implantation can induce the formation of mono-vacancies containing impurities. In addition to this induced trap, 2 intrinsic traps are present in W. This 3 traps retain HIs up to 700 K. Finally, it has been shown that the damaged W by heavy ions or neutrons contains dislocations, dislocation loops and cavities that can trap HIs up to 1000 K.After determining the fuel retention properties of W, the HIs retention during ITER operation is estimated. During this operation, the PFC temperature reaches around 1000 K so the simulations show that the damaged W retains much more HIs than the undamaged W
Giraudet, Maxence. "Coadsorption de l’hydrogène et du deutérium sur zéolithes à températures cryogéniques : effet des propriétés de l’adsorbant sur la sélectivité." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCK007.
Full textThe adsorption of hydrogen and deuterium (single gases and mixtures) was studied on a series of zeolites with varied parameters (Si/Al ratio, nature of the charge-compensating cation, pore geometry and diameter of pore aperture). Thermodynamic adsorption selectivities towards deuterium with respect to hydrogen were measured in a large pressure range (0.1 – 1000 hPa) and for several temperatures (45 – 100 K). The adsorption selectivity was assessed using direct coadsorption measurements performed by manometry coupled with mass spectrometry. For all studied zeolites and experimental conditions, the coadsorption process is selective towards deuterium, in agreement with the literature. However, the adsorption selectivity depends on the loading, the sorbent’s properties and the temperature. We have found that the coadsorption kinetics strongly influences the adsorption selectivity, especially at high loading. This work gives the guidelines for the choice of the formulation of materials and the optimal operating conditions for having an efficient separation of hydrogen isotopes using zeolite-based adsorbents
Le, Grand Flore. "Le signal de référence ERETIC pour la mesure par RMN du deutérium en abondance naturelle : application aux arômes." Nantes, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NANT2041.
Full textIn the present dissertation we developed a methods for a thermodynamical analysis and control of a synthesis of new materials in a solid state. We based it on the abilities of the irreversible processes thermodynamics and on the experimental analysis techniques (such as DSC-TG, XRD, SEM, etc. ). We applied that methods to two kinds of problems with a practical application: i) the LiCoPO4 synthesis; and ii) the PdSe2, PdTe2 and PtTe2 phase transitions under high pressure. Thanks to our study we prepared a pure LiCoPO4 with average particle size of 0. 5µm. Moreover, we got the ability to prognosticate its particle size, obtained in a random thermal regime. Concerning the second problem we found the phase transition order under high pressure of the PdSe2, the PdTe2 and the PtTe2: first order one and no phase transition respectively. We also explored the phases stabilities in respect of pressure and temperature
Sancho, Alain. "Mesure par résonance magnétique nucléaire du fractionnement isotopique de l'hydrogène : application à l'étude des voies métaboliques." Toulouse, INPT, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989INPT033G.
Full textBenchekroun, Youssef. "Effets isotopiques métaboliques induits par la deutération : application au métabolisme in vitro de la caféine et de ses deutéroisotopomères." Lyon 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO1T179.
Full textTremoy, Guillaume. "Etude de la composition isotopique (deutérium et oxygène 18) de la vapeur d'eau à Niamey (Niger) : vers une meilleure compréhension des processus atmosphériques en Afrique de l'Ouest." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VERS0057.
Full textWater stable isotopes are a useful tool to investigate past and present-day atmospheric water cycle. If the isotopic composition (δ18O, δD) of tropical precipitation is strongly affected by convective processes at different timescales, large uncertainties remain in the understanding of its variabilty, since a variety of factors can control δ, from local to large-scale processes. One way to better understand the atmospheric controls on the isotopic composition of precipitation is to monitor that of the water vapor in parallel. The goal of this thesis is to monitor continuously for the first time the near-surface water vapor isotopic composition in the Sahel region, and second to study what is the added value of such measurements for investigating the atmospheric water cycle of the West African Monsoon. First, we present our measurement protocol, through several experimental results conducted in laboratory. We have set up a commercially available laser instrument in Niamey (Niger) and monitored the isotopic composition of water vapor during more than two years. Then, we present and discuss the data, through several temporal scales of variability. We show that the water vapor isotopic composition is strongly impacted by convection during the monsoon period, and large-scale dynamics during the dry season. It also records strong intraseasonal fluctuations that could be linked to convection modes of variability during the monsoon, and interactions between atmospheric circulation and tropical/extratropical teleconnections during the dry season. We also discuss diurnal variations, and investigate the variability at the scale of the rain events
Valero, Mégane. "Iridium-Catalyzed CH-Functionalization : Development and Applications of Innovative Strategies for Hydrogen Isotope Exchange on Small Molecules and Biotherapeutic Drugs for Drug Discovery." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS009.
Full textThe development of new efficient, fast and easy-to-handle methods to label drug compounds with deuterium or tritium in one single step is of great importance in academia and industry. These labelled compounds are for example an essential part in drug discovery and help to speed up the generation of the safety profile of a drug candidate. Classical isotope labeling mainly relies on the transformation of precursors which require multistep synthesis, a drawback which may be overcome by late-stage functionalization. We reported the first efficient catalytic protocol for ortho-selective iridium(I)-catalysed Hydrogen Isotope Exchange (HIE) reactions of pharmacologically important phenylacetic acid esters and amides with D2 or T2 under very mild reaction conditions (room temperature). We have demonstrated that by applying the optimized combination of different iridium catalysts and reaction temperatures (-60 to 130°C), different HIE reaction outcomes in selectivity and reactivity can be achieved. Together with DFT calculations, we have postulated a guideline for directing group strength of several functional groups, to predict the outcome of HIE reactions in the competition situation of complex molecules. Starting from a complex tritium labelling of the maytansine DM4 drug, the HIE reaction on a series of common linker side chains of antibody-drug-conjugates proceeded with high chemical yields, high regioselectivity and with deuterium incorporations up to 99%. The scope of the method was further extended to amino acids, di- and tripeptides, with deuterium incorporation up 95%D in the glycine moiety. Finally, in collaboration with CEA-Saclay and CNRS, air-stable and easy-to-handle iridium NHC-ligated nanoparticles were developed for the first time and used in HIE reactions of complex anilines. The usefulness of the methods developed all along the PhD was demonstrated by tritiation of DM4, Camylofine, Benalaxyl and the Volixibat pharmacophore
Brito, Adriano Leal de. "Oxigênio-18 e deutério traçadores do sistema de aqüíferos na Bacia Sedimentar do Araripe." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2012. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/13703.
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The natural tracers deuterium and oxygen-18 were used to identify the dynamic characteristics of the groundwater reserves in the Araripe Sedimentary Basin, through the analysis of water samples collected in 40 wells in January, April, July and October 2011. The sampling points are located in 08 municipalities and electrical conductivity measurements, which expresses water salinity, were also performed. The results show spatial and temporal variation of the parameters analyzed, but the average values of δ18O in samples from 33 wells is -3.22 ± 0.05 (‰) which is the average rainfall in the region today. Samples of the remaining seven wells showed higher fluctuations and four had values below -3.2 ‰. The meteoric lines that express measures of deuterium versus oxygen-18, constructed with values of each sample show a mean slope of 7.87 ± 0.60 ‰ about the value of the World Meteoric Line. The excess of deuterium in the sample period increased from 7.26 to 9.38 ‰ reflecting internal processes in the aquifer. Samples with values of δ18O in meteoric waters below the current mix of show paleowater already identified with modern recharge water, the samples with these values are not distinguishable by their electrical conductivities that are current in the range of samples characterizing the importance of isotopic tracers
Os traçadores naturais oxigênio-18 e deutério foram utilizados para identificar características dinâmicas das reservas hídricas subterrâneas na Bacia Sedimentar do Araripe, através da análise de amostras de água coletadas em 40 poços nos meses de janeiro, abril, julho e outubro de 2011. Os pontos de amostragem localizam-se em 08 municípios e medidas de condutividade elétrica, que expressa salinidade das águas, também foram realizadas. Os resultados mostram variação espacial e temporal dos parâmetros analisados, mas a média dos valores de δ18O em amostras de 33 poços é de -3,22 ± 0,05 (‰) que é o valor médio das chuvas atuais na região. As amostras dos sete poços restantes apresentaram maiores flutuações e quatro deles apresentaram valores abaixo de -3,2‰. As retas meteóricas, que expressam medidas de deutério versus oxigênio-18, construídas com valores de cada coleta mostram coeficiente angular com média de 7,87 ± 0,60 ‰ cerca do valor da Reta Meteórica Mundial. O excesso de deutério cresceu no período de amostragem de 7,26 a 9,38 ‰ refletindo processos internos no aquífero. As amostras com valores de δ18O em abaixo do das águas meteóricas atuais mostram mistura de paleoáguas já identificadas com águas de recargas modernas; as amostras com estes valores não são distinguíveis pelas suas condutividades elétricas que estão na faixa das amostras atuai caracterizando a importância dos traçadores isotópicos.
Guilpart, Etienne. "Etude de la composition isotopique (deutérium et oxygène 18) de la vapeur d'eau dans l'atmosphère sur l'île de La Réunion : apport à la compréhension des processus humides atmosphériques en région tropicale." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV002/document.
Full textThe isotopic composition of water vapor (dO18 and dD) is commonly used to study present and past water cycle and its varations. If this geochemical tool has been widely used to study past polar climates, many questions remain about the factors governing the isotopic composition of water in the tropics.The goal of this thesis is (1) to monitor the isotopic composition of water vapor in Reunion island (Indian Ocean), and (2) to evaluate the potential of theses measurements for understanding humid climate processes. We have set up a laser spectrometer at the Maïdo Atmospheric Observatory, allowing us to obtain a three-year chronicle of measurements.First, we analyze the temporal variability in our measurements. The isotopic composition of water vapor does not record any seasonal cyclicity. On the other hand, a strong diurnal cycle is visible, as well as a synoptic variability associated with cyclonic events.We then focus on the diurnal cycle. We show that it results from atmospheric boundary layer motions, with a marine vapor reaching the Observatory during the day, and air masses originating from the free troposphere reaching the Observatory during the night. During some nights, vapor is significantly more depleted in dO18 and dD. During the austral winter, this phenomenon is due to a modification of the regional atmospheric circulation causing a reinforcement of subsidences at Reunion Island, related to the position of the Subtropical Jet. During the austral summer, this phenomenon is sometimes due to an intensification of the subsidence at Reunion Island, and at other times to local or regional condensation processes.Finally, we focus on cyclonic events. During these periods, a strong isotopic depletion of the vapor is observed. We show that this depletion occurs 2 to 3 days before the system and continues until 3 days after. During this period, the evolution of the isotopic composition of the water vapor has a substructure. We note (1) an isotopic depletion that is a function of the distance to the center of the system, (2) an isotopic enrichment at the system wall, and (3) an abrupt evolutions of the isotopic composition of the water vapor in the rainbands due to mixing, condensation and/or recycling processes
Bouslamti, Raada Najia. "Etude vibrationnelle et conformationnelle de l'ion butanoate en solution aqueuse." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20182.
Full textLatie, Laurence. "Étude par résonance magnétique nucléaire du deuterium (RMN ²H) de phases lyotropes initiatrices de phases "microémulsion"." Bordeaux 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BOR10538.
Full textBelmajdoub, Abdelaly. "Étude comparative des systèmes micellaires bromure de cetyltrimethylammonium/eau lourde et bromure de cétyltriméthylammonium/fromamide par relaxation magnétique nucléaire multichamp/multifréquence des isotopes **(1)H, **(2)H, **(14)N, **(13)C, et **(17)O." Nancy 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN10250.
Full textRatajczak, Alexandre. "Echanges hydrogène/deutérium dans les glaces interstellaires : une origine de la deutération sélective." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00767169.
Full textMichelotti, Alessia. "Développement de méthodes synthétiques pour le marquage au carbone-13 et deutérium de molécules endogènes pour des applications en DNP-IRM et RMN." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV032.
Full textHyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance imaging (13C-MRI) is a promising emerging tool to follow the metabolic routes in vivo in view of early stage detection of cancer. Optimization of the sensitivity of the MRI measurement requires injection of carbon-13 or deuterium labelled endogenous molecules. In this context, sodium L-[1-13C,U-D] lactate was individuated as a promising probe for the detection and prediction of treatment-response in patients with prostate cancer. We realized the first chemical synthesis of such probe starting from L-[1-13C] alanine by developing two distinct strategies for the selective deuteration of the position C2 and C3. The method of C2 deuteration relies on the technique of the metal-catalyzed hydrogen-deuterium exchange and can be applied to the synthesis of several deuterated amino-acids to an industrial-scale. The method of C3 deuteration was realised by Pd(OAc)2 catalyzed C-H activation. It provides a unique route to obtain amino-acids selectively deuterated in position C3. We also developed a robust route for the 13C labelling of the C1 position of L-alanine from acetaldehyde and K13CN by a modification of the Strecker’s synthesis. By using deuterated acetaldehyde, a scalable synthesis of L-[1-13C,U-D] lactate could now be possible
Texier, Bonniot Tristan. "Apport de la RMN du deutérium en abondance naturelle dans les cristaux liquides chiraux pour le contrôle d’authenticité : applications aux molécules d’intérêts économiques Analytical contribution of deuterium 2D-NMR in oriented media to 2H/1H isotopic characterization: the case of vanillin." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS051.
Full textThe evaluation of the natural isotopic composition of (bio)-compounds in food products is an important and continuous challenge for the authentication/determination of their origins. The ²H SNIF-NMR® protocol has been developed around the quantitative ²H-{¹H} NMR at natural abundance to understand the metabolic/synthetic pathways or for authentication purposes. However, the analysis of Site-specific Natural Isotope Fractionation, (²H/¹H)i, of some specific molecules such as those involved in the food aroma industry (Vanillin, Frambinone, …) remains incomplete due to peak overlaps or equivalence of ²H sites. The use of ²H 2D-NMR at natural abundance level in lyotropic liquid crystals (LLC) containing a polypeptide polymer (Poly-Benzyl-L-Glutamate) current a interesting analytical potential to extract missing (²H/¹H) isotopic information. With the anisotropic natural abundance deuterium NMR (ANAD NMR) gives access to all order-sensitive NMR interactions such as the residual quadrupolar coupling ²H-RQC, ΔνQ(²H), specific to spin I > ½. The combination of tilted QUOSY Q-resolved-type 2D-NMR experiments separating δaniso(²H) and ΔνQ(²H) on spectral dimensions, the selective saturation of co-solvent ΔνQ(²H) by WET sequence and the NUS protocol reducing the experimental time leads for the first time to the complete experimental determination of the relative proportions (²H/¹H) of the vanillin aromatic core and the complete discrimination of the the enantiotopic positions of frambinone. The analysis of natural and synthetic sample lead to different isotopic profile and provides a new tool for distinguishing between the biological or synthetic origin of the molecule
Taglang, Céline. "C(sp3)-H activation énantiospécifique catalysée par des nanoparticules de ruthénium : application au marquage isotopique de molécules d’intérêt biologique." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112086/document.
Full textIsotopic labeling with deuterium and tritium is extensively used in chemistry, biology and pharmaceutical research.Numerous methods of labeling by isotopic exchange allow high isotopic enrichments but generally require harsh conditions (high temperatures, acidity). As a consequence, a general, regioselective and smooth labeling method that might be applicable to a wide diversity of substrates remains to develop. In the first part of this thesis, we demonstrated that the use of ruthenium nanoparticles, synthesized by Pr. Bruno Chaudret’s team (INSA Toulouse), allowed the mild (2 bar of deuterium gas at 55°C), effective and selective H/D exchange reaction of a large variety of nitrogen-containing compounds, such as pyridines, indoles and primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl amines. The usefulness and the efficiency of this novel methodology was demonstrated by the deuteration of eight nitrogen-containing molecules of biological interest without altering their chemical and stereochemical properties. However, the conservation of the original stereochemistry of an activated chiral C-H center remains a major issue. We studied the reactivity of RuNP@PVP on different categories of nitrogen-containing substrates (amines, aminoacids and peptides) in water or in organic solvents. Our results showed that C-H activation of chiral carbons C(sp3) took place efficiently, selectively and, in all cases, with total retention of configuration. The wide range of applications of this procedure was demonstrated by the labeling of three chiral amines, fourteen aminoacids, three aromatic aminoesters and four peptides. Moreover, our collaboration with Pr. Romuald Poteau’s team (INSA Toulouse) led to the identification of two mechanisms by ab initio simulation in agreement with our experimental results: the σ-bond metathesis mechanism and the oxidative addition mechanism. These two mechanisms imply two vicinal ruthenium atoms leading to the formation an original dimetallacycle key-intermediate with four centers.The second part of this thesis deals with the development of a new method for the determination of the conformation and the relative arrangement of auto-assembled small molecules. It is based on the synergy between labeling chemistry, tritium solid-state NMR and molecular modeling. We focused on the diphenylalanine dipeptide (Phe-Phe) which forms either crystals or self-assembled nanotubes depending on the solvent. If the crystalline atomic structure of Phe-Phe has been solved, the structure of the self-assembled nanotubes of Phe-Phe is still unknown. Three Phe-Phe dipeptides ditritiated on aromatic positions, determined with the help of molecular modeling by Dr. Yves Boulard (CEA Saclay), were synthesized. Tritium solid-state NMR allowed Dr. Thibault Charpentier (CEA Saclay) to measure, on crystallized samples, three inter-tritiums distances very close to the reference distances. This technique also revealed a possible orientational disorder on an aromatic cycle of crystallized Phe-Phe. Ab initio modeling led us to set a double labeling Caryl and Cα on Phe-Phe with ruthenium nanoparticles. Deuteration with RuNP@PVP are very promising and supplementary studies are in progress to perform tritium labeling. We expect to set a new tool of structural study to determine atomic structures of small molecules integrated in supramolecular complexes (nanotubes, amyloid peptides or membranes)
Lordello, Vitor Diorio. "Cosmic ray 2H/1H flux ratio measurement with the AMS-02 experiment." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/76/76132/tde-30012018-163850/.
Full textO Espectômetro Magnético Alpha (AMS-02) é um detetor de raios cósmicos operando na Estação Espacial Internacional (ISS) desde maio de 2011. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é a identificação de deutério e hidrogênio nos raios cósmicos. Usando dados coletados pelo experimento AMS-02 entre maio de 2011 e maio de 2014 foi medida a razão entre os fluxos de 2H e 1H entre 0.7 e 7 GeV/n. Raios cósmicos são compostos, principalmente, por núcleos de hidrogênio. Não é esperado que fontes galácticas de raios cósmicos liberem uma quantidade significativa de núcleos de deutério, já que eles são destruidos, em vez de formados, nas reações termonucleares no interior de estrelas. Assim, eles fazem parte de uma classe de partículas secundárias estáveis que fornecem informações acerca da propagação de raios cósmicos na galáxia. Apesar da relevância para o estudo da propagação de raios cósmicos, poucas medidas da sua quantidade acima de 1 GeV/n existem, devido à baixa capacidade de separação de isótopos de prévios experimentos. Por isso a razão entre os fluxos de deutério e hidrogênio é uma importante medida a ser feita com os dados do AMS-02. A massa, e portanto a composição isotópica dos raios cósmicos, pode ser medida pelo AMS-02 a partir das medições de momento (realizada pelo tracker) e velocidade (realizadas pelo ToF e RICH). Essa análise é uma das primeiras a focar na composição isotópica do hidrogênio com dados do AMS-02, e os resultados estão razoavelmente em acordo com análises independendes semelhantes realizadas na colaboração AMS.