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Journal articles on the topic 'Devanagari alphabet'
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Mohinder Kumar, Sanjeev Kumar. "Devanagari CAPTCHA: For the Security in Web." Tuijin Jishu/Journal of Propulsion Technology 44, no. 4 (October 17, 2023): 292–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/tjjpt.v44.i4.837.
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Completely Automated Public Turing Test to Tell Computers and Humans Apart or CAPTCHA is a solution for cyber-attack. CAPTCHA is a small challenge that an internet user has to pass before accessing any online service. The most common type of CAPTCHA is text-based CAPTCHA, in which a small image (contains a random number of alphabets) is presented before the user. The user has to identify and then type the alphabet in a text box. The textual information in the CAPTCHA must not be identified by a bot (computer code). So, artificial noise and distortion are applied in the image. Earlier text-based schemes use English alphabets, but over time non-English language-based text CAPTCHAs also came into the picture. Native language-based text CAPTCHA is very useful for internet users who do not know the English language. This article is an effort towards the current status of the Devanagari script-based CAPTCHAs. We have analyzed 28 unique Devanagari CAPTCHAs from a security and usability point of view. Total 28000 different samples are collected for this experiment. For the success of a text-based CAPTCHA, it must be very secure from the bot and easy for human beings. Devanagari CAPTCHA can be very beneficial for Indian websites. This paper is written by keeping the importance of Devanagari script-based CAPTCHA.
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Singh, Kushagra, and Nachiketa Tiwari. "Analysis of stop consonants in Devanagari alphabet." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 133, no. 5 (May 2013): 3610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4806723.
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Regmi, Bhim Narayan. "Multilanguage Orthography for the Languages of Nepal." Gipan 3, no. 2 (November 1, 2017): 157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/gipan.v3i2.48920.
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The earliest evidence of writing in Nepal is about 250 BC in Brahmi script and almost all the scripts used in present day Nepal—as many as fifteen—are the descendants of Brahmi which are built on the same formative principles of 'syllabic alphabet'. The existence of multilanguage orthographies as well as multiscripts has been the regular phenomenon in Nepal—independent to languages and language families. In the complexity of language-ethnicity and language-script relations, Nepali and the Devanagari script have been bearing the role of linking people in this country resulting from and resulted into a medium of education, media, and wider communication. Many scholars, following UNESCO 1951 report, have suggested for a standard orthography for the languages of Nepal, however, there are other views as well. In this background a Devanagari based multilanguage orthography have been proposed. This will fulfill the need of interoperable standard orthography in Nepal and benefit various types of users belonging to different language communities. The orthography will be shift from syllabic alphabet to alphabet as its systemic shift.
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de Voogt, Alexander J. "The Meroitic script and the understanding of alpha-syllabic writing." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 73, no. 1 (January 28, 2010): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x0999036x.
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AbstractAt the time of its decipherment by Griffith (1911), the Meroitic writing system was considered an alphabet. This alphabet was found to have a rather limited vowel notation. It was not until 1970 that the system was understood to have a more complex vowel notation. This system of vowel notation is comparable to what is found in an alpha-syllabary, a term used to describe the scripts of the Indian sub-continent, such as Brahmi and Devanagari. Since alpha-syllabaries were rare when the Meroitic writing system was in use (c. 200 bce–c. 500 ad), it is tempting to suggest a possible historical connection between the Meroitic kingdom in Sudan and the then existent scripts in India. A systematic analysis, as opposed to a description of alpha-syllabic writing, indicates that the structure of this type of script is less regionally confined. Rather, it places Meroitic writing among scripts that were created in the presence of alphabetic writing both in modern and in ancient times.
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Mullaney, Thomas S. "Facing the World: Towards a Global History of Non-Latin Type Design." Philological Encounters 3, no. 4 (November 27, 2018): 399–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519197-12340050.
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Abstract This essay serves as the entry point into a broader exploration of critical issues in the history of “non-Latin” type design—that is, type design beyond the Latin alphabet. With special emphasis on certain scripts (Arabic, Chinese, Greek, and Devanagari, among others) and regions (South Asia, East Asia, South Africa, and beyond), this special issue brings together practicing designers and scholars, federating rigorous archival work, practice-based insight, and a deep engagement with the global history of the written, designed, and printed word.
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Dubey, Namrata, Naoko Witzel, and Jeffrey Witzel. "Script differences and masked translation priming: Evidence from Hindi-English bilinguals." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 11 (January 1, 2018): 2421–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021817743241.
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This study reports on two experiments investigating the effects of script differences on masked translation priming in highly proficient early Hindi-English bilinguals. In Experiment 1 (the cross-script experiment), L1 Hindi was presented in the standard Devanagari script, while L2 English was presented in the Roman alphabet. In Experiment 2 (the same-script experiment), both L1 Hindi and L2 English were presented in the Roman alphabet. Both experiments revealed translation priming in the L1-L2 direction. However, L2-L1 priming was obtained in the same-script experiment, but not in the cross-script experiment. These findings are discussed in relation to the orthographic cue hypothesis as well as hypotheses that hold that script differences influence the distance between the L1 and L2 in lexical space and/or cross-language lateral inhibition. We also provide alternative accounts for these results in terms of how orthographic cues provided by L1 targets might lead to the discontinuation or disruption of processing for L2 primes.
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Mullaney, Thomas S. "The Font that Never Was: Linotype and the “Phonetic Chinese Alphabet” of 1921." Philological Encounters 3, no. 4 (November 27, 2018): 550–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519197-12340049.
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Abstract Since the invention and globalization of hot metal printing in the United States and Europe, engineers and entrepreneurs dreamt of a day when linotype and monotype technologies would absorb Chinese script into its growing repertoire of non-Latin writing systems, just as they had Arabic, Armenian, Burmese, Devanagari, Hebrew, Korean, and over one hundred other scripts. In the early 1920s, the much-celebrated release of a new font—the “Chinese Phonetic Alphabet” by Mergenthaler Linotype, and later by the Monotype corporation—led many to believe that the day had finally come. This article charts out the quixotic history of Linotype and Monotype’s efforts to enter the Chinese market, examining the linguistic challenges that had long prevented China’s absorption into a Western-dominated “hot metal empire,” the design process by which artists in Brooklyn and London crafted these new fonts, and ultimately the cultural misunderstandings that doomed the projects to failure.
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Weekes, Brendan Stuart Hackett. "Literacy in Contact and in Context." Letrônica 13, no. 4 (September 3, 2020): e37538. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1984-4301.2020.4.37538.
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According to UNESCO, at least 2500 languages are vulnerable. Chinese, English, Spanish, Arabic, Hindi, Portuguese, Bengali, Russian, Japanese, French are “hegemons” - each having at least 100 million native speakers and accounting for over 51 percent of the global population. Half of the hegemons are written with an alphabet. For the non-alphabetic group, native speakers may read and write in logographic (e.g. Chinese) or syllabic writing systems (e.g. Devanagari) or both (e.g. Japanese). In languages that are spoken by less than one million people, Latin, Arabic and Chinese writing systems dominate but they do not always map to local dialects transparently. Multi-literacy is a growing global phenomenon particularly in Asia. In the 21st century, access to electronic literacy will include multi-literate speakers. However, multi-literacy brings questions. Multi-literacy is as old as civilization due to spoken language contact in commerce, ideology and religion. Literacy adapts to new technology via codification of symbols allowing multi-literacy to grow. Documentation of writing has a history but it is not prominent in global policy making. Programmes to develop literacy are reserved for monolingual ‘hegascripts’ (dominant languages) e.g. English. However, neglecting diversity in writing systems in developing countries risks more inequalities if indigenous language speakers are taught literacy in their non-native language only.
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PANDEY, Krishna Kumar, and Smita JHA. "Tracing the Identity and Ascertaining the Nature of Brahmi-derived Devanagari Script." Acta Linguistica Asiatica 9, no. 1 (January 30, 2019): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.9.1.59-73.
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Current research exploits the orthographic design of Brahmi-derived scripts (also called Indic scripts), particularly the Devanagari script. Earlier works on orthographic nature of Brahmi-derived scripts fail to create a consensus among epigraphists, historians or linguists, and thus have been identified by various names, like semi-syllabic, subsyllabic, semi-alphabetic, alphasyllabary or abugida. On the contrary, this paper argues that Brahmi-derived scripts should not be categorized as scripts with overlapping features of alphabetic and syllabic properties as these scripts are neither alphabetic nor syllabic. Historical evolution and linguistic properties of Indic scripts, particularly Devanagari, ascertain the need for a new categorization of its own and, thus preferably merit a unique descriptor. This paper investigates orthographic characteristics of the Brahmi-derived Devanagari script, current trends in research pertaining to the Devanagari script along with other Indic scripts and the implications of these findings for literacy development in Indic writing systems.
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Шарма Брахма Дутта. "Vowel Phonemes in Hindi." East European Journal of Psycholinguistics 5, no. 2 (December 28, 2018): 71–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/eejpl.2018.5.2.bsh.
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An analysis of the present day Hindi, as spoken in the northern part of India, brings to light the fact that this language has at least twenty vowel phonemes, and not simply thirteen. Twelve of these twenty vowel phonemes are oral while eight of them are nasalized. Eighteen of them are pure vowels (monophthongs) while two of them are diphthongs. Two of the thirteen vowels included in the current list of alphabet have given place to two consonants with the result that they have ceased to exist. Most of these vowel phonemes occur in all the three positions, namely initial, medial and final, in the Hindi words.
References
Agnihotri, Rama Kant. (2007). Hindi: An Essential Grammar. London: Routledge.
Chatterjee, Suniti Kumar. (1942). Indo-Aryan and Hindi: Eight Lectures. Ahmedabad: Gujarat Vernacular Society. Retrieved from: https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.2478.
Duncan Forbes. (1846). A Grammar of the Hindustani Language in the Oriental and Roman Character, London: W. H. Allen & Co. Retrieved from: https://ia801408.us.archive.org/ 27/items/agrammarhindstn00forbgoog/agrammarhindstn00forbgoog.pdf.
Dwivedi, Kapildev. (2016). Bhasha Vigyan Evam Bhasha Shastra [Philology and Linguistics]. Varanasi: Vishvavidaya Prakashan.
Greaves, Edwin. (1921). Hindi Grammar. Allahabad: Indian Press.
Guru, Kamta Prasad. (2009 rpt. [1920]). Hindi Vyakaran [Grammar of Hindi]. New Delhi: Prakashan Sansthan.
Koul, Omkar N. (2008). Modern Hindi Grammar. Springfield: Dunwoody Press.
Pahwa, Thakardass. (1919). The Modern Hindustani Scholar; or, The Pucca Munshi. Jhalum: Printed at the Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta and published by the author.
Shakespear, John. (1845). An Introduction to the Hindustani Language. Comprising a Grammar, and a Vocabulary, English and Hindustani. London: Wm. H. Allen & Co. Retrieved from: https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi00shakrich.
Sharan, Ram Lochan. (1920). Hindi Vyakaran Chandrodaya [Chandrodaya Hindi Grammar]. Darbhanga: Hindi Pustak Bhandar.
Sharma, Aryendra. (1994). A Basic Grammar of Hindi. Delhi: Central Hindi Directorate.
Tiwari, Bhola Nath. (1958). Hindi Bhasha ka Saral Vyakaran [A Simple Grammar of Hindi]. Delhi: Rajkamal.
Tiwari, Uday Narayan. (2009). Hindi Bhasha ka Udgam aur Vikas [Origin and Development of Hindi Language]. Allahabad: Lok Bharati, 2009.
Tweedie, J. (1900). Hindustani as It Ought to be Spoken. London: W. Thacker. Retrieved from: https://archive.org/details/hindstniasitoug00tweegoog/page/n6.
Verma, Ram Chandra. (1961) Manak Hindi Vyakaran [Standard Grammar of Hindi]. Varanasi: The Chaukhambha Vidya Bhawan.
Sources
www.wikihow.com/Learn-Hindi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari
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Kaur, Amanpreet, Mohinder Singh, and Om Prakash Jasuja. "Interscript comparison of handwriting features leading to their identification and authorship." Nowa Kodyfikacja Prawa Karnego 45 (December 29, 2017): 15–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-5065.45.3.
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Identification of handwriting found on the disputed document by comparison with the known handwriting samples of the suspect still comprise the problem which is most commonly referred to a forensic document examiner. One of the important scientifically established principles which govern such analysis and identification is the ‘Principle of Comparison’ which explicitly states that, for obtaining correct results, like has to be compared with like; meaning thereby that the expert has to analyze and rely upon similar letters and combinations between the questioned and the standard handwriting samples and, consequently, the problems where similar handwriting samples in the same script have not been provided for comparison; usually fall outside the scope of forensic document examination. However, in this field, like any other human activity; perfect and ideal conditions are hard to achieve. Handwriting, being acquired skill and neuro-muscular controlled motor activity, its basic elements like the horizontal stroke, vertical stroke, loops, curves and arches etc., are combined together to form letters and alphabets of all the scripts. The question then arises — whether inter-script comparison of handwriting samples can be attempted leading to some limited or qualified conclusions. Thus, if it becomes possible and practicable to examine and compare the basic elements of questioned handwriting in one script, say Devanagri with the similar elements found in specimen/ admitted handwriting samples in another script by the same writer, say Gurmukhi, because sample handwritings in Devanagri could not be procured for whatsoever reasons; the scope of examination can be widened further and expert may be in a position to express some opinion regarding their common authorship or otherwise, which may be found worthwhile to the investigating agency or the court of law, thereby helping in the administration of justice ultimately.To the best of our knowledge, not much research is available, where writings produced in different scripts by the same writer could be compared, thereby leading to a definite opinion on the issue of their common authorship or otherwise. In the present study, an attempt has been made to explore this issue by taking writing samples of the same writer in three scripts, having knowledge of all the three commonly used languages, i.e., English, Hindi, and Punjabi, corresponding to the said scripts i.e., Roman, Devanagari and Gurumukhi. Three hundred sixty 360 writing samples were obtained from as many as 40 individuals appropriately skilled in writing, reading and speaking these languages/ scripts. Careful study and evaluation of the basic elements of written strokes whose execution were found to be similar in all the three scripts has been carried out indicating the possibility of ‘Script Independent Comparison’. Limitations of the proposed study have also been discussed in the paper.
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Vaid, Jyotsna, and Ashum Gupta. "Exploring Word Recognition in a Semi-Alphabetic Script: The Case of Devanagari." Brain and Language 81, no. 1-3 (April 2002): 679–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/brln.2001.2556.
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Sproat, Richard. "Brahmi-derived scripts, script layout, and segmental awareness." Written Language and Literacy 9, no. 1 (July 20, 2006): 45–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.9.1.05spr.
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In earlier work (Sproat 2000), I characterized the layout of symbols in a script in terms of a calculus involving two dimensional catenation operators: I claimed that leftwards, rightwards, upwards, downwards and surrounding catenation are sufficient to describe the layout of any script. In the first half of this paper I analyze four Indic alphasyllabaries — Devanagari, Oriya, Kannada and Tamil — in terms of this model. A crucial claim is that despite the complexities of layout in alphasyllabic scripts, they are essentially no different in nature than alphabetic scripts, such as Latin. The second part of the paper explores implications of this view for theories of phonology and human processing of orthography. Apparently problematic is evidence that “phonemic awareness” — the ability for literate speakers to manipulate sounds consciously at the phoneme level — is much stronger with alphabetic scripts, than with alphasyllabaries. But phonemic awareness is not categorically absent for readers of Indic scripts; in general, how aware a reader is of a particular phoneme is related to how that phoneme is rendered in the script. Relevant factors appear to include whether the symbol is written inline, whether it is a diacritic, and whether it is ligatured with another symbol.
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GOLOB, Nina. "Foreword." Acta Linguistica Asiatica 9, no. 1 (January 30, 2019): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.9.1.5-6.
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In the mids of cold northern winds and landscape covered with snow we are pleased to announce the first ALA issue of the year 2019, which contains six research articles. Warm congratulation goes to all the authors, and words of appreciation to the Editorial team and recently enlarged proofreading team that have been working very hard in order to offer state-of-the-art contemporary linguistic research in this journal.
The present issue is opened up by Mayuri J. DILIP and Rajesh KUMAR, who present a unified account of licensing conditions of Negative Polarity Items (NPI) in Telugu. In their work “Negative Polarity Items in Telugu” they analyze the distribution of NPIs in complex sentences with embedded clauses, and conclude that negation c-commanding NPI be conducted at the base-generated position.
Kun SUN with his article “The Integration Functions of Topic Chains in Chinese Discourse” thoroughly presents the long and extensive Chinese research tradition on topic chains, and re-examines their core characteristics with the help of the so-called “integration functions”.
The following paper “Tracing the Identity and Ascertaining the Nature of Brahmi-derived Devanagari Script” by Krishna Kumar PANDEY and Smita JHA exploits the orthographic design of Brahmi-derived scripts. Authors argue that such scripts should not be described with the existing linguistic properties of alphabetic and syllabic scripts but should instead gains its own categorization with a unique descriptor.
Chikako SHIGEMORI BUČAR successfully submitted the article “Image of Japan among Slovenes” in which she represents the process and mechanism of borrowing from Japanese into Slovene. Conclusions briefly touch the image of Japan seen through the borrowing process and consolidated loanwords, and predict possible development of borrowing in the near future.
Another interesting paper “Understanding Sarcastic Metaphorical Expression in Hindi through Conceptual Integration Theory” was authored by Sandeep Kumar SHARMA and Sweta SINHA. Based on a corpus of five thousand sentences, authors examine the abstract notion of sarcasm within the framework of conceptual integration theory, and with special reference to Hindi language. Findings aim to provide a theoretical understanding on how Hindi sarcasm is perceived among the native speakers.
And last but not least, Điệp Thi Nhu NGUYỄN, An-Vinh LƯƠNG, and Điền ĐINH humbly observe research backlog in the area of Vietnamese text readability and write their paper “Affection of the part of speech elements in Vietnamese text readability” to encourage researchers to further explore the field and put Vietnamese findings on the world’s map.
Editors and Editorial Board wish the regular and new readers of the ALA journal a pleasant read full of inspiration.
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Šafiʿī, Ibrāhīm. "Fārsīgraphy in Zoroastrian Middle Persian Manuscripts." Iranian Studies, July 18, 2023, 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/irn.2023.21.
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Abstract The tradition of writing in Iran has a long history, and its continuous development has, from time to time, led to new scripts. A most notable case is that of Perso-Arabic's replacement of Pahlavi script when New Persian replaced Middle Persian, resulting in Zoroastrian priests having difficulties reading and understanding their religious texts. The process of changing scripts is well attested by the tradition of Pāzand. Although Pāzand was considered one of the first types of transliteration in Iran, this tradition was also gradually abandoned due to its reliance on Avestan script, which was and continues to be uncommon. Avestan script is now found in Zoroastrian Middle Persian (Pahlavi) manuscripts, just as Pāzand was traditionally used for earlier texts. Pāzand–i.e., transcription of Middle Persian in the Avestan alphabet–was used for some time, but was eventually abandoned for scripts in common use, i.e., Persian in Persia and Gujarati and Devanagari in India. In this paper, the aim is to identify and categorize this tradition's characteristics in Pahlavi manuscripts, drawing on manuscripts from the fifty-three volumes published by the Asia Institute of the Pahlavi University of Shiraz, as listed in the Appendix.
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Aware, Nikita, Ashwini Bhagat, Komal Ghorpade, and Komal Kerulkar. "Handwritten Character Recognition using Deep Learning and Neural Network." International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology, June 10, 2021, 371–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.48175/ijarsct-1404.
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Handwritten character recognition is among the most challenging research areas in pattern recognition and image processing. With everything going digital, applications of handwritten character recognition are emerging in different offices, educational institutes, healthcare units, commercial units and banks etc., where the documents that are handwritten are dealt more frequently. Many researchers have worked with recognition of characters of different languages but there is comparatively less work carried for Devanagari Script. In past few years, however the work carried out in this direction is increasing to a great extent. Handwritten Devanagari Character Recognition is more challenging in comparison to the recognition of the Roman characters. The complexity is mostly due to the presence of a header line known as shirorekha that connects the Devanagari characters to form a word. The presence of this header line makes the segmentation process of characters more difficult. There is uniqueness to the handwriting styles of every individual which adds to the complexity. In this paper, a recognition system based on neural network has been proposed for Devanagari (Marathi) alphabets. Each of the characters that are extracted through query image is resized and is then passed to the neural networks for the process of recognition.