Academic literature on the topic 'Developed countries. Social conditions. Compared with social conditions of developing countries'
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Journal articles on the topic "Developed countries. Social conditions. Compared with social conditions of developing countries"
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Suratman, Suratman, John William Edwards, and Kateryna Babina. "Organophosphate pesticides exposure among farmworkers: pathways and risk of adverse health effects." Reviews on Environmental Health 30, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2014-0072.
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Abstract Organophosphate (OP) compounds are the most widely used pesticides with more than 100 OP compounds in use around the world. The high-intensity use of OP pesticides contributes to morbidity and mortality in farmworkers and their families through acute or chronic pesticides-related illnesses. Many factors contributing to adverse health effects have been investigated by researchers to determine pathways of OP-pesticide exposure among farmers in developed and developing countries. Factors like wind/agricultural pesticide drift, mixing and spraying pesticides, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), knowledge, perceptions, washing hands, taking a shower, wearing contaminated clothes, eating, drinking, smoking, and hot weather are common in both groups of countries. Factors including low socioeconomic status areas, workplace conditions, duration of exposure, pesticide safety training, frequency of applying pesticides, spraying against the wind, and reuse of pesticide containers for storage are specific contributors in developing countries, whereas housing conditions, social contextual factors, and mechanical equipment were specific pathways in developed countries. This paper compares existing research in environmental and behavioural exposure modifying factors and biological monitoring between developing and developed countries. The main objective of this review is to explore the current depth of understanding of exposure pathways and factors increasing the risk of exposure potentially leading to adverse health effects specific to each group of countries.
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Dolcet, Malena, Natalia Porto, and Carolina Inés Garcia. "Quality of Employment Index for the tourism sector in developing countries." Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa em Turismo 16 (June 23, 2022): 2622. http://dx.doi.org/10.7784/rbtur.v16.2622.
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Although job quality has become an active field of study over the last two decades in developed countries, it still remains an under-discussed concept in developing regions such as Latin America, where the incidence of work informality and low wages are particularly high. As quality of employment is a multidimensional concept and not homogeneously defined in the literature, we follow a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to build a Quality of Employment (QoE) Index for salary earners using household survey micro data of Uruguay from 2016-2019. Uruguay leads the Better Jobs Index launched by the Inter-American Development Bank in 2017, which constitutes the only index with a macro-approach to measure quantity and quality employment conditions in the region. We consider several aspects of working conditions: employment, earnings, hours worked, occupational safety and social security coverage. We focus on the tourism sector, which presents low job quality characteris-tics at the same time it accounts for 7.2% of employment in Uruguay. Furthermore, we found a sex-based gap of employment quality against women in tourism, a difference that is not observed in the trade sector. QoE in tourism shows a greater dispersion in the distribution of employees, indicating the presence of more inequalities among these workers compared to those of trade. Other results show that job quality in tourism is lower for those unskilled, but that there are still many skilled work-ers facing low quality. Finally, if we consider the activities that conform tourism, workers do better in hotels and travel agencies rather than in restaurants and entertainment.
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van Klyton, Aaron, Juan Fernando Tavera-Mesías, and Wilson Castaño-Muñoz. "Digital local information services in developing countries: Evidence from Colombia." Journal of Librarianship and Information Science 52, no. 4 (February 26, 2020): 1197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961000620907970.
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This exploratory research identifies and investigates factors that affect the delivery of local information in a developing country. The service provider and 195 local institutions based in Medellin, Colombia collaborate through an online portal, Infolocal, constituting a local information landscape (LIL). The study implements a conceptual framework for the LIL and highlights deficiencies in traditional local information service models. A Delphi study was conducted with global experts of local information services (LIS) in order to refine the traditional Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology model constructs for the Infolocal information service. Second, a survey was developed based on the revised categories (effort expectancy, performance expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, organisational support, and affective commitment) and disseminated to the local institutions to assess their perceptions of the service. This data was then evaluated using exploratory factor analysis. The study found that theories of technology acceptance were insufficient in explaining the disjunctions in the information landscape of this service. This study contributes to closing a gap in understanding the perceptions of LIS practice from the perspective of institutions that engage directly with citizens’ technology acceptance and use behaviour in a multilevel relationship. This article captures, compares, and analyses the disjunctions between the theoretical frameworks as espoused by experts and the practices of LIS.
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Johannes, Hendro Putra, Michikazu Kojima, Fusanori Iwasaki, and Ellen Putri Edita. "Applying the extended producer responsibility towards plastic waste in Asian developing countries for reducing marine plastic debris." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 39, no. 5 (April 28, 2021): 690–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x211013412.
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The extended producer responsibility (EPR) has been adopted in many countries throughout the world to give producers responsibility to manage their products until the post-consumer stage. On many occasions in developing countries, the system is mostly implemented for electronic waste. However, with the rising concern on the marine plastic issue, developing countries, including those in Asia, have started to apply EPR for package and container waste. In practice, developing countries show significant differences in their EPR implementation compared with developed ones due to contrasting conditions of several factors, including social, economic and technology. This article aims to explore the challenges of developing countries to apply EPR as well as determine possible measures to overcome the challenges. Results show that applying EPR system for plastic waste in developing countries faces many challenges, such as the existence of a market-based collection system of recyclables, high transportation cost, lack of waste collection services in rural areas, a limited number of facilities to manage certain types of plastic waste, insufficient pollution control and free riding and orphan products. The challenges, furthermore, can be minimised by differentiating the responsibility of producers, focusing on rural and remote areas, involving informal sectors, creating joint facilities in recycling parks, expanding waste management collection services, increasing the use of EPR and minimising free riding.
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Rifai, Bahtiar, Meilinda Sari Yayusman, and Vera Bararah Barid. "Can Digital Research be an Alternative Method during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia?" Journal of Indonesian Social Sciences and Humanities 11, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jissh.v11i1.208.
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Unprecedented COVID-19 global pandemic entails uncertain conditions, which lead people to seek alternative solutions to make activities running accordingly. Limited movements due to travel restriction and health protection confine people’s activities, including the research process. Postponing research activities is arguably not the best solution for scholars, mainly while conducting data collection. In social and humanities research, researchers mostly undertake data collection through field studies and face-to-face communications prior to the pandemic. Social distancing procedures, however, encourage people to avoid close contacts and cancel visit plans. Thus, researchers are necessary to find an alternative method during uncertainty situation. Digital research method (DRM) seems to be a plausible way to keep research ongoing, although the implementation of that method in the developing countries’ research activities, compared to the developed countries, remains lagging behind. This research aims to position DRM amidst the pandemic situation and show possibilities in using this method as an alternative in the developing countries by taking Indonesia as a case study. Results show that to make DRM works in Indonesia, some requirements need to be fulfilled to meet academic standards, and whether relevant or not the research topic applies to be processed utilizing digital method are also essential to be considered.
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BAKİ, Rahmi. "Comparison of the socio-economic sustainability performance of OECD countries." Business & Management Studies: An International Journal 10, no. 2 (June 25, 2022): 502–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v10i2.2037.
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Socio-economic Sustainability (SES) enables an organisation or a country to pursue economic growth in the present without undermining the ability of future generations to meet their needs, especially in terms of curtailing the depletion or destruction of environmental resources. Ensuring SES in a country helps shape the conditions for long-term economic and social development while conserving the environment. This study compares the SES performance of 38 member countries of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) by applying a multi-criteria approach. This research aims to make inferences about SES in developed and developing countries and promote change in line with sustainable development goals. A technique known as Multi-Attributive Border Approximation area Comparison (MABAC), considered a valuable and reliable decision-making tool for rational management, was applied. In practice, socio-economic performance indicators obtained from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) were examined to evaluate the performance of the 38 OECD countries included based on nine criteria. The study found that, of those 38, the highest performings were Korea and Japan, and the lowest was Colombia and Mexico.
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Hofferbert, Richard I., and Ustun Erguder. "The Penetrability of Policy Systems in a Developing Context." Journal of Public Policy 5, no. 1 (February 1985): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00002890.
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ABSTRACTDrawing primarily from the Turkish example, this essay examines the fit of the input-output policy model, widely used in West, to less developed countries (LDCs). Three hypotheses are explored. In LDCs, compared to the West: (1) Policy patterns are more subject to political penetration; (2) once implemented, policies have a higher probability of penetrating social conditions; and (3) implementation structures and practices are less penetrable by policy directives.The major bottleneck to innovative policy formation and delivery in LDCs is the implementation process. Bureaucratic resistance and hesitancy to innovate are due to a control rather than service orientation, stemming from the peculiar sequencing of development of state apparatuses vis-a-vis the marketplace. These historical-institutional peculiarities do not appear to detract from the input-output model's ability to spot targets of opportunity for useful policy inquiry in LDCs.
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Hire, S., A. Ranjan, K. Ruikar, and S. Sandbhor. "AI-driven safety checks for ladders used on construction sites." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1101, no. 9 (November 1, 2022): 092040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1101/9/092040.
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Abstract Construction plays an integral part in the social and economic development of countries worldwide. Construction site safety is a crucial concern in both developed and developing countries. Because the preponderance of safety practices is mitigation-oriented rather than prevention-oriented, the construction industry has poor safety and health conditions. Falls are the primary cause of accidents involving roof and ladder falls on site. With the ability of Artificial Intelligence (AI) based techniques, the safety of ladders can be effectively managed, and the rate of accidents can be reduced. This study presents the AI-driven safety checking for a ladder in the pre-use stage. The checks are performed in Python programming language and various libraries such as math, Numpy, and Opencv. The AI-driven safety checking can decide for ‘fitness for the use of the ladder in terms of its structural rigidity before use. Compared to conventional safety practice, this process is less time-consuming, an inspection can be done throughout the project lifecycle, data can be stored and shared virtually, and needless to say, the ladder-related hazards can be reduced.
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Onyemah, Vincent, Jay P. Mulki, and Martha Rivera-Pesquera. "Salesperson turnover intention: a tale of two countries." International Journal of Bank Marketing 39, no. 6 (February 16, 2021): 1003–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbm-10-2020-0533.
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PurposeA significant amount of research has shown that drivers of employee attitudes, and behaviors leading to outcome variables such as turnover intentions, are strongly influenced by national culture. This study focuses on the difference in relationships among some critical variables between two emerging economies with similar cultural indices.Design/methodology/approachSurvey questionnaire was used to collect responses from salespeople in two countries. Correlation analysis and structural equation modeling were used to provide support for the stated hypotheses.FindingsResults indicate that Mexican and Indian salespeople differ in how their level of trust in supervisor, regulation of emotion, interpersonal conflict and felt stress related to drive turnover intention. Findings also confirm a strong positive relationship between felt stress and turnover intention.Research limitations/implicationsThis study is based on survey responses and should be interpreted with the associated limitations of method bias. The hypothesized model of relationships among constructs was based on theory and prior research, but researchers understand that there could be other statistically equivalent models with equal fit. Moreover, stress can result from numerous other combinations of variables in addition to those used in this model. The relationships among constructs as presented could also be due to the absence of other key variables. This study looked at turnover intentions from an employee perspective using responses made when economic conditions worldwide were robust. This is not the case today because of the global pandemic. Economic conditions wield substantial influence on employee responses as well as on turnover intentions. In addition, economic downturn lowers turnover potential and heightens stress level.Practical implicationsFindings confirm a strong positive relationship between felt stress and turnover intention. Efforts to keep stress within a productive range should be encouraged, because while the direct costs of turnover can be substantial, indirect costs may be even greater. For example, when salespeople leave an organization, the customer relationships they formed and developed may be at risk, exposing their companies to potential reduction in revenue. Sales organizations that pay inadequate attention to high turnover rate among their salespeople become susceptible to a phenomenon Dudley and Goodson (1988) identified as “low sales recruiting ceiling syndrome.”Social implicationsMost of the current studies results from developing countries have been compared to those from developed countries where the theories and seminal research originated. The outcome of the authors' research lends yet another argument in favor of more comparative studies on East versus East or developing economies versus developing economies. Such effort could further delineate the applicability of “foreign” theories and inform the development of “local” theories for richer insight on local management practice. The current drive to inject diversity, equity and inclusion in the workplace should be reflected in the development of theory and the conduct of research. No one country or individual or group of individuals can claim ownership of theory development and standards for assessing theories originating elsewhere. Diversity, equity and inclusion have a place in academic research and should be encouraged. Second, the results obtained in this paper offer a cautionary note against over-generalization. Just as small details matter in life, likewise, small differences in variables that explain a phenomenon can make a big difference. Third, the findings confirm a strong positive relationship between felt stress and turnover intention. This is true for the two countries examined in this research.Originality/valueThis study seeks to understand why potential drivers of turnover intention might manifest differently in countries that have a similar cultural outlook. The current research leverages the contingency theory and zeroed in on turnover intention. In addition, two additional cultural dimensions (long-term orientation and uncertainty avoidance) were incorporated, and the model was tested using salespeople (rather than plant workers).
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Antoshyna, Iryna, and Alina Bondarenko. "MODELS OF ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL REGULATION OF SPONSORSHIP AND PATRONAGE IN THE EU." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, no. 5 (February 8, 2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-5-18-27.
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Today, patronage is the key source of non-governmental support of the socio-cultural advancement of the state because, as the world’s practice shows, the state funding is often not enough for conserving and developing the national and cultural heritage. Across the world and Europe, increasing attention is paid to the traditions of charity, corporate philanthropy is in progress, and business ethics are growing. In developed countries, the pursuit of charity activity is caused by a high level of social responsibility of business entities. Both large corporations and wealthy people establish charitable funds or provide a good deal of money for relevant purposes. The problems of patronage or sponsorship as means for guaranteeing the realization of socio-cultural programmes, research initiatives and continual activity of not-for-profit organizations are topical and need an extension study in terms of conditions and prospects for the development. The purpose of the article is the analysis of the experience of administrative regulation of patronage and sponsorship in different countries and its growth potential in Ukraine in the context of international integration and scientific and technological progress. The situation is complicated by the fact that this regulatory scope has originated more recently in the world’s practice, and many problems remain unsettled. For example, let’s consider some forms of financial rewards used in the rest of the world. In the developed countries, there are models of cooperation with a private fund in the social, cultural, academic and other spheres of social life. They are as follows: the state as a leader; private fund as a leader; partnership and functional division of labour between the state and capital. In social practices, they usually co-exist with a dominant one of them. The first model prevails in France and Italy, the second – in the USA, the third – in the Federal Republic of Germany. Recently, there has been a gradual transition to the third model, which will become dominant in Western countries. Compared to Western Europe, there has been no moral rehabilitation of wealth in Ukraine, which has affected the motivation of charity. It is noteworthy that in the last decade, especially in European countries, state and state-social funds, which are financed using budget funds and the contributions of patrons, have been created. In general, analyzing various forms of patronage and sponsorship in the field of culture of the countries of the European region, it can be argued that in modern Western countries there is a sweeping trend to decrease direct state support of culture by indirect. The attraction of funds of entrepreneurs and non-governmental organizations in various forms is purposefully stimulated by state cultural policy, laws on patronage. In Ukraine, state intervention in the charity area is minimal. It is limited to the statutory regulation of charity activity, registration and accounting of charity organizations. At the same time, some specific normalization of patronage and sponsorship is next to none because it is distinguished among other charity activities mostly by patrons, sponsors, and mass media.
Books on the topic "Developed countries. Social conditions. Compared with social conditions of developing countries"
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Population, economic growth, and agriculture in less developed countries. London: Routledge, 2003.
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Demography at the edge: Remote human populations in developed nations. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Pub. Company, 2011.
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Population growth and socioeconomic progress in less developed countries: Determinants of fertility transition. New York: Praeger, 1988.
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Hess, Peter N. Population growth and socioeconomic progress in less developed countries: Determinants of fertility transition. New York: Praeger, 1988.
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Mitchell, Olivia S. Retirement systems in developed and developing countries: Institutional features, economic effects, and lessons for economies in transition. Washington, DC (1818 H St. NW, Washington 20433): Education and Social Policy Dept. World Bank, 1993.
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Mitchell, Olivia S. Retirement systems in developed and developing countries: Institutional features, economic effects, and lessons for economies in transition. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1993.
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E, Behar Joseph, and Cuzán Alfred G, eds. At the crossroads of development: Transnational challenges to developed and developing societies. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1997.
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India) International Conference on "Agrarian Relations and Rural Development in Less-Developed Countries" (2002 : Calcutta. Agrarian Studies: Essays on Agrarian Relations in Less-Developed Countries. Zed Books, 2003.
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At the Crossroads of Development: Transnational Challenges to Developed and Developing Societies (International Studies in Sociology and Social Anthropology). Brill Academic Publishers, 1997.
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Combating Corruption Through Electronic Governance in Least Developed and Post-War Countries: Afghanistan's Experience. Lang AG International Academic Publishers, Peter, 2020.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Developed countries. Social conditions. Compared with social conditions of developing countries"
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Cyrilo, Eugen, and Claude G. Mung'ong'o. "Assessment of socio-ecological resilience of agropastoralists to climate change and variability impacts in Bariadi district, Tanzania." In Climate change impacts and sustainability: ecosystems of Tanzania, 122–52. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242966.0122.
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Abstract In developing countries like Tanzania, societal vulnerability to the risks of climate change and variability (CC&V) exacerbate ongoing social and economic challenges because people's livelihoods are largely dependent on resources that are sensitive to climate change such as agriculture. Although studies show that most communities in Africa have low adaptive capacity, for centuries people have developed traditional adaptation strategies to face climate inter-annual variability and extreme events based on their long-term experiences. Various studies show how CC&V have impacted the socio-economic and and environmental conditions among the pastoral and agropastoral societies. However, little emphasis has been given to studying the community's resilience status to CC&V impacts. Much of the focus has been placed on studying the community vulnerability and impacts of CC&V as well as coping and adaptation strategies to avert CC&V impacts. Little is known on how the interaction between society and nature can enhance or reduce community resilience under changing climate. The study was conducted in two villages, Ibulyu and Mahaha, in Bariadi District. The main objective of the study was to deepen our understanding of the socio-ecological resilience of agropastoral communities to CC&V impacts in a semi-arid district. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative research designs. Quantitative data were captured through a household survey whereas qualitative data was collected through focus group discussion, key informant interviews and field observation. The results show that CC&V have negatively affected the farming system in the study area. The ecological setting of the area has significantly been altered to the extent that it cannot provide the required ecosystem services and products that are important for human and livestock sustainance. Changes in the production system have negatively affected community resilience and increased their vulnerability.
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Windsor, Duane. "Defining Corporate Social Responsibility for Developing and Developed Countries." In Corporate Social Responsibility, 1–27. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6192-7.ch001.
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This chapter proposes a conceptual framework for comparing enterprise and governmental approaches to corporate social responsibility (CSR) for developed and developing countries. An enterprise approach is voluntary. A governmental approach provides either requirements or guidance, strong or weak, for enterprise CSR. Focus is on multinational enterprises (MNEs), for two reasons. First, MNEs may operate across quite different conditions. Second, a major MNE concern has to do with fair trade and sustainable development supply chains. The chapter considers three approaches found in the extant literature. One approach asserts autonomy of developing countries from developed countries, and thus divergence of enterprise and governmental CSR by type of context. A second approach examines global convergence as highly context path-dependent and perhaps cosmetic. A third approach emphasizes “glocality” combining global thinking with local action. The author proposes an alternative understanding of how to compare CSR for developed and developing countries using theory versus context.
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Windsor, Duane. "Defining Corporate Social Responsibility for Developing and Developed Countries." In Comparative Perspectives on Global Corporate Social Responsibility, 1–27. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0720-8.ch001.
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This chapter proposes a conceptual framework for comparing enterprise and governmental approaches to corporate social responsibility (CSR) for developed and developing countries. An enterprise approach is voluntary. A governmental approach provides either requirements or guidance, strong or weak, for enterprise CSR. Focus is on multinational enterprises (MNEs), for two reasons. First, MNEs may operate across quite different conditions. Second, a major MNE concern has to do with fair trade and sustainable development supply chains. The chapter considers three approaches found in the extant literature. One approach asserts autonomy of developing countries from developed countries, and thus divergence of enterprise and governmental CSR by type of context. A second approach examines global convergence as highly context path-dependent and perhaps cosmetic. A third approach emphasizes “glocality” combining global thinking with local action. The author proposes an alternative understanding of how to compare CSR for developed and developing countries using theory versus context.
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Vajjhala, Narasimha Rao. "Communities of Practice in Transition Economies." In Organizational Knowledge Facilitation through Communities of Practice in Emerging Markets, 31–44. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0013-1.ch002.
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Communities of Practice (CoPs) are informal groups of individuals sharing knowledge and experience within or outside an organization. CoPs can help organizations, especially Small- and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) with limited financial and human resources improve efficiency and productivity by leveraging knowledge resources in the organization. Transition economies have different social and economic conditions as compared to developing and developed countries. The success of CoPs in SMEs located in transition economies depends to a certain extent on the social and cultural factors in transition economies. This chapter explores the factors contributing to the success of CoPs as well as challenges that CoPs face in transition economies. This chapter explores the role of national and organizational culture on the functioning of CoPs in SMEs in transition economies. The objective of this chapter is to develop a framework that could be applied to CoPs in transition economies. This chapter also identifies the factors that might limit the work of CoPs in the context of innovation in SMEs in transition economies.
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Hassan, Ahmad, and Peter Lund-Thomsen. "Multi-Stakeholder Initiatives and Corporate Social Responsibility in Global Value Chains." In Corporate Social Responsibility, 305–21. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6192-7.ch017.
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In this chapter, we make a contribution to the literature on corporate social responsibility in global value chains that link dispersed consumers and importers in developed countries with local manufacturers, workers, and communities in developing countries. We create an integrated analytical framework and a methodology that can guide master-level and Ph.D. students as well as practitioners on how they may map the governance processes through which multi-stakeholder initiatives (MSIs) in global value chains are formulated, implemented, monitored as well as the impact that MSI standards have on the work conditions of those laboring at the base of global value chains. We use a stylized case study of fair trade in the football manufacturing industry in Pakistan to illustrate how the framework and the methodology might be applied to the empirical analysis of MSI governance processes and their impacts on workers' conditions in export-oriented industries in the South.
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Hassan, Ahmad, and Peter Lund-Thomsen. "Multi-Stakeholder Initiatives and Corporate Social Responsibility in Global Value Chains." In Comparative Perspectives on Global Corporate Social Responsibility, 241–57. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0720-8.ch012.
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In this chapter, we make a contribution to the literature on corporate social responsibility in global value chains that link dispersed consumers and importers in developed countries with local manufacturers, workers, and communities in developing countries. We create an integrated analytical framework and a methodology that can guide master-level and Ph.D. students as well as practitioners on how they may map the governance processes through which multi-stakeholder initiatives (MSIs) in global value chains are formulated, implemented, monitored as well as the impact that MSI standards have on the work conditions of those laboring at the base of global value chains. We use a stylized case study of fair trade in the football manufacturing industry in Pakistan to illustrate how the framework and the methodology might be applied to the empirical analysis of MSI governance processes and their impacts on workers' conditions in export-oriented industries in the South.
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Adžić, Sofija. "Financial Systems Reforms in Western Balkans Countries." In Global Trends of Modernization in Budgeting and Finance, 260–79. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7760-7.ch013.
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Tax system and tax policy today are becoming the most important instruments of national economic policy. Globalization process is objective in nature and is also inherent in market economy, whereas the neoliberal model of globalization is constantly getting more popular in both developed and developing countries. While developing countries in this regard are concentrating mostly on a multitude of potential reforms and resolving their numerous economic and social problems which are getting only more complicated, the interest of developed countries concerns mostly newest innovative technological trends and their application in a specific economic context. That is, in order to provide better conditions for full convergence of socioeconomic systems with higher rates of economic growth reforms, tax systems and tax policies are needed to reduce the barriers to free and global movement of goods, services, capital, and manpower.
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Öztürk, Şenol. "Youth Employment." In Handbook of Research on Technology Adoption, Social Policy, and Global Integration, 20–39. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2668-1.ch002.
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Youth employment has been a challenge with gradual acceleration from beginning of 1990s. It also has been exacerbated by latest global crises. Besides, as a fact mutually having a fostering relation with it, increasing rate of inactive population among the youth has caused to soar worry about the matter. Although youth unemployment is a common problem for developed and developing countries, it differs in these countries in terms of formation, intensity and solution way. In two decades countries around the world have implemented particular policies against the matter accordance to action plans prescribed by international organizations such as ILO, OECD and EU. Even though, there has been some partial improvements as a result of economic and labour market policies, there is a long way to solve the problem significantly and to decrease the anxiety down to reasonable level. Therefore, the countries must continuously monitor and analyze their conditions and create integrated policies suited to socio-economic conjuncture.
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Roy, Jeffrey P. "E-Government, Democratic Governance and Integrative Prospects for Developing Countries." In Global Information Technologies, 2196–203. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-939-7.ch159.
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The objectives of this chapter are threefold: first, to first provide a conceptual framework for understanding e-government as a set of four, interrelated dimensions of public sector change; secondly, to consider the relevance and applicability of this framework for both developed and developing nations; and thirdly, to explore the interface between domestic and transnational governance reforms in an increasingly digital era. The world in the twenty-first century needs a globally federated governance architecture, the design of which must include social, economic, political and technological considerations. This strengthened focus on transnational governance systems must also be joined by the recognition of the dysfunctional nature of the present system of bilateral international assistance programs among countries. With improved governance conditions of transparency and trust transnationally – facilitated in part by a much more politically creative and aggressive use of new technologies, the resources allocated by each country across their various recipients would serve both developing nations and the world as a whole if they were pooled and coordinated through new transnational mechanisms.
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Roy, Jeffrey. "E-Governement, Democratic Governance and Integrative Prospects for Developing Countries." In Global E-Government, 320–39. IGI Global, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-027-1.ch018.
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The objectives of this chapter are threefold: first, to first provide a conceptual framework for understanding e-government as a set of four, interrelated dimensions of public sector change; secondly, to consider the relevance and applicability of this framework for both developed and developing nations; and thirdly, to explore the interface between domestic and transnational governance reforms in an increasingly digital era. The world in the twenty-first century needs a globally federated governance architecture, the design of which must include social, economic, political and technological considerations. This strengthened focus on transnational governance systems must also be joined by the recognition of the dysfunctional nature of the present system of bilateral international assistance programs among countries. With improved governance conditions of transparency and trust transnationally – facilitated in part by a much more politically creative and aggressive use of new technologies, the resources allocated by each country across their various recipients would serve both developing nations and the world as a whole if they were pooled and coordinated through new transnational mechanisms.
Conference papers on the topic "Developed countries. Social conditions. Compared with social conditions of developing countries"
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Mitrović, Đorđe, Emilija Manić, and Slobodan Ivanović. "BUSINESS CONDITIONS REGIONAL ANALYSIS WITH A REFERENCE TO POTENTIALS IN TOURISM DEVELOPMENT: THE CASE OF SERBIA." In Tourism in Southern and Eastern Europe 2021: ToSEE – Smart, Experience, Excellence & ToFEEL – Feelings, Excitement, Education, Leisure. University of Rijeka, Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/tosee.06.33.
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Purpose – Tourism is one of the fastest-growing sectors in the world, and many developing countries saw it as the chance of economic development accelerating. However, tourism potential is different among countries as well as within one country. The scope of this paper is to reveal the regional differences in business conditions considering tourism development in Serbia. Methodology – Instead of using a wide number of different individual indicators measuring regions’ tourism performances, it is more appropriate to use one composite indicator for depicting complex issues in regional tourism development - a composite index was developed using Data Envelopment Analysis. Data Envelopment Analysis is a sort of methodology that constructs an ‘efficiency frontier’ based on each region’s individual data using mathematical linear programming. It determines the best practice by measuring the relative position of each of the regions in terms of the value of the set of observed indicators. Such presentation of the existing region’s development in the tourism field and recommendations for possible improvement are clearer to the general public and non-scientific audience. The composite index is calculated as the weighted sum of the corresponding individual indicators, where the weights are endogenously determined by mathematical linear programming to obtain the maximum possible value. Findings – The results of DEA showed which parts of Serbia have the best business conditions for tourism development, considering the different factors (regional development index and subindexes). The results have been contrasted to chosen tourism statistics on the regional level, with a reference to the limitations during the research process. The proposed composite index is used to point the differences in regional business conditions which could be further influenced by government policies to tackle the specificities and needs of each separate region during tourism development. Contribution – DEA is a known methodology in regional development analysis, but it hasn’t been so much used in business conditions regional analysis before. Having different indicators which shaped business climate within one region, using DEA one tried to analyze the entrepreneurship possibilities with a spatial reference to the tourism development. This is an important contribution in the context of local economic and social development especially within poorly developed regions in Serbia
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Rathnakumara, L. R. V. N., and H. Chandanie. "Beyond the iron-triangle: Accommodating sustainable construction in the new-normal conditions." In 10th World Construction Symposium. Building Economics and Management Research Unit (BEMRU), University of Moratuwa, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/wcs.2022.14.
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severely due to the Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Unbalance of the Irontriangle which refers to key Construction Project Goals (CPG) (i.e., time, cost, and quality) is one of the phenomena that can be addressed while Sustainable Development (SD) (i.e., economic, social, and environmental sustainability) has been streamlined to worse condition. Even though, sustainability must be prioritised in developing countries e.g., Sri Lanka, where significant construction works are currently underway, especially during this situation. Further, the appropriate construction and implementation in a construction project can make a dramatic contribution to the mandate of sustainable development. Hence, this research intends to investigate how the Iron triangle would be unbalanced during the new-normal situation where it has a significant impact on SD simultaneously. A qualitative survey strategy was used to achieve the research aim. A semi-structured interview survey was conducted to solicit the perception of experts. Nine experts were selected purposively, who had experience in both Sustainable Construction (SC) and project management, especially proceedings during the new-normal condition. To analyse the empirical data, the manual content analysis method was used. As the decisive outcome, the ‘Iron-star’ model was developed by merging the Sustainable triangle and Iron-triangle which pertained to the interrelation between SD and Construction Project Goals (CPG). Initially, interrelations between SD measures and CPG were cogitated by literature findings. Economic depletion, health-related issues, supply chain disruption, and cash flow issues were identified as interventions to achieve CPG through SD measures. Further, it revealed that the Iron-star can implement as the way forward for the construction industry in the Sri Lankan (SL) context.
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Pap, Ana, and Tena Radonić. "Consumer Attitudes and Knowledge about the Concept and Signs of Fair Trade." In 6th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2022 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2022.249.
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The concept of fair trade (Fairtrade) was developed primarily to pay farmers and workers in developing countries fair prices for their work. It is a certification system that aims to ensure that a set of standards in the production and supply of products or ingredients are met. For farmers and workers, the concept of fair trade means workers’ rights, safer working conditions and a fairer wage. For customers, this means high-quality and ethically produced products. By connecting with and helping developing countries in this way, developed countries participate in socially responsible business and the promotion of sustainable development. The concept of fair trade aims to improve the existence, strengthen the organization of producers, raise consumer awareness of various negative effects on producers of international trade, and protect basic human rights by promoting social justice, preserving the environment and economic security. But the very notion of fair trade in the world is still not sufficiently recognizable. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the current theoretical knowledge about the concept, meaning and purpose of fair trade and previous research related to the recognizability and understanding of this concept. Also, this paper aims to determine the attitudes and knowledge of consumers about the fair trade label in Croatia through the implementation of primary research to find out how much the population (re) knows about the fair trade system and what is the level of trust in the fair trade label. Based on the results of the research, the paper will provide recommendations for actions aimed at increasing awareness and knowledge about fair trade.
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Hrivnák, Michal, Katarína Melichová, and Oľga Roháčiková. "Nová etapa vo vývoji inštitucionalizácie inovačných procesov: grassroots inovácie." In XXIII. mezinárodní kolokvium o regionálních vědách / 23rd International Colloquium on Regional Sciences. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9610-2020-17.
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A simple sectoral division of socio-economic actors into four basic sectors is no longer enough today. With the liberalization of social processes and the growth of the dynamics of innovative and creative communities, new, often inter-sectoral, in terms of institutional form hybrid, community (bottom-up) projects and organizations based around concrete innovative projects, can be observed in the conditions of both developed and developing countries. This projects can through new solutions and the pressure to shift the social change, facilitate the mitigation of specific local sectoral and cross-sectoral problems, or partially contribute to solving global challenges by activating the interest of local society. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the existing approaches to the definition of the institutional unit "grassroot" innovation and to define the basic conceptual framework for their further research.The results of the synthesis of foreign knowledge suggest that the considerable heterogeneity of grassrots innovations requires the study of this phenomenon at the multi-disciplinary level, while it is necessary to clearly define them and systematically monitor them at the level of state authorities.
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Koç, Özgür Emre. "Health Expenditures in Transition Economies within the Framework of Welfare State." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00957.
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Within the historical framework the public sector has attached a special importance at presenting health services which have priority in cultural and economic areas of society. Being healthy of each citizen in the society contributes to progress and development of the society. It is well known that one of the fields of activities of public sector is to increase welfare of its citizens. States are adopting policies within their own economic structure to realize social welfare. Particularly after II. World War, these policies have gained a new dimension with the developing understanding of welfare state. The concept of welfare state is based on active and comprehensive interferences of state to economy with the aim of providing social prosperity to its citizens with maximum advantage. The welfare state, with its institutionalizing structure, has been an important instrument for social politicises towards social services and combating against poverty. The fundamental chracter of a social welfare state is to present circumtances which enhance life conditions of each citizens and to provide full employment with expenses on social security, health and education. In this study it is aimed to analyze health expenditures of countries, known as transition economies and they are still in their transition period, within the framework of public services providing by a welfare state. A comparison will be made the data on health expenditures in developed economies and evaluating the results.
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Liu, Xilu, and Ameen Farooq. "Is compact urbanity more connected?" In Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8122.
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The concept of urban compactness is widely accepted as an approach in modern architectural and urban design fields, this belief may vary relative to the density and connectivity of various neighborhoods working within cities of developing countries.
Beijing has several compact residential neighborhoods in many of its urban districts. This paper argues that urban compactness as predictor of connectivity may carry an altogether different meaning when compared to the U.S objectives for achieving sustainable compactness by increasing density that is tactically connected.
The accelerated pace of migration following the economic progress from the countryside to cities in China helped grew the middle class while shifting demographics has added serious demands of housing and infrastructure within and outside of Beijing districts and its urban core.
Various neighborhoods within and round Beijing districts are swelling with unwarranted compactness, causing serious environmental and ecological challenging making basic living conditions unchecked. In addition, crowding, traffic congestion, pollution and limited housing surrounding this compactness is a threat to the public health.
Several residential blocks of various sizes in close proximity to each other appear to add physical compactness seemingly well threaded in urban fabric various urban districts. Morphological analysis of selected neighborhoods revealed that many urban neighborhoods similar to case study examples are marred with unregulated urban interventions with little cohesive system of connectivity within these neighborhoods.
This study analyzed morphological patterns of street connectivity using Space Syntax method tounderstand if physical compactness also means more connected. The morphological variables notably, integration, connectivity and choice were used as key variables to describe the quality of connectedness of a diverse range of mixed-use commercial and residential typologies that were served by dense street networks.
Analysis of spatial morphology of selected compact neighborhoods provided perceptive clues to redevelop a spatial program to bring about a meaningful design intervention to achieve better connections to the unregulated compact urban neighborhoods for achieving more pedestrian-friendly urban neighborhoods that could co-exist with the existing vehicular street networks.
The findings indicated that much of mixed-use developments in close proximity to each other were part of a fragmented maze of dead-end streets serving these residential blocks. The incoherent street networks serving these neighborhoods created a lack of control between pedestrian and vehicular circulations causing congestions and unsustainable conditions for social and public realm to coexist.