Academic literature on the topic 'Developed world. home'
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Journal articles on the topic "Developed world. home"
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Signer, Johannes, and John R. Fieberg. "A fresh look at an old concept: home-range estimation in a tidy world." PeerJ 9 (March 19, 2021): e11031. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11031.
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A rich set of statistical techniques has been developed over the last several decades to estimate the spatial extent of animal home ranges from telemetry data, and new methods to estimate home ranges continue to be developed. Here we investigate home-range estimation from a computational point of view and aim to provide a general framework for computing home ranges, independent of specific estimators. We show how such a workflow can help to make home-range estimation easier and more intuitive, and we provide a series of examples illustrating how different estimators can be compared easily. This allows one to perform a sensitivity analysis to determine the degree to which the choice of estimator influences qualitative and quantitative conclusions. By providing a standardized implementation of home-range estimators, we hope to equip researchers with the tools needed to explore how estimator choice influences answers to biologically meaningful questions.
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Adamski, Dawid. "The Influence of New Technologies on the Social Withdrawal (Hikikomori Syndrome) Among Developed Communities, Including Poland." Social Communication 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sc-2018-0007.
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Abstract Hikikomori social withdrawal syndrome was first diagnosed in Japan and means a person who has been isolated from society to an extreme degree. She/he does not attend school or go to work. They do not attend university, they constantly remain at home and most often keep contact with the outside world using new technologies. Hikikomori syndrome is most often recognized as a characteristic problem occurring among Asian societies. Meanwhile, the growing dependence on new technologies among Western societies, and in particular, on the Internet, has caused social withdrawal to become a global problem. Human relationships began to move from the real world to the virtual world, which nowadays is full of communication facilities and allows people to establish relationships with other people without leaving their homes with the help of social media, which are currently packed with advanced solutions connecting people of similar interests or views. All this means that nowadays it is easy to withdraw from physical social life without losing virtual contact with others.
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Holden, Neil L. "Training in psychiatry in less developed countries." Psychiatric Bulletin 13, no. 10 (October 1989): 558–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.13.10.558.
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The declared aim of the World Health Organization, based on the Alma Ata declaration (1978), is to promote health care for all by the year 2000. It is recognised that this can be achieved only by the channelling of efforts into the development of primary health care, with medical care greatly augmented by the utilisation of non-medical carers, traditional healers and public health measures. As in more developed countries, where psychiatry struggles to maintain its share of national health resources against the ever increasing demand of technical advances in physical health care, so the mental health services of the less developed countries constantly are in danger of losing out to physical health in the battle against illness and natural disasters. To redress this balance and to meet the needs for mental health by the year 2000, the less developed world needs more psychiatrists (who are currently estimated to relate to the population at a rate of approximately only one per million) and these psychiatrists need to be appropriately trained to meet the challenges. How can the more developed nations help in this training of trainees from the less developed world? Can a partnership be formed between nations that ensures that trainees in psychiatry, in whichever country, are equipped as well as possible for the needs of their home country?
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Broadhead, J., J. Piachaud, and J. Birley. "Helping to promote psychiatry in less developed countries." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 5, no. 3 (May 1999): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.5.3.213.
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British psychiatry is appreciated all over the world for its empirical approach, its basis as a publicly funded service which is available to all citizens, and for its tradition (shared with the rest of British medicine) of educational connections with many other countries – members of the Royal College of Psychiatrists can be found in 70 countries worldwide. These connections are educational for all of those concerned. For visitors, the experience of seeing what can be done in a different context with different resources – both human and material – compels them, on their return home, to see their usual territory and practice in a new and revealing light.
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Petersen, Emily, and Joshua Pearce. "Emergence of Home Manufacturing in the Developed World: Return on Investment for Open-Source 3-D Printers." Technologies 5, no. 1 (February 9, 2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies5010007.
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HAMI, Zahra Q., and Boshra F. Zopon AL_BAYATY. "HOME CARE MOBILE APPLICATIONS: SURVEY." MINAR International Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology 03, no. 02 (June 1, 2021): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8234.2-3.16.
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Recently, with Coronavirus, mobile applications are becoming more important especially these days because all people stay at home and they couldn't visit the hospital, and the clinic outside becomes a danger. So the use of mobile phone technologies is becoming more and more beneficial for patient care. Mobile technology has the potential to affect health care. The increasing number of people suffering from chronic diseases is putting pressure on the healthcare sector. Population aging is now a major health care concern in many countries of the world. Elderly patients need more healthcare efforts that imply higher healthcare costs, because of that a set of applications have been developed that help care for patients from their homes. In this paper, many mobile healthcare applications are discussedin order to be identified and used to build a new system that helps care for patients from home.
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Andrade, Allen D., Pedro Cifuentes, Marcelo C. Oliveira, Ramanakumar Anam, Bernard A. Roos, and Jorge G. Ruiz. "Avatar-Mediated Home Safety Assessments: Piloting a Virtual Objective Structured Clinical Examination Station." Journal of Graduate Medical Education 3, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 541–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4300/jgme-d-11-00236.1.
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Abstract Background Avatars and virtual worlds offer medical educators new approaches to assess learners' competency in home-safety assessments that are less time-consuming and more flexible than traditional home visits. We sought to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of implementing an avatar-mediated, 3-dimensional (3-D) home simulation as a virtual objective structured clinical examination station for geriatric medicine fellows. Methods We developed a 3-D home simulation in the virtual world Second Life (Linden Lab, San Francisco, CA) containing 50 safety hazards that could affect the safety of an elderly person at home. Eight geriatric medicine fellows participated in a 16-station objective structured clinical examination, with one station assigned to the 15-minute 3-D virtual world simulation, where the fellow's “home visit” was performed by navigating his or her avatar in the virtual world simulation. The fellows were instructed to find the home safety hazards in the simulated environment and then provide specific written recommendations. Two reviewers independently scored the fellows' written findings against an inventory-based checklist. Results The geriatric medicine fellows scored a mean of 43% ± SD 9 on the inventory-based checklist. The scoring of the 2 reviewers showed a high interrater reliability (88%). Six of the 8 participants (75%) rated the simulation as “excellent.” Four of the 5 women (80%) and none of the 3 men (20%) participating in the virtual objective structured clinical examination needed navigation assistance in the 3-D virtual house. Conclusion The 3-D, avatar-based, virtual geriatric home safety objective structured clinical examination is a practical and acceptable alternative to the traditional home safety visits in an objective structured clinical examination setting.
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Henama, Unathi Sonwabile. "From Township Tourism, Semigration, and Second-Home Tourism." International Journal of Innovation in the Digital Economy 12, no. 2 (April 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijide.2021040101.
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Tourism is disproportionally important for African economies, considering that Africa receives less than 10% of the global tourism receipts. The majority of international travel occurs between the developed world, which means that the positive economic impacts of tourism are shared amongst the developed countries. Tourism has become the number one foreign exchange earner for many countries in Africa, diversifying the economy from either agriculture or mining. Tourism is developed with the intention that it will improve the quality-of-life and standard of living of the local community. The tourism industry has shown sustained growth, and it is regarded as a panacea for the plethora of challenges facing many countries. The structural challenges that face the economy in South Africa require an economic sector that can create immediate employment and catalyse the economy.
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Li, Philip Kam-Tao, Gordon Chun-Kau Chan, Jianghua Chen, Hung-Chun Chen, Yuk-Lun Cheng, Stanley L. S. Fan, John Cijiang He, et al. "Tackling Dialysis Burden around the World: A Global Challenge." Kidney Diseases 7, no. 3 (2021): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000515541.
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CKD is a global problem that causes significant burden to the healthcare system and the economy in addition to its impact on morbidity and mortality of patients. Around the world, in both developing and developed economies, the nephrologists and governments face the challenges of the need to provide a quality and cost-effective kidney replacement therapy for CKD patients when their kidneys fail. In December 2019, the 3rd International Congress of Chinese Nephrologists was held in Nanjing, China, and in the meeting, a symposium and roundtable discussion on how to deal with this CKD burden was held with opinion leaders from countries and regions around the world, including Australia, Canada, China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, the UK, and the USA. The participants concluded that an integrated approach with early detection of CKD, prompt treatment to slow down progression, promotion of home-based dialysis therapy like peritoneal dialysis and home HD, together with promotion of kidney transplantation, are possible effective ways to combat this ongoing worldwide challenge.
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G.I., Sheriff, and Esther N. "The South China Sea Impasse and Implications for World Politics." African Journal of Law, Political Research and Administration 4, no. 2 (August 17, 2021): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajlpra-y3rlqcog.
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The paper examines the South China Sea impasse between China and its neighbours in the region as well as the United States, which tries to see the sea as an open maritime area for international navigation. Using the secondary documented literature, findings show that the South China Sea is naturally endowed with variegated natural resources ranging from oil, gas and habitable islands that can be developed and this is the reason behind the impasse. The paper concludes that the South China Sea is increasingly a hotspot of conflict between China and the US; it is the subject of several overlapping territorial disputes. Like in most geopolitical tensions, trade would be a prime casualty in case of an escalation. The paper recommends that China, which is the claimant of the South China Sea, and other countries involved should dialogue and come up with policies that are favourable to all parties involved.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Developed world. home"
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Phatudi, Nkidi Caroline. "A study of transition from preschool and home contexts to Grade 1 in a developing country." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09192007-134056.
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Kinuthia, Wanyee. "“Accumulation by Dispossession” by the Global Extractive Industry: The Case of Canada." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30170.
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This thesis draws on David Harvey’s concept of “accumulation by dispossession” and an international political economy (IPE) approach centred on the institutional arrangements and power structures that privilege certain actors and values, in order to critique current capitalist practices of primitive accumulation by the global corporate extractive industry. The thesis examines how accumulation by dispossession by the global extractive industry is facilitated by the “free entry” or “free mining” principle. It does so by focusing on Canada as a leader in the global extractive industry and the spread of this country’s mining laws to other countries – in other words, the transnationalisation of norms in the global extractive industry – so as to maintain a consistent and familiar operating environment for Canadian extractive companies. The transnationalisation of norms is further promoted by key international institutions such as the World Bank, which is also the world’s largest development lender and also plays a key role in shaping the regulations that govern natural resource extraction. The thesis briefly investigates some Canadian examples of resource extraction projects, in order to demonstrate the weaknesses of Canadian mining laws, particularly the lack of protection of landowners’ rights under the free entry system and the subsequent need for “free, prior and informed consent” (FPIC). The thesis also considers some of the challenges to the adoption and implementation of the right to FPIC. These challenges include embedded institutional structures like the free entry mining system, international political economy (IPE) as shaped by international institutions and powerful corporations, as well as concerns regarding ‘local’ power structures or the legitimacy of representatives of communities affected by extractive projects. The thesis concludes that in order for Canada to be truly recognized as a leader in the global extractive industry, it must establish legal norms domestically to ensure that Canadian mining companies and residents can be held accountable when there is evidence of environmental and/or human rights violations associated with the activities of Canadian mining companies abroad. The thesis also concludes that Canada needs to address underlying structural issues such as the free entry mining system and implement FPIC, in order to curb “accumulation by dispossession” by the extractive industry, both domestically and abroad.
Books on the topic "Developed world. home"
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Lorence, James J. Coming Home. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037559.003.0003.
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This chapter looks at how the ASARCO (Globe Smelter Division of the American Smelting and Refining Company) job provided Jencks with a new lease on life. Although the work initially involved hard and dirty labor in a low-wage position, it connected him again to the world of social action through the union. Although he worried about the corrosive impact of the fumes that caused his clothes to disintegrate in a day's time, his morale was boosted by the camaraderie he found among workers in the mill. Furthermore, Jencks' renewal of party ties in 1946 was perfectly consistent with the deep Socialist belief system he had developed since his high school years. Driven by the spirit of communalism, he embraced political, economic, and social forms and expressions that sought to empower and mutually benefit all.
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Daum, Andreas W. The Two German States in the International World. Edited by Helmut Walser Smith. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199237395.013.0032.
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This article centers on the two German states in the 1970s and 1980s. In 1972, however, détente — the period of relaxation, openness, and communication between the two antagonistic superpowers and their allies — had reached its height. Many in the West no longer saw the border that separated the Germans into antagonistic political blocs as an insurmountable ‘Iron Curtain’. The building of the Berlin Wall in August 1961 had been a brutal act. Ironically, its existence opened new opportunities for encounters between West and East. Dialogue, openness, and transparency were values that many in the Federal Republic cherished in 1972. These, too, were values that West Germans wanted others to associate with their country. They were meant to articulate — at home and abroad — that West Germany had developed into a knowledge-based, technologically-advanced, internationally minded, and peaceful consumer society. Finally in 1989 both the Germanies were united on the basis of unanimous international agreements.
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Wobick-Segev, Sarah. Homes Away from Home. Stanford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503605145.001.0001.
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This book is the first comparative study of Jewish communities in Western, Central, and Eastern Europe. It analyzes how Jews used social and religious spaces to reformulate patterns of fraternity, celebration, and family formation and expressions of self-identification. It suggests that the social patterns that developed between 1890 and the 1930s were formative for the fundamental reshaping of Jewish community and remain essential to our understanding of contemporary Jewish life. Focusing on the social interactions of urban European Jews, this book offers a new perspective on how Jews confronted the challenges of modernity. As membership in the official community was becoming increasingly a matter of individual choice, Jews created spaces to meet new social and emotional needs. Cafés, hotels, and restaurants became places to gather and celebrate festivals and holy days, and summer camps served as sites for the informal education of young children. These places facilitated the option of secular Jewish belonging, marking a clear distinction between Judaism and Jewishness that would have been impossible on a large scale in the pre-emancipation era. By creating new centers for Jewish life, a growing number of historical actors, including women and youth, took the process of community building into their own hands. The contexts of Jewish life expanded beyond the confines of “traditional” Jewish spaces and sometimes challenged the desires of Jewish authorities. The book further argues that these social practices remained vital in reconstructing certain Jewish communities in the wake of the devastation of the Holocaust.
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Morgan-Owen, David G. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805199.003.0001.
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Scholars have long been aware of the periodic ‘invasion scares’ which were a feature of life in Edwardian Britain, yet the notion that the threat of invasion exerted a meaningful influence on official policy in this period has been dismissed as ‘divorced from strategic reality’. Historians examining the roots of British strategy in the First World War have tended to look towards the various putative plans for offensive action developed after 1900—whether those for military deployment in Europe or the naval ‘blockade’. This book argues the opposite: namely, that home defence was central to discussions of strategy in Britain before 1914 and that the prospect of a hostile landing exercised a growing influence over the activities of the two services by the outbreak of the First World War.
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Cox, Michael. Axis of Opposition. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190675387.003.0016.
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Received wisdom states that China and Russia are more likely bound to be rivals than partners. This chapter challenges this notion and traces the growing significance for both parties of the relationship over the past twenty years. It suggests that the relationship has developed into something very serious with the twin purpose for both of maintaining stability and order at home while contesting what both view as a Western-created and US-led order abroad. This does not mean they do not have other interests, but this does not detract from the main argument being advanced here: that China, which has so few serious partners in the world today, has found a serious one in Russia; and that Russia has also discovered one in China.
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Klenk, Johannes, and Franziska Waschek, eds. Chinas Rolle in einer neuen Weltordnung. Tectum – ein Verlag in der Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783828876361.
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The People’s Republic of China is one of the biggest economies in the world and home to about a sixth of the world population. This large country has rapidly developed into one of the leading high-tech nations while large parts of it have remained rural. Many of the global challenges are especially visible on the Chinese landscape. Despite this considerable importance, China has been little represented as a research subject in economic and social sciences; evidence-based research on many questions regarding interaction with China is rare. Since 2017, the University of Hohenheim has been working on increasing and fostering China competence with funding by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research. This book represents selected results. With contributions by Dr. Sigrun Abels, Dr. Tania Becker, Dr. Philipp Böing, Dr. Martin Braml, Dennis Hammerschmidt, Prof. Dr. Benjamin Jung, Dr. Johannes Klenk, Leonid Kovachich, Dr. Oliver Krebs, Cosima Meyer, Prof. Dr. Ylva Monschein, Dr. Ágota Révész, Franziska Waschek, David Weyrauch and Dr. Thomas Winzen.
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Lewis, David M. The Archaic Greek World. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198769941.003.0006.
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This chapter examines the role of slavery in the worlds of Homer and of Hesiod, and asks what historical conditions these portrayals might reflect. It provides a critique of the current orthodoxy, developed by M. I. Finley, which holds that the emergence of a ‘slave society’ in Greece occurred in the sixth century BC. Slavery is shown to have underpinned elite fortunes at least as early as 700 BC. A different model of the evolution of slavery in the Greek world is set out, in which different regions diverged from the ‘Homeric’ model to differing degrees and for different reasons.
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Carter, Sarah Anne. Windows and Ladders. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190225032.003.0002.
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This chapter introduces the intellectual and cultural history of the continental theories and theorists that led to the development of object lessons. Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi and his followers developed classroom practices premised on the notion that information was to be drawn out of children, not crammed into them. Physical engagement with the world was a way to draw that information from children through sense training exercises, or Anschauungunterricht. From Pestalozzi’s famed (but only marginally successful) Swiss schoolrooms, his student Charles Mayo transplanted the ideas that became the basis of object lessons to England. There, through the work of Charles’s sister Elizabeth Mayo, they became the highly regimented foundation for the Home and Colonial Schools teacher training programs and were employed in England, Scotland, India, and Canada, among other places.
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Manekin, Rachel. The Rebellion of the Daughters. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691194936.001.0001.
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This book investigates the flight of young Jewish women from their Orthodox, mostly Hasidic, homes in Western Galicia (now Poland) in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In extreme cases, hundreds of these women sought refuge in a Kraków convent, where many converted to Catholicism. Those who stayed home often remained Jewish in name only. The book reconstructs the stories of three Jewish women runaways and reveals their struggles and innermost convictions. Unlike Orthodox Jewish boys, who attended “cheders,” traditional schools where only Jewish subjects were taught, Orthodox Jewish girls were sent to Polish primary schools. When the time came for them to marry, many young women rebelled against the marriages arranged by their parents, with some wishing to pursue secondary and university education. After World War I, the crisis of the rebellious daughters in Kraków spurred the introduction of formal religious education for young Orthodox Jewish women in Poland, which later developed into a worldwide educational movement. The book chronicles the belated Orthodox response and argues that these educational innovations not only kept Orthodox Jewish women within the fold but also foreclosed their opportunities for higher education. Exploring the estrangement of young Jewish women from traditional Judaism in Habsburg Galicia at the turn of the twentieth century, the book brings to light a forgotten yet significant episode in Eastern European history.
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Edwards, Clive, Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, Katherine L. French, Amanda Flather, Clive Edwards, Jane Hamlett, Despina Stratigakos, and Joanne Berry, eds. A Cultural History of the Home in the Age of Enlightenment. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474207164.
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During the period of the Enlightenment, the word ‘home’ could refer to a specific and defined physical living space, the location of domestic life, and a concept related to ideas of roots, origins, and retreat. The transformations that the Enlightenment encouraged created the circumstances for the concept of home to change and develop in the following three ways. First to influence homemaking were the literary and cultural manifestations that included issues around attitudes to education, social order and disorder, sensibility, and sexuality. Secondly, were the roles of visual and material culture of the home that demonstrated themselves through print, portraiture, literature, objects and products, and dress and fashion. Thirdly, were the industrial and sociological aspects that included concepts of luxury, progress, trade and technology, consumption, domesticity, and the notions of public and private spaces within a home. The chapters in this volume therefore discuss and reflect upon issues relating to the home through a range of approaches. Enlightenment homes are examined in terms of signification and meaning; the persons who inhabited them; the physical buildings and their furniture and furnishings; the work undertaken within them; the differing roles of men and women; the nature of hospitality, and the important role of religion in the home. Taken together they give a valuable overview of the manners, customs, and operation of the Enlightenment home.
Book chapters on the topic "Developed world. home"
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Turgo, Nelson. "A Taste of the Sea: Artisanal Fishing Communities in the Philippines." In The World of the Seafarer, 9–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49825-2_2.
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AbstractThe Philippines remains one of the top suppliers of seafarers to the global merchant fleet. In the 2015 BIMCO Manpower Report on seafarer supply countries, the Philippines ranked first for ratings and second for officers with 363,832 Filipino seafarers deployed to ocean-going merchant vessels in 2014 and accounting for 28% of the global supply of seafarers (MARINA 2015). Seafarers are crucial in keeping the Philippine economy afloat and in 2018, Filipino seafarers sent home USD 6.14 billion (Hellenic Shipping News 2019), accounting for about a fifth of the USD 32.2 billion overseas workers sent home that year (Inquirer 2019). The Philippines has developed as a major player in the crewing sector of the global maritime industry primarily because of its maritime history (Giraldez 2015; Mercene 2007; Schurz 1939), its maritime geography and the continued centrality of the sea to many people’s lives (as attested to by the presence of the myriad fishing communities dotted around the many islands of the country) (Warren 2003, 2007), the economic liberalisation of the 1970s and the concomitant institutionalisation of the labour export policies as enacted by Philippine governments since the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos whose latter policy saw many Filipinos seeking employment overseas (Asis 2017; Kaur 2016; Wozniak 2015).
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Reynolds, David, and Annemarie Neeleman. "School Improvement Capacity – A Review and a Reconceptualization from the Perspectives of Educational Effectiveness and Educational Policy." In Accountability and Educational Improvement, 27–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69345-9_3.
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AbstractIt is argued that the field of school improvement (SI) has developed rapidly over the last 30 years, but that it needs to develop further to help in the development of educational systems around the world. Specifically: (1) The early focus in the field which argued for ‘contextually variable’ interventions needs to be rediscovered in a world where solutions are increasingly regarded as universals (as in the PISA discourse); (2) The field needs to focus more on classrooms and teaching given that contemporary analyses show much greater explanatory variance there than at the (much studied) school ‘level’; (3) The field needs to move beyond using simplistic formulations about what makes ‘good’ schools to embrace formulations that concern how to make schools ‘good’; (4) The field needs to move beyond the simplistic early analyses of either the home determinants of learning or ‘school’ ones and acknowledge that both schools and communities/homes need to be synergistically the focus of our improvements efforts. There are therefore questions to ask about the current utility of SI for professionals in education who may be orientated to a different skill set than that of educational effectiveness and improvement currently.
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Zhou, Shaojie, and Angang Hu. "What Is the “Middle Income Trap”?" In China: Surpassing the “Middle Income Trap”, 1–32. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6540-3_1.
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Abstract In 2007, Indermit Gill and Homi Kharas (2007), two World Bank economists, published a report titled An East Asian Renaissance: Ideas for Economic Growth, which suggested that East Asia would soon develop into a middle-income region and proposed the concept of the “middle income trap”. It should be noted that the report did not provide an in-depth interpretation of the concept, nor did it offer a clear income range for the “middle income trap”. In 2011, Homi Kharas and Harinder Kohli (2011) further elaborated on the concept, specifying that when a country escapes the poverty trap in the low-income development stage and enters into the middle-income development phase, the country may face growth stagnation and inability to further move up the ladder into the high-income range.
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Frønes, Tove Stjern, Andreas Pettersen, Jelena Radišić, and Nils Buchholtz. "Equity, Equality and Diversity in the Nordic Model of Education—Contributions from Large-Scale Studies." In Equity, Equality and Diversity in the Nordic Model of Education, 1–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61648-9_1.
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AbstractIn education, the ‘Nordic model’ refers to the similarities and shared aims of the education systems developed in the five Nordic countries—Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Sweden and Norway—after World War II. Traditionally, there have always been many similarities and links between the Nordic countries through their historical connections and geographical proximity. The common experience of solidarity and political oppression during World War II also created the basis for a common political orientation in the postwar period, which was also reflected in the education systems during the development of the countries’ economies and their establishment of welfare states. At the same time, this very process has been strongly supported by social-democratic governance in these countries in the 1960s and 1970s (Blossing, Imsen, & Moos, 2014). The model is based on a concept ofEducation for All, where equity, equal opportunities and inclusion are consistently cited as the goal of schooling and orientation (Blossing et al., 2014; Telhaug, Mediås, & Aasen, 2006). This corresponds to the egalitarian idea of a classless society, which is characterised by individual democratic participation, solidarity and mutual respect and appreciation for all. This idea was manifested in, for example, major reallocations of economic resources through the tax systems and free schooling for all, which arose out of the principle that parents’ lack of economic resources should not prevent children from obtaining a good quality education. The equalisation of structural inequalities and creation of equity was—and still is—the task of the education system in the Nordic countries. Worldwide, especially within the Nordic countries, the view is being shared that the education system should be fair and provide access and opportunities for further education, regardless of where someone lives, the status of the parental home, where someone comes from, what ethnic background someone has, what age or gender someone is, what skills one has or whether someone has physical disabilities (Blossing et al., 2014; Quaiser-Pohl, 2013). Some special features of the Nordic system are therefore deeply embedded in the school culture in the countries, for example, through the fact that access to free and public local schools and adapted education is statutory, which is in contrast to many other countries, even other European ones (further developed and discussed in Chap.10.1007/978-3-030-61648-9_2). The Nordic model is widely considered a good example of educational systems that provide equal learning opportunities for all students. Achieving equity, here meaning the creation of fairness, is expressed concretely in political measures to distribute resources equally and strengthen the equality of marginalised groups by removing the barriers to seize educational opportunities, for example, when mixed-ability comprehensive schools are created or the educational system is made inclusive regarding students with special needs (UNESCO, 1994; Wiborg, 2009). Equality is roughly connoted with ‘sameness in treatment’ (Espinoza, 2007), while equity takes further in consideration also the question of how well the requirements of individual needs are met. Thus, the goal of equity is always linked to the concept of justice, provided that an equality of opportunities is created. If, however, one looks at individual educational policy decisions on the creation of educational justice in isolation, one must weigh which concept of equity or equality is present in each case. For example, it is not enough to formally grant equal rights in the education system to disadvantaged groups, but something must also be done actively to ensure that marginalised groups can use and realise this equality. The complexity of the terms becomes even greater when one considers that to achieve equality, measures can be taken that presuppose an unequal distribution of resources or unequal treatment and, therefore, are not fair e.g., when resources are bundled especially for disadvantaged groups and these are given preferential treatment (will be further developed and discussed in Chap.10.1007/978-3-030-61648-9_2). Thus, equality and equity rely on each other and are in a field of tension comprising multiple ideas (Espinoza, 2007).
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Pinsent, Andrew. "Hope as a Virtue in the Middle Ages." In Historical and Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Hope, 47–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46489-9_3.
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Abstract As a theological disposition revealed in Scripture, the recognition of hope as an important virtue coincided with the radical transformation in virtue ethics in the early Middle Ages. As the ideals of pagan antiquity gave way to the Christian aspirations for the Kingdom of Heaven, early work on hope was strongly influenced by writers with a monastic background, such as Pope St Gregory the Great. The rise of scholasticism in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, however, gave an impetus to finding a coherent account of virtue ethics that would incorporate hope along with the other theological virtues and revealed attributes of perfection, such as the gifts and fruits of the Holy Spirit. This chapter examines, in particular, the attempt of St Thomas Aquinas to develop such an account and the role of hope in this account, drawing from new research in experimental psychology. The chapter concludes by considering briefly the transposition of the medieval account of hope to aspects of contemporary life.
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Wobick-Segev, Sarah. "Rebuilding After the Shoah." In Homes Away from Home, 145–74. Stanford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503605145.003.0006.
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Chapter 5 demonstrates that the patterns developed before World War II were vital to the reconstruction of Jewish communities after the Shoah, especially in Paris and Berlin. By this time, the Jewish public had come to expect a wider social and cultural program that would cater to different guises of Jewish belonging beyond strict religious definitions. Individuals wanted Jewish sociability based not only on the synagogue but also on youth groups and children’s summer camps and on social groups that met at local cafés or restaurants. At the same time, this chapter assesses the vast and critical changes wrought by the Holocaust and explores its repercussions in the postwar communities. Beyond pointing to these important historical continuities, however, this final chapter explores why these patterns were not replicated in Leningrad, despite periodic attempts to recreate public Jewish sociability in the former capital along similar models.
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Young, John W., and John Kent. "22. Stability and Instability in the Less Developed World." In International Relations Since 1945. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780199693061.003.0028.
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This chapter focuses on stability and instability in less developed countries in the post-Cold War period. One of the signs, alongside the end of the Cold War, that old enmities were breaking down and that a more liberal-democratic world order might be emerging, was the end of apartheid in South Africa. This development followed a long period in which White supremacy had been in decline in southern Africa, leaving the home of apartheid exposed to strong external pressures. After discussing the end of apartheid in Southern Africa, the chapter considers developments in Central Africa, in particular Rwanda and Zaire, as well as the Middle East and East Asia. It concludes with an assessment of the rise of the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 1967–1989, the emergence of the ‘tiger’ economies in the 1990s, and the post-1997 economic crisis.
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Young, John W., and John Kent. "22. Stability and Instability in the Less Developed World." In International Relations Since 1945, 534–56. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198807612.003.0022.
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This chapter focuses on stability and instability in less developed countries in the post-Cold War period. One of the signs, alongside the end of the Cold War, that old enmities were breaking down and that a more liberal-democratic world order might be emerging, was the end of apartheid in South Africa. This development followed a long period in which White supremacy had been in decline in southern Africa, leaving the home of apartheid exposed to strong external pressures. After discussing the end of apartheid in Southern Africa, the chapter considers developments in Central Africa, in particular Rwanda and Zaire, as well as the Middle East and East Asia. It concludes with an assessment of the rise of the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 1967–89, the emergence of the ‘tiger’ economies in the 1990s, and the post-1997 economic crisis.
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Strasburg, James D. "World Chaos." In God's Marshall Plan, 51–78. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197516447.003.0003.
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This chapter investigates how leading ecumenists like Henry Smith Leiper and fundamentalists such as J. Frank Norris and Gerald Winrod responded to a series of crises that swept over the transatlantic world in the early 1930s, including the global Great Depression, Hitler’s seizure of power, the German Church Struggle, and Nazi persecution of the Jews. It documents how ecumenical and fundamentalist Protestants in the United States developed dramatically different interpretations of these events. While ecumenists called for a new global order of democracy and ecumenism, fundamentalists undertook crusades against evil both at home and abroad. In sum, their respective responses to these challenges further fractured their churches and their nation.
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Davey, Jennifer. "‘The most attentive hostess in the world’." In Mary, Countess of Derby, and the Politics of Victorian Britain, 59–80. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786252.003.0003.
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Throughout her political career, Mary politicized the space around her, particularly her family homes. The chapter examines how Mary used the home as a political tool. It explores her political entertaining at Hatfield House as Marchioness of Salisbury, examining the influential role she played in political life during the late 1850s and early 1860s. Using the parliamentary debates that foreshadowed the Second Reform Act of 1867 as a backdrop, this chapter goes on to explore the symbiosis between the political space Mary constructed and the agenda of the national polity. This analysis is further developed by a consideration of how Mary used the family home for political purposes during her second marriage. Throughout, Mary’s use of political space is understood as an expression of her agency and ideology, rather than the physical manifestation of the obligation she felt as a wife.
Conference papers on the topic "Developed world. home"
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Zantou, Pamely, Mikael A. Mousse, and Béthel C. A. R. K Atohoun. "An Intelligent based System for Blind People Monitoring in a Smart Home." In 9th International Conference on Signal, Image Processing and Pattern Recognition (SPPR 2020). AIRCC Publishing Corporation, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2020.101910.
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Visually impaired people need help to travel safely. To make this possible, many travel aids have been designed. Among them, the cane which is considered as a symbol of visual deficiency in the whole world. In this work, we build an electronic white cane using sensors' technology. This intelligent cane detects obstacles within 2m on the ground or in height, and sends vocal instructions via a Bluetooth headset. We have also built a mobile application to track in real time the visually impaired and a WEB application to control the access to the mobile one. We use ultrasound, IR sensors and a raspberry pi to process data. We use Python as programming language for electronic devices. The mobile application is Android. Though, the WEB application is a REST API developed using Python and Java Script.
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Oltra Badenes, Raul, Vicente Guerola-Navarro, and Hermenegildo Gil-Gomez. "Proposal for a practical session in a university subject to develop the transversal competence of "Innovation, Creativity and Entrepreneurship"." In INNODOCT 2020. Valencia: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/inn2020.2020.11791.
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In a dynamic and globalized business world such as the current one in which our professional and personal life is developed, it is crucial to focus on the development of the cross-cutting competence "Innovation, Creativity and Entrepreneurship" of future professionals, already from their formative stage in University. Taking advantage of the intrinsic creativity of the early age of students with concerns about entrepreneurship, we consider it appropriate to help develop and enhance this competence in the first university course of the Degree in Business Administration and Management, specifically in the subject of Introduction to the Business Management. We think it is the best way to motivate students in their training as future entrepreneurs. We propose to do a practical session in which a recognized professional in the field of commercial management, representing business lines of leading brands in their sector (home fashion), conduct a practical workshop in which students are placed in situation of knowing how to face a new business model to diversify and expand its distribution field. The object of study and work would be limited in this case to the creation of an own line of articles, complementary to the lines of which the professional is a representative, and to arrange with the online sales logistics platform the sale and distribution of the new product line. With this we hope that the students can, in an active way, experiment and develop their innovative and entrepreneurial capacity, using and reinforcing their creativity.
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Darnall, Nathan D., Vinay Mishra, Sankar Jayaram, and Uma Jayaram. "VR-SMART: A Virtual Reality System for Smart Home Environments." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-48585.
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Virtual reality (VR) technologies and systems have the potential to play a key role in assisting disabled inhabitants of smart home environments with instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). While immersive environments have useful applications in the fields of gaming, simulation, and manufacturing, their capabilities have been largely untapped in smart home environments. We have developed an integrated CAD and virtual reality system which assists a smart home resident in locating and navigating to objects in the home. Using the methods presented in this paper, a room modeled in a CAD system is imported into a virtual environment, which is linked to an audio query-response interface. The user’s head and room objects are fitted with the sensors which are part of a six DOF motion tracking system. Methods have been created to allow the inhabitant to move objects around in the room and then later issue an audio query for the location of the object. The system generates an audio response with the object’s position relative to the person’s current position and orientation. As he approaches the object, information is derived from the virtual models of both the room and the objects within the room to provide better guidance. The ability of the VR-SMART system to guide a resident to an object was tested by mounting a head mounted display (HMD) on a user located in a room. This allowed the user to navigate through the virtual world that simulated the room he occupied, thereby providing a way to test the positional accuracy of the virtual system. Results of the testing in the immersive environment showed that although the overall system shows promise at a 30% success rate, the success of the system depends on the accuracy and calibration of the tracking system. In order to improve the success of the system, we explored the precision of a second motion capture system, with more accurate results. Results confirmed that the VR-SMART system could significantly improve the assistance of disabled people in finding objects easily in the room when implemented only as an assistive system without the head-mounted display.
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Purwanto, Alloysius Joko, and Dian Lutfiana. "Future Urban Mobility Development Framework to Maximise Benefits of Plugin Electric Vehicle Penetration in ASEAN Countries." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/wxva8048.
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Several Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) members have recently developed strategies for low carbon-emission mobility to decrease oil import dependency. The strategies emphasise, amongst others, the importance of removing obstacles to electrification of transport and promoting market development of road plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). Concerns about the impacts of PEV penetration include how to ensure that (i) electricity used to feed the vehicles will be produced mostly from renewable energy sources to lower carbon emissions, and (ii) additional electricity demand will not put additional stress on urban electricity grid systems. We deduce two recommendations. First, because they use fossil-fuel energyintensive electric power, ASEAN countries need to increase urban density and compactness and stop urban sprawl, which will minimise energy use in transport, including PEVs. Generalised PEV travel cost will continue to decrease as new technology is increasingly adopted and the use of PEVs becomes more widespread. Only when a country develops renewable energy to generate electricity, such as through home-based solar photovoltaic systems, can it relax its policies on urban sprawl. Second, ASEAN countries need to avoid putting stress on the electric power grid and to maximise the use of renewables to generate power. Integrating these objectives will help determine the location of charging facilities and the measures to support mobility
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Winter, Amos G., Mario A. Bollini, Danielle H. DeLatte, Harrison F. O’Hanley, and Natasha K. Scolnik. "The Design and Testing of a Low-Cost, Globally-Manufacturable, Multi-Speed Mobility Aid Designed for Use on Varied Terrain in Developing and Developed Countries." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-87609.
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Mobility aids that are currently available in developing countries do not fully meet users’ needs. People require a device that is maneuverable within the home and that can travel long distances on rough roads. To address this problem, we have designed the Leveraged Freedom Chair (LFC), a wheelchair-based mobility aid capable of navigating virtually any terrain by optimally utilizing upper body power for propulsion through a variable-speed lever drivetrain. The lever system achieves a 4:1 change in mechanical advantage, equating to leverage that ranges from 0.42X to 1.65X a standard wheelchair hand rim. In comparative trials, the LFC demonstrated capabilities that far exceed those of any mobility aid currently available in the developing world; it was able to cruise on smooth surfaces at 2m/s (5mph), climb muddy, grassy hills with a 1:3 slope, and navigate terrain with a coefficient of rolling resistance as high as 0.48. This operational flexibility should make the LFC usable on any terrain, from rural walking paths to tight indoor confines, and greatly increase the mobility of people with disabilities in developing countries. The LFC may also be attractive to wheelchair users in developed countries, as its performance breadth exceeds that of currently available products.
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Tietze, Matthias Rolf, Frank Schladitz, Manfred Curbach, Alexander Kahnt, and Robert Zobel. "Future applications in Carbon reinforced concrete (CRC)." In IABSE Conference, Kuala Lumpur 2018: Engineering the Developing World. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/kualalumpur.2018.0356.
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<p>The world of construction becomes smarter. New building processes, such as building information modeling (BIM), automated manufacturing (Industry 4.0) and sustainable building are an integral part of today’s industry. Also, new material combinations, like carbon reinforced concrete, capture more and more construction applications. The number of practical examples of carbon reinforced concrete has increased. However, this is only the beginning, as the development goals have not been reached yet. After the first approved systems, further questions arise, including high-temperature-resistant reinforcement, economic production processes and the vision of an integral planned, automatically produced, and sustainable smart building. In this vision, the embedded carbon reinforcement is part of the infrastructure that enables smart-home applications and pushes the research ahead. For example, pre-pregs of carbon reinforced concrete are being developed, based on well-known carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) applications. The curing process can be controlled and brought to an end at the construction side, days, or even weeks after the pre-fab production has taken place. Automated robots are capable of placing the carbon yarn in the pre-fabricated formwork. So, the typical manufacturing (value) chain is becoming outdated, as the usual rebar or grid manufacturing is omitted</p><p>– these are also part of the current developments. Also, mineral coatings for the high-temperature- resistant reinforcement are also under development, and it is showing promising results. Another niche industry revolves around multifunctional pre-cast components with integrated heating and energy storage and load-bearing functions, which are already cheaper than the classic separated components. We lead the C³ carbon concrete composite R & D project and have an overview of the latest forward- looking and visionary development approaches in carbon reinforced concrete.</p>
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Malone, Evan, and Hod Lipson. "Multi-Material Freeform Fabrication of Active Systems." In ASME 2008 9th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2008-59313.
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Current Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF) technologies can manufacture, directly from digital data, end-use mechanical parts in an increasingly wide variety of engineering materials. However, commercial SFF systems remain costly, complex, proprietary, and are limited to working with one or two proprietary materials during the course of building a part, hindering their broader application and the impact of the technology. The work we present here demonstrates (1) that SFF systems can employ many materials and multiple processes during the course of building a single object, (2) that such systems can produce complete, active, electromechanical devices, rather than only mechanical parts, and (3) that such multi-material SFF systems can be made accessible to, and are of interest to the general public. We have developed a research-oriented, multi-material SFF system and employed it to produce not only mechanical parts, but complete and functional Zn-air batteries, electrical wiring, flexible circuit boards, strain-gages, electromagnets, electroactive polymer actuators, organic-polymer transistors, and electromechanical relays. We have also developed and published the Fab@Home Model 1 open-source, multi-material, freeform fabrication system design. The Fab@Home project has received broad public and media attention, and more than 100 Model 1 machines have been built by individuals around the world.
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Bizjak, Jani, Anton Gradišek, and Matjaž Gams. "Intelligent Assistant for Elderly." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/845.
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A rapidly ageing population in the developed world brings a necessity and opportunity for the AI-based ICT solutions. We present a system, developed within the scope of an EU H2020 project IN LIFE, which aims to prolong the age at which individual can still live at home independently while at the same time increasing comfort and safety. In this demo we present the final result of the project, a virtual AI carer monitoring user 24/7 in a form of a smartwatch. The system provides a range of useful services among which fall detection and activity monitoring are highlighted here. The device and accompanying services were tested during the project on 150 elderly users for several months, their feedback was taken into account for potential future improvements.
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Fryer, Peter J., and S. Bakalis. "Heat Transfer to Foods: Safety and Structure." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-23420.
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Heat transfer in foods is a commonplace operation in the home and restaurant, but is also the basis for a very large industry. Foods are complex non-Newtonian soft solids or structured liquids whose thermal behaviour is difficult to model; but engineering understanding is needed to develop processes that are safe and products that are attractive to the consumer. The increasing incidence of obesity in the developed world, and of food shortage elsewhere, demands that the industry adopts processes that give nutritious products in environmentally acceptable ways. This paper reviews the heat transfer problems that are found in food processing, with particular reference to the modelling of heating operations to ensure safety, problems that are found in the fouling and cleaning and process plant, and how heating and cooling are used to generate structure. Research challenges for the future are outlined.
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Johnston, Allison, Jesse French, and John Henshaw. "On the Design of a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine for Use in Rural Communities." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-86484.
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The paper describes the design specifications for a hand built wind turbine that is optimally used in regions such as North East China. The authors have developed a design for a home sized wind turbine. A region with some of the highest wind speeds in the world, North East Jilin is an ideal site for vertical axis wind power. Because of its ability to generate power best in high winds, a Darrieus-type turbine is the modified and tested design. Since it is low to the ground, it can be raised and lowered for maintenance and repair without need of expensive equipment or cranes. The design employs a direct drive shaft that can attach to a water pump, an air compressor, or a car alternator. In this way the owner of the turbine can pump water, compress air, or generate electricity depending on personal need. The turbine was designed considering probable implementation locations, and therefore all materials and fabrication techniques are easily accessible by the rural Chinese. The turbine was constructed and raised, and testing was begun.
Reports on the topic "Developed world. home"
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Pritchett, Lant, and Martina Viarengo. Learning Outcomes in Developing Countries: Four Hard Lessons from PISA-D. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/069.
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The learning crisis in developing countries is increasingly acknowledged (World Bank, 2018). The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) include goals and targets for universal learning and the World Bank has adopted a goal of eliminating learning poverty. We use student level PISA-D results for seven countries (Cambodia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Paraguay, Senegal, and Zambia) to examine inequality in learning outcomes at the global, country, and student level for public school students. We examine learning inequality using five dimensions of potential social disadvantage measured in PISA: sex, rurality, home language, immigrant status, and socio-economic status (SES)—using the PISA measure of ESCS (Economic, Social, and Cultural Status) to measure SES. We document four important facts. First, with the exception of Ecuador, less than a third of the advantaged (male, urban, native, home speakers of the language of instruction) and ESCS elite (plus 2 standard deviations above the mean) children enrolled in public schools in PISA-D countries reach the SDG minimal target of PISA level 2 or higher in mathematics (with similarly low levels for reading and science). Even if learning differentials of enrolled students along all five dimensions of disadvantage were eliminated, the vast majority of children in these countries would not reach the SDG minimum targets. Second, the inequality in learning outcomes of the in-school children who were assessed by the PISA by household ESCS is mostly smaller in these less developed countries than in OECD or high-performing non-OECD countries. If the PISA-D countries had the same relationship of learning to ESCS as Denmark (as an example of a typical OECD country) or Vietnam (a high-performing developing country) their enrolled ESCS disadvantaged children would do worse, not better, than they actually do. Third, the disadvantages in learning outcomes along four characteristics: sex, rurality, home language, and being an immigrant country are absolutely large, but still small compared to the enormous gap between the advantaged, ESCS average students, and the SDG minimums. Given the massive global inequalities, remediating within-country inequalities in learning, while undoubtedly important for equity and justice, leads to only modest gains towards the SDG targets. Fourth, even including both public and private school students, there are strikingly few children in PISA-D countries at high levels of performance. The absolute number of children at PISA level 4 or above (reached by roughly 30 percent of OECD children) in the low performing PISA-D countries is less than a few thousand individuals, sometimes only a few hundred—in some subjects and countries just double or single digits. These four hard lessons from PISA-D reinforce the need to address global equity by “raising the floor” and targeting low learning levels (Crouch and Rolleston, 2017; Crouch, Rolleston, and Gustafsson, 2020). As Vietnam and other recent successes show, this can be done in developing country settings if education systems align around learning to improve the effectiveness of the teaching and learning processes to improve early learning of foundational skills.
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Roye, Thorsten. Unsettled Technology Areas in Deterministic Assembly Approaches for Industry 4.0. SAE International, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021018.
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Increased production rates and cost reduction are affecting manufacturing in all sectors of the mobility industry. One enabling methodology that could achieve these goals in the burgeoning “Industry 4.0” environment is the deterministic assembly (DA) approach. The DA approach is defined as an optimized assembly process; it always forms the same final structure and has a strong link to design-for-assembly and design-for-automation methodologies. It also looks at the whole supply chain, enabling drastic savings at the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) level by reducing recurring costs and lead time. Within Industry 4.0, DA will be required mainly for the aerospace and the space industry, but serves as an interesting approach for other industries assembling large and/or complex components. In its entirety, the DA approach connects an entire supply chain—from part manufacturing at an elementary level to an OEM’s final assembly line level. Addressing the whole process of aircraft design and manufacturing is necessary to develop further collaboration models between OEMs and the supply chain, including addressing the most pressing technology challenges. Since all parts aggregate at the OEM level, the OEM—as an integrator of all these single parts—needs special end-to-end methodologies to drastically decrease cost and lead time. This holistic approach can be considered in part design as well (in the design-for-automation and design-for-assembly philosophy). This allows for quicker assembly at the OEM level, such as “part-to-part” or “hole-to-hole” approaches, versus traditional, classical assembly methods like manual measurement or measurement-assisted assembly. In addition, it can increase flexibility regarding rate changes in production (such as those due to pandemic- or climate-related environmental challenges). The standardization and harmonization of these areas would help all industries and designers to have a deterministic approach with an end-to-end concept. Simulations can easily compare possible production and assembly steps with different impacts on local and global tolerances. Global measurement feedback needs high-accuracy turnkey solutions, which are very costly and inflexible. The goal of standardization would be to use Industry 4.0 feedback and features, as well as to define several building blocks of the DA approach as a one-way assembly (also known as one-up assembly, or “OUA”), false one-way assembly, “Jig-as-Master,” etc., up to the hole-to-hole assembly approach. The evolution of these assembly principles and the link to simulation approaches are undefined and unsolved domains; they are discussed in this report. They must be discussed in greater depth with aims of (first) clarifying the scope of the industry-wide alignment needs and (second) prioritizing the issues requiring standardization. NOTE: SAE EDGE™ Research Reports are intended to identify and illuminate key issues in emerging, but still unsettled, technologies of interest to the mobility industry. The goal of SAE EDGE™ Research Reports is to stimulate discussion and work in the hope of promoting and speeding resolution of identified issues. SAE EDGE™ Research Reports are not intended to resolve the challenges they identify or close any topic to further scrutiny.
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Carrasquilla-Barrera, Alberto, Arturo José Galindo-Andrade, Gerardo Hernández-Correa, Ana Fernanda Maiguashca-Olano, Carolina Soto, Roberto Steiner-Sampedro, and Juan José Echavarría-Soto. Report of the Board of Directors to the Congress of Colombia - July 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-jun-dir-con-rep-eng.07-2020.
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In Colombia, as well as in the rest of the world, the Covid-19 pandemic has seriously damaged the health and well-being of the people. In order to limit the damage, local and national authorities have had to order large sectors of the population to be confined at their homes for long periods of time. An inevitable consequence of isolation has been the collapse of economic activity, expenditure, and employment, a phenomenon that has hit many countries of the world affected by the disease. It is an unprecedented crisis in modern times, not so much for its intensity (which is undoubtedly immense), but because its origin is not economic. That is what makes it so unpredictable and difficult to manage. Naturally, its economic consequences are enormous. Governments and central banks from all over the world are struggling to mitigate them, but the final solution is not in the hands of the economic authorities. Only science can provide a way out. In the meantime, the economic indicators in Colombia and in the rest of the world cause concern. The output falls, the massive loss of jobs, and the closure of businesses of all sizes have become daily news. Added to this, there is the deterioration in global financial conditions and the increase in the risk indicators. Financial volatility has increased and stock indexes have fallen. In the face of the lower global demand, export prices of raw materials have fallen, affecting the terms of trade for producing countries. Workers’ remittances have declined due to the increase of unemployment in developed countries. This crisis has also generated a strong reduction of global trade of goods and services, and effects on the global value chains. Central banks around the world have reacted decisively and quickly with strong liquidity injections and significant cuts to their interest rates. By mid-July, such determined response had succeeded to revert much of the initial deterioration in global financial conditions. The stock exchanges stopped their fall, and showed significant recovery in several countries. Risk premia, which at the beginning of the crisis took an unusual leap, recorded substantial corrections. Something similar happened with the volatility indexes of global financial markets, which exhibited significant improvement. Flexibilization of confinement measures in some economies, broad global liquidity, and fiscal policy measures have also contributed to improve global external financial conditions, albeit with indicators that still do not return to their pre-Covid levels.
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Bridges, Todd, Jeffrey King, Johnathan Simm, Michael Beck, Georganna Collins, Quirijn Lodder, and Ram Mohan. International Guidelines on Natural and Nature-Based Features for Flood Risk Management. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41946.
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To deliver infrastructure that sustain our communities, economy, and environment, we must innovate, modernize, and even revolutionize our approach to infrastructure development. Change takes courage, but as one starts down the path of innovation, what was once novel becomes more familiar, more established. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is walking this path with our partners through the Engineering With Nature (EWN) Initiative, integrating human engineering with natural systems. The International Guidelines on Natural and Nature-Based Features for Flood Risk Management are the next step toward revolutionary infrastructure development—a set of real-world guidelines to help familiarize us with what was once novel. USACE and collaborators around the world have been building, learning, and documenting the best practices for constructing Natural and Nature-Based Features (NNBF) for decades. The consolidation of these lessons into a single guidance document gives decision-makers and practitioners a much-needed resource to pursue, consider, and apply NNBF for flood risk management while expanding value through infrastructure. Relationships and partnerships are vital ingredients for innovation and progress. The NNBF Guidelines was achieved because of the strong relationships in the nature-based engineering community. The magnitude and diversity of contributors to the NNBF Guidelines have resulted in a robust resource that provides value beyond a single agency, sector, or nation. Similarly, the work of incorporating NNBF into projects will require us to strengthen our relationships across organizations, mandates, and missions to achieve resilient communities. I hope you are inspired by the collaborative achievement of the NNBF Guidelines and will draw from this resource to develop innovative solutions to current and future flood risk management challenges. There is a lot we can achieve together along the path of revolutionary infrastructure development.
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Rukundo, Solomon. Tax Amnesties in Africa: An Analysis of the Voluntary Disclosure Programme in Uganda. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2020.005.
Full textAbstract:
Tax amnesties have taken centre stage as a compliance tool in recent years. The OECD estimates that since 2009 tax amnesties in 40 jurisdictions have resulted in the collection of an additional €102 billion in tax revenue. A number of African countries have introduced tax amnesties in the last decade, including Nigeria, Namibia, South Africa and Tanzania. Despite their global popularity, the efficacy of tax amnesties as a tax compliance tool remains in doubt. The revenue is often below expectations, and it probably could have been raised through effective use of regular enforcement measures. It is also argued that tax amnesties might incentivise non-compliance – taxpayers may engage in non-compliance in the hope of benefiting from an amnesty. This paper examines the administration of tax amnesties in various jurisdictions around the world, including the United States, Australia, Canada, Kenya and South Africa. The paper makes a cost-benefit analysis of these and other tax amnesties – and from this analysis develops a model tax amnesty, whose features maximise the benefits of a tax amnesty while minimising the potential costs. The model tax amnesty: (1) is permanent, (2) is available only to taxpayers who make a voluntary disclosure, (3) relieves taxpayers of penalties, interest and the risk of prosecution, but treats intentional and unintentional non-compliance differently, (4) has clear reporting requirements for taxpayers, and (5) is communicated clearly to attract non-compliant taxpayers without appearing unfair to the compliant ones. The paper then focuses on the Ugandan tax amnesty introduced in July 2019 – a Voluntary Disclosure Programme (VDP). As at 7 November 2020, this initiative had raised USh16.8 billion (US$6.2 million) against a projection of USh45 billion (US$16.6 million). The paper examines the legal regime and administration of this VDP, scoring it against the model tax amnesty. It notes that, while the Ugandan VDP partially matches up to the model tax amnesty, because it is permanent, restricted to taxpayers who make voluntary disclosure and relieves penalties and interest only, it still falls short due to a number of limitations. These include: (1) communication of the administration of the VDP through a public notice, instead of a practice note that is binding on the tax authority; (2) uncertainty regarding situations where a VDP application is made while the tax authority has been doing a secret investigation into the taxpayer’s affairs; (3) the absence of differentiated treatment between taxpayers involved in intentional non-compliance, and those whose non-compliance may be unintentional; (4) lack of clarity on how the VDP protects the taxpayer when non-compliance involves the breach of other non-tax statutes, such as those governing financial regulation; (5)absence of clear timelines in the administration of the VDP, which creates uncertainty;(6)failure to cater for voluntary disclosures with minor errors; (7) lack of clarity on VDP applications that result in a refund position for the applicant; and (8) lack of clarity on how often a VDP application can be made. The paper offers recommendations on how the Ugandan VDP can be aligned to match the model tax amnesty, in order to gain the most from this compliance tool.