Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Dévelopement de surface foliaire'
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Kim, Hae Koo. "Modélisation du contrôle environnemental et génétique du tallage chez le sorgho." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20074.
Full textThis thesis develops a conceptual modelling framework formalizing the environmental (E) and genetic (G) components of tillering control by carbohydrate (C) assimilate availability in sorghum (supply/demand ratio, S/D). This concept was elaborated and tested across five experiments and six contrasting genotypes in terms of tillering ability. The results showed that regulation of tillering was strongly related to its competition with main stem development and leaf morphogenesis, by influencing the appearance frequency of the lower-rank tillers. An indicator of internal competition for C, S/Dindex, was developed and allowed to explain tillering response across the range of G and E investigated. Once confirmed by analysis of sugar distribution within the plant, this indicator was applied (i) to support a genetic study, which identified three quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with tillering ability, two of which could be specifically associated with genetic components of S/Dindex (related to leaf width and a S/D threshold for tillering); and (ii) to improve and evaluate an existing plant model (EcoMeristem). Results of this study open new opportunities to investigate the following: (i) G and E bases of the relationship between C dynamics and tillering ability, (ii) the stability of model-based QTLs and (iii) further improvement of EcoMeristem and other models such as APSIM to connect them to genetic information and help develop new sorghum ideotypes
Béland, Martin. "Estimation de paramètres structuraux des arbres dans une savane à partir de mesures LiDAR terrestre et d'imagerie à très haute résolution spatiale." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2011. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2849.
Full textHu, Ronghai. "Estimation cohérente de l'indice de surface foliaire en utilisant des données terrestres et aéroportées." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAD021/document.
Full textLeaf Area Index (LAI), defined as one half of the total leaf area per unit ground surface area, is a key parameter of vegetation structure for modeling Earth's ecological cycle and its acquisition accuracy always has the need and opportunity for improvement. Active laser scanning provides an opportunity for consistent LAI retrieval at multiple scales because terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and airborne laser scanning (ALS) have the similar physical mechanism. However, the three-dimensional information of laser scanning is not fully explored in current methods and the traditional theories require adaptation. In this thesis, the path length distribution model is proposed to model the clumping effect, and it is applied to the TLS and ALS data. The method of obtaining the path length distribution of different platforms is studied, and the consistent retrieval model is established. This method is found to improve the individual tree measurement in urban areas and LAI mapping in natural forest, and its results at consistent at different scales. The model is expected to facilitate the consistent retrieval of the forest leaf area index using ground and airborne data
Dejean, Sébastien. "Comparaison de procédures d'estimation dans le cadre des modèles non linéaires à paramètres aléatoires : application à la modélisation de l'évolution temporelle de l'indice de surface foliaire de cultures observées par télédétection spatiale." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30062.
Full textIn the spatial remote sensing for agriculture framework, we deal with the estimation of a crop leaf area index evolution model from high temporal resolution images ; the scope of the work is the improvement of yield prediction over a large area. Regular measurements can be considered as longitudinal data of a population of pixels. We propose a random parameter modelling to express between-pixels variability and to deal with the whole pixels simultaneously. We present parametric and non parametric expressions of the between-pixels variability. We focus on the parametric model for which we review estimation methods based either on a per-pixel approach or on the maximization of an approximated global likelihood. .
Abd, el Rahman Nabil. "Essai d'établissement de diagnostics physiologiques précoces appliqués à diverses variétés de maïs." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112097.
Full textKHOUJA, NABIL. "Contribution a l'etude de la mise en place de la surface foliaire du mais en relation avec la temperature." Paris 11, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA112379.
Full textSoma, Maxime. "Estimation de la distribution spatiale de surface et de biomasse foliaires de couverts forestiers méditerranéens à partir de nuages de points acquis par un LIDAR terrestre." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0111.
Full textTo better understand functioning of forest ecosystems at fine scale, ecophysiological model attempt to include energy and material fluxes. Such exchanges depend on the distribution of vegetation. Hence, these models require a tridimensional (3D) description of vegetation structure, at a level of detail which can only be retrieve with remote sensing at large scale. Terrestrial LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) have a great potential to provide 3D description of vegetation elements in canopy. Previous studies established promising relations between the point density and quantity of vegetation. This work develop these statistical methods, focusing on source of errors. Systematic biases are corrected at branch, tree and plot scales. This study relies on both numerical simulations and field experiments. First, we test estimators on branches in laboratory conditions. On this natural vegetation, estimators are sensitive to voxel size and distance from instrument with phase-shift LiDAR. Developed corrections from this branch experiment are valid at tree scale. However, difficulties arising from sampling limitations due to occlusion and instrument sampling pattern cause negative biases in dense areas. Specific investigations are conducted to identify source of errors and to optimize multiscan estimations. A statistical method called LAD-kriging, based on spatial correlation within vegetation, improves local accuracy of estimations and limits underestimations due to occlusion. The tools produced in this work allow to map vegetation at plot scale by providing unbiased estimator of leaf area. Some of these tools are currently implemented within open access Computree software
Soontornchainaksaeng, Puangpaka. "Mise en place de la surface foliaire, accumulation et répartition de la matière sèche de sorgho (Sorghum bicolor (L. ) Moench) : effet de la température." Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT050G.
Full textClerget, Benoît. "Le rôle du photopériodisme dans l'élaboration du rendement de trois variétés de sorgho cultivées en Afrique de l'Ouest." Phd thesis, INAPG (AgroParisTech), 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001186.
Full textMohammad, Ali Monadjemi Shirin. "Phototransformation de matières actives à la surface des végétaux . Mécanismes des réactions directes et sensibilisées." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00836760.
Full textClaverie, Martin. "Estimation spatialisée de la biomasse et des besoins en eau des cultures à l'aide de données satellitales à hautes résolutions spatiale et temporelle : application aux agrosystèmes du sud-ouest de la France." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1789/.
Full textThere is a close relationship between agrosystems (or agroecosystems) and carbon (soil carbon sequestration process) and water (irrigation management systems) cycles. This PhD thesis contributes to the analysis and the validation of methods for quantification of agrosystems biomass (carbon cycle) and water needs (water cycle) over large land surfaces. To this end, remote sensing data are assimilated within a crop model, SAFY (Simple Algorithm For Yield Estimate), through a key biophysical variable, the GAI (Green area index). GAI in situ (proxy-detection) and spatialized (inversion of radiative transfer models) estimation methods are first assessed. Secondly, remote sensed time series of GAI are used for the calibration of the SAFY crop model in order to deliver spatial estimates of crop biomass and water needs. These estimations are validated, through direct comparison with an experimental system which is located in the southwest of France and run from 2006 to 2010. Studied crops are maize and soybean, which are irrigated, and also sunflower, which is non-irrigated. Remote sensing data used to estimate the time series of GAI are taken from Formosat-2 sensors. Such data are particularly relevant for the crop monitoring because they combine high spatial resolution (8 m) and high temporal frequency (1 day)
Tivet, Florent. "Etude des facteurs genotypiques et environnementaux determinant la mise en place de la surface foliaire chez le riz (oryza sativa l. Et oryza glaberrima steud. ). Incidence particuliere d'un deficit hydrique." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000INAP0028.
Full textPasturel, Marine. "Pour une meilleure représentation de la diversité des biomes herbacés africains dans les modèles de végétation : apports des traits physionomiques, de l’indice de surface foliaire et des phytolithes de graminées." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4316.
Full textIntertropical african herbaceous biomes are expected to face drastic changes in a near future. However Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs) simulate their modern boundaries with poor accuracy, especially at the regional scale. DGVMs fail to consider the diversity of their C4 grass cover. Efforts are thus needed to characterize this floristic and physiognomic diversity in a way that can be used for enhancing DGVMs simulations, and enabling model/data (phytoliths) comparisons. For that purpose, physiognomic traits of dominant C4 grass species settled in Senegal and South Africa were listed. Four grass physiognomic groups were statistically identified. The abundance of four of them significantly varied with biome distributions and regional precipitation. Two grass physiognomic groups were additionally strongly correlated with leaf area index (LAI) and grass biomass. In Senegal, those two groups were also well traced by the Iph phytolith index which is a tropical grass cover proxy. In South Africa the limited set of phytolith data did not allow to observe the full savanna/steppe transition. The two physiognomic groups finally fulfilled the criteria required for creating Plant Functional Types (PFTs). Those new PFTs, parameterized in the LPJ-GUESS DGVM, enhanced the simulation of modern herbaceous biomes distribution in Senegal and South Africa. Simulations were additionally performed for the 2100 horizon. They evidence that the increase of both length of the dry season and atmospheric CO2 concentration should favor the simultaneous spread of steppes and closed savannas at the expense of open savannas
Lafarge, Tanguy. "Analyse de la mise en place de la surface foliaire du sorgho-grain (sorghum bicolor l. Moench) au champ. Etablissement d'un modele de developpement valable en conditions saheliennes et nord-mediterraneennes." Paris 11, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA112165.
Full textMorand, Dominique. "Relations entre la croissance et l'alimentation azotée de quelques populations d'Anthoxanthum odoratum L. Et d'Arrhenatherum elatius (L. ) et C. Presl. Var. Vulgare Koch, du bassin Parisien." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112512.
Full textBediaf, Houda. "Quantification et modélisation par traitement d'images de la répartition des produits pulvérisés à l'échelle de la feuille en fonction de son état de surface et la nature du produit." Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOS005/document.
Full textIn the context of agricultural spraying, reducing the amount of input became a crucial step particularly in viticulture. The development of spraying precision in this domain needs the mastery of the use of spray equipment, product and distribution of these products on the foliage. In this area, many research have been done, their main goal being to optimize the use of plant product protection and to reduce significantly the input quantity inside the culture. However, few research has been done on the behavior of the product directly on the foliage which constitutes finally the main goal of this thesis. The first part of this report deals particularly with the analysis of leaf surface state by focusing precisely on the leaf surface roughness, one of the main parameters in product adhesion process. A leaf surface analysis is performed by determining the textural features extracted from microscopic images. A new roughness indicator is proposed and, spatial and frequency parameters were used to estimate and characterize the leaf roughness. These parameters allow both the characterization of surface homogeneity and the detection of the presence of rib/hair on the leaf surface. Indeed, this part represents a fundamental basis for understanding the spray droplet behavior on the vine leaf. The second part of this thesis deals with experimental studies which aim to define and to create statistical models to estimate the amount of product remaining on the leaf surface or the surface occupied by droplets. These models consider different spray parameters, such as droplet size and velocity, surface tension of the product, slope angle and roughness of the leaf. These models could be seen as aid-decision tools to optimize the amount of spray and the estimated product remaining on the leaf
Stammitti, Linda. "Etude de la composition en métabolites primaires du phylloplan et des compartiments foliaires sources, l'apoplaste et le milieu intracellulaire. Importance de la barrière cuticulaire dans le passage des métabolites vers la surface foliaire." Nancy 1, 1995. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1995_0072_STAMMITTI.pdf.
Full textGombauld, Pascal. "Variabilite de la phyllophagie par les insectes chez deux arbres de la foret guyanaise, eperua falcata et e. Grandiflora (caesalpiniaceae) : impact des diminutions de surface foliaire et du microclimat sur la croissance et la survie des plantules." Paris 6, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA066573.
Full textAlkama, Ramdane. "Interactions ruissellement-système climatique en climats froids et chauds." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066675.
Full textGérardeaux, Edward. "Adjustment of phenology, growth and dry matter production of cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) facing potassium deficiency." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13851/document.
Full textPotassium deficiency is a common phenomenon in cotton parcels. This problem is quite important in sub-Saharan Africa, where soils are poor and cropping systems are very low intensive. The main effects of potassium deficiency referenced in scientific literature are: (a) a reduction in leaf area, (b) a decrease in nutrient assimilation, and (c) a modification of nutrient repartition amongst compartments (i.e. stems roots, fruits, and leaves). Even though knowledge at the cellular level on the role of potassium is wide, ironically, only but a few models integrate results at the plant or stand levels. The reason comes from the multiplicity of mechanisms used and the complexity of integrating them throughout the plant or stand. The objective of our work is to characterize the effects of K-deficiency on the growth and development of cotton plants by including sufficient intermediate explanatory variables to provide a comparable scheme with the concepts used in growth models for this plant. This objective implies that our research focuses on different scales (i.e. stand, plant, organ, cell) and on physiological variables used in current models such as photosynthesis or water status. Our research had also led us to measure other variables not included in current models, to refine our understanding of the mechanisms of how deficient plants grows (i.e. sugar rates, carboxylation speed, stomata opening…). To meet these objectives, two complementary types of experiments were conducted: (i) field trials were performed in Benin on two different sites, Aplahoué in 2004 and Savalou in 2005, with strict rainfall conditions to compare different levels of potassium-fertilization and describe the effects of K-deficiency at the stand level. (ii) and a greenhouse hydroponic experiment was done in Bordeaux, France in 2006 to analyze the processes used throughout the plant and the organ. The field and the greenhouse tests had different levels of potassium fertilisation (2 to 3 levels in the field, 4 in the greenhouse) and gave us wide ranges of potassium contents in leaves. The minimum value of the leaf K content for the deficient plants were around 8 to 10 mg kg-1, which contrasts with the maximum values measured that were around 30 mg g-1. Potassium levels for the most deficient plants were around 8 to 10 mg Kg-1, while the highest levels measured were 30 g Kg-1. The leaf area index of deficient treatments is inferior to that of controls due to a lower number of leaves and smaller leaf sizes. In the greenhouse test, an important decrease of leaf area is observed but the proportion of the reduction due to a reduction in individual leaf size is more pronounced than in the filed experiments. The temporal analysis of the leaf area growth shows that the relative increase in size of the individual leaves is the same whatever the level of K-deficiency but that the size of the organs at emergence from apical buds is smaller for K-deficient plants. In counterpart, internodes of K-deficient plants have smaller lenght at emergence and a decreased relative growth rate. At stand level, no difference of light conversion efficiency is observed. As a result, observed reductions of dry biomass are essentially due to a decrease in light interception. However, radiation use efficiency in greenhouse tests are affected by K-deficiency but only for the most K-deficient treatment. Measures on gas exchanges made in greenhouse experiment also shows that photosynthesis is affected only for the most K-deficient treatments. This reduction is due to two concomitant effects: poor stomatal opening and a reduction in the maximum velocity of carboxylation. The relative distribution in biomass for all the tests is modified by the potassium-deficiency, benefiting leaves at the expense of the heterotrophic organs. This effect is observed at the plant level through an increase in the specific leaf weight and a relative decrease in stem and root biomass
Richard, Benjamin. "Analyse des interactions dynamiques entre le développement de la plante hôte, l'architecture du couvert et le développement d'une épidémie de maladie fongique aérienne : cas du pathosystème pois/ascochytose." Phd thesis, Agrocampus - Ecole nationale supérieure d'agronomie de rennes, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00913095.
Full textGobin, Rémy. "Contribution relative de la végétation du sous-bois dans la consommation en eau des placettes forestières soumises aux changements de climat et de pratiques." Thesis, Orléans, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ORLE2070/document.
Full textIn the context of ongoing increase of drought in temperate forests, forest managers consider the reduction of stand density to limit soil water depletion. The reduction of tree canopy density increases light below canopy and allows the development of monopolistic understorey vegetation. Our objectives were to characterize the evapotranspiration (ETu) of common understorey plants (Molinia caerulea, Calluna vulgaris, Pteridium aquilinum and Rubus sp.) and to quantify their impacts on soil water content (SWC) in mature oak stands (Quercus petraea).A first experiment was set up in a greenhouse where the 4 understorey species were potted and subjected to 2 levels of light transmittance and 3 levels of SWC. Microclimate and ETu were monitored. A second experiment was carried out on 20 plots (10 with M. caerulea and 10 with P. aquilinum) in oak stands with contrasted LAI. On each plot, two circular areas were set up, one weeded and the other untouched. SWC, microclimate and ETu were monitored.M. caerulea and C. vulgaris are more water spenders, whereas P. aquilinum and Rubus sp. are more water savers under water stress. Soil water depletion was faster with increasing understorey vegetation LAI, which was directly linked to tree canopy opening with a threshold of tree LAI of 2-3 below which the understorey contribution could offset the reduction of tree ET. The experimentations showed that the relative contribution of understory vegetation in the ecosystem water balance is significant, and depends on SWC and on the understorey species identity. These results show the necessity to consider understorey vegetation in forest management when water availability is an issue. Lower tree canopy density could increase the understorey ETu and soil water stress for trees. From a management perspective, thinning should be designed as a compromise between the reduction of tree leaf area to reduce ET, and maintaining sufficient tree canopy to restrict the growth and ETu of understorey vegetation
Nicco, Chantal. "Quelques aspects de la physiologie du tournesol soumis à une contrainte hydrique : approche enzymatique et hormonale." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30051.
Full textJordan, Marie-Odile. "Mise en place du systeme racinaire du mais : definition et caracterisation au champ et en conditions controlees des parametres descriptifs du systeme racinaire, construction de l'organigramme d'un modele cinetique." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986STR13329.
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