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1
Suratman, Suratman, John William Edwards, and Kateryna Babina. "Organophosphate pesticides exposure among farmworkers: pathways and risk of adverse health effects." Reviews on Environmental Health 30, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2014-0072.
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Abstract Organophosphate (OP) compounds are the most widely used pesticides with more than 100 OP compounds in use around the world. The high-intensity use of OP pesticides contributes to morbidity and mortality in farmworkers and their families through acute or chronic pesticides-related illnesses. Many factors contributing to adverse health effects have been investigated by researchers to determine pathways of OP-pesticide exposure among farmers in developed and developing countries. Factors like wind/agricultural pesticide drift, mixing and spraying pesticides, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), knowledge, perceptions, washing hands, taking a shower, wearing contaminated clothes, eating, drinking, smoking, and hot weather are common in both groups of countries. Factors including low socioeconomic status areas, workplace conditions, duration of exposure, pesticide safety training, frequency of applying pesticides, spraying against the wind, and reuse of pesticide containers for storage are specific contributors in developing countries, whereas housing conditions, social contextual factors, and mechanical equipment were specific pathways in developed countries. This paper compares existing research in environmental and behavioural exposure modifying factors and biological monitoring between developing and developed countries. The main objective of this review is to explore the current depth of understanding of exposure pathways and factors increasing the risk of exposure potentially leading to adverse health effects specific to each group of countries.
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Dolcet, Malena, Natalia Porto, and Carolina Inés Garcia. "Quality of Employment Index for the tourism sector in developing countries." Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa em Turismo 16 (June 23, 2022): 2622. http://dx.doi.org/10.7784/rbtur.v16.2622.
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Although job quality has become an active field of study over the last two decades in developed countries, it still remains an under-discussed concept in developing regions such as Latin America, where the incidence of work informality and low wages are particularly high. As quality of employment is a multidimensional concept and not homogeneously defined in the literature, we follow a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to build a Quality of Employment (QoE) Index for salary earners using household survey micro data of Uruguay from 2016-2019. Uruguay leads the Better Jobs Index launched by the Inter-American Development Bank in 2017, which constitutes the only index with a macro-approach to measure quantity and quality employment conditions in the region. We consider several aspects of working conditions: employment, earnings, hours worked, occupational safety and social security coverage. We focus on the tourism sector, which presents low job quality characteris-tics at the same time it accounts for 7.2% of employment in Uruguay. Furthermore, we found a sex-based gap of employment quality against women in tourism, a difference that is not observed in the trade sector. QoE in tourism shows a greater dispersion in the distribution of employees, indicating the presence of more inequalities among these workers compared to those of trade. Other results show that job quality in tourism is lower for those unskilled, but that there are still many skilled work-ers facing low quality. Finally, if we consider the activities that conform tourism, workers do better in hotels and travel agencies rather than in restaurants and entertainment.
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van Klyton, Aaron, Juan Fernando Tavera-Mesías, and Wilson Castaño-Muñoz. "Digital local information services in developing countries: Evidence from Colombia." Journal of Librarianship and Information Science 52, no. 4 (February 26, 2020): 1197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961000620907970.
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This exploratory research identifies and investigates factors that affect the delivery of local information in a developing country. The service provider and 195 local institutions based in Medellin, Colombia collaborate through an online portal, Infolocal, constituting a local information landscape (LIL). The study implements a conceptual framework for the LIL and highlights deficiencies in traditional local information service models. A Delphi study was conducted with global experts of local information services (LIS) in order to refine the traditional Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology model constructs for the Infolocal information service. Second, a survey was developed based on the revised categories (effort expectancy, performance expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, organisational support, and affective commitment) and disseminated to the local institutions to assess their perceptions of the service. This data was then evaluated using exploratory factor analysis. The study found that theories of technology acceptance were insufficient in explaining the disjunctions in the information landscape of this service. This study contributes to closing a gap in understanding the perceptions of LIS practice from the perspective of institutions that engage directly with citizens’ technology acceptance and use behaviour in a multilevel relationship. This article captures, compares, and analyses the disjunctions between the theoretical frameworks as espoused by experts and the practices of LIS.
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Johannes, Hendro Putra, Michikazu Kojima, Fusanori Iwasaki, and Ellen Putri Edita. "Applying the extended producer responsibility towards plastic waste in Asian developing countries for reducing marine plastic debris." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 39, no. 5 (April 28, 2021): 690–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x211013412.
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The extended producer responsibility (EPR) has been adopted in many countries throughout the world to give producers responsibility to manage their products until the post-consumer stage. On many occasions in developing countries, the system is mostly implemented for electronic waste. However, with the rising concern on the marine plastic issue, developing countries, including those in Asia, have started to apply EPR for package and container waste. In practice, developing countries show significant differences in their EPR implementation compared with developed ones due to contrasting conditions of several factors, including social, economic and technology. This article aims to explore the challenges of developing countries to apply EPR as well as determine possible measures to overcome the challenges. Results show that applying EPR system for plastic waste in developing countries faces many challenges, such as the existence of a market-based collection system of recyclables, high transportation cost, lack of waste collection services in rural areas, a limited number of facilities to manage certain types of plastic waste, insufficient pollution control and free riding and orphan products. The challenges, furthermore, can be minimised by differentiating the responsibility of producers, focusing on rural and remote areas, involving informal sectors, creating joint facilities in recycling parks, expanding waste management collection services, increasing the use of EPR and minimising free riding.
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Rifai, Bahtiar, Meilinda Sari Yayusman, and Vera Bararah Barid. "Can Digital Research be an Alternative Method during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia?" Journal of Indonesian Social Sciences and Humanities 11, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jissh.v11i1.208.
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Unprecedented COVID-19 global pandemic entails uncertain conditions, which lead people to seek alternative solutions to make activities running accordingly. Limited movements due to travel restriction and health protection confine people’s activities, including the research process. Postponing research activities is arguably not the best solution for scholars, mainly while conducting data collection. In social and humanities research, researchers mostly undertake data collection through field studies and face-to-face communications prior to the pandemic. Social distancing procedures, however, encourage people to avoid close contacts and cancel visit plans. Thus, researchers are necessary to find an alternative method during uncertainty situation. Digital research method (DRM) seems to be a plausible way to keep research ongoing, although the implementation of that method in the developing countries’ research activities, compared to the developed countries, remains lagging behind. This research aims to position DRM amidst the pandemic situation and show possibilities in using this method as an alternative in the developing countries by taking Indonesia as a case study. Results show that to make DRM works in Indonesia, some requirements need to be fulfilled to meet academic standards, and whether relevant or not the research topic applies to be processed utilizing digital method are also essential to be considered.
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BAKİ, Rahmi. "Comparison of the socio-economic sustainability performance of OECD countries." Business & Management Studies: An International Journal 10, no. 2 (June 25, 2022): 502–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v10i2.2037.
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Socio-economic Sustainability (SES) enables an organisation or a country to pursue economic growth in the present without undermining the ability of future generations to meet their needs, especially in terms of curtailing the depletion or destruction of environmental resources. Ensuring SES in a country helps shape the conditions for long-term economic and social development while conserving the environment. This study compares the SES performance of 38 member countries of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) by applying a multi-criteria approach. This research aims to make inferences about SES in developed and developing countries and promote change in line with sustainable development goals. A technique known as Multi-Attributive Border Approximation area Comparison (MABAC), considered a valuable and reliable decision-making tool for rational management, was applied. In practice, socio-economic performance indicators obtained from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) were examined to evaluate the performance of the 38 OECD countries included based on nine criteria. The study found that, of those 38, the highest performings were Korea and Japan, and the lowest was Colombia and Mexico.
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Hofferbert, Richard I., and Ustun Erguder. "The Penetrability of Policy Systems in a Developing Context." Journal of Public Policy 5, no. 1 (February 1985): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00002890.
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ABSTRACTDrawing primarily from the Turkish example, this essay examines the fit of the input-output policy model, widely used in West, to less developed countries (LDCs). Three hypotheses are explored. In LDCs, compared to the West: (1) Policy patterns are more subject to political penetration; (2) once implemented, policies have a higher probability of penetrating social conditions; and (3) implementation structures and practices are less penetrable by policy directives.The major bottleneck to innovative policy formation and delivery in LDCs is the implementation process. Bureaucratic resistance and hesitancy to innovate are due to a control rather than service orientation, stemming from the peculiar sequencing of development of state apparatuses vis-a-vis the marketplace. These historical-institutional peculiarities do not appear to detract from the input-output model's ability to spot targets of opportunity for useful policy inquiry in LDCs.
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Hire, S., A. Ranjan, K. Ruikar, and S. Sandbhor. "AI-driven safety checks for ladders used on construction sites." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1101, no. 9 (November 1, 2022): 092040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1101/9/092040.
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Abstract Construction plays an integral part in the social and economic development of countries worldwide. Construction site safety is a crucial concern in both developed and developing countries. Because the preponderance of safety practices is mitigation-oriented rather than prevention-oriented, the construction industry has poor safety and health conditions. Falls are the primary cause of accidents involving roof and ladder falls on site. With the ability of Artificial Intelligence (AI) based techniques, the safety of ladders can be effectively managed, and the rate of accidents can be reduced. This study presents the AI-driven safety checking for a ladder in the pre-use stage. The checks are performed in Python programming language and various libraries such as math, Numpy, and Opencv. The AI-driven safety checking can decide for ‘fitness for the use of the ladder in terms of its structural rigidity before use. Compared to conventional safety practice, this process is less time-consuming, an inspection can be done throughout the project lifecycle, data can be stored and shared virtually, and needless to say, the ladder-related hazards can be reduced.
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Onyemah, Vincent, Jay P. Mulki, and Martha Rivera-Pesquera. "Salesperson turnover intention: a tale of two countries." International Journal of Bank Marketing 39, no. 6 (February 16, 2021): 1003–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbm-10-2020-0533.
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PurposeA significant amount of research has shown that drivers of employee attitudes, and behaviors leading to outcome variables such as turnover intentions, are strongly influenced by national culture. This study focuses on the difference in relationships among some critical variables between two emerging economies with similar cultural indices.Design/methodology/approachSurvey questionnaire was used to collect responses from salespeople in two countries. Correlation analysis and structural equation modeling were used to provide support for the stated hypotheses.FindingsResults indicate that Mexican and Indian salespeople differ in how their level of trust in supervisor, regulation of emotion, interpersonal conflict and felt stress related to drive turnover intention. Findings also confirm a strong positive relationship between felt stress and turnover intention.Research limitations/implicationsThis study is based on survey responses and should be interpreted with the associated limitations of method bias. The hypothesized model of relationships among constructs was based on theory and prior research, but researchers understand that there could be other statistically equivalent models with equal fit. Moreover, stress can result from numerous other combinations of variables in addition to those used in this model. The relationships among constructs as presented could also be due to the absence of other key variables. This study looked at turnover intentions from an employee perspective using responses made when economic conditions worldwide were robust. This is not the case today because of the global pandemic. Economic conditions wield substantial influence on employee responses as well as on turnover intentions. In addition, economic downturn lowers turnover potential and heightens stress level.Practical implicationsFindings confirm a strong positive relationship between felt stress and turnover intention. Efforts to keep stress within a productive range should be encouraged, because while the direct costs of turnover can be substantial, indirect costs may be even greater. For example, when salespeople leave an organization, the customer relationships they formed and developed may be at risk, exposing their companies to potential reduction in revenue. Sales organizations that pay inadequate attention to high turnover rate among their salespeople become susceptible to a phenomenon Dudley and Goodson (1988) identified as “low sales recruiting ceiling syndrome.”Social implicationsMost of the current studies results from developing countries have been compared to those from developed countries where the theories and seminal research originated. The outcome of the authors' research lends yet another argument in favor of more comparative studies on East versus East or developing economies versus developing economies. Such effort could further delineate the applicability of “foreign” theories and inform the development of “local” theories for richer insight on local management practice. The current drive to inject diversity, equity and inclusion in the workplace should be reflected in the development of theory and the conduct of research. No one country or individual or group of individuals can claim ownership of theory development and standards for assessing theories originating elsewhere. Diversity, equity and inclusion have a place in academic research and should be encouraged. Second, the results obtained in this paper offer a cautionary note against over-generalization. Just as small details matter in life, likewise, small differences in variables that explain a phenomenon can make a big difference. Third, the findings confirm a strong positive relationship between felt stress and turnover intention. This is true for the two countries examined in this research.Originality/valueThis study seeks to understand why potential drivers of turnover intention might manifest differently in countries that have a similar cultural outlook. The current research leverages the contingency theory and zeroed in on turnover intention. In addition, two additional cultural dimensions (long-term orientation and uncertainty avoidance) were incorporated, and the model was tested using salespeople (rather than plant workers).
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Antoshyna, Iryna, and Alina Bondarenko. "MODELS OF ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL REGULATION OF SPONSORSHIP AND PATRONAGE IN THE EU." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, no. 5 (February 8, 2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-5-18-27.
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Today, patronage is the key source of non-governmental support of the socio-cultural advancement of the state because, as the world’s practice shows, the state funding is often not enough for conserving and developing the national and cultural heritage. Across the world and Europe, increasing attention is paid to the traditions of charity, corporate philanthropy is in progress, and business ethics are growing. In developed countries, the pursuit of charity activity is caused by a high level of social responsibility of business entities. Both large corporations and wealthy people establish charitable funds or provide a good deal of money for relevant purposes. The problems of patronage or sponsorship as means for guaranteeing the realization of socio-cultural programmes, research initiatives and continual activity of not-for-profit organizations are topical and need an extension study in terms of conditions and prospects for the development. The purpose of the article is the analysis of the experience of administrative regulation of patronage and sponsorship in different countries and its growth potential in Ukraine in the context of international integration and scientific and technological progress. The situation is complicated by the fact that this regulatory scope has originated more recently in the world’s practice, and many problems remain unsettled. For example, let’s consider some forms of financial rewards used in the rest of the world. In the developed countries, there are models of cooperation with a private fund in the social, cultural, academic and other spheres of social life. They are as follows: the state as a leader; private fund as a leader; partnership and functional division of labour between the state and capital. In social practices, they usually co-exist with a dominant one of them. The first model prevails in France and Italy, the second – in the USA, the third – in the Federal Republic of Germany. Recently, there has been a gradual transition to the third model, which will become dominant in Western countries. Compared to Western Europe, there has been no moral rehabilitation of wealth in Ukraine, which has affected the motivation of charity. It is noteworthy that in the last decade, especially in European countries, state and state-social funds, which are financed using budget funds and the contributions of patrons, have been created. In general, analyzing various forms of patronage and sponsorship in the field of culture of the countries of the European region, it can be argued that in modern Western countries there is a sweeping trend to decrease direct state support of culture by indirect. The attraction of funds of entrepreneurs and non-governmental organizations in various forms is purposefully stimulated by state cultural policy, laws on patronage. In Ukraine, state intervention in the charity area is minimal. It is limited to the statutory regulation of charity activity, registration and accounting of charity organizations. At the same time, some specific normalization of patronage and sponsorship is next to none because it is distinguished among other charity activities mostly by patrons, sponsors, and mass media.
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Ivanova, Zinaida. "Eco-anthropocentric approach in urban planning: European and Russian experience." E3S Web of Conferences 157 (2020): 03014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015703014.
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The article presents an idea that social consciousness should be changed in order to create humanized ecological city environment. This consciousness may be formed being influenced by external conditions: educational activities on creating such environment. The author analyses eco-anthropocentric approach to city territories development in Russia and European countries. Now that ecological problems are becoming more acute and the climate is changing, this approach is the only possible for creation of comfortable and safe environment. This is the way to preserve biosphere for the next generations too. The article observes the legislation in Russia, Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands in terms of obligatory measures to preserve the environment and people’s participation in decision-making. The author has conducted sociological studies using questionnaire, focus-groups and interview to find out the respondents’ attitude to actions of city government on developing the territories as well as the respondents’ recommendations on organizing public hearings concerning city problems. City planners – scientists from research institutes and Master students from Moscow State University of Civil Engineering were the respondents. The author’s conclusion is: the legislations of the observed European countries are more developed in terms of environmental protection and concern for people’s well-being as compared to Russia. Russia doesn’t have separate law on climatic changes. The sociological studies show critical attitude of Russian people to laws and governmental actions, though they haven’t showed high activity and determination to act, which means the social consciousness hasn’t yet become the base for transformations.
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Al-Waqfi, Mohammed A., and Ibrahim Abdalla Al-faki. "Gender-based differences in employment conditions of local and expatriate workers in the GCC context." International Journal of Manpower 36, no. 3 (June 1, 2015): 397–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-10-2013-0236.
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Purpose – The labor force participation rates of females have been increasing steadily over the past few decades in the UAE and other Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries and are expected to continue to increase due to increasing levels of education and social change. While, there is a substantive amount of literature on the issues of gender gap in wages and employment conditions in Western developed economies, the evidence from developing economies – especially in the Middle East – remains very scant. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to contribute to bridging this gap by examining gender-based differences in employment conditions for local and expatriate workers in the context of the GCC region. Design/methodology/approach – The authors utilize a data set from the 2007 cross-section Dubai Labor Market Survey which covers a stratified random sample of employees in the UAE labor market. In addition to descriptive statistics and cross-tabulations of the data by workers’ gender, nationality, and various characteristics of their employment conditions, two empirical models intended to investigate factors that influence access to employment and wage determination of male and female workers in the UAE labor market were estimated. Findings – The findings of the study reveal that there are gender-based differences and inequity in employment in the UAE labor market. The authors highlight specific impacts of contextual factors on the employment conditions of women compared to men. The gender gap in the UAE context is compounded by nationality effects; whereby gender-based differences become less apparent in the case of foreign workers compared to UAE nationals. Originality/value – This paper is one of very few studies that addressed the gender gap in employment conditions in the Arab Middle Eastern or GCC context. The paper uses quantitative data from a large random sample of workers in the UAE.
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Pérez-Denicia, Eduardo, Fabián Fernández-Luqueño, and Darnes Vilariño-Ayala. "Suitability assessment for electricity generation through renewable sources: towards sustainable energy production." CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro 11, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.29047/01225383.260.
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Power generation through renewable sources is an effective alternative to mitigate climate change as its environmental impact is lower compared to fossil fuels. However, socio-economic problems are constant in sites where power plants are installed, especially in developing countries. In this paper, an innovative methodology was developed to assess the suitability of electricity generation through solar, wind, and biomass energy. Unlike most studies found in scientific literature, this work considers social, environmental, and economic aspects as key to determine the suitability of energy projects. First, we carried out a comprehensive analysis on social acceptance and resilience towards renewable energy and the conditions for communities to benefit from these projects; then, we analyzed the availability and capacity of renewable energy sources in Mexico, as a case study. Next, a set of indicators related to the three pillars of sustainability was developed to assess the conditions of each place with the best renewable resources in the country. The life cycle and capacity factor of each technology were also considered. Lastly, a mathematical model was developed to determine the most suitable locations and technologies for power generation. The results show a trend towards the states of northern Mexico, especially those bordering the United States, as the most viable for electricity generation. The most appropriate technology is wind energy. Finally, Oaxaca, the state with the best wind resources and current leader in wind power generation in Mexico is, by contrast, the least viable state for wind generation, as has been later confirmed by scientific evidence, as wind facilities are associated with severe socio-cultural and economic damage in host communities in this state.
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V. Stukalo, Nataliia, Nataliya O. Krasnikova, Olena V. Dzyad, and Olga G. Mihaylenko. "Sustainable International Trade in Agricultural Goods: Emerging Markets Perspectives." Journal of Social Sciences Research, no. 57 (July 10, 2019): 1096–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.57.1096.1105.
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Preservation of the environment, the sphere of the vital activity of the population, cultural heritage, promotion of the healthy lifestyle movement, the implementation of the “green” and resource saving technologies create more active demand for organic goods in the international trade. The ecological, social, economic and institutional merits of organic goods compared with traditional and genetically modified goods as well as the high pace of the growth of the international trade in organic agricultural goods enhance their role in the achievement of the goals of sustainable development. The article considers the international trade in organic goods as sustainable international trade. Based on the authors’ methods of the calculation of the integrated index of development of organic market of 15 developing countries, the positions, factors, prospects and conditions of the development of national markets of organic agricultural goods were identified. It was found that the market of organic goods of the Czech Republic is the most developed and balanced due to the high payment capacity of the population, the policy of the producer’s support, existence of the relevant certification of the produce during delivery to the EU market. The markets of the countries of Europe and Middle East (Poland, Romania, Turkey, and Ukraine) are growing mainly under the influence of supply factors; the markets of Asia and America (China, Brazil and Peru) – under the influence of demand factors, including the demand in the global market. The internal markets of China and India are developed insufficiently. The prospects of the development of markets of organic goods of Mexico, Brazil, India, China, Russia and Chili are related to the stimulation of the internal production of organic goods. In Ukraine, Peru, India, Chili, Mexico and Turkey, it is appropriate to popularize consumption of organic goods. Romania, Czech Republic, Brazil, Turkey, Ukraine and Russia have to facilitate the promotion of their own organic goods to the world market. It was found that a relatively high payment capable demand in the internal market is a necessary condition, and the growth of the share of organic goods in the export structure of the countries is an obligatory condition to enhance the positions of the countries in the global market of organic goods. The condition of an increase in the role of the countries developing in the world market of organic goods and the transition of the world economy to the principles of sustainable development were substantiated.
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Cai, Yuzhuo. "What contextual factors shape ‘innovation in innovation’? Integration of insights from the Triple Helix and the institutional logics perspective." Social Science Information 54, no. 3 (May 18, 2015): 299–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018415583527.
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While the Triple Helix relationship between university, industry and government, called ‘innovation in innovation’ by Etzkowitz, has frequently been a key concept guiding national and regional innovation policies around the world, there is an emerging awareness that no one-size-fits-all approach can be used in developing innovation systems. Criticism has been expressed that the conceptualization of the Triple Helix model in the most recent literature pays little attention to contextual effects. The present article seeks to enhance the context sensitivity of the Triple Helix model by integrating it with the insights of institutional logics. More specifically, seven ‘ideal’ institutional logics aligned with ‘ideal’ Triple Helix activities in Western society are identified. These have a potential to be used as a conceptual/benchmarking framework for understanding how institutional settings, particularly institutional logics, influence the development of Triple Helix innovation systems in different national contexts. To verify such a proposition, some alternative Triple Helix models as well as associated institutional logics are compared to the ideal-type, demonstrating that different institutional logics may divert the Triple Helix interactions in other directions. Meanwhile, it is claimed that institutional logics do not necessarily lead to a Triple Helix model but serve only as enabling conditions. To what extent the Triple Helix will be developed depends on innovation policies and on the key actors involved in the innovation process. The framework constructed in this study aims to provide a solid basis from which policymakers, especially those from developing and transition countries, may improve the design of these innovation policies by employing appropriate Triple Helix approaches.
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Shah, Syed Javed Hussain. "Role of Institutions in Combating the Effects of Flood Hazard in Punjab-A Case Study of District Chiniot." Arts and Social Sciences 1, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.34154/2020-assj-0202-33-43/euraass.
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Naturally occurring events such as earthquakes, volcanoes, floods etc. cast great impact on physiography of land and lives of the people. Floods are the most common of all the natural hazards. Physical, social, economic and environmental vulnerabilities make the developing countries more susceptible to disasters as compared to the developed countries which have great sources and resources to cope with any disastrous situation. Pakistan is one of the most flood prone countries of South Asia and a number of floods have caused significant damage and loss both physically and economically particularly during the floods of 1950, 1992, 1998, 2010, 2011 and 2014.Theses floods are primarily caused by the heavy monsoon rainfalls accompanied by snow melting in the northern mountainous areas of the country. Among all the provinces, Punjab is most prone to floods and faces great damage and loss because it is the home of more than half of the country’s population. As it is densely populated, so the destruction here is more than other provinces. Besides, Punjab’s geographic location and climatic conditions make it more vulnerable to monsoon floods. Primary data from a field survey of the case study area through a questionnaire was obtained while the related secondary data was derived from different published government’s reports, journals and already done work related to the topic. For graphical representation of work done, simple statistical techniques attributed with descriptive research were followed. This research is aimed to have an inner look into the structures and functions of the institutes which are working to combat the effects of floods in Pakistan. The main purpose of this study is to find out the plans and strategies of different institutions to combat the effects of floods.
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Dontsov, Vitaly I. "Changes in mortality, life expectancy and the rate of aging in the XX century: possible causes." HEALTH CARE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION 65, no. 1 (March 5, 2021): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0044-197x-2021-65-1-17-23.
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Introduction. The rapid aging of the world and Russian population and the associated medical, demographic, and socioeconomic problems determine the increased interest in the issue of aging. Aim and objectives. to study the features and causes of changes in age-related mortality, life expectancy (LE), and aging in Russia in the second half of the XX century compared to other countries. Material and methods. We used the Human Mortality Database survival tables to estimate the expected and maximum life expectancy. The aging rate was calculated using the Gompertz-Makeham formula and the increment of total mortality. Graphs were built using Microsoft Office Excel’s standard tools and the computer program Aging of Populations developed by us. Results. Until the middle of the XX century, significant aging rate changes did not accompany a sharp increase in Le. Later with a relatively small increase in LE, it decreases sharply. Deceleration of aging was observed for all studied countries (from 12 to 36 for different available historical periods) for all studied parameters and progresses to the end of the studied period. For Russia, the decline in the aging rate that began simultaneously 7 with other countries in 1960-1970's slows down and is restored only by 2000. Discussion. Improvements in living conditions and health outcomes lead to an increase in the proportion of the elderly population structure. However, these same processes reduce the rate of individual aging. Improving medical and social care for retired people reduces their mortality rate. Still, it produces a phenomenon of delayed mortality in later ages (the phenomenon of inversion of centenarians’ total mortality - from reduced to increased). Nevertheless, the use of the mortality rate increment indicator shows that the decline in the aging rate for centenarians persists. Conclusion. The identified trends in mortality are useful for developing areas of preventive and socio-medical impact on the population’s health.
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Hoque, Bilqis A., Sombo Yamaura, Akira Sakai, Sufia Khanam, Mahbooba Karim, Yamen Hoque, Sanowar Hossain, Shoriful Islam, and Obaid Hossain. "Arsenic Mitigation for Water Supply in Bangladesh: Appropriate Technological and Policy Perspectives." Water Quality Research Journal 41, no. 2 (May 1, 2006): 226–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2006.026.
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Abstract Drinking of arsenic-contaminated water and the associated health impacts have been reported in developing and developed countries. Bangladesh is faced with the worst arsenic contamination of groundwater in the world, with an estimated 35 to 77 million people at risk of exposure to drinking arsenic-contaminated tubewell water. Lack of appropriate technologies has complicated and inhibited mitigation initiatives. This paper discusses the data obtained during efforts made to develop technologies for safe water supply by the Government of Bangladesh and its national and international partners. It is expected that the information will contribute towards development of appropriate technologies for water supply for millions of people in Bangladesh and other countries. About 95% of Bangladesh's rural population drinks tubewell water. Both arsenic removal and alternative technologies were widely promoted for water supply in these areas. The government and its national and international development partners developed various arsenic mitigation technologies for water supply, but most of the arsenic removal technologies were promoted without sound testing and showed poor, questionable and/or confusing performance in real situations. Also, use of most of the arsenic removal technologies was discontinued after a few to several months of installation. Concerns about the microbiological contamination of safe feed water during treatment were noted in arsenic removal options, in addition to high costs, efficiency, social and/or other problems. The 2004 National Policy for Arsenic Mitigation and its Implementation Plan stated a need for access to safe drinking water for all through alternative water technologies while arsenic removal technologies are developed and promoted after specified verification. The national policy specified and widely promoted alternative options such as improved dugwells, safe tubewells, pond sand filters, rainwater harvester and piped water systems from arsenic-safe water sources. A few of the promoted alternative options showed poor functional and social performance, in addition to supplying microbiologically contaminated water. Arsenic-safe shallow tubewells, deep tubewells and piped water systems may be regarded as appropriate technologies under the existing conditions when the performance of the arsenic removal and alternative water technologies were compared. There are constraints in promoting those three water technologies in various hydrogeological conditions throughout the county. A wide range of appropriate technologies needs to be developed and promoted, and the issue of how to deal with the existing millions of arsenic-contaminated tubewells also needs to be considered. Research and development of sound sciencebased appropriate technologies are urgently recommended for effective realization of the Millennium Development Goal for safe water.
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Devedzic, Mirjana, and Jelena Stojilkovic. "New concept of age(ing): Prospective age." Stanovnistvo 50, no. 1 (2012): 45–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv1201045d.
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While the last century was the century of world population growth, according to demographers, the XXI century will be century of population aging. Statistics undoubtedly show that number of elderly will continue it?s growth in the future. If old age is seen as period of life with reduced physical and mental capabilities and increased disability, and demographic aging as increase of dependent population, trends are quite disturbing, at least in certain societal segments. In developed countries, this population category is no longer treated as passive or as a "burden of society" and efforts are made for better social inclusion of older people. In contrast to growing interest in this phenomenon, the concepts that define the aging of the population remained stagnant. The aim of this paper is to introduce into domestic literature the term "prospective age" as a dynamic category which is more affected with socio-historical conditions, not only with biological as traditional definition of aging suggested. Papers written by Sanderson and Scherbov offer new methodological options for study of population aging, because it takes into account the biometric rather than chronological approach. Calculation of prospective years is a simple operation that requires pair of the same number of remained life expectancy from life tables for two different periods (the year of concern is index, and the one we are comparing with is standard year), so that phrase "40s is the new 30s" or "70s the new 60s" gets scientific foundation. Average remaining years of life represent a realistic indicator suggesting increased capacity, activity and vitality of individuals, which is due to accepted demographic parameters still considered old. ?Prospective threshold? is defined as the age when life expectancy falls below 15 years (it is subjective choice made by Sanderson and Scherbov, which is also used in this paper) and during the elaboration of these ideas three demographic indicators was constructed, redefined more precisely, based on prospective age: (prospective) share of the elderly, (prospective) median age and (prospective) old age dependency ratio. With respect to the remaining years of life in the calculation of demographic aging, world?s population will be in rejuvenation process by 2035, longer and more intense than defined by proportion of the elderly. Prospective approach found that longer life expectancy in developing countries is not only a result of the decrease in infant and child mortality, but also the decrease of the old population mortality. Data used in this paper are from period life tables and censuses, for period 1953-2010. Prospective age threshold in Serbia was always higher than retrospective age (60,17 in 1953 .and 63,15 in 2010. for total population) , or the proportion of people with a life expectancy less than 15 years has consistently been higher than the share of people older than 65 years (17.86% vs. 16.92% in 2010). According to prospective criteria, differences between men and women almost do not existent, so that it calls into question the widely accepted feminization of the elderly. The same conclusion stands when we discuss (prospective) median age, population is older using prospective (47,15 years) than traditional (41.41) indicator in 2010, also, compared with rest of the region or with more developed countries, prospective median age is higher in Serbia. Also, prospective old-age dependency ratio is higher than conventional one during analyzed period. Prospective concept and amendments are necessary in public policy, especially pension and health care system, because in combination with traditional approaches can create more justified distribution for older and younger generations.
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J, Nedelea, and Babu P. George. "Sustainable Development of Tourism in the Eastern Europe: A Case Study of Romania." Atna - Journal of Tourism Studies 2, no. 1 (July 1, 2007): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.12727/ajts.2.2.
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The strategies of sustainable development emphasize the interdependence between the local and the global, between the already developed countries and the ones following this course, underlining the necessity of cooperation within economical, social and environmental sections. Since, tourism plays an important role in the improvement standards of living and rising people above the poverty threshold, it has become a platform to transform the vicious circles of misery, into virtuous circles towards productive transformation, welfare and improvement of human capita/. The complexity involved in constructing knowledge in different contextual frames make the entire debate on sustainable tourism extremely problematic, especially since stake holding communities are spread across continents and cultures. Many developing countries have found important to improve the linking of tourism (forward and backward) with the other sectors of the economy, so as to capitalize on the benefits of the globalisation and internationalisation of markets. Despite developing countries effort to develop the most suitable domestic policy environment, the economic sustainability of tourism is being undermined by external factors beyond their control, notably the predatory behaviour of integrated suppliers which enjoy a dominant position in the originating markets of tourism flows. Today, the Romanian hospitality industry confronts itself with problems such as the decline of the internal and external touristic demand, an old touristic product, the low standard in the services which do not satisfy the tourists' expectations, the payment and too high prices compared to the quality of the services, an insufficient promotion. Among the countries from the East and Center Europe, Romania is considered the country which possesses the richest and most varied natural touristic resources created by man and this gives a great disposability for tourism. The Romanian international touristic demand registers a diminution tendency due to some causes such as the low quality level of the offered touristic services, the touristic services non-diversification, the reduced amusement possibilities. Regional development policy is an ensemble of measures planned and promoted by the local and central public administration authorities, having as partners different actors (private, public, volunteers) in order to ensure a dynamic and lasting economic growth, through the effective use of the local and regional potential, in order to improve living conditions. The main areas regarded by the regional policies are development of enterprises, the labor market, attracting investments, development of the SMEs sector, improvement of infrastructure, the quality of the environment, rural development, health, education, culture. Any tourism growth and development activities in Romania should not be myopic and sustainability should be ensured at all levels: both inter and intro-generational.
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Kyzym, M. O., N. V. Bielikova, and Y. S. Kolbasin. "The Theoretical Provision of Research on the Problem of Country Falling into the «Backwardness Trap»." Business Inform 11, no. 526 (2021): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2021-11-6-12.
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Economic backwardness is a global problem that causes a number of socio-economic troubles, increases social tension and reduces the effectiveness of functioning of social institutions of the country in general. A new period of global uncertainty and the unfolding of the economic crisis along with the subsequent recession associated with the reduction of economic activity as a result of the pandemic makes it relevant to look for ways of restoring the economic growth for every country of the world. Under these conditions, studies of chronic economic backwardness of a country and its falling into the «backwardness trap», which is based on a number of theories and conceptions that consider various aspects of the socio-economic development of the country, become specially relevant. The article is aimed at forming a theoretical grounds for studying the problem of country falling into the «backwardness trap», which is based on a generalization of the essence and basic ideas of theories and conceptions that explore the processes of socio-economic development of the countries over the world. The studies, dedicated to identifying and systematizing the factors that inhibit the socio-economic development of the country, display a certain evolution. At the first stage there was a search for a key factor of economic backwardness of the country (J. Keynes, H. Singer, R. Prebisch, H. Leibenstein, etc.). The second stage was devoted to the search for relationships between several key factors (R. Nurkse, R. Lucas, H. Uzava, etc.). At the third stage of the research, a detailed study of institutional factors inhibiting economic development was carried out (B. Knall, Th. Bethell, etc.). At the fourth stage, there was a deepening of research in the direction of developing a comprehensive interdisciplinary approach to the problems of formation of the «backwardness trap» (A. Danylenko, G. Bashnyanin, Y. Savelyev, R. Nureyev, etc.). The theoretical basis of the research on the trap of economic backwardness of the country is characterized by the presence of a significant number of theories and conceptions that generalize the common features of countries whose economies develop at a low rate compared to developed economies or enter into a state of prolonged stagnation, as well as the factors contributing to the crystallization of such a state.
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Osinuga, Abisola, Nathan B. Fethke, William T. Story, Segun E. Ibitoye, and Kelly K. Baker. "Assessing the relationship between domestic work experience and musculoskeletal health among rural Nigerian women." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (December 13, 2022): e0276380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276380.
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Background Women performing strenuous domestic tasks (especially those in developing countries) are at risk of experiencing musculoskeletal pain (MSP). Physical, psychosocial, and social conditions of work in rural environments contribute to women’s domestic work experiences (DWEs) and the risk of MSP. The impact of DWEs on women’s health is especially severe in water-insecure countries like Nigeria. This study examines the relationship between a recently developed measure of DWEs and self-reported pain in the lower back (LBP), neck/shoulder (NSP), and elbow/hand/wrist regions (EHWP) among rural Nigerian women. Methods Interviewer-administered survey data were collected from 356 women in four rural communities of Ibadan, Nigeria. Binary and ordinal logistic regression models were used to examine the relationship between DWE factor scores, sociodemographic characteristics, and musculoskeletal pain symptoms and severity after controlling for sociodemographic covariates. Effect estimates of association were presented using the odds ratio (OR), and the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) at p-value of 0.05. Findings Among 356 participants, the 2-month prevalence of LBP was 58%, NSP was 30%, and EWHP 30%. High DWE scores were significantly associated with higher odds of experiencing and having more severe LBP, NSP, and EHWP. Specifically, the odds of LBP [(OR = 2.88; 95% CI = 1.64–5.11), NSP (OR = 4.58; 95% CI = 2.29–9.40) and EHWP (OR = 1.88; 95% CI = 1.26–3.77)] were significantly higher among women who perceived their domestic work responsibilities as very stressful (i.e., ‘high stress appraisal’) compared to those with lower stress appraisal scores. Those who were time-pressured and had less autonomy over familial duties (i.e., ‘high demand/low control’) had significantly higher odds of LBP [(OR = 2.58; 95% CI = 1.64–4.09) and NSP (OR = 1.49; 95% CI = 1.24–2.58)]. Frequently fetching and carrying water over long distances and time (i.e., ‘high water sourcing and carriage’) was also associated with higher odds of LBP [(OR = 1.31; 95% CI = 1.09–1.79) and NSP (OR = 1.20; 95% CI = 1.08–1.76). Conclusion Strenuous and stressful DWEs were associated with MSP among rural Nigerian women. This study provides new evidence on how the physical, social, and psychosocial factors of domestic work can increase women’s risk of MSP.
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Nakayama, Mikiyasu, Ryo Fujikura, Rie Okuda, Mai Fujii, Ryuta Takashima, Tomoya Murakawa, Erika Sakai, and Hiroaki Iwama. "Alternatives for the Marshall Islands to Cope with the Anticipated Sea Level Rise by Climate Change." Journal of Disaster Research 17, no. 3 (April 1, 2022): 315–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2022.p0315.
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There are four atoll states in the world: The Republic of Kiribati, the Maldives, the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), and Tuvalu. These countries are comprised entirely of low-lying land approximately 2 m above sea level. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has recognized that atoll countries are highly vulnerable to rising sea levels due to climate change. This study aimed to clarify the relative advantages and disadvantages of possible alternatives compared to the present livelihoods of the Marshallese in their home country. We also attempted to identify the best plausible option, using few sets of possible value judgements over the evaluation criteria. The following four alternatives were examined in this study: (i) migration to the developed world, (ii) migration to other island states, (iii) land reclamation and raising, and (iv) development of floating platforms. To evaluate the performance of the four alternatives, we selected 16 criteria representing the societal conditions that would result from each alternative. The performance of each alternative per criterion was rated from 1 to 5 by a literature survey, interviews with researchers who worked on the livelihood of Marshallese immigrants in the U.S. states of Arkansas, Hawaii, and Oregon, and interviews with people knowledgeable about the behavior of the Marshallese both in their home country and in the United States as immigrants. The “migration to the developed world” alternative proved the best choice, followed by “developing floating platforms,” “land reclamation and raising,” and “migration to other island states.” We also found that “migration to the developed world” offered the most change to immigrants, while the alternative of “land reclamation and raising” resulted in the smallest change. The magnitude of anticipated change should be considered. We employed the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to experimentally evaluate four alternatives in an integrated manner and about three cases were “all the criteria are equally important,” “social environment is more important,” and “personal environment is more important.” With AHP, the “migration to the developed world” alternative yielded the highest point for all three cases examined. Notably, climate migrants do not suddenly emerge, because climate change is a slow-onset process. The Marshallese should make wise use of the available lead time to prepare for migration in the future.
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Tamta Mamulaidze, Tamta Mamulaidze, and Otar Bagaturia Otar Bagaturia. "AgriTech: Design Agriculture Policy for Tackling Challenges." Economics 105, no. 6-8 (July 19, 2022): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/ecs/105/6-8/2022-89.
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The problem of food security and food safety in the modern world has escalated due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This is evidenced by the growing relevance of these topics at the world economic forums. The same can be said about Georgia. For this, it is important to develop the potential of the agricultural sector for sustainable economic development and inclusive economic growth development and implementation of digitalization policy. The discussion in the traditional agricultural sector paradigm does not affect the overall results. In the modern, extremely dynamic era, it is very difficult to focus on any one aspect of an actual problem, which means that it is necessary to have a broad, wide picture and at the same time to focus on particular details. The purpose of the research is to identify new circumstances, problems, threats, risks and opportunities that arise in the agricultural sector of Georgia in the context of post-socialist and post-industrial transformation and accelerated technological progress. The agricultural sector in Georgia is characterized by conservatism, which often creates an obstacle to innovative development, the productivity of the agricultural sector is very low, the country is dependent on imports Discussion of the issue in an unconventional paradigm revealed the hidden prospects and opportunities of the industry, the implementation of which is achievable through digitalization. Digital transformation allows traditional industries to modernize. The comparison of the fields with the "champions" of the field in the study of individual fields of the country shows a huge difference and plays a dismotivational role. In order to show real prospects, it is better to compare with each other countries in similar starting conditions (namely Georgia with countries with a protracted transformation). The countries of protracted transformation are simultaneously in three parallel crises (post-socialist transformation, post-industrial transformation, pandemic): The pandemic and post-industrial transformation to some extent equalize the starting conditions for the digitalization of developed and developing countries. The Post-socialist and transitional problems, sectoral degradation and orientation towards Soviet paradigms; According to the characteristics of technology, democracy, human development, GDP per capita and the Gini index, Georgia is considered an outsider country. However, the perspectives can be seen that are not visible on the surface. At this stage, Georgia does not have enough realized potential for positioning in exclusive consumer niches with an exclusive product (wine, cheese, red bread, tea, Kakhetian oil, etc.), Georgia has the prospect of realizing the potential of exclusivity in the sector through the digitalization of sector management. At the same time, export as a function of delivering products to foreign consumers allows us to consider agritourism as a kind of export. This is one of the novelties of this research. Other novelty of this research is comparison of technologies, social-political formation, humanistic conditions of morality and values through the history, also interdependence of these aspects. During research was compared different indicators. A combined weighted analysis of all these indicators makes it possible to assess the readiness or expectations of a new formation of a particular country. This also makes possible to effectively develop a policy for the development of industries. Key words: Agriculture, Agriculture Technologies, Food, Food Safety, Food Security, Digitalization.
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Korshunov, Gennady, and Svetlana Kroitor. "The Problem of Living Standards and Quality of Life in the Age of Digitalization." Logos et Praxis, no. 2 (September 2019): 24–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/lp.jvolsu.2019.2.3.
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The authors substantiate the relevance of the study of the processes of digitalization of modern society. They show that the main factor of transformation in all spheres is information technology, which is the driver of the next industrial revolution. The researchers prove that at the current stage of social development the level of ICT development is one of the key indicators of the competitiveness of national economies. The article presents a number of examples of developed and developing countries where programs and strategies for the development of digital economies are already being implemented. The authors review similar programs and projects implemented in Belarus, analyze the experience of the Belarusian state in the development of infrastructure conditions and the legal framework on the way to the creation of an IT-country. The thesis that the process of digitalization of the economy, society and the state, on the one hand, opens up Windows of opportunity and growth for economic and social actors; on the other hand, it leads to the emergence of new, as yet unexplored, risks and threats. The advantages of sociological science as a tool to explore these new opportunities and risks based on the assessment and expectations of the population are shown. The sociological concepts "standard of living" and "quality of life" are considered and compared, the authors offer their interpretations of these notions. They prove that modern rapidly digitizing communities have access to the latest technologies and the ability to use them become powerful factors affecting the living standards and quality of life of individuals. The scientists investigate a number of contradictions preventing improvement of quality of life in the conditions of increasing digitalization of social processes, namely: unevenness of development of ICT in different spheres of activity of society and higher rates of development of technologies in comparison with the speed of their development by the population. On the base of analysis of statistical information and sociological research data the authors point out the factors reducing the digital readiness of the population including insufficient computer and digital literacy of the population, psychological conservatism, fear of facing threats to information security, lack of confidence in the usefulness and practical applicability of new knowledge. The researchers also formulate prospects of further research within the given problematics.
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Al-Azawei, Ahmed. "Predicting the Adoption of Social Media: An Integrated Model and Empirical Study on Facebook Usage." Interdisciplinary Journal of Information, Knowledge, and Management 13 (2018): 233–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4106.
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Aim/Purpose: This study aims at (1) extending an existing theoretical framework to gain a deeper understanding of the technology acceptance process, notably of the Facebook social network in an unexplored Middle East context, (2) investigating the influence of social support theory on Facebook adoption outside the work context, (3) validating the effectiveness of the proposed research model for enhancing Facebook adoption, and (4) determining the effect of individual differences (gender, age, experience, and educational level) amongst Facebook users on the associated path between the proposed model constructs. Background: Social networking sites (SNSs) are widely adopted to facilitate social interaction in the Web-based medium. As such, this present work contends that there is a gap in the existing literature, particularly in the Middle East context, as regards an empirical investigation of the relationship between the social, psychological, individual, and cognitive constructs potentially affecting users’ intention to accept SNSs. The present research, therefore, attempts to address this deficit. The relevance of this work is also considered in light of the scarcity of empirical evidence and lack of detailed research on the effect of social support theory with regard to SNS adoption in a non-work context. Methodology: A quantitative research approach was adopted for this study. The corresponding analysis was carried out based on structural equation modelling (SEM), more specifically, partial least squares (PLS), using SmartPLS software. Earlier research recommended the PLS approach for exploratory studies when extending an existing model or developing a new theory. PLS is also a superior method of complex causal modelling. Moreover, a multi-group analysis technique was adopted to investigate the moderating influence of individual differences. This method divides the dataset into two groups and then computes the cause and effect relationships between the research model variables for each set. The analysis of an in-person survey with a sample of Facebook users (N=369) subsequently suggested four significant predictors of continuous Facebook use. Contribution: This study contributes to the body of knowledge relating to SNSs by providing empirical evidence of constructs that influence Facebook acceptance in the case of a developing country. It raises awareness of antecedents of Facebook acceptance at a time when SNSs are widely used in Arab nations and worldwide. It also contributes to previous literature on the effectiveness of the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) in different cultural contexts. Another significant contribution of this study is that it has reported on the relevance of social support theory to Facebook adoption, with this theory demonstrating a significant and direct ability to predict Facebook acceptance. Finally, the present research identified the significant moderating effect of individual differences on the associated path between the proposed model constructs. This means that regardless of technological development, individual gaps still appeared to exist among users. Findings: The findings suggested four significant predictors of continuous Facebook use, namely, (a) performance expectancy, (b) peer support, (c) family support, and (d) perceived playfulness. Furthermore, behavioral intention and facilitating conditions were found to be significant determinants of actual Facebook use, while individual differences were shown to moderate the path strength between several variables in the proposed research model. Recommendations for Practitioners: The results of the present study make practical contributions to SNS organizations. For example, this research revealed that users do not adopt Facebook because of its usefulness alone; instead, users’ acceptance is developed through a sequence of variables such as individual differences, psychological factors, and social and organizational beliefs. Accordingly, social media organizations should not consider only strategies that apply to just one context, but also to other contexts characterized by different beliefs, perceptions, and cultures. Moreover, the evidence provided here is that social support theory has a significant influence on SNSs acceptance. This suggests that social media organizations should provide services to support this concept. Furthermore, the significant positive effect of perceived playfulness on the intention to use SNSs implied that designers and organizations should pay further attention to the entertainment services provided by social networks. Recommendation for Researchers: To validate the proposed conceptual framework, researchers from different countries and cultures are invited to apply the model. Moreover, a longitudinal research design could be implemented to gather data over a longer period, in order to investigate whether users have changed their attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, and intention by the end of the study period. Other constructs, such as individual experience, compatibility, and quality of working life could be included to improve the power of the proposed model. Impact on Society: Middle Eastern Facebook users regard the network as an important tool for interacting with others. The increasing number of Facebook users renders it a tool of universal communication and enjoyment, as well as a marketing network. However, knowledge of the constructs affecting the application of SNSs is valuable for ensuring that such sites have the various functions required to suit different types of user. Future Research: It is hoped that our future research will build on the results of this work and attempt to provide further explanation of why users accept SNSs. In this future research, the proposed research model could be adopted to explore SNSs acceptance in other developing countries. Researchers might also include other factors of potential influence on SNSs acceptance. The constructs influencing acceptance of other social networks could then be compared to the present research findings and thus, the differences and similarities would be highlighted.
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Abdelgadir, Ayman K., Omer A. Abu Elzein, and Faris Hameed. "Social Priorities of Less Developed Countries Sustainable Housing (Case of Sudan)." Academic Research Community publication 3, no. 1 (February 7, 2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/archive.v3i1.428.
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Sustainable development and sustainable housing indicators are a response to the trend of adopting sustainable development objectives, adopted by most countries, especially developed and less developed countries. It is difficult to implement indicators developed for a developing country context in other contexts with different social, economic and environmental conditions. Social sustainability is the most important priority regarding evaluating the housing development projects in the developed and less developed countries. Economic conditions is linked in many aspects to the social sustainability indicators. Environmental indicators are important, but the less developed countries in general has a very low environmental foot prints, this is because the industry sector is usually week comparing to the developed countries. This paper reviews the sustainable housing indicators, with a focus on United Nations reports and indicators developed for contexts similar to study area, without ignoring the most reputable indicators developed for developing countries context. The research came with a set of indicators reflects the social priorities of the new housing development in Sudan. A questionnaire participants decided the relative important of each indicator and also the importance of the parameters of each indicator. Developing a set of social priorities for Sudan will give extra efficiency in promoting and assessing sustainability in the study area. Description of the questionnaire results which reflects the national social sustainable housing development priorities are discussed. The researches came with a set of recommendations to enhance the social aspects for new housing development projects in Sudan. Using this set of priorities and recommendations will give extra efficiency in promoting and assessing sustainability in the study area.
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Marconatto, Diego A. B., Luciano Barin-Cruz, and Eugenio Pedrozo. "Lending Groups and Different Social Capitals in Developed and Developing Countries." Revista de Administração Contemporânea 20, no. 6 (December 2016): 651–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-7849rac2016150050.
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Abstract Lending groups (LGs) and social capital are two central elements to the many microfinance solutions operating around the world. However, LG effectiveness in reducing transaction costs and lending risks for microfinance institutions (MFIs) is mediated by institutional environments. Starting from this assumption, we discuss the existent interactions between the institutional environments of developed (Anglo-Saxon and communitarian) and developing countries with different stocks of social capital (individual, network and institutional) and the influences of this interaction on LG effectiveness. In order to do so, we applied the institutional perspective of O. Williamson to build a theoretical framework to examine the interaction of all these conditions, allowing for analysis of their main relations within the microfinance context. Based on this framework, we propose on the one hand that in developing and Anglo-Saxon developed nations, stocks of both individual and network social capital are the most important for an LG's effectiveness. However, in Anglo-Saxon countries, these two stocks of social capital are complemented by formal contracting devices. In communitarian developed countries, on the other hand, the stocks of institutional social capital have a stronger positive impact on LG dynamics.
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Larobi, Aulian Milki Toha, and Baiq Lily Handayani. "Model Alternatif Konstruksi Pengetahuan Bencana di Masyarakat." JCIC : Jurnal CIC Lembaga Riset dan Konsultan Sosial 4, no. 2 (September 30, 2022): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.51486/jbo.v4i2.70.
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Indonesia is one of the countries prone to natural disasters. This raises public anxiety about the coming disaster which sometimes cannot be predicted with certainty. In some communities, the construction of knowledge about disasters is still considered as a destiny that is felt to be unavoidable. Such belief in destiny reduces efforts to take preventive measures against the impact of disasters. Furthermore, there is a building on the importance of disaster knowledge through various alternatives. This study aims to explain various alternative methods of disaster knowledge construction. The method used in this study is library research, which is a technique carried out by reviewing various related literatures that are relevant to the discussion. The results of the study show that currently there are several alternative models that can construct public knowledge about disasters, including local wisdom, disaster education, disaster socialization, and the use of social media. The disaster knowledge construction base is explained with different conditions in each area to be compared. These various sources of knowledge can still be developed and can be used as a framework for developing transformative steps, as an effort to improve the character of community preparedness for disasters.
Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara yang rawan mengalami bencana alam. Hal ini menimbulkan kecemasan masyarakat akan datangnya bencana yang terkadang tidak bisa terprediksi secara pasti. Pada sebagian masyarakat, konstruksi pengetahuan mengenai bencana masih dalam anggapan sebagai suatu takdir yang dirasa tidak dapat dihindari. Kepercayaan mengenai takdir yang seperti demikian membuat berkurangnya usaha untuk melakukan langkah preventif dampak bencana. Selanjutnya, mulai terdapat bangunan atas pentingnya pengetahuan kebencanaan melalui berbagai alternatif. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan berbagai alternatif metode konstruksi pengetahuan bencana. Metode yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah studi kepustakaan atau library research, yaitu teknik yang dilakukan dengan mengkaji berbagai literatur terkait yang relevan dengan pembahasan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa saat ini terdapat beberapa model alternatif yang dapat mengkonstruksi pengetahuan masyarakat terhadap bencana, antara lain kearifan lokal, pendidikan kebencanaan, sosialisasi kebencanaan, serta pemanfaatan media sosial. Basis konstruksi pengetahuan bencana dijelaskan dengan kondisi yang berbeda pada setiap daerah yang akan dikomparasikan. Ragam sumber pengetahuan tersebut masih bisa berkembang dan dapat menjadi kerangka dalam menyusun langkah-langkah transformatif, sebagai upaya meningkatkan karakter kesiapsiagaan masyarakat terhadap bencana.
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Perskaya, Viktoriya V. "ESG Strategies and Business Energy Transition in Modern Conditions." Economic Strategies 152, no. 6 (December 25, 2022): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33917/es-6.186.2022.76-85.
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The article considers the content of the ESG requirements as a transitional phase from unregulated globalization to the achievement of the UN Sustainable Development Goals until 2030, focuses on the social component, as well as on the relationship between achieving steering ejection with the restructuring of energy generating segments of national economies, incl. developing countries; it is emphasized that the developed countries, proclaiming the energy transition to renewable sources, use the potential of developing economies for their own purposes, which strengthens the trend towards state regulation of developing countries in order to achieve national economic objectives; it is analyzed that the unconditional implementation of the ESG principles led to a reduction in long-term investments in exploration and production of fossil energy sources, which in turn led to a sharp increase in prices in world markets; it is substantiated that the process of energy transition requires smooth implementation of the process, in connection with which a radical rejection of fossil fuels is unacceptable in modern conditions, and given the sanctions strategy of the Anglo-Saxon countries in relation to a number of states with an increased social component in the investment load of economic entities, in practice undermines the achievement of the goals of environmental justice, assistance to increase the welfare of the population and increase the social responsibility of companies to society.
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El-Chaarani, Hani. "COVID-19: Problems, Challenges and Business Opportunities." Journal of Contemporary Research in Business Administration and Economic Sciences 1, no. 1 (May 10, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.52856/jcr311280116.
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The arrival of COVID-19 has a negative impact on social conditions and economic indicators of many developed and developing countries. SMEs and managers are suffering from the lockdown, health conditions and the difficulty of transportation. They are implementing new strategies and applying cost control of their expenses to survive. The local governments in collaboration with the IMF, the UN and international NGOs should collaborate and cooperate to recover the socio-economic conditions. This research paper sheds light on socio-economic impacts of COVID-19 and provides many proposals to recover the socio-economic conditions in developing and developed countries.
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Mukherjee, Kajari. "CSR approaches of MNEs in developing countries." Journal of Global Responsibility 7, no. 2 (September 12, 2016): 247–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jgr-05-2014-0020.
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Purpose This paper aims to discuss how multinational enterprises (MNEs) can approach corporate social responsibility (CSR) in developing countries. Such countries face challenges of low social development, income differences and weak institutional framework. The society is also characterized by greater power distance and in-group collectivism. Managers of MNEs operating in developing countries have to find ways and means to deliver CSR which is in sync with the atypical socio-cultural-political-demographical needs of the country. They cannot just concentrate on strategic CSR to create positive externalities; rather, they have to provide generic social benefits to local communities. Design/methodology/approach The paper examines select literature to suggest six propositions regarding CSR approaches that can be adopted by MNEs. Findings Managers of MNEs will concentrate on those stakeholders who have power to punish or reward, and, apart from shareholders, these are likely to be local communities. Hypernorms operating in background will be linked to emergence of macro-social contract of societal expectation to provide some support to local community, whose specific forms will be community-specific microsocial contracts. These will aim at providing generic social goods to local community, through a variety of transactional and calculative activities, high on tokenism. Research limitations/implications This is a conceptual work. Empirical study is not done. Originality/value The mainstream CSR agenda is largely driven by concerns and priorities of developed countries. It aims at universalizing a set of conditions that do not exist in developing countries, and ignores the local realities and priorities. The paper fills a gap in explaining why the concept of global CSR has its limitations, and MNEs have to concentrate on alleviating local demands.
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Stukalo, Nataliia, and Anastasiia Simakhova. "Global parameters of social economy clustering." Problems and Perspectives in Management 16, no. 1 (January 26, 2018): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.16(1).2018.04.
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The study of various aspects of social economy is stipulated by the fact that the focus of any economic system is the human being as the main object and the result of economic activity. The purpose of this paper is to cluster of social economies of the countries throughout the world with distinguishing the models of social economy for transition economies under globalization conditions. The results of research represent four clusters of social economy that prove validity of classification of 4 classic models of social economy: liberal, Scandinavian, corporatist, and Mediterranean. While the most developed countries have effective models of social economy, there is still no clear concept of social development for transition economies. This paper deals with social economy clustering of different countries with the view to determinate the place of transition economies in social metrics of global economy. Our study is limited to the number of countries – 40 countries of the world, mainly European, and timeframes – 2015 and 2016. The obtained results could be taken into account by governments when developing and implementing new social policy for transition economies considering the experience of countries with classical social models. The authors propose the main practical tools for transition social model. It is proposed to distinguish one more model of social economy – the transition model, typical for transition economies that implement social reforms and has some common features.
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Chugunov, Igor, Valentyna Makohon, and Tetiana Кrykun. "Budget strategy in the conditions of economic globalization." Problems and Perspectives in Management 17, no. 3 (July 30, 2019): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.17(3).2019.08.
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Economic changes create a strong need for the reconsideration of the system of financial and budgetary knowledge and paradigms already created in developed countries regarding the possibility of their use in the countries with developing economies. In this article, the authors clarify that the process of formation of the efficient and mutually agreed budget policy with strategic tasks of the social and economical development of countries requires development of the budget strategy. Its essence is the dynamic realization of the system of goals, principles, directions, tasks of state authorities, co-ordination and adequacy of their long-term regulatory measures to internal and external changes in the economic environment and social transformations aimed at ensuring macroeconomic stability, accelerating economic growth and improving the well-being of the population. The principles of budget strategy development have been clearly defined: scientific substantiation; integrity; efficiency; systematic approach; adaptability; variability; interdependence; purposefulness; sociality; legitimacy. The share of government expenditures, budget deficit and public debt in the gross domestic product in the EU and Ukraine has been estimated. The priority directions of budget strategies in the conditions of economic transformations have been defined, in particular, regarding the increase of efficiency of public expenditures and establishment of restrictions on their level of growth; improvement of the mechanism for managing budget deficits, public debt and guarantees and reduction of their limits. The research has demonstrated a huge influence of the budget strategy on the social and economical processes and on the development of the social relations.
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Gollopeni, Besim, Edita Bekteshi, and Eliza Avdiu. "Challenges Facing Early Childhood Education in Developing Countries." Journal of Educational and Social Research 12, no. 6 (November 5, 2022): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2022-0154.
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The environment where the child is educated must offer different opportunities for children through which they will be helped in their social and emotional development, in accordance with their age and level of development. The physical and social environment affects the behavior of both, the educator and the child. By owning the environment and taking control of the classroom space, the educator and the child fulfill the need to feel capable of responding to any demand or challenge they face. Being a country in transition, Kosovo faces various challenges in terms of providing a suitable environment for education according to standards for children at an early age. The research focuses on early care and education institutions and how they provide adequate conditions in terms of physical and social environment and what are the differences between public and private institutions. The study was carried out with heads of nursery, kindergartens and preschool institutions, as well as, with educators and parents (N = 137). Precisely, ten public and ten private institutions were included in the study. The study was carried out in 8 municipalities or about 1/3 of the municipalities of Kosovo. The results of the study show that 74.1% of the institutions are satisfied with the physical spaces. However, there are significant differences between public and private institutions. The results of the study show that there is a higher satisfaction with 90% of public institutions with physical spaces compared to private ones which is 57%. Regarding social activities carried out in public and private institutions, the results show that there are no significant differences (p=0.129).
Received: 14 September 2022 / Accepted: 25 October 2022 / Published: 5 November 2022
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VILLANUEVA, CRISTIAN E., ADRIANELA ANGELES, and LUZ CECILIA REVILLA. "SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AMONG INFORMAL ENTREPRENEURS: EVIDENCE FROM MEXICO." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 25, no. 03 (September 2020): 2050021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946720500211.
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Social responsibility (SR) has been widely studied within formal organizations, especially in large companies in developed countries. However, studies about SR in the informal sector is still insufficient. Addressing this gap is relevant for developing countries where informality is becoming extensive and is growing faster than the formal economy. This research has two main objectives: (1) determine whether in an informal economy context, entrepreneurs could perform SR and (2) if it is possible to have SR, to examine critically the way informal entrepreneurs perform it. To achieve these objectives, this study conducted 50 face-to-face, semi-structured interviews with informal entrepreneurs (IEs) in Mexico City. The outcome of this research shows evidence that IEs can perform SR in an implicit form, despite their adverse and vulnerable conditions.
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Silva, Jonhatan Magno Norte da, David Anderson Cardoso Dantas, Luiz Bueno da Silva, Igor Eduardo Santos de Melo, and Lucas Miguel Alencar de Morais Correia. "Assessment of the influence of psychosocial factors on musculoskeletal disorder symptom intensity." Work 71, no. 1 (January 15, 2022): 187–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-205113.
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BACKGROUND: Previous studies have observed that psychosocial factors are associated with an increase in work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) in European countries. However, the influence of psychosocial factors on the WMSD symptoms has not been studied in detail. Additionally, working conditions differ between developing and developed countries. OBJECTIVE: In this study, the influence of psychosocial factors on WMSD symptoms among men and women in the footwear industry in northeastern Brazil is investigated. METHODS: A questionnaire survey was conducted to evaluate workers’ perceptions of psychosocial factors and WMSD symptoms. The influence of psychosocial factors on WMSD symptom trends was observed through ordinal logistic regression models. RESULTS: It was found that different psychosocial factors are related to WMSD symptom intensification. Factors such as “job insecurity” and “low social support,” which are not associated with the worsening of WMSD symptoms in developed countries, showed a noticeable influence in the sample analyzed. CONCLUSION: These findings may be associated with differences in working conditions and economic problems in developing countries, suggesting that some psychosocial factors have a different effect on workers’ perceptions in developing countries.
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Muryani, Muryani, and Fairidita Annisa Indra. "The Influence of Social, Economic, and Environmental Factors on Health Quality in ASEAN." Jurnal Global & Strategis 13, no. 1 (April 8, 2019): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jgs.13.1.2019.91-102.
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There is a serious problem in term of health over the past 70 years in developing countries, one of them is the quality of life expectancy. Even it has continued to increase but still there is a gap between developed and developing countries. The gap in life expectancy is assumed to be rooted in the differences in socio-economic conditions of different social groups. Health matter, especially in the ASEAN region, is an important issue that must be addressed. Therefore, this research has an objective to explore the influence of social, economic and environmental factors on health quality in ASEAN. The variables in this research are the impacts of population, urbanization, food production, GDP, health spending, and CO2 emissions on health in 9 ASEAN countries in the period from 2001-2015. The analysis method is a panel of regression data. The findings of the research are that all the independent variables have a significant effect on Health quality in ASEAN.
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Duong, Ngoc-Hong. "Relationship of Social Sustainability, Operational Performance and Economic Performance in Sustainable Supply Chain Management." GLOBAL BUSINESS FINANCE REVIEW 27, no. 4 (August 31, 2022): 47–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17549/gbfr.2022.27.4.46.
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Purpose: Over the past two decades, sustainable development and green economy approaches have been implemented in different fields, including supply chain management. In developed countries, sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) has attracted attention from both academia and industry. However, there is a substantial knowledge gap about supply chain social sustainability in developing countries. Hence, the main purpose of this study is to present the link between social sustainability and economic performance with the mediating role of operational performance in sustainable supply chain management.
Design/methodology/approach: The PLS-SEM model is applied to identify factors affecting social sustainability and the relationship between social sustainability, operational performance, and economic performance in Vietnam.
Findings: The study broadens the concept and emphasizes the importance of sustainable development in the context of Vietnam and provides recommendations for managers on strategic planning and developing business towards sustainability. This study also encourages managers to enrich employees’ welfare and working conditions and con- tribute to the local community.
Research limitations/implications: The social indicators in developing countries are distinct from those in developed countries. Hence, this study may only apply in the context of developing countries. There are three main pillars of sustainable development, including economic (profit), environment (planet), and society (people). In this research, the author only examines the social and economic aspects.
Originality/value: The outcomes of this study demonstrate a clear link between the social and economic elements of sustainability. While demonstrating how fully implemented Social sustainability improves economic performance, this study stimulates academic research about the interrelationship of sustainability elements in supply chains.
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Aganbegyan, A. "Residential Construction as a Locomotive of Social and Economic Development of the Country." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 5 (May 20, 2012): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2012-5-59-69.
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The article assesses the role of residential construction in Russia's social development, notes insufficient provision of population with comfort accommodation in comparison with a number of developed and developing countries. The data on the availability of housing in Russia and other countries are presented. The article shows that acceleration of residential construction can lead to higher rates of economic growth in Russia. The conditions and factors of future residential construction development are considered, the accent should be made on construction of low-rise buildings. The necessity of simultaneous reforming of the communal sphere, its transferring on the market path is stressed. The assessments of required investments in the field are presented.
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Sova, Yevgenii, and Iryna Lukianenko. "Empirical evaluation of monetary policy transmission to stock markets and further transfer of macroeconomic shocks to the real sector." JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES 15, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2022/15-1/8.
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The study focuses on revealing key monetary policy instruments that can influence stock market development and elaborating whether shocks from financial markets and other macroeconomic conditions are further transferred to the real sector, as expected under the monetary transmission mechanism. This paper is an extension of our previous theoretical and empirical research expanding to ten developed and eight developing economies for the period of 1999-2020 using panel data and vector autoregressive models, impulse response functions, and scenario analysis. Firstly, it was examined that actions of monetary policymakers were efficient for stimulating the development of stock markets mostly for developed countries, whereas stock indices in most developing countries seemed not to be sensitive to changes in monetary conditions. Using scenario analysis and impulse response functions, it was discovered that in developing countries, including Poland and Ukraine, an expansionary policy focused on increasing money supply would mitigate deceleration and facilitate the growth of stock indices in the next four quarters, whereas, in developed countries, including the USA, a decline in interest rates under expansionary regime would stimulate the development of stock markets. Finally, the evolution of financial markets together with macroeconomic, social, and political conditions was concluded to be a statistically important factor of economic growth, as initially expected.
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Taylor, Allyn Lise. "Making the World Health Organization Work: A Legal Framework for Universal Access to the Conditions for Health." American Journal of Law & Medicine 18, no. 4 (1992): 301–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0098858800007322.
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Improving global health conditions has been one of the most important and difficult challenges for the world community. Despite concerted efforts by international organizations, like the World Health Organization, great disparities in health conditions remain between developed and developing countries, as well as within those countries. The World Health Organization has achieved some successes through its Health for All strategy; however, it can and should encourage member nations to enact national and international laws to protect and promote the health status of their populations. A comparison to the lawmaking efforts in other areas by international organizations indicates that WHO may have the authority and the means to institutionalize efforts to improve global health conditions.
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Yang, Chen, Haizhong Wang, and Ke Zhong. "Consumers' Processing Mindset As a Moderator of the Effect of Country-of-Origin Product Stereotype." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 43, no. 8 (September 18, 2015): 1371–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2015.43.8.1371.
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In 2 studies we investigated the relationship between consumers' processing mindset and the effect of a stereotype about developing countries as the country of origin (COO) of a product. Participants were 61 Chinese undergraduate students in Study 1 and 104 Chinese undergraduate students in Study 2. We found (Study 1) that, relative to a global processing mindset, inducing a local processing mindset effectively decreased negative effects of COO associated with a product made in a developing country. However, we found (Study 2) that the ethnicity of a product made in a developed country interacted with processing mindset. When the participants' perception of the ethnicity of the product was favorable (e.g., a Swiss watch), those participants who were utilizing a global processing mindset were less likely to have a negative perception about COO than were those who were utilizing a local processing mindset. These findings show an effective way of weakening negative COO effect of developing countries in different conditions.
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Tarhini, Ali, Ali Abdallah Alalwan, Ahmad Bahjat Shammout, and Ali Al-Badi. "An analysis of the factors affecting mobile commerce adoption in developing countries." Review of International Business and Strategy 29, no. 3 (September 2, 2019): 157–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ribs-10-2018-0092.
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Purpose This study aims to investigate the factors that may hinder or facilitate consumers’ adoption of mobile-commerce (m-commerce) activities in the context of developing countries exemplified here by Oman. Design/methodology/approach A conceptual model was developed through integrating factors from UTAUT2 (performance expectancy, expectancy effort, social influence, facilitating conditions, hedonic motivation, price value, habit and self-efficacy) and SERVQUAL (system quality, service quality and information quality). Data were collected from 530 Omani m-commerce users through a cross-sectional survey. Findings The results of the structural equation modelling showed that consumers’ behavioural intention (BI) towards m-commerce adoption was significantly influenced by information quality, habit, performance expectancy, trust, hedonic motivation, service quality, price value and facilitating conditions, in their order of influencing strength, and explained 65.5 per cent of the variance in BI. Unexpectedly, effort expectancy, social influence, self-efficacy and system quality had no significant effect on BI. Practical implications This study will explain the currently relatively low penetration rate of m-commerce adoption in Oman, which will help local m-commerce businesses to develop the right organizational strategies, especially related to marketing strategies and developing mobile applications, which will draw the attention of many users. Originality/value This is one of the few studies that integrates UTAUT2 with SERVQUAL and tests the proposed model in non-Western cultural contexts. Specifically, in contrast to previous studies, diversity of individuals’ acceptance behaviour is examined in Oman.
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Bhatia, Aparna, and Binny Makkar. "CSR disclosure in developing and developed countries: a comparative study." Journal of Global Responsibility 11, no. 1 (October 29, 2019): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jgr-04-2019-0043.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine and compare the nature and extent of corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting practices of companies in developing (BRICS [Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa]) and developed (the USA and the UK) countries. Design/methodology/approach Content analysis is conducted on the annual reports and websites of 325 companies listed on stock exchanges of developing markets and of developed markets (Brazil – IBrX 100, 46 companies; Russia – Broad Market Index, 50 companies; India – BSE 100, 50 companies; China – SSE 180, 29 companies; South Africa – FTSE/JSE All Share index, 50 companies; the USA – NYSE 100, 50 companies; the UK – FTSE 100, 50 companies). Descriptives are used to calculate company wise and item wise scores. T-test analysis is applied to check for significant differences between mean scores of developing and developed countries. Findings The findings of the study reflect that developed countries have higher CSR disclosure scores than developing countries. Overall, mean CSR disclosure score of developed countries is 53.5%, followed by that of the developing countries at 49.4%. Developed countries take lead in CSR disclosure for all the five categories, namely, human resources, community, environment, customer and product and others. The results of independent sample T-test suggest that mean disclosure score of developing nations is significantly different from developed nations. Practical implications As suggested by the results, the gap in the CSR disclosure scores between developing and developed group of countries is not an alarming one. However, developing countries should practice CSR in spirit and not just in letter. Focus should not be on just filling the pages in black and white, rather the essence of CSR should be attained for balanced development of the country. For instance, though developing country like India has high score of CSR disclosure in contrast to each of the developed country taken in the sample, yet the country is still battling with several issues such as poverty, over-population, corruption, poor standard of working conditions for the employees and environmental conservation. Sustenance should focus upon renewable sources of energy; efforts of employees should be acknowledged offering flexible working hours; consumer trust should be built by communicating authentic and accurate information about the product. As developing countries encounter several social and environmental problems, companies must endeavor to build a healthy nation keeping in mind the welfare of all stakeholders by practicing CSR. Originality/value This study overcomes the limitations of prior cross-country studies by taking a better representative sample with greater number of countries belonging to identifiable group of “developing” and “developed” nations and thus attempts to improve generalization and authenticity of results.
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Narag, Raymund E., and Clarke R. Jones. "Understanding Prison Management in the Philippines." Prison Journal 97, no. 1 (November 18, 2016): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032885516679366.
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Current prison management models strictly prohibit inmates from assisting with prison administration or governance. This is feasible in developed countries where governments can provide adequate resources, security, and personnel. It is not, however, realistic in developing countries like the Philippines, which is characterized by poverty, corruption, and underresourcing of correctional facilities. In such circumstances, inmate leaders tend to share governance with prison administrators. Despite occurring out of necessity, not by design, this system normalizes social conditions within a prison. This article examines the ramifications of such a shared governance model for correctional management by means of ethnographic research.
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Moody, Philip M., Mahmoud A. Al Bustan, and Vijaya Manav. "Smoking or Health? International Trends and Marketing of Tobacco and Possible Interventions." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 14, no. 3 (October 1993): 299–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/6r21-v4gy-qbf4-h6ra.
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This article focuses on the trends in cigarette smoking in both developed and developing countries. There is a change in the smoking patterns from developed to the developing countries due to the shift of emphasis upon marketing of tobacco in the developing countries by the transnational tobacco industry. This is achieved due to the tobacco company's advertising strategies and its impact on the population. The harmful effects of tobacco production and its impact on the environment and health levels in these countries is discussed. Intervention strategies for smoking cessation and the benefits of such interventions is also discussed. This article focuses on these changes from a political economic of illness approach rather than just focusing on individual smokers and holding only them responsible for their healthy or non-healthy conditions.
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ZVARYCH, Roman. "SYSTEM DETERMINANTS OF UNEQUAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF GLOBALIZED WORLD." WORLD OF FINANCE, no. 1(54) (2018): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2018.01.139.
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Introduction. Globalization has accelerated the transformation of authoritarian societies into the perception of individual elements of the liberal-market model. It created favorable conditions for their cooperation with developed Western countries; stimulated economic modernization; and attracted countries to world economic processes. Positive shifts in the development of developing countries are associated with high rate of growth. But on the other hand, globalization left national states little chance to preserve their own economic, political and cultural sovereignty and strengthened their dependence on the developed world. Purpose. Purpose of the article is research of the unequal economic participation and divergence of economic inequality in developing countries and estimation of their impact on the uneven development of the world. Methods. The method of content formalization the development, growth and convergence of developing countries is used; hypothetical-deductive method in evaluating the level of preindustrial inequality in the world is used; systematic approach to analyze income gap per capita between rich and poor countries is used; hypothesis method for poverty reduction ways and geopolitical risks elimination is used. Results. The research is focused on development, growth and convergence of developing countries in the world economy. It is estimated the level of preindustrial inequality and it is established the starting point of its occurrence in the world. The developing and industrialized world is concentrated in dozens of countries where economic growth was associated with structural changes in production and employment. The research showed a gap in income per capita between rich and poor countries. The exclusion of the least developed countries is a key factor of international inequalities in the world as a whole and within the developing regions. It is defined the share of people below the poverty line and the level of its influence on world development. If rapid growth has led to human development and social progress in some countries, then in much more countries this growth has not provided development. It is explored the poverty reduction measures, non-economic factors and geopolitical risks that can destroy the further growth of developing countries. Conclusion. In a context of structural change, the development of the global economy will largely depend on the growth rates of developing countries. Despite the growing of economic power, developing countries can face certain specific problems associated with the pursuit of rapid economic growth. For economic development, developing countries should eradicate poverty, create jobs and inclusive growth. This sustainable way of developing mobilizes human resources of developing countries. The spread of education is the basis of the development of countries that industrialized late. Infrastructure, both physical and social, is the basis for the earlier stages of industrialization. Developing countries should strive to combine economic growth with human development and social transformation. This requires the creative interaction between the state and the market over the dominance of the market model.
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Neupane, Ganesh Prasad, R. Makaju, and R. Koju. "Rheumatic Fever and Antibody Response to Group A Streptococcal Infections." Nepalese Heart Journal 6, no. 1 (November 24, 2017): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njh.v6i1.18597.
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Rheumatic fever is non-suppurative sequel of group A streptococcal infection. It is a multifocal inflammatory disease, affecting primarily the heart, joints, skin and central nervous system occurring in 0.1% to 3% after untreated pharyngitis. It was a major cause of death and a common cause of chronic structural heart disease in children until 1960. It has declined in developed countries due to advent of penicillin and improved social conditions. Rheumatic fever is very common disease among children in developing countries till date. Rheumatic fever and its clinically significant sequel, rheumatic heart disease, continue to be a major health problem in developing countries like Nepal. Rheumatic fever is still a major cause of death and heart disease.
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Fendt-Newlin, Meredith, Aarti Jagannathan, and Martin Webber. "Cultural adaptation framework of social interventions in mental health: Evidence-based case studies from low- and middle-income countries." International Journal of Social Psychiatry 66, no. 1 (October 3, 2019): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764019879943.
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Background: Evidence-based strategies for treating mental health conditions need to be scaled up to address the mental health treatment gap in low- and middle-income countries. Most medical and psychological interventions for the treatment of mental health conditions have been developed and evaluated in high-income countries. However, the imperative of scaling up such interventions potentially ignores local realities, and may also discredit or replace local frameworks for responding to distress. Aims: This article aims to develop a framework for the cultural adaptation of social interventions which are developed within, and draw upon, local contexts, to ensure they are acceptable, feasible and effective. Method: A case study approach is used to discuss the feasibility of developing and adapting psychosocial interventions which are embedded in local knowledge, values and practices. Results: The first case study introduces yoga as an alternative and/or complementary, and culturally relevant, approach for people experiencing mental health conditions in India. The second case study is a cross-cultural adaptation of a psychosocial intervention from the United Kingdom to fit the local idioms of distress and service context in Sierra Leone, as the country battled with the Ebola outbreak. We use these case studies to develop a Cultural Adaptation Framework, which recognises that people and their mental health are products of their culture and society, to inform the future development, adaptation and evaluation of sociocultural interventions for people experiencing mental health conditions in low- and middle-income countries. Conclusion: The Cultural Adaptation Framework can be used to ensure interventions are culturally relevant and responsive to local conditions prior to evaluating in experimental studies.