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Elbeshlawy, Ahmed Farouk. "That dangerous carnival : the Third World and its relation to the west /." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25943327.
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Wang, Yichen, and Boxin Mu. "How technology spillovers from developed to developing countries influence labor productivity in developing countries." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-21149.
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Advanced technology plays a more and more important role in economic growth. With increasing international transactions, technology spillover between countries is becoming more important for especially developing countries. The main objective of this essay is to investigate the relationship between labor productivity and technological spillovers measured by Foreign Direct Investments (FDI), import and Research and Development expenditure (R&D). We use data covering 41 developing countries for the time period 2005 to 2008 to assess the extent to which technological spillovers from US influence labor productivity in the selected developing countries. Our results show that the relationship between technological spillovers and labor productivity in developing countries are highly sensitive to model specification and estimation techniques. Simple pooled data estimations revels a clear relation between technological spillover an labor productivity while more complex models such as dynamic panel data models fails in this task.
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Thompson, Alexi Simos Jackson John D. "Terrorism's effect on tourism developed vs. developing countries /." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SUMMER/Economics/Thesis/Thompson_Alexi_0.pdf.
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Alexander, Kimberly Holloman. "Trade patterns of less developed countries, 1978 to 1986." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43962.
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<p>The present study examines the trade patterns of Less - Developed Countries from 1978 to 1986. Trade data for twenty-five developing countries is examined to test the hypothesis that there are universal factors effecting the development of every country. The hypothesis predicts that as economic development progresses, the proportion of total trade in primary goods will decrease while the proportion of total trade in manufactured goods will increase.</p>
<p>In order to test what is a long run phenomena for countries with relatively short time periods of data available, a pooled cross-sectional model is utilized.</p><br>Master of Arts
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Zhang, Ying. "Developed countries or developing countries?: MNEs' geographic diversification and corporate social performance." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2018. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/560.
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Research (e.g., Strike, Gao, & Bansal, 2006) has pointed out that international firms diversifying geographically can be both socially responsible and socially irresponsible. However, the research has failed to provide a strong theoretical explanation based on a major theory. I propose to address this gap by testing two competing perspectives based on institutional theory, i.e., the institutional-transfer approach and the institutional-void approach. Based on relevant literature, I propose a contingency model predicting the different effects of geographic diversification (GD) on corporate social performance (CSP) by focusing on the institutional differences between developed and developing countries. Moreover, arguing that the institutional approaches should also consider the effects of internal firm resources, I also predict the moderating effects of firm slack resources (the slack) on the relationship between the diversification and CSP. Adopting the approach that considers the slack in a continuum of managerial discretion, i.e., low- and high-discretion slack resources (George, 2005), I argue that high-discretion slack can strengthen the relationship between GD and CSP while low-discretion slack can weaken this relationship. To test the above hypotheses, I analyze the data of multinational enterprises (MNEs) listed on the New York Stock Exchange from 2000 to 2015. The whole sample contains 477 MNEs or 1,560 firm/year observations. Through analyzing empirical data, I have obtained evidence that there is a positive relationship between GD and corporate social responsibility (CSR) when MNEs diversify into developed countries. On the other hand, the results show a negative relationship between GD and CSR and a positive relationship between GD and corporate social irresponsibility (CSIR) when MNEs diversify into developing countries. Moreover, low-discretion slack can weaken the relationship between GD and CSR in developing countries. Theoretically, this thesis makes four contributions to the literature. First, it contributes to the GD literature by focusing on CSP. Second, it enriches institutional theory by testing the predictive validity of its two approaches (i.e., institutional-transfer approach and institutional-void approach) on the GD-CSP relationship. Third, it enriches the understanding of CSP research. Finally, it reveals that different types of slack resources could affect the GD-CSP relationship. In addition to the theoretical contributions, this thesis provides findings with practical implications for managers, governments, and stakeholders. First, managers should be aware of the institutional environments where their firms diversify. Second, managers should maintain an appropriate utility to different kinds of slack resources in their firms. Third, the government should reinforce its supervision on MNEs' diversification strategies, especially in developing countries. Fourth, stakeholders should stay alert that MNEs from developed countries can also perform CSIR behaviors.
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Avitabile, C. "Information and health care in developed and developing countries." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2009. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/18981/.
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This thesis studies the effect of information and cultural barriers on the demand for health care in both developed and developing countries. Chapter 1 exploits the randomized research design of PROGRESA, a conditional cash transfer programme implemented in rural Mexico, to study whether health interventions can have indirect effects on the propensity to screen for gender specific diseases. We show that among women not entitled to a cash transfer there is a higher likelihood of being screened for cervical cancer as result of greater social acceptance of the test and increased awareness of potential risk factors. Chapter 2 discusses whether attendance at health and nutrition sessions as one of the requirements for receiving a transfer, affects the health behaviour of eligible adults. Using data from the randomized design of the PAL nutritional programme, implemented in rural Mexico, we show that there is a lower propensity among women for a large waist circumference, which is driven by reduced calorie intake based on better nutrition knowledge. Chapter 3 examines whether the quality of primary care affects the uptake of mammography and colonoscopy among individuals aged 50 plus, in eight European countries. We find that better quality general practitioner are significantly increases the propensity to undergo screening. Finally, Chapter 4 looks at whether the costs involved in acquiring health information are an important determinant of the decision to buy supplementary private health insurance and whether this explains in part the large cross country variation in supplementary private health insurance coverage across European countries. We find evidence that both education and proxies for cognitive ability act as substitutes for quality of health promotion in the propensity to sign a supplementary private insurance.
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Neidhöfer, Guido [Verfasser]. "Intergenerational Mobility in Developed and Developing Countries / Guido Neidhöfer." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1149050640/34.
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Sumer, Selçuk Cemal. "The impacts of free trade agreements on use of antidumping." Master's thesis, NSBE - UNL, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/9647.
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A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Economics from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics<br>This paper investigates the effects of bilateral trade agreements on
the antidumping use. It points out the antidumping investigations and
measures imposed from the 16 major members of WTO, in the recent
years. It also states the increasing number of use of antidumping and
its policies in developing countries. From the available data it
examines the alterations of antidumping investigations initated by a
developed country (the USA) and a developing country (Brazil)
against their major trading partners under bilateral trade agreements.
It states that if there is more or less antidumping use depending on a
country being developed or developing.
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Proto, Eugenio. "Financial markets, stagnation and instability in less developed economies." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211076.
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Casini, Paolo. "The industrial organization of financial services in developing and developed countries." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210176.
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In the first part of the thesis I focus on credit markets in developing countries, and describe the competitive interaction between Microfinance Institutions (MFIs). <p>Microfinance has recently attracted a lot of attention from investors, politicians, scholars and, most of all, people working on development. As a results, a huge number of MFIs are being created all over the world so that, as of today, practitioners reckon that about 100 millions of customers are being served. Remarkably, about 67% of them are women. <p><p>The reason of this extraordinary effort is that Microfinance is considered the most promising development tool currently available. This belief is based on two important features of Microfinance: (i) It promises to be financially viable (and in some cases even profitable) since poor people have proven to be reliable clients. As a result, Microfinance is potentially a zero-cost development tool. (ii) It hinges on the entrepreneurial abilities of the poor. It is designed to help the poor to help themselves, in their own home countries, by allowing them to use their skills, ideas and potentials. This should progressively make developing countries independent of rich ones' help. <p><p>The growth of Microfinance has been so fast that many issues and related research questions are still not answered. In my thesis I try to address one of them, that I believe particularly important: the increase of competition between MFIs. As economic theory predicts, competition can have dramatic consequences in terms of borrower welfare, profitability of the institutions and, therefore, on the attractiveness of the business for potential investors, donors and entrants. I use the tools of industrial organization and contract theory to understand these effects, measure them, and give some interesting policy advice. <p><p>In the first paper, I analyze the effects of entry of a new MFI in a previously monopolistic microcredit market. In order to catch the salient features of financial markets in developing countries, I use a model of asymmetric information and assume that institutions can offer only one type of contract. I consider different behavioral assumptions for the MFIs and study their influence on equilibrium predictions. The model allows showing that competition can lead to equilibria in which MFIs differentiate their contracts in order to screen borrowers. This process can, unfortunately, make the poor borrowers worse off. Interestingly, the screening process we describe creates a previously unexplored source of credit rationing. I also prove that the presence in the market of an altruistic MFI, reduces rationing and, via this channel, affects positively the competitor's profit.<p><p>In the second paper, I study the effects of competition in those markets in which, due to the absence of credit bureaus, small entrepreneurs can simultaneously borrow from more than one institution. As in the first paper, I analyze an oligopolistic microcredit market characterized by asymmetric information and institutions that can offer only one type of contract. The main contribution is to show that appropriate contract design can eliminate the ex-ante incentives for multiple borrowing. Moreover, when the market is still largely unserved and particularly risky, a screening strategy leading to con- <p>tract differentiation and credit rationing is unambiguously the most effective to avoid multiple borrowing. The result of this paper can also be read as important robustness checks of the findings of my first paper. <p><p>In the last part of the thesis, I depart from the analysis of developing countries to consider, more generally, the corporate governance of financial infrastructures. The efficient functioning of financial markets relies more and more on the presence of infrastructures providing services like clearing, settlement, messaging and many others. The last years have been characterized by interesting dynamics in the ownership regime of these service providers. Both mutualizations and de-mutualizations took place, together with entry and exit of different players. <p><p>Starting from this observation, in the last paper (with Joachim Keller), we analyze the effects of competitive interaction between differently owned financial providers. We mainly focus on the incentives to invest in safety enhancing measures and we describe the different equilibrium market configurations. We use a model in which agents need an input service for the financial market they operate in. They can decide whether to provide it them selves by forming a Cooperative or outsource it from a Third Party Provider. We prove that the co-existence of differently governed infrastructures leads to a significant reduction in the investment in safety. In most cases, monopolistic provision is preferable to competition. Moreover, the decision rule used within the Cooperative plays a central role in determining the optimal market configuration. <p><p>All in all, throughout my thesis, I use the tools of industrial organization and contract theory to model the competitive interaction of the different actors operating in financial markets. Understanding the dynamics typical of developing countries can help in gaining a deeper comprehension of the markets in richer countries, and vice-versa. I am convinced that analyzing the differences and the similarities of financial markets in different regions of the world can be of great importance for economic theorists, in that it provides a counterfactual for the assumptions and the results on which our predictions and policy advices are based.<p><br>Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Embleton, Lonnie, Hana Lee, Jayleen Gunn, David Ayuku, and Paula Braitstein. "Causes of Child and Youth Homelessness in Developed and Developing Countries." AMER MEDICAL ASSOC, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/614740.
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Chakrabarti, Debjani. "Economic freedom and social capital determinants on economic growth of developed and developing nations." Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2007. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-04232007-164855.
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Giri, Dusmanta Kumar. "Constitution of the European Union : implications for the developing countries; a case study of India." Thesis, University of Hull, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318392.
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Macrinici, Adela, and Mian Muhammad Bilal. "CONSUMERS’ BEHAVIOR TOWARDS TELEMARKETING: : A CASE STUDY OF DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-70946.
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Marketing, Direct Marketing, Tele-Marketing, Consumer Behavior, Tele-sales, Developing countries, Customer attitude/behavior, Call center, Outbound calls, Proactive telemarketing, Sales promotion ,Survey, Telemarketing center , Telemarketing sales , Telephone marketers , Cold calls.
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Naqvi, Kimberley Birjis. "An inquiry into changing industrial labour force patterns, developed and developing countries." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0004/NQ40325.pdf.
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Shannon, Martyn. "The effects of changing multinational investment behaviour on developed and developing countries." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.510808.
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Thangavel, Jayakumar. "Digital Signature : Comparative study of its usage in developed and developing countries." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Informationssystem, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-217960.
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The online trading is growing widely day by day, which makes safety the biggest concern while carrying out trading by electronic means. As many other operations can be done with digital environment and internet, operation that provides identity validation should also be added to the digital environment. When data are transferred, the user should make sure that there are no changes in the original data while transferring them from sender to receiver. And it has also become necessary to authenticate the users often to ensure security and to avoid fraud. There are lot of different ways of online identification, in which digital signature is considered to be one of the powerful way of authentication. So, the online user use digital signature to authenticate the sender and to maintain the integrity of the document sent. In this paper, a study is carried out to identify the usage of digital signature and the perspective of people towards it in developed and developing countries and a survey is taken to support the theory.
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Alexander, Myriam. "Tobacco use and the risk of cardiovascular diseases in developed and developing countries." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/245058.
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The association between cigarette smoking and the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is well established. However, the effect of other, less common, types of smoking on CVD risk, such as pipes and cigars in developed countries, remains uncertain. By contrast, in developing countries, a large panel of smokeless tobacco products are consumed alongside smoking products, with unknown effects on the risk of CVD. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the association between various forms of tobacco use with the risk of CVD in the setting of developed countries and of a developing country with a large population, Pakistan.
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Raboch, Henrique. "The Internationalization of Multinational Companies : An intra-sector comparison among firms from developing and developed countries." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Business and Engineering (SET), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-3812.
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<p>The recent emergence of Multinational Companies (MNCs) from developing countries as players of major role inside their industry has led the academic agenda to dedicate a lot of efforts on better understand the internationalization particularities of companies from this kind. This research aims on contributing to the already existent theoretical bodywork by highlighting the differences between firms from developed and developing countries by performing a cross-country comparison between two firms from the same industry: a Brazilian company, which will be called Beta due to confidentiality issues, and a Swedish company, which will be named Alpha. Although being joint-managed by Swedish and Swiss assets, this study focus on the Swedish part of the society, which is constituted by the firm which will be named Gamma. Both companies operate on the electric motors, power and automation technologies segment. The theoretical framework used was built under traditional International Business theories, such as the Nordic Research School in International Business and the Eclectic Paradigm. The method used constituted in a multiple case-study and data were collected from companies’ reports as well as other publications, and primary data were collected by applying a questionnaire with both firms. Results highlight how the self-experience was more important for Beta while partnerships affected more the case of Alpha. Different ownership advantages structures held each firm point out that the developed country MNC enjoys greater brand equity, making the developing country firm to provide adapted solutions to its customers in order to compete in the market. The orientation on seeking for localization advantages can be described as an extent as their capacities developed in the home market, and the drivers for producing abroad are similar among the firms.</p>
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Almamari, Awadh. "On the competition between multinational enterprises within developing countries : developing country MNEs versus developed country MNEs." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2014. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/49757/.
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Over the last two decades, developing countries have experienced a high volume of foreign direct investment (FDI). It is commonly accepted that many multinational enterprises (MNEs) are entering into multiple markets, in order to increase their profitability and to reduce the risk of relying upon one market. This study aims to provide insight into the internationalisation of MNEs from both developed and developing countries into developing markets. It seeks to test what, if anything, MNEs from developing countries do more effectively than MNEs from developed countries within these emerging markets. The central thesis of the study is that MNEs from developing countries will have certain advantages over MNEs from developed countries, and will therefore be more prevalent amongst the largest foreign firms within emerging markets. This thesis is based on the assumption that MNEs from developing countries have prior experience of operating within similar emerging markets, and so are better qualified to compete within these types of markets. MNEs from developing countries obtain certain capabilities from operations within their home countries, such as the ability to function in the context of authoritarian regimes, ineffective governments, poorly developed infrastructures, and poorly protected property rights, as well as the ability to provide services within markets which include consumers living in poverty. All of these may allow them more easily to overcome difficulties and setbacks within developing country markets. The theoretical foundation for this study has been constructed by reviewing the existing business literature. A particular aim of the literature review was to understand and explore the development of knowledge about the investment habits of multinational enterprises. In particular, their behaviour when operating within developing country markets was explored, along with the question of how they may be able to use their resources or capabilities to gain competitive advantage. This produced a set of hypotheses, which were then investigated using two types of data (both quantitative and qualitative). The results of the analysis show that developing-country MNEs outperform developed-country MNEs when investing in developing countries with poorly protected property rights and pervasive corruption. This is also the case when investing in countries with poorly developed infrastructure. In addition, partial support was found for the hypothesis that developing-country MNEs are likely to have an advantage over developed-country MNEs when investing in developing countries with authoritarian regimes. The study hopes to assist policy makers in recognising that an MNE’s previous experience impacts on its ability to succeed in developing countries. It also hopes to provide useful guidance for those MNE managers who are seeking to improve their effectiveness when investing in developing countries.
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Walker, Haley. "The Powerful and the Vulnerable: Differing Paths to Sustainable Development in a Time of Climate Crisis." Thesis, Boston College, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108799.
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Thesis advisor: Hiroshi Nakazato<br>Since the start of the Industrial Revolution, the common desire of states has been for constant economic growth. While this aspiration has promoted the flourishing of some societies it has been a detriment to others. With intensified inequality across the globe, the powerful have both inadvertently and knowingly exploited the vulnerable— including people, animals and the planet. Now, that inequality and environmental degradation persist in the collective crisis of climate change. Moving forward, it is critical for nations to acknowledge both their culpability for destruction and their capacity for action amidst this crisis. With differing historical responsibilities, states may have proportionately accountable solutions. This thesis provides both an ethical and a practical framework for addressing both local and global challenges that come with climate change as well as how to mitigate the injustices that are borne of it in thoughtful, multi-faceted and integrated approaches to sustainable development<br>Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2020<br>Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences<br>Discipline: Departmental Honors<br>Discipline: International Studies
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Khalid, H. M. "Cooperation and networking in university libraries : a model for initiation and implementation in countries with less developed systems." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337842.
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Baci, Duygu. "Revisiting The Fisher Effect For Developed And Developing Countries: A Bounds Test Approach." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608302/index.pdf.
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This study investigates the Fisher Effect for a sample of ten developed countries and ten developing countries. The study examines whether the nominal interest rate adjusts to the expected inflation rate in the long run. The distinction between the developed countries and developing countries also enables to identify special conditions under which Fisher Effect is more likely to hold. To analyze the long run relationship between the nominal interest rate and expected inflation rate, Bounds test approach of Pesaran et. al. (2001) is utilized. Estimation results show that the adjustment of nominal interest rate to expected inflation is encountered mostly for the developing countries which have inflationary history in their economies.
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Márquez, Ramos Laura. "New determinants of bilateral trade: An empirical analysis for developed and developing countries." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10361.
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In this dissertation, the pattern and direction of international trade flows will be analysed by taking into consideration different levels of development across countries in the world. A better understanding of the factors explaining trade will help authorities to define specific economic and industrial policies at macro and micro levels in order to promote trade and subsequently economic development and growth in countries at different stages of development.<br/>The dissertation analyses in greater detail the role of some of the variables recently considered as determinants of international trade flows. Technological innovation, geographical factors, cultural similarities and trade costs are the explanatory factors that will be investigated in depth. <br/>First, aggregated trade flows are modelled as a function of incomes, distance, technological innovation, geography and cultural similarities. Second, a disaggregated analysis is performed to investigate the effect of tariffs and transport costs on bilateral trade flows.<br/>Determinants of international trade flows may differ across both countries and sectors. Country and sector heterogeneity issues will therefore be considered when analysing international trade patterns.<br/>One of the main devices used to analyse the determinants of international trade flows is the gravity model of trade. Recently, some authors have referred to this model as the "workhorse" of empirical trade. In this dissertation, the gravity model is the main modelling framework used.
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Aagah, Awa, and Sibel Baydono. "Does openness affect economic growth? : A panel data on developing and developed countries." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Nationalekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-36245.
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This paper investigates the impact of trade openness on economic growth through a panel analysis containing a set of 61 countries over 15 years. The method we use is the fixed effect regression model in Stata, to see whether openness to trade has explanatory power over GDP per capita growth. We use secondary data taken from World bank and Worldwide Governance Indicators. The data used is a panel data containing 61 countries and the period we are studying starts at 2002 and ends in 2016, a 15 years' time interval. Our empirical results suggest that openness during these years have had a small negative impact on growth, but although this, the variable does not seem to have a statistical significance upon per capita growth within this period of time. Therefore, with reference to this study we cannot see any significance of openness upon growth.
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Joshi, Divyesh Jagadischandra. "Transfer pricing : a comparative study of analogous legislation in developing and developed countries." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/31029.
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The world has shrunk. Business has evolved. Trade is no longer just a bilateral concept but rather a multidimensional and multifaceted organism, constantly changing. In a world where a Mauritian holding company is able to justify financially, the manufacture of its product by factories in China, its transportation by Danish shippers, its marketing by American branding agencies, its product support by Indian call centres, and its distribution across Africa at a substantial profit, revenue authorities are faced with the challenge of striking a balance between maintaining an adequate tax base while incentivising foreign direct investment. It is on the back of globalisation that the need for transfer pricing legislation is born. Companies often structure business transactions in a manner most conducive to positive tax benefit. One such method involves the shifting of profits between associated enterprises. This results in the erosion of a tax base in one country and undue benefit in the other. Transfer pricing involves a process of adjustment where multinational corporations trade with related enterprises at prices different to arm’s length prices. Determining an arm’s length price requires significant judgement. Careful consideration must be given to the relevant facts and circumstances surrounding the transaction. This study aims to evaluate factors which should be considered in determining an arm’s length price. South African legislation outlines methods which may be used to determine an arm’s length price. These methods are unique to specific sets of facts and each method poses its own challenges in application. This study aims to critically evaluate such methods of calculating an arm’s length price. The major risk arising from international trade with associated enterprises is that revenue authorities may adjust transfer prices, and this could result in double taxation for companies. It is therefore important for legislation in various countries to maintain some form of parity. The challenge however, is that countries often encourage foreign direct investment through favourable tax laws, and tax law is effectively modelled based on a country’s objectives and fiscal policy. In addition, multinational corporations often have their head offices in developed countries and their operating subsidiaries in developing countries. Legislation is therefore designed to take into account this demographic, in that, legislation in developed countries may be designed differently to that of developing countries. As a result transfer pricing legislation may differ from country to country. The study therefore seeks to evaluate differences between legislation in various countries, and to assess South African legislation in comparison to other developed and developing countries. AFRIKAANS : Die wêreld het gekrimp en besigheid het ontwikkel. Handel is nie meer net 'n bilaterale konsep nie, maar eerder 'n multidimensionele en multifavlakkige organisme wat voortdurend verander. In 'n wêreld waar 'n houermaatskappy in Mauritius in staat is om dit finansieel te regverdig dat sy produkte in China vervaardig word, die verskeping deur Deense skepe gedoen word, die bemarking deur 'n Amerikaanse agentskap behartig word, die inbelsentrum in Indië gevestig is en die verspreiding van sy produkte dwarsoor Afrika geskied, alles teen 'n aansienlike wins, is inkomste-owerhede gekonfronteer met die uitdaging om 'n balans tussen die instandhouding van 'n voldoende belastingbasis te behou en terselfdertyd direkte buitelandse beleggings aan te moedig. Dit is op die rug van globalisering dat die behoefte aan oordragspryswetgewing ontstaan het. Ondernemings (maatskappye) struktureer dikwels hul besigheidstransaksies op 'n wyse wat positiewe belastingsvoordele inhou. Een so 'n metode behels die oorplasing van wins tussen geassosieerde ondernemings. Die resultaat van hierdie transaksies lei tot die erosie van die belastingsbasis in een land en die onverdiende voordeel in 'n ander. Oordragsprysing is die proses van aanpassing waar multi-nasionale maatskappye besigheid bedryf met geassosieerde maatskappye teen pryse wat nie op uiterste voorwaardes beding is nie. Die bepaling van pryse wat op uiterste voorwaardes bereken is, verg merkwaardige oordeel. Deeglike oorweging moet aan die wesenlike feite en omstandighede van transaksies gegee word. Die studie beoog om die faktore te evalueer wat in ag geneem moet word by die bepaling van pryse wat op uiterste voorwaardes beding is. Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewing beskryf die metodes wat gebruik kan word om pryse op uiterste voorwaardes te beding. Die metodes is uniek tot elke stel feite en elke metode beskik oor sy eie uitdagings in praktyk. Die studie beoog om die metodes wat gebruik word om pryse wat op uiterste voorwaardes beding bereken is, te evalueer. Die groot risiko wat voortspruit uit die internasionale handel met geassosieerde vennote is dat die belastingowerhede die oordragspryse mag verhoog wat tot dubbele belasting kan lei. Dit is dus uiters belangrik dat die wetgewing in verskillende lande ooreenstem. Die uitdaging is egter dat verskeie lande dikwels buitelandse direkte investering aanmoedig deur gunstige belastingswette wat gebaseer is op daardie lande se doelstellingsen fiskale beleid. Ondernemings vestig dikwels ook hul hoofkantore in ontwikkelde lande en hul streekskantore in ontwikkelende lande. Wetgewing moet dus demografiese faktore in ag te neem; aangesien wetgewing in ontwikkelde lande verskil van dié van ontwikkelende lande. Dus sal die oordragspryswetgewing van land tot land verskil. Die studie poog om die verskille te evalueer in die wetgewing van verskeie lande en om die Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewing te vergelyk met dié van ontwikkelde en ontwikkelende lande.<br>Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2010.<br>Taxation<br>Unrestricted
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Femina, Devi. "Workplace social capital, job satisfaction and workplace performance in developed and developing countries." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/workplace-social-capital-job-satisfaction-and-workplace-performance-in-developed-and-developing-countries(9323de21-3677-452c-9546-dbb6d350d8c8).html.
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Although social capital had been found to solve collective action problems, social capital at work or workplace social capital has only recently begun to be researched. This is noteworthy given that most of our waking hours are spent in the workplace. While workplace social capital is suggested to improve workplace performance, job satisfaction had been found to improve workplace performance. However, workplace social capital and job satisfaction have never been examined together with regard to workplace performance. Furthermore, most studies on workplace performance have focused on developed countries with evidence from developing countries is lacking. The aims of this thesis were to investigate 1) whether workplace social capital affects job satisfaction; 2) the relationship of social capital, job satisfaction and workplace performance; 3) whether individual characteristics differ in determining job satisfaction in developed and developing countries; and 4) whether context of organisations in developed and developing countries differ in determining the relationship of social capital, job satisfaction and workplace performance. To achieve those aims, this thesis selects two sets of secondary data representing developed countries: EWCS2010 in Europe combining workers with their regions and countries and WERS2011 in Britain linking workers to their workplaces; while primary data froma developing country have been gathered from public hospitals in Indonesia associating workers with workplaces. As such, this thesis exploits two approaches using structural equation modelling in multilevel models. First, the customary Macro-micro approach is used to examine the relationship between workplace social capital and job satisfaction treating both variables as latent constructs. Second, the less common micro-Macro approach is exercised to investigate the relationship between workplace social capital, job satisfaction and workplace performance. Results from developed countries show that workplace social capital is positively associated with individual outcomes such as job satisfaction and well-being even in times of financial crisis. Comparing the results between developed and developing countries, workplace social capital is positively significantly associated with job satisfaction in Britain and in Indonesia. With regard to higher level outcomes, workplace social capital is associated with better financial performance, while job satisfaction is associated with higher quality in British general industry. Turning to results from Indonesia, workplace social capital is associated with lower expenditure per bed; job satisfaction, however, failed to be associated with any workplace performance measures. Several individual and workplace characteristics in both developed and developing countries have similar influences on job satisfaction and workplace performance. Nevertheless, there are some contrasting results regarding the influence of those characteristics in developed and developing countries.
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Abd, Aziz Azlina. "Energy demand, energy substitution and economic growth : evidence from developed and developing countries." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30153.
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This thesis contributes to the literature on energy demand in three ways. Firstly, it examines the major determinants of energy demand using a panel of 23 developed countries and 16 developing countries during 1978 to 2003. Secondly, it examines the demand for energy in the industrial sector and the extent of inter-fuel substitution, as well as substitution between energy and non-energy inputs, using data from 5 advanced countries and 5 energy producer's developing countries. Third, the thesis investigates empirically the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth for these groups of countries over a 26-year period. The empirical results of this study confirm the majority of the findings in energy demand analysis. Income and price have shown to be important determinants for energy consumption in both developed and developing countries. Moreover, both economic structure and technical progress appear to exert significant impacts on energy consumption. Income has a positive impact on energy demand and the effect is larger in developing countries. In both developed and developing countries, price has a negative impact but these effects are larger in developed countries than in developing countries. The share of industry in GDP is positive and has a greater impact on energy demand in developing countries, whereas technological progress is found to be energy using in developed countries and energy saving in developing countries. With respect to the analysis of inter-factor and inter-fuel substitution in industrial energy demand, the results provide evidence for substitution possibilities between factor inputs and fuels. Substitutability is observed between capital and energy, capital and labour and labour and energy. These findings confirm previous evidence that production technologies in these countries allow flexibility in the capital-energy, capital-labour and labour-energy mix. In the energy sub-model, the elasticities of substitution show that large substitution took place from petroleum to coal, natural gas and especially to electricity. In addition, the evidence for significant inter-fuel substitution between coal and natural gas implies that there is a possibility of replacing the use of coal with natural gas in the industrial sector. The existence of moderate input substitution suggests that there is some flexibility in energy policy options and energy utilization. Finally, the empirical evidence presented in this study suggests that the direction of causality between energy consumption and economic growth varies substantially across countries. There is a unidirectional causality running from GDP to energy consumption in 12 developed countries and in 5 developing countries. A unidirectional causality from energy to GDP exists in Netherlands and bidirectional causality exists in Slovak Republic.
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Ray, Elizabeth Thompson. "The Effects of Trade Liberalization Policies on Human Development in Selected Least Developed Countries." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2006. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5440/.
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This dissertation examines the effects of trade liberalization policies (represented by membership in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization on selected Least Developed Countries' (LDCs) human development (represented by the Human Development Index). In this dissertation, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and World Trade Organization (WTO) policies are theorized to have two distinct types of effects: their direct effect and their indirect effect. Two questions are focused on: first, what is the effect (total, direct and indirect) of WTO policies on human development for selected LDCs? Second, what is the effect (total, direct and indirect) of WTO policies on human development for selected developing/developed countries (i.e. non-LDCs) holding economic development constant? Using the dependency theory of development as a theoretical basis, this dissertation examines the assumptions of modernization-theory-based policies as expressed in trade liberalization policies (i.e. the implementation of comparative advantage and now market fundamentalism) with world-system analysis techniques. To examine these questions, four panel regression models are constructed to measure the total, direct and indirect effects of WTO policies during the near-term (1998-2003) and during a longer historical term (1975-2000). The data for the analyses are taken from seven different sources of international data. The analyses seemingly demonstrate that there are quantifiable negative effects of GATT/WTO membership (trade liberalization policies) on human development in selected LDCs. The current implementation of trade liberalization policies does not benefit the well-being of all concerned as promoted by the WTO.
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Carey, Henry Frank. "Electoral regimes and democratic development in less developed countries a cross-regional comparison of Nicaragua, El Salvador, Haiti, Romania, Pakistan and the Philippines /." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium access full-text, 1997. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?9723773.
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Gouws, Johannes Mattheus. "Comparing aspects of transnational sovereign wealth fund investment behaviour in advanced and developing economies." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/8471.
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Thesis (MBA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.<br>Although Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs) are not a new phenomenon, they have gained international prominence since 2005 due to their rapid and much publicised growth, as well as government ownership. The objective of this study is to investigate SWFs from the perspective of developing countries and to compare the developing country experience of SWF investment with that of the developed economies of the West.
The question that this research report aims to address is whether SWF investment behaviour is more aggressive in developing economies than in advanced economies by being more likely to invest in sensitive sectors of, and to take significant stakes in companies within these sectors in, developing economies?
Before this analysis is made, a comprehensive literature study is done consisting of two parts. The first provides an overview of the reasons behind the rise of SWFs and the West‘s discomfort with the phenomenon, focussing on the emergence of state capitalism as a competing socio-political model to free-market democracy. The second part of the literature review gives a broad overview of what constitutes a SWF, its main characteristics and what concerns about SWFs have transpired to date. The researcher uses a narrow definition to differentiate SWFs from other sovereign investor classes, and defines a SWF as a fund:
i) owned directly by a sovereign government;
ii) managed independently of other state financial institutions;
iii) that does not have predominant explicit pension obligations;
iv) that invests in a diverse set of financial asset classes in pursuit of commercial returns; and,
v) that has made a significant proportion of its publicly-reported investments internationally.
The concerns raised in the literature about SWFs as well as the response from the international community and individual recipient countries to these concerns are discussed. In particular, the researcher focuses on the fears expressed by recipient countries that SWFs may invest for non-commercial reasons.
To answer the questions raised about SWFs, the researcher assesses the behaviours displayed by these funds by means of an analysis of the transnational transaction data contained in the SWF Institute‘s SWF Transaction Database for the period 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2009. The research results show that SWFs do not appear to target sensitive industries in developing economies more than they would in advanced economies, but it appears that they are willing to gain greater influence and control of the running of the organisations in which they invest if those organisations are based in the developing world.
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Kapan, Leyla. "Economic growth- A matter of trust? : An empirical investigation of the relationship between social capital and economic growth in developed and developing countries." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-43851.
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The growth literature has put much emphasis on explaining the role of physical capital, human capital, innovation and institutions on economic growth. However, sociologists raise the importance of understanding the structures of social relationships because they help shape economic actions. It is not until recently that the concept of ‘’social capital’’ has been at the forefront of economic debates. While the vast majority of studies have shown that social capital is unconditionally good for economic growth, several studies argue that the impact of social capital depends on a country’s level of development. Therefore, an OLS regression is estimated using a panel data from 53 developed and developing countries to analyze the relationship between social capital, proxied by trust and GDP/capita growth. The results suggest that social capital is significant and positively related to GDP/capita growth in developed and developing countries. However, the relationship between social capital and GDP/capita growth is much stronger in developing countries. Policymakers can use this valuable insight while making growth-strategy decisions, especially in developing countries.
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Running, Katrina Marie. "Towards Climate Justice: Examining Concern for Climate Change in Developed, Transitioning and Developing Countries." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/297009.
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This dissertation is a comparative international study of attitudes towards climate change. Using multilevel models, individual level data from the 2005-2008 wave of the World Values Survey, and country level data from the 2010 Climate Risk Index and the World Bank, this research identifies the factors associated with concern for global warming and support for various environmental policies and behaviors in economically developed, transitioning, and developing countries. The first paper addresses an ongoing debate in environmental sociology about the extent to which concern for environmental problems is a result of the objective deterioration of environmental conditions or subjective values among environmentally-oriented individuals. Findings indicate that a country's recent experience with climate-related environmental disasters has little to no effect on concern for global warming. Some support is found for the subjective values explanation, especially in countries at the most advanced stage of economic development. The second paper frames climate change as an asymmetrical social dilemma and tests whether four distinct citizenship identities are associated with the odds an individual considers global warming a very serious problem. This study finds that identifying as world citizens and autonomous individuals increases the odds an individual judges global warming very serious, while identifying as national citizens or local community members has no relationship with evaluations of global warming. The third paper examines the impact of numerous measures of security/vulnerability on individual willingness to make environment-economy trade-offs. The data reveal that higher household incomes, residing in a country with higher per capita GDP, and higher rates of adult literacy are positively associated with prioritizing environmental protection over economic growth. However, residents of economically developing countries (or countries designated Non-Annex I by the Kyoto Protocol) are also much more likely to express willingness to donate personal income for the protection of the environment compared to residents of developed (Annex I) countries. The findings from these three studies have implications for sociological research on the relationship between economic inequality and environmental attitudes, the conditions under which international cooperation on climate is more or less likely, and the quest for climate justice.
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Keinan, Julia A. "A Comparative Analysis of Indicators for Female Labor Force Participation across Developed and Developing Countries." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1015.
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Female labor force participation varies widely across regions and cultures, typically with more working women in developed than developing countries. Because there are significant differences between developed and developing countries that go beyond GDP, this paper examines the effects of certain development indicators on female workforce participation across these countries. Using models from past literature, I include indicators that cover personal and labor market characteristics. In this analysis, I find that education and unemployment rates continue to be significant determinants of female labor force participation in both developed and developing countries, with several key differences in the effect of various types of unemployment. Furthermore, my study supports the existence of an initial tradeoff between female labor force participation and development as the economic sectors within a country shift. These results provide valuable insights on these general trends across national borders and therefore are important for policy makers.
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Pavel, Md Tanvir. "Three Essays on Managing Extreme Weather Events and Climatic Shocks in Developing and Developed Countries." FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3797.
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Climate change and extreme weather events are affecting the environment, and people’s livelihood in both developing and developed countries. Agriculture, forestry, fishing, livestock, water resources, human health, terrestrial ecosystems, biodiversity, and coastal zones are among the major sectors impacted by these shocks. The challenge of adaptation is particularly acute in the developing countries, as poverty and resource constraints limit their capacity to act. Bangladesh fits in this category, and thus I use data from Bangladesh to analyze the adaptation process in the first and second chapter of my dissertation.
In the first chapter, I investigate whether transient shocks (flood, cyclone) or permanent shocks (e.g., river erosion that leads to permanent loss of lands) have more influence on interregional migration. Findings of the study suggest that the households prefer to move to the nearest city when the environmental shock is temporary, whereas they tend to relocate over a greater distance when the environmental shock is more permanent in nature.
In the second chapter, I investigate the feasibility of a set of adaptation measures to cope with hydro-climatic shocks (e.g. floods, drought, cyclones, tidal waves) and epidemic shocks (emergence or re-emergence of infectious diseases on livestock and poultry) in the agricultural sector in Bangladesh. Findings suggest that a decrease in agricultural income due to climatic and/or epidemic shocks is likely to induce households to adapt more.
Developed countries are also vulnerable to extreme weather events and climatic shocks. In 2017, United States was hit by three consecutive hurricanes: Harvey, Irma, and Maria. Given the rising exposure and the increasing need to manage coastal vulnerability, the third essay focusses on understanding household preferences for financing adaptation activities in the U. S. and analyzes which mechanism, i.e., state or federal adaptation fund approach, is better suited to managing exposure to such types of natural disaster in the future.
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Alzghoul, Amro. "Evaluation of University-Library Knowledge Management Practice: Comparative Case Studies from Developing and Developed Countries." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för informatik (IK), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-30692.
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Knowledge management (KM) has become a vital part of the successful development of private and governmental organizations. KM is processed tools and behaviors that participate in the formulation and performance of the beneficiaries of the organization, acquisition, storage and distribution of knowledge. This is to reflect on the business processes and to gain access to best practices with a view to long-term competition and adaptation. In this context, the personal understanding of KM is a key factor in successful employments of KM activities. In this thesis, the level of understanding of knowledge management and the extent of its usage in the university library by librarians was investigated. A comparison study was established between libraries in developed and developing countries. Interviews and observations were performed and the results were analyzed. The results indicate the concept of KM is hardly known, however it is employed to different extent between these counties, the developed countries were by far more successful in utilizing current technology to advance their service and personal expertise with few challenges. Lack of communication, knowledge sharing, and the shortage in the budget was essential in limiting the usage of KM in developing counties. The knowledge derived from this thesis advances an understanding of the importance of KM in library performance, thus presenting the basis for improving libraries in developing countries and advancing libraries in developed countries.
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Zadworna, Magdalena, Michail Musatov, and Romans Obrezkovs. "TRIPS Agreement’s Impact on the Accessibility of Pharmaceuticals in the Developing Countries : Developed Game-Theoretic Model." Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-740.
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<p>Problem:</p><p>The problem under consideration is the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) agreement called Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and its impact on equal access to essential drugs in the least developed countries. Especially the countries of sub-Saharan Africa lack such access. Moreover, these countries are the ones where severe diseases like AIDS/HIV, tuberculosis and malaria are widely spread over the population. The authors focus also on patents and their obligatory length imposed through the articles of TRIPS agreement.</p><p>Purpose:</p><p>The purpose of the thesis is to describe and analyse the impact of global trade regulations (TRIPS in particular) on the accessibility of essential drugs in developing countries, and to come up with a possible solution as the way of coping with the problem is concerned. The investigation includes detailed description of solutions accomplished by Brazil and India, and their importance for the least developed countries, in terms of importing generic pharmaceuticals from these.</p><p>Method:</p><p>Qualitative method was used in order to obtain data from interviews with citizens of Botswana, Ghana, Ethiopia and South Africa for better understanding of the situation in these countries. Furthermore, the theories included in the theoretical background of this paper were gathered through deep research in the field of studies regarding Intellectual Property protection and World Trade Organization’s agreements and other legal acts.</p><p>Results:</p><p>The result of the analysis is a model developed from the Game-Theoretic Model, and called Developed Game-Theoretic Model. It is a tool which the least developed countries can use while negotiating prices of medicines with pharmaceutical companies, having the possibility of importing the pharmaceuticals from other countries manufacturing the patented product under compulsory licensing.</p>
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Viljoen, Liandi. "Comparison of South African occupational exposure limits for hazardous chemical substances with those of other countries / Liandi Viljoen." Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8640.
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Various hazardous chemical substances are used daily as part of manufacturing and
processing. Exposure to these hazardous chemical substances (HCSs) can cause
adverse health effects in the exposed workers. Occupational exposure limits (OELs)
are used to control exposure to these HCSs and thereby protect workers from the
adverse effects that exposure may induce.
The aim of this study was to compare South African list of OELs as contained in the
Hazardous Chemical Substance Regulations (HCSR) to several developed and
developing countries based on two aspects: (1) the number of substances that are
selected and regulated by the lists of each country (2) and the overall level of the
OELs set by the different countries and jurisdictions. Due to the nature and the large
amount of data the study is divided into two parts. The first part is a comparison of
South African OELs with nine developed countries and jurisdictions along with the
Mine Health and Safety Act Regulation 22.9 (MHSR) of South Africa. The second
comparison was conducted between South African and the four developing BRICS
countries. BRICS is an acronym for: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa,
all are leading developing countries. Substance selection and coverage was
compared by analysing the number of overlapping and uniquely regulated OELs that
existed between countries. The over-all level of OELs was determined and
quantified by using the statistical method, the geometric means of ratios. These
ratios were compared in order to establish how the levels of OELs of the South
African HCSR compare with the level of the various other countries.
Results indicated that there are large and unsystematic differences between the
selection of HCSs that are regulated by different countries and jurisdictions.
Individual coverage and selection of HCSs between the various developing and
developed countries and jurisdictions in the study was inconsistent and dissimilar. A
high number of HCSs are regulated by only one of the various countries included in
this study. Among the developed countries 20.8% of substances are uniquely
regulated, whereas 46% of HCSs are regulated by only one of the various
developing countries. According to the geometric means of ratios Occupational
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is the only jurisdiction in a developed
country that has a higher overall level of OELs when compared to South Africa as for
the rest of the developed countries they all yielded a lower overall level of OELs.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygiene (ACGIH) had the lowest
overall level of OELs.
When compared with the BRICS countries South Africa had a higher overall level of
OELs. The average overall level of OELs differs substantially between the BRICS
countries; Russia having the lowest, and Brazil having the highest overall limit when
compared relative to South African HCSR. Strong similarities were found between
South African HCSR and MHSR indicating national similarity. The South African
OELs for HCSs have an overall higher level than the majority of developed and
developing countries. Various factors may be responsible for these differences
among countries and jurisdictions. These factors include, variations in scientific
reasoning, the risk acceptance of the negative impact that various HCSs might
induce and the time lags that countries have between updates. Further differences
may be explained by the difference in consideration of socio-economical and
practical feasibility of an OEL and the predominant industries in a country.<br>Thesis (MSc (Occupational Hygiene))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013
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Al-Zayat, Zaki, and Jakob Bäcklund. "The association between Cosmopolitanism and global brand loyalty : A quantitative study in developing and developed countries." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för marknadsföring (MF), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-43783.
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The effects of globalization has created a new global consumer segment known as Cosmopolitanism. It is a globally substantial segment that captures “open-minded individuals whose consumption orientation transcends particular cultures, localities or communities and who appreciates diversity including trying products and services from a variety of countries”. In the same sense have global brands grown to take a central place on both developing and developed countries, and their competition with local brands has substantially increased. The Cosmopolitan consumer segment hold major strategic importance for global brands, but the understanding of this new segment has been markedly limited, especially on consumption related behavioral outcomes such as brand loyalty. Taking on a cross-national, comparative approach, the purpose of this study was; to understand the association between Cosmopolitanism and global brand loyalty in developing and developed countries. Collecting data through online questionnaires in Sweden and Syria, 341 respondents were included within the study, and with regression analyses were three proposed hypotheses tested. The results showed a significant, but arguably weak, association between Cosmopolitanism and global brand loyalty. On the other hand, upon introducing economic development status as a moderating variable, it was seen that the association differed between the sampled countries, with a considerably stronger association in Syria. Managerial implications are presented based on these findings, and the paper is finalized with some essential limitations and avenues for suture research.
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Samuel, J. "Community education and community development : A study of policy and practice in developed and developing countries." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376192.
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Ha, Su Min. "Experts vs. Public, Who Knows Better? Factors Affecting High Growth Entrepreneurship in Developed and Developing Countries." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1415.
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This paper uses the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data of approximately 200,000 surveys conducted on industry experts and general population to examine factors that have a significant impact on high growth Total Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA), with a focus on developed countries with GDP per capita of USD 20,000 or above. The results suggest that expert opinion has a significant positive correlation with high growth TEA in developed countries, while only the public sentiment has a meaningful relationship with high growth TEA in developing countries. Among the specific categories of the survey, access to funding and government regulations and support had the largest impact.
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Johnson, Danielle. "Selecting Appropriate Product Concepts for Manufacture in Developing Countries." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2003. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/116.
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There is a noticeable lack of production of indigenously engineered and manufactured products in Less Developed Countries (LDC's). Few products developed in these LDC's could be viable in competitive markets or even sold as components and supplies to other manufacturers of competitive goods. Assumintg that these less developed countries do not innovate and manufacture because they cannot, the next logical question to ask is why can they not? This thesis looks at the problems of manufacture and design in LDC's from the standpoint of Product Development. It begins by looking at development theories, namely top down and bottom up and assessing the difficulties encountered with either approach. It then looks at literature on product development, covering four areas: appropriate technolotgy, Product Development Cycle, QFD, and finally Design for X. These areas are analyzed for their usefulness in solving the development problem. The environment is considered and a linkage is developed between the Product Development Cycle and the environment. This is found to happen by way of Enterprise Needs which are needs that a product must fulfill to make it a viable option for manufacture. Finally, a process is outlined and demonstrated to form Enterprise Needs and take them into account within a traditional concept selection process. Environment was found to play a part in the Product Development Cycle. By clarifying Enterprise Needs as well as Customer Needs or Functional Needs, a more balanced approach can be taken to the concept selection process choosing the best concept, not only for the customer, but for the company as well.
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Xu, Junqian. "The impact of trading costs and exchange rate volatility on bilateral trade : a case study of developed countries and Asia developing countries." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2009. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/950/.
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Floating exchange rate has recently become more volatile after the collapse of the Bretton Woods system in 1973. Impediments to trade introduce price differentials and deviations from the law of one price and even diminish trade transactions. Uncertainty can be an example of an impediment to trade. The central objective of the thesis has been to analyse trade costs and exchange rate volatility and their role in bilateral trade, with particular reference to developed countries and Asia developing countries. This thesis contains three main parts as follows: Chapter Two investigates the purchasing power parity hypothesis by testing the real exchange rates using the Robinson (1994)’s fractional integration approach as well as conventional unit root tests. Chapter Three is a panel data study on the impact of relative trade barriers on bilateral exports using gravity model. In the first step the impact of the technology factor along with geographical factors, institutional factors on bilateral transportation costs is investigated. In the second step, GMM and an instrumental variable approach are used to tackle the econometric problem of endogeneity. Chapter Four and Five investigates the impact of both real and nominal exchange-rate volatility on the UK aggregate and disaggregate bilateral trade flows.
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Willén, Jenny. "International Trade with Waste : Do developed countries use the third world as a garbage-can or can it be a possible win-win situation?" Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9258.
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<p>In this thesis, trade with waste between developed countries and the third world will be presented to analyze whether waste‐trading can create a possible win-win situation. To carry on this question problem, three theories have been considered to explain why and how developing countries can be affected by international waste-trade. A few case-studies regarding waste-trade in developing countries such as, India, China and Vietnam, will show the situation of waste-trade today. These theories and case-studies will set the foundation for analysis and conclusion. To sum up, trade with waste is a complex problem that can affect the importing country in both positive and negative ways. If the negative externality that is caused by handling waste is controlled with a tax or regulation, trade with waste can be a win-win situation for the trading countries.</p>
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Forsberg, Birger C. "Diarrhoeal diseases in low- and middle-income countries : trends, management and control /." Stockholm, 2007. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2007/978-91-7357-263-7/.
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Srivastava, Tripti. "Microfinance: A Comparative Analysis of Varying Contexts, Current Needs, and Future Prospects between Developing and Developed Countries." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1288558199.
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Wu, Jun Ye. "A study of contemporary issues of conflict between trade liberalization and protection of the environment with a specific reference to the position of developing and least developed contries." Thesis, University of Macau, 2005. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1637068.
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Lynch, Christopher F. "The effects on economic growth of the orientation of the trade and payments regimes of less Developed countries." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91087.
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Economists have debated whether an inward oriented economy (one which is protected from competition of world prices) or an outward oriented economy (which has equivalent incentives for imports or domestic production) would better promote economic development. Previous studies in this area by Bela Belassa and Anne Krueger have been inconclusive. This study examines the hypothesis that an outward oriented trade and payments regime would enhance economic growth in less developed countries. The tests of the data presented in this paper indicate that an outward oriented trade and payments regime is positively correlated with higher economic growth.
A description of the theory, the methods used, and the results is included.<br>M.A.
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Kirumira, Tony Mark. "Barriers to external knowledge transfer between Sweden and Uganda : A c a s e ab o u t d e v e l o pme n t p r o j e c t s." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, EMM (Entrepreneurship, Marketing, Management), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-9365.
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<p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p><strong>Problem: </strong>The desire for development in less privileged countries like Uganda has created the need for the privileged countries like Sweden to embark on external knowledge transfer through different projects, as one of the objectives to achieve development. However, some factors tend to limit the success of this external knowledge transfer process.<strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of this research is to find out the factors that lead to the barriers and limitations of knowledge transfer in development projects. Since there are differences in objectives between nonprofit and profit making projects, the research is also aimed at highlighting the extent to which the affecting factors hinder the achievement of objectives and goals. <strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Qualitative methods were used in this research. Telephone interviews were conducted after sending questionnaires to four respondents from different organizations that were actively involved in the projects. In order to have balanced results, two respondents each from Uganda and Sweden were interviewed. Trustworthiness and ethical issues were put into consideration while conducting the interviews, in a bid to create a desirable atmosphere for conducting the study.<strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Result: </strong>External knowledge transfer is affected by factors like culture, individual factors, and knowledge management factors. Apart from the mentioned factors, research found that instead of organizational factors that would affect profit making projects to a greater extent, factors like the political will, ownership and local needs are the ones that affect development projects.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The factors that affect the external knowledge transfer process are to a greater extent human, and are controllable. In development projects, the recipient country should identify the needs that would initiate the external knowledge transfer process. Most of the affecting factors would be controlled through building of relationships and strong ties, local ownership, and political considerations. All this put into consideration, external knowledge transfer between developed and developing countries stand a high chance to succeed.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p>
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Zavodska, Anita. "A comparative study on residential solid waste management in selected developing and developed countries: Guyana and United States." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289201.
Full textAbstract:
Solid waste is a global issue. As developing countries strive to improve their economic situations and standings in the world community, they face extreme underfunding in vital areas of local infrastructure, especially solid waste management. As populations continue to grow, solid waste and its management will become a very serious issue. This dissertation addressed the problems of insufficient available data and inadequate funding in an urban center in a small developing country with respect to future solid waste management. The aim was to develop a quick, simple and cost-effective check-list that could be used by decision-makers in developing countries of similar characteristics, in dealing with current and future planning for improved solid waste management. Residential municipal solid waste (RMSW) was analysed from three main locations, which where Georgetown, Guyana and Tucson and Sells, Arizona in the United States. Due to the lack of data available in Guyana, several other locations were used for lesser comparisons. These were Miami, Florida, and the Kaibab-Paiute Indian Reservation and Patagonia, Arizona. The waste streams of each were compared, as were the physical, social and economic situations of the main three locations. Past and current solid waste management practises were also compared. Results indicated that RMSW in all places contained little hazardous component. The waste in Georgetown comprised mostly of organic food waste, as has been found in other developing nations. Based on reports of foreign consultants, many solutions and improvements suggested for solid waste management in Georgetown have not been feasible and technologies brought from developed countries have been too high-tech. Solutions in developing countries need to be low-tech and those who try to solve problems must take into consideration local limiting factors and work within their constraints. Since data are seldom available, it is important to communicate with those who work in solid waste management as they are an invaluable source of information.