To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Development and Peace (1976-1985).
Journal articles on the topic 'Development and Peace (1976-1985)'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Development and Peace (1976-1985).'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Fajri, Nurul, and Novita Sari. "The Hard Power Dan Soft Power Penyelesaian Konflik Aceh (Tahun 1976 – 2005)." Governance, JKMP (Governance, Jurnal Kebijakan & Manajemen Publik) 13, no. 1 (May 2, 2023): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.38156/gjkmp.v13i1.165.
Full textAbstract:
The Free Aceh Movement (GAM), declared by Hasan Tiro in 1976, was a form of disappointment caused by the central government's centralism. Not only that, Aceh also supported Indonesia's struggle against the Dutch to maintain independence. Aceh also contributed a considerable amount, even referred to as the capital region of the Republic of Indonesia by Soekarno. The purpose of this research is to find out the state of Aceh before the rebellion of the Free Aceh Movement, the factors that caused the rebellion of the Free Aceh Movement, the rebellion process of the Free Aceh Movement in 1976-2005, and the efforts of the Indonesian government in realising peace in Aceh. The method used is descriptive qualitative method where data is collected through literature study, interviews and documentation. The results showed that economic factors, culture and disappointment in Aceh were the causes of the rebellion. In the next development, the rebellion claimed many victims, especially civilians. In the process towards peace, state leaders have their own ways to achieve peace with the Free Aceh Movement. The peace agreement between the Government of Indonesia and the Free Aceh Movement occurred through negotiations in Helsinki, known as the Helsinki MoU.
2
Englehart, Neil A. "Myanmar’s Non-State Armed Groups and the Prospects for Peace?" Asian Survey 60, no. 5 (September 2020): 830–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2020.60.5.830.
Full textAbstract:
Myanmar has suffered the world’s longest civil war, with continuous combat since shortly before the country’s independence from the UK in 1948. A new National Ceasefire Agreement has raised hopes that peace may finally be in sight. However, optimism should be tempered by a recognition the peace process has not built much trust, reduced the number of non-state armed groups in the country, their total size, or significantly improved their human rights behavior. This is demonstrated through an analysis of original data on the major non-state armed groups active in Myanmar between 1985 and 2017. Peace will require hard political work leading to disarmament, restraining the military, and reassuring the country’s ethnic minority groups that their rights and interests will be respected even without the threat of insurgent violence.
3
Rodriguez, Felix, Howard Waitzkin, and Talmadge Wright. "Corporate Interests, Philanthropies, and the Peace Movement." Monthly Review 36, no. 9 (February 2, 1985): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14452/mr-036-09-1985-02_2.
Full text
4
Bogdanova, Zlatina. "The “Banner of Peace” assembly as a national brand of Bulgaria during socialism." Bulletin de l'Institut etnographique 70, no. 2 (2022): 83–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gei2202083b.
Full textAbstract:
On December 21st 1976, the UN General Assembly proclaimed 1979 as the International Year of the Child on the occasion of the 20th Anniversary of the adoption of the UN Declaration of the Rights of the Child. In June 1978, Lyudmila Zhivkova, Chair of the Committee for Art and Culture, proposed to organize an exhibition of talented children in Bulgaria to mark the occasion. This was how the idea for the ?Banner of Peace? Assembly came about, which evolved into an international festival of children?s art, held under the auspices of UNESCO. In the period of late socialism the ?Banner of Peace? movement became a national cultural brand of supranational significance. The communist regime in Bulgaria ?advertised? itself and utilized the resources of the ?soft power? in an attempt to mitigate the ideological opposition during the Cold War. Unlike ?hard power?, which uses military and economic means of coercion, ?soft power? works through images and symbols - carriers of positive suggestions: art, creativity, beauty, spiritual development, childhood, peace and cooperation. In this paper the ?Banner of Peace? Assembly is juxtaposed to another intercultural project with a political and ideological orientation - ?Plovdiv - European Capital of Culture 2019?.
5
Nzomo, Maria. "The Impact of the Women's Decade on Policies, Programs and Empowerment of Women in Kenya." Issue: A Journal of Opinion 17, no. 2 (1989): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047160700009100.
Full textAbstract:
The 1985 Nairobi Conference to close the United Nations decade dedicated to women of the world caught Kenyan women (and men) by storm. Indeed, the majority of Kenyan women did not know, until the eve of this conference, that there had been an entire decade dedicated to them, and committed to the achievement of Equality, Development, and Peace. However, the Kenyan policy makers and the enlightened among Kenyan women, especially leaders of women's organizations, were not only fully aware of the decade's developments, but had in various ways participated and contributed to it. On its part, the Kenya government by the end of the decade, had adopted a Women in Development (WID) policy position and created and/or promoted national machineries to develop and coordinate programs for women.
6
Bourque, Susan C., and Kay B. Warren. "Democracy Without Peace: The Cultural Politics of Terror in Peru." Latin American Research Review 24, no. 1 (1989): 7–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100022652.
Full textAbstract:
The twelve years of military rule in Peru between 1968 and 1980 witnessed few abuses of human rights, in marked contrast to the activities of military governments in Southern Cone countries like Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. Yet paradoxically, the return to democracy in Peru, with the election of Fernando Belaúnde in 1980 and Alan García in 1985, has brought sharp escalations in political violence and terror. Guerrilla activity by the Sendero Luminoso (“Shining Path”) in the highlands, urban terrorism, and a severe economic crisis have combined to pose a serious challenge to the authority of the state. Thus it is problematic to speak of a “return to democracy” while Peruvians are being subjected to expanding military control and repression.
7
Iqbal, Sabeeh, Muhammad Mubeen, Muhammad Aamir, and Muhammad Shujaat Saleem. "Financial Benefits of Peace Discourse between two Belligerent Neighbors." Review of Applied Management and Social Sciences 6, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 491–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/ramss.v6i2.346.
Full textAbstract:
Political risk is an important factor for an international investor in order to diversify his portfolio. Regional political instability causes hindrance in economic development and therefore influences capital markets in the region. The objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of bilateral peace dialogue between India and Pakistan on stock markets of Pakistan. The study uses a quantitative research design with secondary data as source. The sample includes KSE all shares, and a cross-section of 575 stocks in PSX. The study uses event study methodology of Brown & Warner (1985). The methods of estimation include summery statistics, average abnormal returns summery, and event analysis. The dependent variable is average abnormal returns, and cumulative average abnormal returns, while independent variables are the news of peace dialogues. The sources of data collection includes “Data stream”, and Aljazeera website. Results suggest that abnormal returns of KSE All Share Index are not significant. Only a few peace dialogues occurring on October 19, 2007, April 24, 2008 and July 16, 2009 show significant CARs for eleven days event window. These results imply that peace process should be carefully drafted so that market can feel its presence. Additionally, central issues on Kashmir, Kargil, Siachen and so on should be resolved in order to bring peace in the region. This study contributes to emerging capital markets literature as it guides an international investor in gauging the stock market’s reaction in the wake of political events like peace processes. The study generalizes its findings on PSX only. The future research may consider the impact of peace discourse on stock market of other countries in comparative format.
8
Manzoor Ahmed, Naazer, and Hussan Sumbul. "SAARC after Three Decades: An Assessment of Progress in Regional Cooperation in Functional Areas (1985–2015)." Global Social Sciences Review I, no. I (June 30, 2016): 18–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2016(i-i).02.
Full textAbstract:
The paper explores the progress of regional cooperation in various functional areas as identified by South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) since its inception in 1985. It also examines whether and to what extent SAARC has been successful in accomplishing the goals enshrined in its charter. SAARC was formed: to promote peace, amity, stability and progress in the region; to promote the welfare and quality of life of people; to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development, and; to attain collective and national self-reliance through joint efforts. SAARC made significant progress in several areas, such as: agriculture and rural development; environment; science and technology; human resource development including education, arts, culture and sports; transport; telecommunications, and information and communication technology; tourism, and energy. It has concluded several agreements and conventions besides setting up a few regional centres to realize its objectives. Generally, SAARC has not successful in implementing its programs and projects due to various reasons. It has been short of achieving several of its goals which makes its performance dismal.
9
Freymond, Jean F. "Toward a Green Revolution at scale in A frica: Reaching the potential Norman Borlaug fought for to realize." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 14, no. 4 (July 7, 2014): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.64.cy031.
Full textAbstract:
A few weeks ago, at Ciudad Obregon, in the Northern plain of Mexico, in the middle of hundreds of small wheat experimental plots, some 600 agricultural scientists gathered to mark the birth, in Cresco, Iowa, March 25, 1914, of a man whose entire life was passionately dedicated to transforming agriculture for the benefit of Mankind, including, since 1985, in Sub-Saharan Africa. Norman Borlaug was not an ordinary man. 2 His significant contribution to what former United States Agency for International Development (USAID) director William Gaud called in 1968 the “Green Revolution”,3 won him, in 1970, the Nobel Peace Prize, awarded for having “helped to provide bread for a hungry world”. 4
10
Chaudhary, Deepak. "Challenges and Potential of SAARC in Comparison with ASEAN." Southeast Asia: A Multidisciplinary Journal 22, no. 2 (December 15, 2022): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/seamj-02-2022-b1008.
Full textAbstract:
The study compares the socioeconomic development of the South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation (SAARC) to that of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). SAARC was established on December 8, 1985, as a result of former President Ziaur Rahman's efforts to promote the welfare of the people and mutual trust. ASEAN was founded in August 1967 with the goal of accelerating the region's economic growth, social progress, and cultural development while also promoting regional peace and stability. The SAARC countries share problems such as poverty and unemployment. SAARC countries have a GDP per capita four times that of ASEAN. A qualitative analysis based on secondary data pertaining to SAARC and ASEAN reveals that SAARC has not been more successful than ASEAN. National and international conflicts are common within SAARC. SAARC has 22% of the world's population and 3% of the world's economy, and there are enormous opportunities for economic growth and human development.
11
Gill, Don McLain. "Challenges to Regional Cooperation in South Asia: An Overview." Journal of International Affairs 3, no. 1 (May 24, 2020): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/joia.v3i1.29081.
Full textAbstract:
The devastating effects of the Second World War significantly affected states, their resources and the overall balance of peace. As a result, states began to search for a new model that would not only promote and expand trade but would also contribute to world peace. Since the 1980s there has been an increase in regional cooperative projects all over the world. The concept of regional cooperation revolves around the idea that states in a shared geographical space cooperate with each other in order to achieve goals that go beyond the capacity of individual national attainment. Regional cooperation eventually found its place in South Asia. As a result, South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was established in 1985 and the South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) agreement came into force in 2006. Despite these mechanisms, regional cooperation remained relatively low. Both economic and non-economic factors are responsible for this situation. Factors that range from tariff and non-tariff barriers to physical connectivity to asymmetric power relations and security concerns have served as obstacles to achieve regional cooperation in South Asia. In order to overcome these barriers, South Asian states must maintain flexibility in dealing with highly political issues in order to make way for regional growth and economic development.
12
Kyamureku, Peace T. "Uganda: Hope Amidst Obstacles." Issue: A Journal of Opinion 25, no. 2 (1997): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047160700502650.
Full textAbstract:
The adoption of the Nairobi Forward Looking Strategies at the Third World Conference on Women in 1985 provided a framework for action at all levels, to promote peace, equality and development opportunities for women, particularly those in the developing countries. Since then, these strategies have served as a basis for evaluating the actions of government and non-government organisations (NGOs) towards empowering women. In some respects, Uganda can be looked upon as a model African country where women have made remarkable progress. Women constitute more than half of the national population. Of the total population of about 19 million in 1996, 10 million were female, over 4 million who are over 18 years and eligible to vote. Uganda’s Affirmative Action policy has provided women with significant opportunity to participate in both the parliament and other decision making bodies.
13
SCHREGEL, SUSANNE. "Nuclear war and the city: perspectives on municipal interventions in defence (Great Britain, New Zealand, West Germany, USA, 1980–1985)." Urban History 42, no. 4 (July 31, 2015): 564–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926815000565.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT:Focusing on the example of municipal interventions in defence, this article proposes to evaluate the role of cities and towns in Cold War policies. It discusses how, in the early 1980s, residents in Great Britain, New Zealand, West Germany and the USA claimed responsibility for defence and (dis)armament policies in the name of their respective city or home town. To justify this claim, protagonists not only portrayed urban settlements as probable targets of nuclear war. They also highlighted cities and towns as concrete places and drew attention to locality as a scale that might bear specific potentials for participation and empowerment. Yet a closer analysis of such initiatives in the four countries reveals that municipal activities for peace and disarmament developed in far more complex spatial relations than references to the ‘local’ as a scale of involvement might imply.
14
Tembo, Mwizenge S. "Freedom Rising: war and peace in Southern Africa by James North New York, London, and Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1985. Pp. 336. $19.95." Journal of Modern African Studies 24, no. 2 (June 1986): 351–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00006923.
Full text
15
Piscos, James Lotero. "Drinking Among Early Visayans (Pintados) in Achieving Positive Peace." Bedan Research Journal 5, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 214–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.58870/berj.v5i1.18.
Full textAbstract:
Drinking is a community event among early Visayans. It is their binding force in achieving positive peace because it facilitates harmony and holistic view of life. Smooth interpersonal relationship and exchange of peace are realized in the toss of a glass and blood compact. The maganito ritual highlights drinking which brings their camaraderie and fellowship to transcendence and assures protection and blessings from above. In various cycles of life, drinking is at the heart of the celebration. It might be a small gesture of sharing life stories over food and wine, but it has big impact in the union of their buot (inner being) that assures support and advocates solidarity. The research utilizes primary sources from Spanish accounts written in the 16th-17th century. Their narratives showed condescending attitudes towards early Visayan beliefs and practices but they revealed the importance of drinking among our ancestors. The study uses Mercado’s buot to design a conceptual framework that would examine drinking among early Visayans in achieving positive peace where it is holistic and cohesive. The findings of the research could have implications to peace negotiation and integrated approach to peace that includes the physical, emotional, relational and spiritual dimensions. Positive peace promotes total well-being and allows people to engage into undertakings that propels a culture that is responsive to growth, sustainability and dialogue. Drinking is not just a gesture of cohesion that the community is one. It is also a discourse that brings people to a society free from all forms of discrimination and oppression.ReferencesAlcina, F. I. (1668a). Historia de las Inlas e indios de Bisayas. (Part I, Books 1-4). (V. Baltazar, Trans.). University of Chicago Philippine Studies Program (1962)An Editorial. (1964). Journal of Peace Research. 1(1). 1-4.Applied Philosophy. (1977). Divine Word University, print.Atay, A. D. (2020) Transcending the ‘Neoliberal Self for Positive Peace: A New Balance between individualism and collectivism. Journal of Transdisciplinary Peace Praxis. 2(1). 64-81. http://iletisim.neu.edu.tr/people/academic-staff/ayca-demet-atay/?lang=en.Blair, E. H. & Alexander, R. (Eds.) The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898: Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest conditions with European nations to the close of the nineteenth century. B & R. (1903-1909).Batoon, E. D. (2014) Tracing Mercado’s Anthropological Perspective (Second of Two Parts) http://www.kritike.org/journal/ issue_15/batoon_december2014.pdfBayarsaikhan, D. (2016). Drinking Traits and Culture of the Imperial Mongols in the Eyes of the Observers and in a Multicultural Context. Crossroads. https://www.academia.edu/3854 6942/Drinking_Traits_and_Culture_of_the_Imperial_Mongols_in_the_Eyes_of_Observers_and_in_a_Multicultural_ContextBoxer Codex. (2018). A Modern Spanish Transcription and English Translation of 16thCentury exploration accounts of East And Southeast Asia and Pacific. In I. Donozo. (Trans. & Ed.). Vibal Foundation.Chirino, P. SJ. (1603). Relacion de las Yslas Filipinas. (pp. 174-321). (Vol. 12). B & RColin, F. (1663). Labor evangelica. (pp. 38-97) (Vol. 40). Madrid.De Plasencia, J. (1589) Customs of the Tagalogs. (pp. 173-198). (Vol. 7). B & R.De San Agustin, G. (1698). Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas: 1565-1615. In L. A. Maneru. (Trans.). (Bilingual Ed.) San Agustin Museum. (1998).Elements of Filipino Ethics. (1979). Divine Word University, print.Elements of Filipino Philosophy. (1976). Divine Word University, print.Enns, F. (2011). The International Ecumenical Peace Convocation: Towards an Ecumenical Theology of Just Peace? Ecumenical Review 63(1), 44-53.Filipino Thought on Man and Society. (1980). Divine Word University, print.Galtung, J. (1996). Peace by peaceful means: Peace and conflict, development and civilization. International Peace Research Institute. Sage Publications. Gleditsch, N. P., Nordkvelle, J. & Strand, H. (2014). “Peace research-Just A Study of War?” Peace Research 51(2) 145-158.Grewal, B. (2003). Johan Galtung: Positive and Negative Peace. School of Social Science, Auckland University of Technology. Institute for Economics and Peace (2019). Positive Peace Report 2018.Ishida, T. (1969). Beyond the Traditional Concepts of Peace in Different Cultures. Peace Research. 6(2), 133-145.Loarca, M. (1582). Relacion de las Yslas Filipinas. (pp. 38-252). (Vol. 5). B & R.Lynch, J. (2014) A Global Standard for Reporting Conflict. Routledge.Mancenido, M. A. (2010) Filipino Philosophy According to Mercado and Timbreza, Dalumat. 1(1), 80-95.Mercado, L. (1972) Filipino Thought. Ateneo de Manila University, print.Pigafetta, A. (1522). The First Voyage Around the World. (pp. 24-266). (Vol. 33). B & R.Scott, W. H. (2015). Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. (7thEd.), Ateneo de Manila Press.Shields, P. (2017). Limits of Negative Peace, Faces of Positive Peace. Armed Forces and Society. https://www.academia.edu/35995673/Limits_of_Negative_Peace_Faces_of_ Positive _Peace.The Filipino Mind. (1994). Council for Research in Values and Philosophy, print.Understanding the Philosophy of Buot-Loob-Nakem, (2017) Scientia. 7(2), Scientia San Beda College.
16
Escudé, Carlos. "Argentine Territorial Nationalism." Journal of Latin American Studies 20, no. 1 (May 1988): 139–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00002510.
Full textAbstract:
One important cultural factor which has contributed to inhibiting regional cooperation and integration in Latin America lies in the intense territorial nationalism prevailing in several of the Spanish-speaking countries. This frequently underrated phenomenon is an outgrowth of the great number of territorial disputes still to be found in the region and the indoctrination of public opinion through the educational systems and the mass media that often accompanies them.1 At least the following disputes can be considered as having greatly affected the international relations of these countries in recent years:Argentina vs. Chile. The core of the problem (the dispute over three tiny islands in the Beagle Channel) was solved with the Treaty of Peace and Friendship signed in 1984 and ratified in 1985, but it almost led to war in 1978 and was an excuse for intensive nationalistic indoctrination over several years. It generated arms races and military mobilisation, concomitantly frustrating a natural potential for economic complementarity and integration. The territorial disputes yet unsolved are very minor, but distrust will probably linger on for many years.
17
James, Nisa, Vijay Victor, and Roji George. "An Introduction to Positive Organisational Scholarship in South Asia." Jurnal Organisasi dan Manajemen 16, no. 2 (September 29, 2020): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.33830/jom.v16i2.946.2020.
Full textAbstract:
This study aims at creating an ensemble of the various principles of positive organizational scholarship professed in south Asia through ages. This is a review of various scholarly literature published between 1985 and 2020, on how positive organizational scholarship finds its roots in South Asia. Findings. Based on the detailed literature review, it was observed that south Asia has a distinct and rich spiritual culture which has given birth to many positive organisations. Positivity found in these indigenous organisations is strongly rooted in the concept of community development. It is also found that as compared to the western culture, the South Asian culture has been blessed with conscience of spirituality and this culture is capable of leading the entire world to peace, prosperity, and happiness. This study can be viewed as one of the pioneering attempts examining the roots of positive organizational scholarship in South Asia. This paper adds value to the body of existing knowledge by providing new insights into the virtues contributed by South Asia towards POS.
18
Muas, R. Tuty Nur Mutia Enoch. "KONFUSIANISME SEBAGAI SABUK PENGAMAN RRT." Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya 10, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.17510/paradigma.v10i2.306.
Full textAbstract:
<p>The slogans propagated by Chinese leader Hu Jintao—namely “rise in peace”, “a harmonious socialist society”, and “a harmonious world”—reflects the country’s age-old Confucian values. Considering the fact that the PRC only recognizes communism as the state ideology and that Confucianism was subjected to harsh criticism during the Cultural Revolution era (1966–1976), the presence of Confucian values in PRC’s political propaganda becomes an interesting research topic. Both Confucianism and communism<br />put the state as the center of power and sovereignty. This research used the historicalchronological approach by examining the attitude of the PRC government towards Confucianism from 1980 to 2012. Results show that such a consistent philosophy has been successful in strengthening the government’s legitimacy. As it continues to rise, the PRC needs to adopt a robust philosophical basis such as Confucianism to serve as part of its soft power. Confucianism has been adjusted to the country’s current situations<br />and utilized so extensively for decades that it can be considered as PRC’s main vehicle for national development. This article examines and presents the historical role of Confucianism in PRC’s rise.</p>
19
Verbitsky, Semyon, Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, and Gilbert Rozman. "Misperceptions Between Japan and Russia." Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, no. 1503 (January 1, 2000): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/cbp.2000.88.
Full textAbstract:
The twentieth century has witnessed repeated occasions when Japan and Russia have taken each other's measure and decided on policy accordingly. In the years 1985 to 1999 such mutual testing occuned again amidst adjustments in the direction of each country's global role. As has often been the case, the RussoJapanese relationship was not the main event on the world stage. Both countries placed higher priority on relations with the United States and with China. But to rank this bilateral relationship below two others is not to belittle the stakes involved. For Russia, Tokyo's strategy to look east or west and within Asia to focus in the northeast or the southeast has throughout the century made a great difference in war or peace, in development or isolation. For Japan, Moscow's strategy to balance west and east, and in the east to concentrate on China or Japan, has had telling consequences for other foreign policy choices. At stake in this bilateral relationship have been the development of Siberia and the Russian Far East; the security environment in Northeast Asia including Korea; the prospects of triangular or quadrangular relations with China and the United States; and the balance of power among the world's great powers.
20
Pilkevych, Viktoriia, and Anna Shkorupinska. "Main achievements and failures of the UNWTO activities from 1975 to 2020." European Historical Studies, no. 18 (2021): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2021.18.10.
Full textAbstract:
In this article, the main achievements and miscalculations of the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) from 1975 to 2020 are researched in detail. The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) is a specialized intergovernmental institution of the United Nations system, which is responsible for promoting sustainable, responsible and sustainable development. Thus, the main goal of this organization is to promote tourism, which will make an invaluable contribution to economic prosperity, maintaining peace and international security, prosperity of states, respect and observance of human rights and freedoms in the world. By taking appropriate action, UNWTO is moving closer and closer to achieving this goal. Therefore, this article traces the statistics of the growth of the level of international tourism in all regions of the world during the organization existence period and in recent years. In addition, the reverse process has been recorded, namely why 2020 is considered the worst year for tourism, and what losses follow when, for example, between 100 and 120 million workers in the tourism industry have lost their jobs. The work also depicts the creation of the regulatory framework of the Organization, which is undoubtedly an achievement. It is impossible not to mention the agreement on the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), signed in 1976, the Manila Declaration on World Tourism in 1980, the Tourism Code in 1985, and so on. Also, the implementation of the Global Code of Ethics in Tourism and the 17 Sustainable Development Goals maximizes the socio-economic growth of the tourism industry. In addition to the adoption of important documents, it is also worth paying attention to the variety of activities of the Organization. Throughout its existence, UNWTO has held a large number of international forums, conferences, seminars, etc., from cultural to technical topics. These achievements are confirmed by the fact that international tourism has become one of the means of the countries’ economic growth. The achievements of this organization are also reflected in universal recognition, for example, 2002 was declared the International Year of Ecotourism, and 2017 – the International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development, during which a number of thematic events were held with a large number of people. In addition, Tourism Day is celebrated every year on September 27, which testifies to the popularity and importance of the industry for the world. Recognition is also evident through the cooperation of UNWTO with more than 200 international organizations, such as the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC). However, despite the huge number of positives of the organization, there are still some miscalculations. This is the amount of membership fees and gaps in tourism statistics and classification. In general, UNWTO is the leading international intergovernmental organization on travel and tourism, whose main functions are to promote global tourism through planning, development of recommendations and direct assistance to member countries in increasing the tourist attractiveness of regions, given the economic benefits.
21
Bonfreschi, Lucia. "The Green is the New Red? A Libertarian Challenge: The Radicals and the Friends of the Earth Italy, 1976–1983." European History Quarterly 52, no. 3 (June 21, 2022): 373–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02656914221103158.
Full textAbstract:
This paper focuses on Italian libertarian and anti-authoritarian environmentalism, embodied at the political level by the Radical Party and by a small organization linked to it, the Amici della Terra, the Italian section of Friends of the Earth. It aims at highlighting their role within the environmentalist galaxy of associations, movements and committees and at studying their political strategy, the peculiarities of their cultural and political contribution to the Green movement, but also their clashes with the other components. The paper analyses the Radical Party and Amici della Terra's support for anti-nuclear mobilizations in the late 1970s, especially against the construction of a nuclear plant in Montalto di Castro; how they provided a political outlet for many animal-rights movements and contributed to bringing conservationist associations closer to politics; and how they tried to build international links with other Green parties and associations. The paper highlights some political and ideological clashes between Radical environmentalism and the so-called ‘Red ecology’ around the referendum against nuclear power plants, the anti-hunting referendum and the mobilization for peace and the Amici della Terra's proposal to create local Green Lists. Thus it aims at adding a political interpretation to the cultural one – suggested by scholars – of the delay in the development of a Green party in Italy compared to other Western European countries.
22
Destro, Robert A. "Introduction: The Interdisciplinary Program in Law and Religion." Journal of Law and Religion 5, no. 1 (1987): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0748081400003477.
Full textAbstract:
In late 1983, the Columbus School of Law of The Catholic University of America was awarded a three-year program development grant by the Henry Luce Foundation, Inc. for the purpose of developing an interdisciplinary program in law and religion. Since its inception, the purpose of the program has been to encourage the study of law and religion through creative use of the resources of The Catholic University of America to bring together scholars and legal practitioners having an interest in law and religion to collaborate on research, scholarship and education programs.To that end, the Columbus School of Law seeks to serve as a catalyst in developing proposals for funded research and as a clearinghouse for information and ideas on which interdisciplinary research projects can be based. The goal of the program is to draw together the resources and expertise of several disciplines and to focus them on issues of practical or theoretical importance in the development of law or legal policy relating to religion, religious institutions, public morality and ethics.Including the symposium which appears in the pages which follow, the project has sponsored presentations dealing with religion and politics (October, 1984), trends in separation of church and state (February, 1985), as well as co-sponsoring the publication of Peace in a Nuclear Age: The Bishops' Pastoral Letter in Perspective (C. Reid ed. 1986).
23
Mishra, Nirbhay Kumar. "Gross SAARC Happiness: A Perspective on Ethical Governance." Asian Review of Social Sciences 8, no. 2 (May 5, 2019): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arss-2019.8.2.1583.
Full textAbstract:
Since its inception in 1985 South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC, hereafter), in the last three decades, has been making painstaking efforts, as a collective forum, to achieve its three basic goals: Economic Development, Good Governance through integrated Regional Cooperation by establishing a platform for the social, environmental and economic development. Despite giving impetus to their regional cooperative mechanism, SAARC has been struggling to achieve the objectives laid down in GNH (Gross National Happiness) a globally followed model developed by the Fourth King of Bhutan, in the 1970s. This paper tries to develop a view point to understand the proposed vision of Gross SAARC Happiness (GSH, hereafter) by putting emphasis on the very idea of development through critical ethical investigation into the various governance ideas adopted by the cooperative nations. One of the aims of this paper is to offer an explanation of the basics of happiness & development in that the social, environmental, and economic realms of life cannot be subjugated to GDP (Gross Domestic Product) or GNI (Gross National Income). Hence, the index of GSH is entrenched in the sustainable collective development on the one hand and the collective & individual happiness on the other. What will be crucial in achieving the model of GSH is that the cooperative countries have to practice enhanced political cooperation in maintaining collective peace, and they should refrain from the unsustainable models to achieve GDP. Rather, it is the inclusive growth which should produce individual happiness, collective wellbeing, and Sustainable development. The paper develops the method of ethical governance, by taking recourse to the idea of Sustainable Development Goals structured by the United Nations (UN), for the cooperative nations to adopt as an alternative governance mechanism in achieving the Happiness and Governance at SAARC in the replica of GSH.
24
Areeba Arif. "Energising SAARC: Options for Pakistan." Strategic Studies 38, no. 2 (August 9, 2018): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.53532/ss.038.02.00151.
Full textAbstract:
South Asia has a chequered history, as it has confronted great crisis and problem, such as poverty, bad governance, corruption, illiteracy and terrorism. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was established in 1985, in Bangladesh, with the objective to promote economic development and prosperity of the South Asian people. It is not considered as a successful organisation due to the authoritative role of India and apprehensive behaviour of small states. The member countries are not ready to accept the superiority of India as it never agreed on negotiating on an equal basis with its neighbours. The recent example is the cancellation of the 19th SAARC summit. India pulled out of the summit, which was to be held in Islamabad in November 2016. Cancellation of this summit is a bad omen for the entire region and particularly for Pakistan. This paper is aimed to highlight the different aspects of strategic and economic cooperation that can be useful for energising SAARC. In the backdrop of recent events in the region, when India’s hegemony is increasing and Pakistan’s economic standing has improved substantially, it is imperative that this platform should be utilised to bring these countries closer. In this age of regional connectivity and harmonious economic growth, the SAARC nations should use this forum to forge long-lasting ties and for the peace and stability of the entire region.
25
Path, Kosal. "The Origins and Evolution of Vietnam's Doi Moi Foreign Policy of 1986." TRaNS: Trans -Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia 8, no. 2 (March 20, 2020): 171–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/trn.2020.3.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractDrawing on new archival evidence, this paper focuses on the origins of Vietnam's foreign economic policy of 1986, better known as doi moi (renovation). The existing scholarship contends that doi moi ideas emerged amid Vietnam's socio-economic crisis during the late 1970s through a bottom-up process of market-oriented activities by local authorities. I argue, however, that these scholars overlooked the early ideas of economically engaging the West to obtain advanced technology to raise the Vietnamese products’ quality, and therefore, their competitiveness in the socialist bloc. Following the Paris Peace Accords in January 1973, Vietnamese diplomats-turned reformists studied the role of western technology and capital investment in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. The Politburo entrusted Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs Nguyen Co Thach, a senior advisor to Hanoi's chief negotiator Le Duc Tho in Paris, to conduct a series of clandestine studies on the role of western technology in economic relations between East and West. Thach's learning about the West's technological revolution led them to the shocking conclusion that the Soviet bloc was at least a decade behind the West in technological development. The fear of Vietnam being trapped in economic backwardness propelled these reformers to advocate bold ideas of economically engaging the West in the post-Vietnam War era to extract advanced technology to support post-war economic development and modernisation. However, it took an economic crisis (1977–78), followed by another costly two-front war against Cambodia and China between 1979 and 1985, for reformist Nguyen Co Thach's ideas to prevail over the conservative faction's military-first policy.
26
Nirzalin, Nirzalin, Naufal Bachri, Fakhrurrazi Fakhrurrazi, Rizki Yunanda, Iromi Ilham, and Muchlis Muchlis. "Strengthening Reintegration through Social Capital: Learning from Aceh, Indonesia." Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik 27, no. 2 (November 24, 2023): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jsp.82251.
Full textAbstract:
Following the conflict that prevailed from 1976 to 2005, a state of social disintegration persisted between former combatants of the Gerakan Aceh Merdeka - GAM (Free Aceh Movement) and the civil society in Aceh. This disintegration was typically fueled by the former GAM combatants’ militaristic and pragmatic mindsets, instability, and low economic well-being. Interestingly, former GAM combatants in Nisam Antara Subdistrict, North Aceh Regency, have managed to collaborate and coexist with local communities, exemplifying successful social reintegration that distinguishes them from their counterparts in other regions of Aceh. This article delves into the reality of social reintegration between former GAM combatants and the local populace, with a specific focus on the oil palm plantations managed by former GAM combatants. The study adopts a descriptive qualitative approach, and data was gathered through a combination of observations, in-depth interviews, document analyses, and focus group discussions. Key informants for this study included former GAM combatants, community and traditional leaders, plantation workers, and members of civil society. The study reveals that moral obligations within communities are guided by local wisdom, which acts as a form of social capital that fosters economic and social collaborations. Local wisdom serves as a social capital that nurtures the development of fraternity, mutual trust, cooperation, and solidarity. Moreover, it has the capacity to minimize differences and resentments, thereby promoting unity between former GAM combatants and local communities. This unity significantly contributes to the sustainability of peace in Aceh, Indonesia.
27
Souza, Luís Antônio Francisco de, Henrique Aguiar Serra, and Thaís Battibugli. "Perspectives on the Militarization of Public Security in Contemporary Brazil." Oñati Socio-legal Series 9, no. 6 (October 10, 2019): 1118–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1083.
Full textAbstract:
Brazil still has not fully accomplished procedural democracy, despite being a formal democracy funded on a federal constitution and on an organized judicial system. The country has not been able to foster the principles of justice, peace, development, and equity for most of the population, and the state apparatus is restricted regarding social control, transparency, and effectiveness of public policies. This scenario resulted in the rise of violence, criminality, organized crime, and urban disorder, which has led to the militarization of public security both with the improvement of the military police’s structure and with the presence of the armed forces performing public security activities. This process of militarization has increased in the last two years, and for the first time since 1985, the military managed to ascend to the most powerful positions in the Brazilian government. This article discusses the militarization of public security in Brazil, pointing to the risks of a new and enduring process of militarization of Brazilian society, which still suffers from limited rights and lack of constitutional guarantees. Brasil aún no ha alcanzado del todo la democracia procedimental, a pesar de ser una democracia formal fundada en una constitución federal y en un sistema judicial organizado. El país no ha sido capaz de fomentar los principios de justicia, paz, desarrollo e igualdad para la mayoría de la población, y el aparato estatal está limitado respecto al control social, la transparencia y la eficacia de las políticas públicas. Este panorama resultó en el aumento de la violencia, el crimen, el crimen organizado y el desorden urbano, lo cual ha llevado a la militarización de la seguridad pública, tanto con la mejora de la estructura de la policía militar como con la presencia de las fuerzas armadas en actividades de seguridad pública. El proceso de militarización ha aumentado en los dos últimos años, y, por primera vez desde 1985, los militares consiguieron alcanzar los puestos de poder más importantes en el gobierno de Brasil. El artículo se ocupa de la militarización de la seguridad pública en Brasil, apuntando a los peligros de un nuevo y duradero proceso de militarización de la sociedad brasileña, la cual aún sufre de derechos limitados y de una falta de garantías constitucionales.
28
Champagne, Suzanne, and Davis A. Bullwinkle. "African Women: A General Bibliography, 1976-1985." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines 24, no. 2 (1990): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/485264.
Full text
29
Aqeel, Anjum, and Mohammed Nishat. "The Twin Deficits Phenomenon: Evidence from Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 39, no. 4II (December 1, 2000): 535–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v39i4iipp.535-550.
Full textAbstract:
Like most developing countries a steady budget deficit in Pakistan is the primary cause of all major ills of the economy. It has varied between 5.4 to 8.7 percent during last two decades. On the other hand the current account deficit varied between 2.7 to 7.2 percent during the same period. The variations in fiscal policy can lead to predictable developments in an open economy’s performance on current account, remains a controversial issue. An important aspect of this issue concerns what is termed as twin deficit analysis, according to which fiscal deficits and current account balances are very closely related so that reductions in the former are both necessary and sufficient to obtain improved performance in the later. Theoretical work on the relationship that exist between variations in fiscal policy and the current account balance has been based upon two types of models. These models are constructed from postulated behavioural relationships that purport to describe how the economy works in aggregate without explaining the behaviour of agents who make up the economy [Mundel (1963); Branson (1976); Dornbusch (1976); Kawai (1985) and Marston (1985)]. The second type of model, derives the important macroeconomic relationships from the microfoundations of individual optimising behaviour [Dixit (1978); Neary (1980); Obstfeld (1981); Persson (1982); Kimbrough (1985); Frenkel and Razin (1986); Cuddington and Vinals (1985, 1986a) and Moore (1989)]. However, both of these approaches have yielded divergent results.
30
Iakimova, Elizaveta. "Israel’s 75th Anniversary in the Mirror of Foreign Policy: An Approach to Periodization." Oriental Courier, no. 4 (2023): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s268684310029246-8.
Full textAbstract:
The paper focuses on specifics of Israel’s foreign policy periodization since the foundation of the state in May 1948 till the beginning of 2023, characterized by the return to power of Benjamin Netanyahu — the chairman of the Likud party. The author analyzes existing approaches to identifying stages in the history of Israel's relations with foreign countries, and also studies the degree of mutual dependence between the domestic and foreign policies of the Israeli leadership in 75 years. The research is based on the concept, suggested by the professor of international politics at the City University of London Amnon Aran, based not on the chronological, but on the problematic principle of periodization. By 2013, when this specialist completed his analysis, he identified three stages of Israeli foreign policy: Etatist, ethno-national and globalist. The turning points for the first two stages were 1973 and 1985. The nomination of the third stage is driven mostly by the peculiarities of Israeli economic development, which influenced decisions regarding the Middle East peace process and the growing interest of the state in expanding its presence in Asia. The paper also examines the evolution of the Israeli leadership’s understanding of the term “mamlakhtiyut” (statehood), the specifics of the “domestication” of Israeli foreign policy in comparison with the experiences of European and Middle Eastern states, as well as the influence of NGOs on the use of military force as a foreign policy instrument. Finally, author’s interpretation of the current period is proposed. It is marked by a high degree of personification of foreign policy. The increased importance of the establishment of friendly personal contacts with foreign leaders by Israeli prime ministers in recent years was caused by the task of strengthening popularity among the electorate in the context of a series of early elections to the Knesset. In addition, the formulation of the country's course in the international arena was significantly influenced by the ministers of foreign affairs, their previous experience and views on the distribution of powers of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs with related departments.
31
Creevey, Lucy E. "Muslim Brotherhoods and Politics in Senegal in 1985." Journal of Modern African Studies 23, no. 4 (December 1985): 715–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x0005504x.
Full textAbstract:
This author made her first study of the Muslim brotherhoods in 1966, and then ten years later reassessed their political position.1 Now, after almost a similar length of time since 1976, this brief evaluation is written in the hope of illustrating the gradually changing position of Muslim leaders or marabouts, and their rôle in Senegalese life and politics.
32
Walker, Rae. "The Development of Educational Computing Policy in the Victorian School System, 1976–1985." Australian Journal of Education 35, no. 3 (November 1991): 292–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000494419103500306.
Full text
33
Crisosto, C. H., P. B. Lombard, and L. H. Fuchigami. "Fall Ethephon Delays Bloom in ‘Redhaven’ Peach by Delaying Flower Differentiation and Development during Dormancy." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 114, no. 6 (November 1989): 881–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.114.6.881.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Ethephon at 120 mg·liter−1 applied to hand-defoliated or nondefoliated trees in late Oct. 1984 delayed ‘Redhaven’ [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] full bloom by ≈5 days in 1985. The same treatment applied on 1 Nov. 1985 delayed full bloom by 9 days in 1986. Hand-defoliation alone was ineffective in delaying bloom in either season. Ethephon treatments increased abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene levels in dormant buds collected throughout the 1985–86 dormant season. Starch and reducing sugar contents and total chilling requirement were not affected by the ethephon and hand-defoliation. Flower primordia were delayed in differentiation and growth during late fall following a 1986 spray of ethephon. A delay in flower development and growth may be caused by increased levels of ethylene and ABA. Chemical names used: (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon); aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG).
34
Durbiano, Claudine. "Les arrachages de vigne en Basse-Provence de 1976 à 1985." Méditerranée 65, no. 3 (1988): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/medit.1988.2568.
Full text
35
BOWLER, I. R., and B. W. ILBERY. "THE SPATIAL RESTRUCTURING OF FARM TYPES IN THE ENGLISH COUNTIES, 1976–1985." Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 80, no. 5 (November 1989): 302–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.1989.tb01909.x.
Full text
36
Marini, Richard P. "Growth and Cropping of ‘Redhaven’ Peach Trees Following Soil Application of Paclobutrazol." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 112, no. 1 (January 1987): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.112.1.18.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Paclobutrazol was applied to soil around 5-year-old ‘Redhaven’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees at rates of 0, 1.1, 2.2, and 4.4 g a.i./tree in Dec. 1982. Trunk and shoot growth suppression in 1983 were related to application rate, but there was no treatment effect in 1984 or 1985. Yield and fruit size were not influenced in 1983 by treatment, but treated trees produced less fruit than control trees in 1985. Rate of defoliation was negatively related to concentration in 1984, and bloom development was positively related to concentration in 1985 following a single treatment in 1982. Chemical names used: β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-l,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol).
37
Khoury, Nicole. "(Re)defining the First Mark of Development: Lebanese Feminist Discourse in Al-Raida, 1976–1985." Al-Raida Journal 42, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 87–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.32380/alrj.v42i2.1743.
Full textAbstract:
This article is a feminist history of Al-Raida, a Lebanese feminist journal launched in 1976 by the Institute for Women’s Studies in the Arab World at the Lebanese American University. The article outlines the journal’s role in the foundation of modern Lebanese feminist discourse, and in particular traces the dominant strand of discourse on development during the journal’s first decade. By situating this strand within both dominant and local historical contexts, the article analyzes the ways in which the journal positioned arguments for development, presented research studies, and employed methodologies in order to forge solutions to Arab women’s issues while maintaining international visibility through the use of normative and transnational language.
38
Kabir, Kazi Shahdat. "TOWARDS AN ISLAMIC FRAMEWORK OF WOMEN EMPOWERMENT." TAFHIM : IKIM Journal of Islam and the Contemporary World 2, no. 2 (September 29, 2015): 113–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.56389/tafhim.vol2no2.5.
Full textAbstract:
It is worth recalling that the globalization of gender equality started quite recently with the United Nation declaring 1975 as the International Women's Year at the world conference held at Mexico City. Sequel to this the decade 1976-1985, was declared the Decade for Women, during which international agencies as well as some governments focused attention on what came to be popularly referred to as 'women issue." After that the second UN conference on women was held in Copenhagen in 1980. The decade as crowned by Nairobi Conference on Women in 1985. Then, the Cairo International Conference on population and development in 1994 came which seemed to focus on independence and autonomy of women even with a family context. Indeed several conferences, conventions and activities of a host of international agencies took place during the 1985-1994 to prepare the grounds and minds for the famous Beijing Conference in 1995. It was in Beijing, more than anywhere, where the issue of empowerment was focused and made such an indispensable condition for world progress and development.
39
Komlev, P. "Personnel potential of CPI in 1976—1985: problems of formation and functioning." Bulletin of the South Ural State University Series «Social Sciences and the Humanities» 20, no. 04 (2020): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/ssh200406.
Full textAbstract:
Personnel potential is the most important indicator of the efficiency of each university. The relevance of the issue of the quality of training and work of scientific and pedagogical personnel is confirmed by the new challenges faced by the higher education system during the pandemic and the associated transition to a distance learning format. Thanks to the faculty, most Russian universities were able to timely restructure their training courses, adapt to new conditions, and prepare students for intermediate and final certification. Teachers of SUSU showed a high result in mastering new ways of organizing work, demonstrating professionalism and competence in a crisis situation. The remote format of work, the transition to which was unscheduled and forced, revealed new qualitative characteristics of the personnel potential of Russian universities. For the state, criteria for determining the quality of higher school workers were formed back in the Soviet era. Among the universities of Chelyabinsk that were actively engaged in research activities during the study period, the Chelyabinsk Polytechnic Institute should be distinguished. The article analyzes the main directions of formation and functioning of personnel potential of PSI. Contradictions of the specified period in the work of the teaching staff of the higher school are revealed. The effectiveness of the state policy for the development of university science is analyzed, imbalances in the functioning of the personnel potential of technical departments and the peculiarities of the work of structural divisions of the university related to the teaching of social sciences are characterized.
40
Caplan, Pat. "Perceptions of gender stratification." Africa 59, no. 2 (April 1989): 196–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1160488.
Full textAbstract:
Opening ParagraphIn this article I consider gender as a form of stratification on the coast of East Africa, with specific reference to northern Mafia Island where I have carried out fieldwork between 1965 and 1967, and again in 1976 and 1985. I am interested in the way in which this has changed over the twenty-year period in which I have been observing this area.
41
Dollar, David. "Outward-Oriented Developing Economies Really Do Grow More Rapidly: Evidence from 95 LDCs, 1976-1985." Economic Development and Cultural Change 40, no. 3 (April 1992): 523–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/451959.
Full text
42
Averianov, Serhii. "Security aspect of Asean-China relations in South-East Asia." Bulletin of Mariupol State University. Series: History. Political Studies 10, no. 28-29 (2020): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-2830-2020-10-28-29-133-143.
Full textAbstract:
The article analyzes the the People's Republic of China (PRC) influence on the activities of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in the security sector. It outlines the specifics of the foreign policy of the People's Republic of China in the region and its connection to the formation of the Southeast Asia (SA) security architecture processes. The article highlightes modern trends and tendencies of China's geostrategic positioning in the region, the pros and cons of the Chinese foreign policy concept at both regional and global levels. For many years China was seen as a threat to Southeast Asian countries due to its political ideology and active support for the uprisings in those countries. In 1967, when ASEAN was founded, China had serious doubts about the motives of this newly formed international union. Beijing was deeply concerned that the organization could have a hidden military connotation that would consolidate anti-Chinese sentiment in Southeast Asia. Formal relations between China and the Association were established in 1991. In July 1994 China became a «consultative partner» within ASEAN Regional Forum on Peace and Security. In 1996 by signing the Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation of 1976 China became a full dialogue partner. The transformation of the system of international relations, as well as the global rebalance of power in the post-bipolar era have contributed to the strengthening of China`s positions in world politics. On the one hand the end of the Cold War minimized the risks of a nuclear catastrophe, but at the same time it actualized and accelerated trade and economic cooperation tendencies. In such circumstances most of ASEAN member states sought brand new approach towards China, willing to benefit from its economic upswing. For its part, China's growing dependence on energy forces it to engage in solving regional security issues more actively. Nowadays China's foreign policy is represented by the Belt and Road Initiative, formerly known as the One Belt One Road. It is a global infrastructure development strategy that includes 2 large-scale projects: the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road. Participating in those projects seems lucrative for most Southeast Asia countries, due to their close economic ties with China being nearly the main driver of their own economies. After all, China still remains a key trading partner among ASEAN member states. However, on the other hand, many of the political elites fear that participation in China's projects will put them in a position of dependence on Beijing. That`s why ASEAN tries to maintain the SA as a peaceful, neutral region, free from the dominance of any regional or non-regional state.
43
Raseira, Maria C. B., and J. N. Moore. "Time of Flower Bud Initiation in Peach Cultivars Differing in Chilling Requirement." HortScience 22, no. 2 (April 1987): 216–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.22.2.216.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Time of flower bud initiation was determined for nine peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] cultivars, three in each of three chilling requirement groups (<500 hr, 500-750 hr, and 800-1050 hr below 7.2°C). Based on morphology of the apical dome, the first visible signs of flower bud initiation of all cultivars occurred between 15 July and 8 Aug. 1984, and between 1 and 20 July 1985. The earlier initiation period in 1985 may have been promoted by drought stress. Although significant differences occurred in time of flower bud initiation among chilling requirement groups in both years, they were not consistent from year to year, indicating that chilling requirement is not strongly associated with time of flower bud initiation. The rate of morphological development of flower primordia was not associated with earliness of flower bud initiation. ‘Diamante’, while early in flower bud initiation, showed a slow rate of subsequent flower development. No relationship was found between time of flower initiation and either time of bloom or time of fruit ripening of the cultivars.
44
Melton, D. A., and M. R. Rebagliati. "Anti-sense RNA injections in fertilized eggs as a test for the function of localized mRNAs." Development 97, Supplement (October 1, 1986): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.97.supplement.211.
Full textAbstract:
In general, it is difficult to identify genes that play critical roles in developmental decisions in vertebrates because it is not possible to perform exhaustive screens for mutations that affect developmental processes. While some genes have been identified and analysed by conventional genetic methods, for example the mouse T locus (Bennett, 1975) or the axolotl o mutation (Brothers, 1976), it is likely that many genes that control vertebrate development will have to be identified by other means. In recent years, two methods for identifying such genes have been utilized. First, genes have been selected for study because they are expressed at a particular time or place during embryogenesis. For example, genes that are expressed only during gastrulation (Sargent & Dawid, 1983; Krieg & Melton, 1985) or at the cellular blastoderm stage (Roark, Mahoney, Graham & Lengyel, 1985) have been cloned and there are numerous examples of genes being studied because they are expressed in some, but not all tissues (e.g. Lynn et al. 1983) or are spatially localized within single cells (Jeffery, Tomlinson & Brodeurer, 1983; King & Barklis, 1985; Rebagliati, Weeks, Harvey & Melton, 1985).
45
Musfafa, Usman. "Consumption Linkages of Mechanical Wheat Production in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 31, no. 4II (December 1, 1992): 929–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v31i4iipp.929-938.
Full textAbstract:
In many developing countries like Pakistan, most research work on farm mechanisation has focused especially on farm labour displacement and income effects. These studies measure only the micro or direct effect of mechanisation on a specific farm unit, area or locality. They lack macro level impact of technologies that emerge from lin~ages between farm and non-farm sectors and between farm and the household: The importance of these production anq consumption linkages in agricultural growth has been emphasised [Hazel and Roell (1983); Mellor and Lele (1973); Mellor (1976); Yotopoulos and Nugent (1976)]. The growth linkages between farm and non-farm economy are primarily due to increases in household consumption expenditures. Increases in household consumption expenditure is directly related to escalation in income. Leontiefs (1951, 1966) inpu-output system provides a framework measure the overall effect of farm mechanisation employment an income. King and Byerlee (1977) measured links between changes income distribution and its effect on employment. Rangarajan (1982); Hazel an Roell (1983) showed that agricultural growth has substantial effects on other sectors economy. Ahammed and Herdt (1983 1985) also used the input-output system. The present study is basically an adoption of Ahammed and Herdt's (1983) model. A system of linear homogenous equations which permits solutions by simple matrix inversion operations hsa been used.
46
Stuyt, A. M. "D.B. Bardonnet, ed., The Adaptation of Structures and Methods of Development, Reports of the Hague Colloquium 4-6 11 1985, Martinus Nijhoff Publ., Dordrecht 1986, XVIII + 416 pp., Dfl. 155/$66.5O/£54.25.K.C. Wellens, ed., Peace and Security: Justice and Development, a report of a Congress on the occasion of forty years United Nations, T.M.C. Asser Instituut, The Hague 1986, XII + 99 pp." Netherlands International Law Review 34, no. 03 (December 1987): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165070x00010408.
Full text
47
Omoniyi, Janet O., and Jamiu W. Abdulraheem. "Implications of inflationary trends on collection development at the University of Ilorin Library, 1976-1985, 2010-2014." Information Impact: Journal of Information and Knowledge Management 9, no. 4 (February 7, 2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/iijikm.v9i4.3.
Full text
48
Ahmad, Ehtisham, and Stephen Ludlow. "Aggregate and Regional Demand Response Patterns in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 26, no. 4 (December 1, 1987): 645–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v26i4pp.645-657.
Full textAbstract:
The econometric analysis of demand in Pakistan has, until recently, been a relatively neglected field of analysis. Much of the earlier work, reviewed in Ali (1985), consists of linear Engel curves based on grouped data published by the Bureau of Statistics. Ahmad, Leung and Stern (1984), and Ahmad, Ludlow and Stern (1987) use household observations from the 1976 Micro-Nutrient Survey (MNS), to estimate 17 (9 of which are food items) and 13 commodity parameters and elasticities based on a modified linear Expenditure System (LES) using Maximum likelihood methods. The modified LES is a method of obtaining LES parameters without independent price information, analogous to the ELES. This method differs from the ELES in that expenditure information is used, rather than income, see Ahmad, Ludlow and Stern (1987) for details.
49
Baxter, John H. "The Influences of the National Curriculum on Children's Misconceptions about Astronomy and the Use of these Misconceptions in the Development of Interactive Teaching Materials." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 162 (1998): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100114964.
Full textAbstract:
It is now well established that children construct their own explanations for the easily observed astronomical events before they receive any formal education in astronomy (see Mali & Howe, 1985; Nussbaum & Novak, 1976; Vosnaidou, 1991. It is also generally accepted that childrens notions, or ‘alternative frameworks’ are tenacious and frequently pass into adulthood (Gunstone et al, 1981). Baxter's (1989) survey revealed a hierarchy of alternative frameworks about astronomy that became less naive as age increases, but also revealed that many pupils leaving school at the age of 16 years did not explain the easily observed astronomical events within a post-Copernican framework.
50
Кудрявцев, В. Ю. "SOVIET FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF OIL AND GAS RESOURCES OF THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM IN 1976-1985." Человеческий капитал, no. 3(183) (March 21, 2024): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.25629/hc.2024.03.04.
Full textAbstract:
В статье исследуется вклад Советского Союза в освоение нефтегазовых ресурсов Вьетнама в период 1976-1985 гг. Основное внимание уделено анализу участия СССР в поиске и разработке месторождений углеводородных ресурсов в Ханойском прогибе и на континентальном шельфе юга СРВ, роли советских научно-исследовательских и проектных организаций, обеспечивших нефтегазовую промышленность СРВ технологиями для проведения поисково-разведочных и строительных работ. Выделены причины возникновения сложностей, оказавших негативное влияние на итоги сотрудничества. В работе сделан вывод о том, что к середине 1980-х гг. содействие СССР позволило создать материально-технический и кадровый базис вьетнамской нефтегазовой промышленности. Отмечено, что с точки зрения окупаемости финансовых вложений и долгосрочного экономического эффекта совместное советско-вьетнамское предприятие «Вьетсовпетро» стало одной из наиболее эффективных форм двустороннего сотрудничества. The article studies the contribution of the Soviet Union to the development of oil and gas resources of Vietnam in the period of 1976-1985. The main attention is paid to the analysis of the USSR participation in the search and development of hydrocarbon deposits in the Hanoi Trough and on the continental shelf of the south of the SRV, the role of Soviet research and design organizations that provided the oil and gas industry of the SRV with technologies for prospecting, exploration and construction works. The reasons for the difficulties that had a negative impact on the results of cooperation are highlighted. The paper concludes that by the mid-1980s the assistance of the USSR allowed to create a material-technical and personnel base of the Vietnamese oil and gas industry. It is noted that from the point of view of return on financial investments and long-term economic effect the joint Soviet-Vietnamese enterprise «Vietsovpetro» became one of the most effective forms of bilateral cooperation.