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1
Habyarimana, Béata, and André de Waal. "Analyzing An Organizational Change Process Using the HPO Framework: the Case of A Rwandese Bank." International Journal of Management and Applied Research 7, no. 2 (June 5, 2020): 120–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18646/2056.72.20-009.
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Over the past decades, the financial industry has been affected by sustained liberalization and synchronization of the financial markets as well as new developments in information technology. This caused the banking industry in emerging markets to become more competitive due to increased bank sizes caused by acquisitions and mergers while they did not necessarily become more profitable. In this article the organizational restructuring process of a bank in Rwanda is investigated on its effectiveness. The high performance organization (HPO) diagnosis was applied, consisting of a questionnaire containing questions on the quality of the organization and interviews with top management. This diagnosis established the HPO status of the bank. The questionnaire was also applied at three other banks in Rwanda for comparison purposes. The HPO Diagnosis clearly indicated the reasons why the restructuring efforts of the case company had not resulted in better organizational results and in fact had led to under-par performance compared to the other three banks. The diagnosis also yielded multiple improvement possibilities for the bank to make its restructuring efforts successful after all. The research findings will make it possible for Rwanda Bank to improve its performance to the benefit both of its clients and stakeholders. The findings will also benefit other Rwandan banks in their efforts to achieve higher organizational performance.
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Moïse, Bigirimana, and Xu Hongyi. "FINANCIAL INCLUSION IN RWANDA: AN OVERVIEW." Journal on Innovation and Sustainability. RISUS ISSN 2179-3565 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24212/2179-3565.2017v8i3p75-84.
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Financial inclusion is a major policy concern with governments across the world. Rwanda as a country with fast development averaging to 6.9% from 2011 to 2015 has done an improvement in financial inclusion as well. This country with stable growth interested the researchers to know whether this development goes hand in hand with financial inclusion. This paper is an attempt to show the overview of financial inclusion in Rwanda. Secondary data from Rwanda Fin scope survey 2008, 2012 and 2016 were used in this study. Apart from that, this paper uses data from Banque National du Rwanda from 2011 to 2015. Many researches were conducted on financial inclusion in different countries but none of them took Rwanda as a special case. The results show that there is an improvement in financial inclusion in Rwanda as the number of financially excluded dropped from 52% in 2008 to 11% in 2016.The problem is that the number of banked adults did not increase from 2008 to 2016. Banked adults in Rwanda were 14% in 2008, 23% in 2012 and 26% in 2016.This shows that many Rwandan adults are not banked. The government should continue to mobilize citizens to join banks. Mobile payment improved tremendously and this should be strengthened and more regulated as it is serving many Rwandans.
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Harelimana, Jean Bosco, and Vancon Dusengimana. "Effect of Effective Management of Donors’ Fund on ICT Sector Development in Rwanda." Management and Organizational Studies 5, no. 4 (November 30, 2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/mos.v5n4p13.
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The main objective of this paper is to assess the effect of effective management of donors’ fund on ICT sectordevelopment in Rwanda.A Purposive sampling have been used to select employees in charge of ICT in higher learning institutions,Broadband Systems Corporation Ltd (BSC Ltd) staff, Rwanda Information Society Authority (RISA) staff ,MINECOFIN projects implementation unit staff and Rwanda Development Board single project implementation unitstaff. In total 24 employees from these institutions contributed to this research through responding elaboratedquestionnaire and by the mean of interview. Purposively six students responded to the questionnaire.The questionnaire and an interview guide were used to collect primary data and were analyzed using StatisticalPackage for Social sciences, descriptive and inferential statistics were adopted as research approach. Qualitative datawas treated through sound content analysis.Results from the research found the following: It has been observed that the total budget of USD 24.M allocated tofinance the Rwandan ICT sector was executed up to 99.54% and all components have been implemented at asatisfactorily rate by both the World Bank and the Government of Rwanda. This high finance performance ratecaused a radical change in ICT Sector development whereby after the project implementation period elapsed, anumber of ICT sector development indicators proved a tremendous shift. One of those indicators is mobilesubscriptions and internet subscriptions that increased 217 % and 1,000% respectively. The cost of internationalinternet connectivity got an up-down shift from $10,000 in 2008 up to $125 in 2014. Both physical and financialproject implementation indicators evidenced the close relationship or the causality of ICT sector development givenan effective funds management. Finally, the Pearson coefficient of 0.814** that was obtained from testing bothvariables of this study resulted in positive high correlation between donors’ funds management and the ICT sectordevelopment.
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Mustari, Kahambu, Claud Rusibana, and Ambrose Nzamalu. "Internal Audit Profession And Financial Performance In Commercial Banks In Rwanda." Journal of Advance Research in Business Management and Accounting (ISSN: 2456-3544) 6, no. 10 (October 31, 2020): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/nnbma.v6i10.924.
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In all the countries in the world, commercial banks contribute greatly in the economic development of a country (Beck, Demirgüç-Kunt & Levine, 2006). Therefore, tracking the performance of commercial banks has been of great importance both for scholars and for policy makers. The main objective of this research was to investigate the role played by internal audit profession in the financial performance of commercial banks in Rwanda, taking a case of Kenya Commercial Bank, Rwanda plc. The research followed three specific objectives, namely, to investigate internal audit profession in KCB Bank Rwanda plc; to determine the level of financial performance of KCB Bank Rwanda plc and to find out the relationship between internal audit profession and financial performance of KCB Bank Rwanda plc. The research used descriptive and correlational research design with a target of 87 employees all taken as the sample for this research. Structured questionnaires were distributed to the sample and 79 were filled and returned. The collected data was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 22. The results showed that the most of the employees in KCB Bank Rwanda plc are male who represent 72.15% of the total respondents, majority of the respondents were between 31-35 years represented by 42(53.2%) of the respondents. The findings on objective one revealed that 57% of the respondents strongly agreed that audit independence is important for the internal auditing at 32.9% agreed. The findings on objective two revealed that 73.4% of the respondents indicated high level of satisfaction in terms of financial performance of the Bank. On objective three, the findings revealed that all the indicators used for measuring internal audit were positive and significantly related to ROA, ROE and interest margin (some at 5% and others at 10%), except for audit due care which was not significantly related to ROE and interest margin. The findings further revealed that the adjusted R2=0.81 for ROA, adjusted R2=0.164 for ROE and adjusted R2= 0.292 for interest margin. Further, the ANOVA analysis for ROA, ROE and interest margin revealed that all the three models were significant at 5%. The regression equations with audit independence, professional competence and audit due care as predictor variables showed that both audit independence and professional competence have positive coefficient on ROA, ROE and interest margin. The researcher highly recommends prudential adoption of internal auditing function within the banking sector. Policy makers should come up with standardized measures in relation to internal auditing. The managers should be at the forefront to ensure that the internal auditing function operates independently without managerial influences and with due diligence. This recommendation is informed by the positive effect that auditing has on the financial performance of commercial banks.
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Bigirimana, Moïse, and Xu Hongyi. "Financial Inclusion in Rwanda: an Analysis of Role Played by Commercial Banks." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 4, no. 2 (2018): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.42.1003.
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The purpose of this research is to analyze the role played by commercial banks on financial inclusion in Rwanda. Rwanda which is seen as a model of fast development in Africa has set a target of 90% financial inclusion by the year 2020. This target was almost achieved in 2016 where 89% were financially included but only 26% have accounts with commercial banks. This study reveals that all the three dimensions of financial inclusion i.e. access, penetration and usage of commercial banks have increased from 2004 to 2016. This research found that almost 40% of respondents have accounts in the commercial bank. The rest of respondents have accounts either in microfinance institutions or in SACCOs. The findings show again that 67.7% of people who took loans, took them from commercial banks. Although commercial banks play a great role, there is a long way to go for Rwanda to be formally included because only 26% have an account in commercial banks according to Finscope Survey 2016. On this matter, the government of Rwanda should put more efforts to computerize MFIs and SACCOs as they serve 65% of the population in Rwanda. The government of Rwanda should set policies that support microfinance and SACCOs for them to offer better services at the standards of commercial banks as this would help in having a big number of citizens formally included and it may contribute to its economic growth.
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Kalulu, Ronald, Emmy Tushabe, and Abel Chondo. "Air Transport and Its Impact on the Tourism Industry in Rwanda: Case of RwandAir." East African Journal of Business and Economics 2, no. 1 (July 25, 2020): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajbe.2.1.185.
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The study focused on the air transportation and its impact on the tourism industry in Rwanda; the case of RwandAir. The study objectives were to identify the contributions of air transportation to the development of tourism industry in Rwanda; to establish the challenges facing the air transport sector and to propose strategic measures to mitigate the challenges. The study used a cross-sectional survey thus both the qualitative and quantitative approaches were applied. The study used closed-ended questionnaires, structured interview, as well as document review. Purposive sampling was used on the key managers of both RwandAir and Rwanda Development Board. The study targeted 700 international tourists and 200 domestic tourists (conveniently selected), as well as structured interview with 30 senior officers of RwandAir and 20 senior officers of RDB, hence making the total population to be 950 respondents. The study sample size was 274 respondents. However, after validating the returned questionnaires, only 240 questionnaires were found to be valid. It was revealed that RwandAir greatly contributes to tourism development in many ways such as marketing, job creation, transporting tourists, providing a convenient, quick and safe way to get into the country among others. It was revealed by the world bank that international tourism arrivals in 2016 was 932000 tourists bringing in 25.85 % of total exports and total imports and expenditure on travel service es was 11.99 % in Rwanda. The number of tourists’ arrivals was limited to arrivals by air. However, RwandAir and air transport in general faces changing oil prices, expensive jets, terrorism in neighbouring countries, limited funding, skills gap in aviation sector (lack of technical engineers and pilots), geographical location, inadequate infrastructure and to a great extent, lack of safety compliance. The strategies that can be adopted to improve air transport sector are: more funding to air transport industry by government; oil and energy negotiations with oil-producing countries; skills enhancement like training local pilots and engineers; improved airport infrastructure in Rwanda e.g. at Kigali international airport and other domestic airports; space agreements as well as benchmarking best airline companies like Qatar and emirates and others in the region. The study recommends tax concessions for the air transport, oil negotiations, opening up and re-development of the domestic airports in the country, reduced prices for incoming tourists using RwandAir, partnerships between government and private sector in developing air transport, increased training of aviation staff among others. It is believed that when these are done, then air transport will continue to positively transform tourism into a better and developing sector with sustained customer base hence national development.
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Storey, Andy. "Structural adjustment, state power & genocide: the World Bank & Rwanda." Review of African Political Economy 28, no. 89 (September 2001): 365–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056240108704546.
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Gahongayire, Lydia, and Mercyline Kamande. "Risk Management Practices and Profitability of Microfinance Banks in Rwanda A Case of Urwego Bank." Journal of Advance Research in Business Management and Accounting (ISSN: 2456-3544) 7, no. 10 (October 31, 2021): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/nnbma.v7i10.1071.
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Financial institutions are major players in the economic development of a country by offering channels through which funds flow from one source to another. However, they are faced with numerous risks in their daily operations. The main goal behind the current research was to assess the effect of risk management practices on the profitability of microfinance banks in Rwanda, a case of Urwego Bank. Both descriptive and correlational research designs were used. Data was collected from the targeted population of 113 employees in Urwego Bank who were considered for the sampling using the census method. The data was collected using structured questionnaire and interview guide for key informants. The research instrument reliability test was done using Cronbach’s alpha test while the validity was achieved through revision of the questionnaire after a pre-test is conducted. The data that collected was analyzed using SPSS through which data was presented using frequency tables, descriptive statistics, and regression analysis. The findings on risk assessment revealed that 77.8% of the respondents agreed that they can conduct risk identification. A total of 63.4% of the respondents agreed on the importance of risk classification. The regression analysis revealed that there is combined effect of risk measurement, risk identification and risk classification on the profitability of the bank giving an R2 of 0.418. On whether having control measures within a bank can greatly assist in effective risk management, 82.5% of the respondents agreed. 73% of the respondents agreed that risk mitigation strategies are effective ways of reducing the possibility of occurrence of risk and their impact in an organization. 74.1% of respondents showed that risk financing is important for the Bank in its management of risk. Further, regression analysis showed the model was fit at 5% and an R2=0.582 indicating that the changes in profitability of the Bank are influenced by risk control measures. The regression model regarding the risk monitoring was found to be significant and an showing that the profitability in Urwego Bank is influenced by risk monitoring processes. The overall regression model was significant and an R2=0.536 and showed that risk management practices should be practiced in totality to ensure that effective results are obtained. Therefore, the researcher recommended that policy makers and supervisors, including the central bank, should be more vigilant in promulgating the culture of risk management in the banks especially for microfinance banks which are few in the industry.
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Vento, Gianfranco A., Helen Chiappini, and Giuseppe Lia. "Corporate social responsibility, social and financial performance: The case study of the loan appraisal process of the Rwanda Development Bank." Corporate Ownership and Control 15, no. 3 (2018): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv15i3art4.
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Development banks play an active role in smoothing growth of world’s disadvantaged areas. The social mission of development banks requires that they pay attention to corporate social responsibility (CSR) and to the social outcome of financing activities. However, like any other financial institution, they must consider the business sustainability and the financial stability over time. Thus, a comprehensive loan appraisal process should include financial and social aspects. Literature does not properly investigate development banks loan appraisal process, thus the aim of this paper is to contribute to this stream of literature, analysing how development banks can include the evaluation of social and environmental variables within their loan appraisal process. For the purpose of the research, we employed a case study of the Rwanda Development Bank (BRD). The BRD loan appraisal process combines the evaluation of typical aspects of corporate social responsibility – like the firms or projects compliance to health and safety regulations or the implementation of the code of ethics including diversity policies – with the evaluation of social and environmental impact, as well with financial aspects. The BRD social impact assessment is also valuable because it follows the criteria of proportionality of loans evaluation, balancing completeness of information with the cost of the assessment.
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Kanyambo, John, and Bogere Mohammed. "The Effects of Rewarding System on Employee Turnover." Randwick International of Social Science Journal 1, no. 3 (October 23, 2020): 402–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.47175/rissj.v1i3.94.
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This study examined the effects of retention strategies on employee turnover taking a case of Urwego Opportunity Bank in Rwanda. The specific research objectives are: to identify the effects of reward on employee turnover and to analyze the effects of training on employee turnover. A descriptive research design was used where both qualitative and quantitative approaches were adopted.The target population was 250 employees and authorities of Urwego Opportunity Bank while 138 sampled populations was calculated using Slovin’s formula. The study set to use simple random sampling techniques in order to distribute research instruments. Finding on contribution indicated by regression model, a unit increase in a unit increase in Rewarding systems variable would cause an increase of 0.260(26.0 %) on employee turnover at Urwego.Finding also show that Rewarding systems posted ( t=2.357), this was greater 1.96 and sig = 0.002, so this clearly shows that the variable is significant since the sig value is less than 0.05.Conclusion : Employee retention strategies are statistically significant correlated with the reduction of employee turnover among workers at Urwego Opportunity Bank-Rwanda. Important and crucial it will affect an employee’s decision for leaving the organization. The study recommends that managers should provide trainings and copy with elements that stimulate the spirit of abandonment. Workers must have enough professional development workshops to ameliorate their knowledge and experience.
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Dambula, Chrispin. "Democracy and Development: A Critical Analysis of the Nexus in Malawi and Rwanda." European Journal of Development Studies 2, no. 2 (March 4, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejdevelop.2022.2.2.68.
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The question whether democracy is the best system of governance that expedites development is one that has not been settled and continues to gain traction in academic debates in the Twenty-First century. Using descriptive and inferential statistics, particularly two-sample variable t-test, this paper analyzes parametric data collected from databases of Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), The World Bank, The United Nations, and Transparency International to compare 2004 – 2019 trends of development progress between Malawi as a democratic country and Rwanda as a nondemocratic country to contribute to the ongoing debates. The findings do not support democracy as a development catalyst. The study does not generalize its findings to all democracies and nondemocracies. However, as much as the findings cannot be generalized, they point to the need for further examination of the nexus between democracy and development. Areas recommended for future research are specified accordingly.
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Maniraguha, Faustin. "Banking Competition and Economic Growth: 2006-2015 Case of Rwanda." Randwick International of Social Science Journal 1, no. 3 (October 23, 2020): 513–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47175/rissj.v1i3.104.
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It has been argued that a competitive and efficient financial sector is a prerequisite for economic growth and development. The objective of this study therefore was to determine the influence of bank competition on economic growth in Rwanda for the period 2006 - 2015.The study used Error Correction Model after conducting Unit Root Test(ADF) and Cointegration Test(Johansen) so that to check the degree of adjustment in the short run. The results revealed that Credit to GDP is highly significant and this implied that there is a need to set the policy influencing credit distribution in order to influence economic growth. In addition disequilibrium found in the short run is corrected quarterly at 70.32%.
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Tumwebaze, Robert, and Eugenia Nkechi Irechukwu. "Stakeholder Involvement and Sustainability of World Bank Funded Project in Rwanda: A Case of Skills Development Project in Gasabo District." Journal of Entrepreneurship & Project Management 6, no. 1 (May 5, 2022): 109–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.53819/81018102t2060.
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The general objective of this research was to examine the stakeholder involvement and sustainability of World Bank funded project in Rwanda with a case of skills development fund in Gasabo District. The researcher used descriptive research design to the sample of 211 respondents who are drawn from target population of the study, which is 400 people. The respondents were selected to participate in this study using simple random sampling and census as the techniques of sampling. The interview schedule and questionnaire were employed to collect the information from the field and the data collected was analyze as the inferential statistics were analyze using the Pearson correlation and regression analysis, whereas the mean, standard deviation comprised the descriptive statistics. The results of the first objective regarding stakeholder empowerment and sustainability of skills development project revealed that a big number of respondents agreed that stakeholder empowerment promote sustainability of skills development project by the overall mean of 2.009 and the correlation results proving that stakeholder empowerment has a positive and significant relationship with measures of (beneficiary satisfaction has r=0.928, beneficiary ownership has r=0.949, beneficiary continuous progress has r=.961 and sig=0.00) sustainability of skills development project. The results of the second objective regarding stakeholder decision making and sustainability of skills development project showed that stakeholder decision making and beneficiary satisfaction have (r=0.929 and sig=0.00), with beneficiary ownership (r=0.950 and sig=0.00) and with beneficiary continuous progress (r=.962 and sig=0.00) which implies that stakeholder decision making has a positive and significant relationship with sustainability of skills development project. The results of the third objective regarding stakeholder consultation and sustainability of skills development project showed that stakeholder consultation and beneficiary satisfaction have (r=0.930 and sig=0.00), with beneficiary ownership (r=0.951 and sig=0.00), and with beneficiary continuous progress (r=.963 and sig=0.00) which implies that stakeholder consultation has a positive and significant relationship with sustainability of skills development project in Gasabo District, Rwanda. Basing on the results of the study, the researcher would like to recommend that the involvement of stakeholder should not only be limited in consultation and in decision making rather should be also involved in implementation and provision of the support that they can afford to the project such as participating actively in activities that required provision of labor or other contribution in order to develop the spirit of self-reliance and ownership of the project that enhances. Keywords: Stakeholder involvement, Sustainability of World Bank Funded Project, Skills Development Project, Rwanda.
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Michael, Okoche. "Political Dimension in Pan-African Cross-border Banking: An Inhibitor or Catalyst?" Business and Management Studies 5, no. 1 (January 22, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/bms.v5i1.3984.
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The emergence and the dominance of African banks in Africa have been touted as one of the popular mechanisms for financial development leading to a concept termed as Pan-African cross-border banking. African Banks have become dominant in the African market as opposed to European colonial banks substantially increasing their geographic footprints on the continent. African banks have become economically significant beyond their home countries and of systematic importance in a number of jurisdictions. This systematically examined the influence of the political environment on Pan-African cross-border banking using Kenya Commercial bank as a case study.Interpretive research paradigm guided the study seeking using qualitative data by interviewing employees, managers, and policymakers from the three subsidiaries of Kenya Commercial Bank; Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi. This was further supported by secondary data collected from journal articles and reports from the Kenya Commercial Bank.The study established that political environment plays an important role in influencing Pan-African cross-border banking either through catalysing or inhibiting. Despite effort integration by African Union, regional unions like East African Community there still areas for improvement. In order to enhance Pan-African cross-border banking, there has to be systematically management of political environment which was distorted by history, ideologies, different political systems, different regulatory frameworks between the subsidiaries and home countries. This will further enhance the significance of Pan-African banks African cross-border banks enhancing economic development within Africa.
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Oloo, Michael, Mary Mbithi, and Martin Oleche. "Threshold Effect of Macroeconomic Convergence Criteria on Real GDP Growth Rate within the East African Community." European Journal of Development Studies 2, no. 2 (March 16, 2022): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejdevelop.2022.2.2.67.
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This study investigates how the thresholds set by the East African Monetary Committee (EAMC) have impacted the growth of the East African Countries (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi). The analysis establishes the actual thresholds supported by a panel data model, running from 2005 to 2020, which are drawn from World Development Indicators data from the World Bank website. The actual thresholds obtained are compared to the thresholds adopted by EAMC. This data was analysed using a Dynamic Threshold Panel model; the results show a slight deviation of the actual (optimal) data thresholds from the thresholds adopted as the EAC criteria for the formation of a Monetary Union. Therefore, there is need to reconsider the thresholds criteria to enable them to become feasible for the member states to achieve so as to form the Monetary Union.
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Gavrilova, N., and S. Kostelyanets. "Food security in East Africa." Pathways to Peace and Security, no. 2 (2022): 82–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/2307-1494-2022-2-82-98.
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The article discusses the current state and dynamics of food security in East Africa. This region stands out in Africa not only as the most populous, but also as the fastest developing one, mostly due to its advanced economic growth and infrastructure construction in Ethiopia, Djibouti, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda. East African countries are particularly vulnerable to disruptions in food supplies from Russia and Ukraine. To assess food security in the region, the authors apply two methods designed by the World Bank and by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). These methods focus, correspondingly, on per capita incomes and malnutrition indicators. The authors further examine the impact of the Millennium Development Goals and the Sustainable Development Goals on food security in East Africa, investigate the main causes of food insecurity, and put forward policy recommendations for enhancing regional food security. Although achieving sustainable food security in East Africa appears unrealistic in the foreseeable future, intensification and digitalization of agriculture are critical to enhance food self-sufficiency of the region. The primary data sources for the article include FAO’s 2015–2021 surveys on food security and nutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa and statistical databases by FAO and the International Trade Center.
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Lee, Hyejin. "Agricultural Aid Allocations of Korea in Five sub-Saharan Countries: Aid Policy Implications for Agriculture-Rural Development." Open Agriculture Journal 13, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 188–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874331501913010188.
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Background: The Official Development Assistance, or ODA has been an invaluable source to assist developing countries in their economic and social development. Of the major ODA donors, the Republic of Korea (Korea) became a significant player in ODA and a role model. Providing its ODA, Korea designates the priority partner countries to which 70% of Korean bilateral ODA is allocated and formulates a country partnership strategy for each priority partner country. Objective: This study focuses on five sub-Saharan countries that were designated as Korea’s priority partner countries during the period of 2011-2020 and takes a detailed look at Korea’s ODA to their Agriculture and Rural Development (ARD) during the same period. With the five countries and ARD, this study intends to examine a hypothesis; the worse its food security and agricultural development was at a national level, the larger Korea’s ARD aid the country received. Methods: To test the hypothesis, data collected from World Bank, Global Hunger Index Reports and Korea ODA Statistics are sorted and analyzed. Then comparisons are made between Korea’s grant disbursements to ARD and the status of food security of the five African countries: Ethiopia, Ghana, Mozambique, Rwanda, and Uganda. Results: Results from the data indicate that there seems little consistency between the status of agriculture and food security of the five African countries and the allocated amounts of Korean ARD grants. Conclusion: Therefore, selection criteria for ARD grant allocation should exist and policy suggestions are made for Korea to formulate more consistent and systemic strategies for ARD support in sub-Saharan countries.
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Uwayezu, Ernest, and Walter T. de Vries. "Access to Affordable Houses for the Low-Income Urban Dwellers in Kigali: Analysis Based on Sale Prices." Land 9, no. 3 (March 16, 2020): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9030085.
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The government of Rwanda recently passed housing development regulations and funding schemes which aim at promoting access to affordable houses for the low- and middle-income Kigali city inhabitants. The existing studies on housing affordability in this city did not yet discuss whether this government-supported programme is likely to promote access to housing for these target beneficiaries. This study applies the price-to-income ratio (PIR) approach and the 30-percent of household income standard through the bank loan to assess whether housing units developed in the framework of affordable housing schemes are, for the target recipients, affordable at all. It relies mainly on housing prices schemes held by real estate developers, data on households’ incomes collected through the household survey and a review of the existing studies and socio-economic censuses reports. Findings reveal that the developed housing units are seriously and severely unaffordable for most of the target beneficiaries, especially the lowest-income urban dwellers, due to the high costs of housing development, combined with the high profits expected by real estate developers. The study suggests policy and practical options for promoting inclusive urban (re)development and housing affordability for various categories of Kigali city inhabitants. These options include upgrading the existing informal settlements, combined with their conversion into shared apartments through the collaboration between property owners and real estate developers, the development of affordable rental housing for the low-income tenants, tax exemption on construction materials, progressive housing ownership through a rent-to-own approach, and incremental self-help housing development using the low-cost local materials.
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Daniel, Mburamatare, William K. Gboney, Hakizimana Jean de Dieu, Akumuntu Joseph, and Fidele Mutemberezi. "Empirical assessment of drivers of electricity prices in East Africa: Panel data experience of Rwanda, Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, and Kenya." AIMS Energy 11, no. 1 (2023): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2023001.
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<abstract> <p>Sustainable electricity supply plays a key role in economic development. Cost recovery, profitability and affordability of electricity through power tariff regulation, have become a subject of conflict between private providers and regulators. Consequently, regulators need to balance the interests of all stakeholders. The objective of this study, is to measure to which extent, Electricity Net Consumption (EC), Electricity Net Generation (EG), electricity transmission and distribution losses (Losses), International Average Crude oil prices (FP), Consumer Price Index (CPI), Industry Value Added (IVA) could influence the Average Electricity Prices (EP) in East Africa, especially in Rwanda, Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, and Kenya. The data are from World Bank Indicators and cover the period from 2000 to 2019. This study adopts a three-stage approach, consisting of panel unit root tests, panel cointegration tests and estimating the long run cointegration relationship of the variables in a panel context. We applied four different panel unit root tests including ADF-Fisher Chi-square, Levin, Lin and Chu (LLC); PP-Fisher Chi-square, and Im, Pesaran, and Shin, (IPS). The results reveal that the variables are non-stationary at "level", stationary at first-differences and integrated with order one denoted as I(1). The Pedroni, Kao and Johansen Fisher co-integration tests were performed. This study uses full modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) to estimate the long run relationship among the variables. We find that the increase in EG, FP, and CPI increase the Average Electricity Prices (EP); while the increase in Losses, EC, and IVA decreases EP. Therefore, we recommend the promotion of long-term investment policies in renewable sources and efficient policies to reduce technical and commercial losses. In addition, this study suggests that appropriate policies related to subsidized electricity prices would, however, prevent adverse effects related to inefficient over-consumption of electricity.</p> </abstract>
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Widyandri, Dahayu Bethari, and Nisful Laila. "ANALISIS PENGARUH MOBILE BANKING DAN KEUANGAN INKLUSIF TERHADAP KINERJA KEUANGAN BANK SYARIAH DI INDONESIA PERIODE 2014-2019." Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori dan Terapan 9, no. 1 (January 30, 2022): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/vol9iss20221pp14-24.
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ABSTRAKDigitalisasi perbankan dilakukan demi pemanfaatan teknologi sehingga melahirkan mobile banking yang dapat memperluas jangkauan layanan keuangan dan Inklusi keuangan menjadi penting untuk menunjukan seberapa besar jasa layanan keuangan yang telah dipakai dan digunakan oleh masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji dan menganalisis pengaruh mobile banking dan keuangan inklusif terhadap kinerja keuangan bank Syariah di Indonesia. Penelitian ini memakai 11 sampel Bank Umum Syariah dan diuji menggunakan Regresi Data Panel dengan variable independent keuangan inklusi yang diukur dengan ROA, ROE, dan BOPO. Hasilnya didapatkan bahwa mobile banking berpengaruh terhadap kinerja keuangan bank Syariah dan keuangan inklusi berpengaruh terhadap kinerja keuangan yang di proksikan dengan Dana Pihak ketiga dan Jaringan kantor namun Pembiayaan tidak berpengaruh terhadap kinerja keuangan. Bagi Regulator, agar menedukasi atau memberikan penyuluhan tentang literasi dan inklusi keuangan untuk masyarakat Indonesia agar masyarakat merasakan manfaat dari layanan keuangan perbankan. Bagi bank umum Syariah, agar memperluas jaringan mobile banking secara maksimal sehingga dapat meningkatkan kinerja keuangan bank Syariah di Indonesia dan menjadi pertimbangan bagi para manajemen untuk melakukan investasi di mobile banking untuk meningkatkan profitabilitas bank Syariah secara jangka Panjang. Kata Kunci: Mobile Banking, Keuangan Inklusi, Kinerja Keuangan. ABSTRACTDigitalization of banking is done for the use of technology so as to give birth to mobile banking that can expand the reach of financial services and financial inclusion becomes important to show how much financial services have been used and used by the public. This study aims to test and analyze the influence of mobile banking and inclusive finance on the financial performance of Sharia banks in Indonesia. This study used 11 samples of Sharia Commercial Banks and tested using Regression Data Panel with independent financial inclusion variables as measured by ROA, ROE, and BOPO. The result was obtained that mobile banking affects the financial performance of Sharia banks and financial inclusion affects the financial performance proxies with third party funds and office networks but financing has no effect on financial performance. For regulators, in order to educate or provide counseling on financial literacy and inclusion for the people of Indonesia so that the public can feel the benefits of banking financial services. For Sharia commercial banks, in order to expand the mobile banking network to the maximum so as to improve the financial performance of Sharia banks in Indonesia and be a consideration for management to invest in mobile banking to improve the profitability of Sharia banks in the long term. Keywords: Mobile Banking, Financial Inclusion, Bank Performance. 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International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance (IJIEF), 2(1), 73–108. https://doi.org/10.18196/ijief.2116Ali, M. M., Devi, A., Furqani, H., & Hamzah, H. (2020). Islamic financial inclusion determinants in Indonesia: an ANP approach. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 13(4), 727–747. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-01-2019-0007Azwar, A. A. (2017). Analisis empiris inklusifitas keuangan syariah di Indonesia. Jurnal BPPK: Badan Pendidikan Dan Pelatihan Keuangan, 10(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.48108/jurnalbppk.v10i1.21Brigham, E. F. dan J. F. H. (2001). Manajemen keuangan. Jakarta: Erlangga.Buse, S., & Buse, S. (2007). Mobile Services in Banking Sector: The Role of Innovative Business Solutions in Generating Competitive Advantage. Proceedings of the International Research Conference on Quality, Innovation and Knowledge Management, 886-894.Chatterjee, A. (2020). Financial inclusion, information and communication technology diffusion, and economic growth: a panel data analysis. Information Technology for Development, 26(3), 607–635. https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2020.1734770Del Gaudio, B. L., Porzio, C., Sampagnaro, G., & Verdoliva, V. (2020). How do mobile, internet and ICT diffusion affect the banking industry? An empirical analysis. European Management Journal, 39(3), 327-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2020.07.003Deyoung, R., Lang, W. W., & Nolle, D. L. (2007). How the Internet affects output and performance at community banks. Journal of Banking & Finance, 31(4), 1033–1060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2006.10.003Mastuti, D. F. A., & Indriyani, F. (2021). Peran mobile banking dan keuangan inklusi terhadap peningkatan profitabilitas perbankan syariah di indonesia. Bulletin of Management & Business, 2(1), 25–37.Global Findex. (2018). The little data book on financial inclusion 2018. Washington DC: Worldbank.Hajhashem, M., & Khorasani, A. (2015). Demystifying the dynamic of disruptive innovations in markets with complex adoption networks: From encroachment to disruption. International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management, 12(5), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219877015500224Hanivan, H., & Nasrudin, N. (2019). A financial inclusion index for Indonesia. Buletin Ekonomi Moneter Dan Perbankan, 22(3), 351–366. https://doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v22i3.1056Harelimana, J. B. (2018). Impact of mobile banking on financial performance of Unguka microfinance bank Ltd, Rwanda. Journal of Harmonized Research in Management, 4(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.30876/johr.4.1.2018.26-40Hernando, I., & Nieto, M. J. (2006). Is the Internet delivery channel changing banks’ performance ? The case of Spanish banks. Journal of Banking & Finance, 31(4), 1083-1099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2006.10.011Hidayati, A. N. (2016). Pengaruh inflasi, bi rate dan kurs terhadap profitabilitas bank syariah di Indonesia. An-Nisbah: Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah, 1(1), 72-97. https://doi.org/10.21274/an.2014.1.1.72-9746.Kara, M. (2008). Konstribusi pembiayaan perbankan syariah terhadap pengembangan usaha mikro, kecil, dan menengah. Ahkam: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah, 13(2), 315–322.Karjaluoto, H., Hepola, J., & Lepp, M. (2020). Is it all about consumer engagement ? Explaining continuance intention for utilitarian and hedonic service consumption. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 57(April). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102232Lashitew, A. A., van Tulder, R., & Liasse, Y. (2019). Mobile phones for financial inclusion: What explains the diffusion of mobile money innovations? Research Policy, 48(5), 1201–1215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.12.010Laukkanen, T., Sinkkonen, S., Kivijärvi, M., & Laukkanen, P. (2007). Innovation resistance among mature consumers. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 24(7), 419–427. https://doi.org/10.1108/07363760710834834Margaretha, F. (2015). Dampak electronic banking. Jurnal Keuangan Dan Perbankan, 19(3), 514–524.Nila, J., & Mustika, Noor Mifrahi Achmad, T. (2017). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi deposito mudharabah pada bank syariah di Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan Islam, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.20885/jeki.vol3.iss1/art5Ouma, S. A., Odongo, T. M., & Were, M. (2017). Mobile financial services and financial inclusion: Is it a boon for savings mobilization? Review of Development Finance, 7(1), 29–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rdf.2017.01.001Reuters, T. and D. (2018). Your gateway into the Islamic economy. An Inclusive, Ethica, Economy,Global Islamic Economy Report 2018/19. http://www.gifr.net/gifr2013/ch_13.PDFSarah, H. (2013). Dampak branchless banking terhadap kinerja keuangan PT Bank Muamalat Indonesia. Al-Muzara'ah, 3(2), 136-157. https://doi.org/10.29244/jam.3.2.136-157Sarma, M. (2015). Measuring financial inclusion. Economics Bulletin, 35(1), 604–611.Shaikh, I. M., Qureshi, M. A., Noordin, K., Shaikh, J. M., Khan, A., & Shahbaz, M. S. (2020). Acceptance of Islamic financial technology (FinTech) banking services by Malaysian users: an extension of technology acceptance model. Foresight, 22(3), 367–383. https://doi.org/10.1108/FS-12-2019-0105Siddik, N. A., Sun, G., Kabiraj, S., Shanmugan, J., & Yanjuan, C. (2016). Impacts of e-banking on performance of banks in a developing economy: Empirical evidence from Bangladesh. 17(6), 1066–1080. https://doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2015.1068219Sinambela, E., & Rohani. (2017). Pengaruh penyediaan layanan internet banking terhadap kinerja keuangan perbankan di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Forum Keuangan Dan Bisnis Indonesia (FKBI), 6, 87–94. http://fkbi.akuntansi.upi.edu/Umar, A. I. (2017). Index of Syariah Financial Inclusion in Indonesia. Buletin Ekonomi Moneter Dan Perbankan, 20(1), 99–126. https://doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v20i1.726Vo, D. H., Nguyen, N. T., & Thi-Hong Van, L. (2020). Financial inclusion and stability in the Asian region using bank-level data. Borsa Istanbul Review. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2020.06.003World Bank. (2018). World bank report 2018. Washington DC: World Bank.
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Jordi, Emma, Caitlin Pley, Matthew Jowett, Gerard Joseph Abou Jaoude, and Hassan Haghparast-Bidgoli. "Assessing the efficiency of countries in making progress towards universal health coverage: a data envelopment analysis of 172 countries." BMJ Global Health 5, no. 10 (October 2020): e002992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002992.
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IntroductionMaximising efficiency of resources is critical to progressing towards universal health coverage (UHC) and the sustainable development goal (SDG) for health. This study estimates the technical efficiency of national health spending in progressing towards UHC, and the environmental factors associated with efficient UHC service provision.MethodsA two-stage efficiency analysis using Simar and Wilson’s double bootstrap data envelopment analysis investigates how efficiently countries convert health spending into UHC outputs (measured by service coverage and financial risk protection) for 172 countries. We use World Bank and WHO data from 2015. Thereafter, the environmental factors associated with efficient progress towards UHC goals are identified.ResultsThe mean bias-corrected technical efficiency score across 172 countries is 85.7% (68.9% for low-income and 95.5% for high-income countries). High-achieving middle-income and low-income countries such as El Salvador, Colombia, Rwanda and Malawi demonstrate that peer-relative efficiency can be attained at all incomes. Governance capacity, income and education are significantly associated with efficiency. Sensitivity analysis suggests that results are robust to changes.ConclusionWe provide a 2015 baseline for cross-country UHC technical efficiency scores. If countries wish to improve their UHC outputs within existing budgets, they should identify their current efficiency and try to emulate more efficient peers. Policy-makers should focus on strengthening institutions and implementing known best practices to replicate efficient systems. Using resources more efficiently is likely to positively impact UHC coverage goals and health outcomes, and without addressing gaps in efficiency progress towards achieving the SDGs will be impeded.
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Kato, Charles Ishengoma. "Legal framework challenges to e-banking in Tanzania." PSU Research Review 3, no. 2 (August 29, 2019): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prr-06-2018-0016.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine the legal challenges to electronic banking and initiatives taken to address them in Tanzania. It is based on the results of a comparative analysis of policies and laws of other countries from which Tanzania can pick a leaf on how to deal with challenges brought by information and communication technology-induced innovations in the banking sector. Design/methodology/approach The study upon which this paper is based employed comparative analysis methods by analysing different policies and laws of Tanzania in line with attendant laws of other jurisdictions such as the USA, Malaysia, South Africa, Rwanda and Kenya and international instruments in a bid to establish the best practice pertaining to controlling and containing legal challenges brought by developments in electronic banking. Findings This paper confirms that, the prevailing laws guiding electronic banking in Tanzania do not adequately address the challenges the banks and customers face during electronic banking transactions. Thus, there is a need to amend the Tanzanian laws guiding this sector to put in place legislation capable of facilitating the development of electronic banking whilst addressing the associated challenges the users encounter. Originality/value This paper underscores the value of amending existing or enacting new laws in line with the development of technology/innovation to protect consumers in nascent electronic banking of the country. Moreover, it advocates for the development of innovation in banking sector should not be left to grow without amending/enacting laws that will promote its development and at the same time protect the users to avoid far-reaching and often unpleasant implications.
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Schleimer, Lauren E., Nancy L. Keating, Lawrence N. Shulman, Ben O. Anderson, Catherine Duggan, Daniel S. O’Neil, and Lydia E. Pace. "Review of Quality Measures for Breast Cancer Care by Country Income Level." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 3 (October 2018): 41s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.10480.
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Purpose Measurement of the quality of cancer care is essential for quality improvement and is widely implemented in oncology programs in high-income countries. Growing efforts are being made to measure care quality in emerging cancer care delivery systems in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This will require the development of measures that are clinically important, actionable, relevant to existing resources, and feasible to routinely evaluate. As part of a project to develop resource-adapted quality measures for Rwanda and other LMICs, we conducted a systematic review of the literature to identify published quality measures for the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. Methods We performed a literature search in accordance with PRISMA guidelines using the following terms in PubMed: ‘breast cancer’ and ‘quality indicator,’ ‘quality measure,’ or ‘quality metric’; and the following MeSH terms: ‘breast neoplasms’ and ‘healthcare quality indicator.’ We included English-language articles published before August 2017 that described the systematic identification of process measures for breast cancer diagnosis or treatment through literature review, clinical validation, and/or expert panel determination. We directly searched the Web sites of prominent cancer care organizations to identify additional publicly available measures. Income level was classified using World Bank definitions. Results We identified 521 published quality measures, including 419 measures from 27 peer-reviewed journal articles and 102 measures from the Web sites of national and international cancer care organizations. Twenty-five peer-reviewed publications (93%) originated from high-income countries, one from an upper-middle income country (People’s Republic of China), and one from the international Breast Health Global Initiative with process measures to assess the phased implementation of breast cancer services. No resources or articles other than that from the Breast Health Global Initiative provided suggestions for adapting measures to limited resources. Conclusion A large number of quality measures for breast cancer care have been identified and published in high-income countries; however, no breast cancer care quality measures have been systematically developed and validated for use in settings where resource limitations crucially affect care delivery and measurement feasibility. We are collaborating with clinicians in LMICs and global breast cancer experts to develop and validate quality measures that will enable quality improvement initiatives in Rwanda and other emerging cancer care delivery systems. AUTHORS' DISCLOSURES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST The following represents disclosure information provided by authors of this manuscript. All relationships are considered compensated. Relationships are self-held unless noted. I = Immediate Family Member, Inst = My Institution. Relationships may not relate to the subject matter of this manuscript. For more information about ASCO's conflict of interest policy, please refer to www.asco.org/rwc or ascopubs.org/jco/site/ifc . No COIs from the authors.
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Kalama, John, and Jacob Ogedi. "NONVIOLENT COUNTERTERRORISM MEASURES AND INTERNAL SECURITY OF AFRICAN STATES: A REVIEW OF NIGERIA’S AMNESTY POLICY." International Journal of Innovative Research in Education, Technology & Social Strategies 8, no. 1 (March 25, 2021): 109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.48028/iiprds/ijiretss.v8.i1.11.
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This paper strived to unravel the impact of nonviolent counterterrorism measures on the internal security of African states with specific reference to Nigeria’s amnesty policy in Niger Delta region. The study adopted the rational choice theory of terrorism as its theoretical framework and derived its data from secondary sources which included official policy documents from, Nigeria’s amnesty office including textbooks, journal articles and internet materials etc. Data collected from these sources were analysed through qualitative method and content analysis. Findings from the study shows that nonviolent counterterrorism measures and strategies through post-conflict disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) programmes have helped in resettling several ex-combatants and their families back to the society in several African states including Nigeria, Burundi, Rwanda, Liberia, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) etc. In the same vein, the study observed that the use of military force (violent counterterrorism measures and strategies) by states has also helped to escalate and prolong conflicts in Africa. Some recommendations were made which included the need to strengthen civil-military relations especially in the area of intelligence gathering and dissemination. There is need for African states to also engage in counter-radicalization of their citizens through massive investments in education, public enlightenment and socio-economic development, and the provision of basic social amenities.
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Strauss, Ekkehard. "Reconsidering Genocidal Intent in the Interest of Prevention." Global Responsibility to Protect 5, no. 2 (2013): 129–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875984x-00502002.
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Early establishment of evidence for genocidal intent would allow responses in the context of R2P, targeted specifically at the prevention of genocide and focus scarce resources and limited political will. This article is an attempt to develop an interpretation of genocidal intent that supports the application of the obligation to prevent genocide in future situations. Past examples, including the situations in Rwanda and Darfur, demonstrated that the interpretation of genocidal intent has important implications for the application of the obligation to prevent genocide under the Convention. While some of the challenges can be traced back to the drafting history of the Convention, a review of the Travaux Preparatoire reveals very limited cross-references between the discussions on intent and considerations of the obligation to prevent genocide. Since the drafting of the Convention there have been significant developments in the interpretation and application of genocidal intent by national and international courts, and in the development of methodology and institutions for early-warning and early action to respond to situations at risk of genocide. International and national courts would have to acknowledge their role in assisting national and international entities in implementing the obligation to prevent and punish genocide by opting for a ‘prevention-friendly’ interpretation and ensuring punishment as early as possible during unfolding events of genocide through the application of genocidal intent. The interpretation of intent must be opened to subsume relevant precursors of genocide into the definitions of article II and III of the Convention. The interpretation of intent has to evolve over time to link well-established risk factors with the acts of genocide spelled out in the Convention.
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Nshimiyimana, Aimable, and Eugenia Nkechi Irechukwu. "Savings Level Determinants and Sustainability of Commercial Banks in Rwanda: A Case of I&M Bank Rwanda." Journal of Finance and Accounting 6, no. 1 (January 14, 2022): 10–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.53819/81018102t2036.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of savings level determinant on sustainability in I&M Rwanda. The specific objectives were to establish the effect of interest rate, income level and access to credit on the sustainability of I&M Bank. This study implemented a descriptive research design and utilized coefficient of correlation to assess the effect of each specific objective on the sustainability of the Bank. The population comprised of 12,057 including 12,050 customers and 7 staff of finance department of I&M Bank Rwanda. A sample size of 99 was calculated using Yamane (1967) simplified formula. To accomplish this aim, both primary and secondary data are used. The researcher used simple random and purposive sampling techniques. A questionnaire and interview have used to collect data. Quantitative data was obtained using questionnaire while a financial statement of I&M Bank covering 2016-2020 was used as secondary data. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis showing mean, standard deviation, correlation and regression was used statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0 to analyze statistical information while content analysis used to analyze qualitative information. The findings and recommendations for this study addressed to the I & M Bank Rwanda, for decision-making and policies. The study found that interest rates, income level and access to credit have significant positive effect on sustainability of commercial banks in Rwanda at 78%, 90.5% and 92.9% respectively. The relationship among saving level determinants and sustainability of business bank was also determined to be linear with increase in get admission to credit score by means of clients. The researcher concluded that saving degree and get admission to credit volatility had more effect on sustainability of banks. The study endorsed that guideline to be installed vicinity to boom financial institution lending and ensure monitoring the same. Keywords: Savings Level Determinant, Sustainability, Commercial Banks, I&M Bank, Rwanda
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Batsinda, Gilbert, and Jaya Shukla. "Inflation and Profitability of Commercial Banks in Rwanda: A Case Study of Bank of Kigali." International Journal of Business and Management 14, no. 10 (September 5, 2019): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v14n10p35.
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The study evaluates the impact of inflation on the profitability of commercial banks in Rwanda with specific focus on the Bank of Kigali. In Rwanda, the effect of inflation on the financial performance of commercial banks has not been adequately researched in relation to types of inflation. It is against this issue that the researcher wanted to carry out this research to find the relationship between inflation and profitability of commercial bank in Rwanda. The specific objectives of study were: to examine the trend of inflation in Rwanda; to examine the profitability of Bank of Kigali between 2011 and 2015; and to establish the relationship between inflation and profitability. To achieve objectives study used descriptive research design with population and sample size of 26 respondents. Correlation analysis is used to examine relationship between study variables. The study findings revealed that cost push inflation has positive high correlation to the Profitability of BK. Findings indicated that demand pull inflation and Monetary inflation has also positive high correlation profitability of Bank of Kigali. Finally it is concluded that the types of inflation affect commercial banks are cost push inflation, demand pull inflation and monetary inflation. Inflation has a significant role in enhancing commercial bank’s profitability.
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Tuyisenge, Mediatrice, and Dr Claude Rusibana, PhD. "Contribution of Financial Services Quality on Financial Performance of Banking Sector in Rwanda: A Case of Bank of Kigali Limited (BK)." Journal of Finance and Accounting 5, no. 3 (October 23, 2021): 94–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.53819/810181025023.
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The study examined the contribution of financial services quality on financial performance of banking sector taking Bank of Kigali (BK), Rwanda. Specifically, this study assessed the effects of saving quality on financial performance of Bank of Kigali Limited-Rwanda, ascertained effects of loan quality on the financial performance of Bank of Kigali Limited-Rwanda and analyzed effects of e-banking service quality on financial performance of Bank of Kigali Limited-Rwanda. The research used a cross-sectional design using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The study target population was 320 staff members and clients of the bank of Kigali operating in the City of Kigali. The sample size was 178 respondents determined using the Slovene formula. Simple random sampling technique was used for sample selection. The findings revealed there is positive relationship between saving services quality and the financial performance of the bank of Kigali as indicated saving service quality and market share (r=.759, p =.000), increase return on investment (r=.401, p= .000); increase earnings per share (.702**; p=.000) increase customer retention (r=.708**, p=.000). It was concluded that saving service quality can explains 72.7% of the variations in financial performance and that improvement in saving service quality by one unit leads to an increase of financial performance by 0.557 units in the Bank of Kigali. Further, it was concluded that majority of the respondents appreciated the quality of loan services provided at the bank of Kigali, and that there is a strong positive relationship between loan services quality and financial performance as indicated by loan service quality and return on investment (r=.631; p=.000); earnings per share; (r= .528*, p=.000) and customer retention (r=.644*; p=.045), it was also conclude that the combined effect of the loan service quality explains 55.3% of the financial performance of the Bank of Kigali, and that increase in quality of loan provided at the BK by one unit lead to the improve 0.194 unit on the financial performance of the Bank of Kigali. It was established there is strong positive relationship between e-banking services quality and market share increase (r=.694; p=.000); return on investment (r=.729; p=.000), earnings per share (r=.121; p=.008), and that the combined effects of e-banking service quality explain 75.3% of the variations on financial performance of the Bank of Kigali. The study recommended that other commercial banks should put more emphasis on electronic banking in order to perform well. More features of electronic banking should be introduced in commercial banks to attract more customers and perform well. The government of the republic of Rwanda through the national bank of Rwanda should help commercial banks by training their staff and clients on the benefits of electronic banking. Keywords: Saving quality, loan quality, banking service quality, financial performance, Bank of Kigali-Limited, Rwanda.
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Kayumba, Ephrem, and Claude Rusibana. "Employee Turnover and Operational Performance of Commercial Banks in Rwanda." Journal of Advance Research in Business Management and Accounting (ISSN: 2456-3544) 7, no. 5 (May 31, 2021): 01–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/nnbma.v7i5.990.
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Employee turnover was the movement through which an organization hired and missed its employees. This might be voluntary, involuntary, internal transfer, and retirement turnover. The objective of this study was to analyse the employee turnover and operational performance of commercial banks in Rwanda, a case of KCB Bank Rwanda located in Nyarugenge District, Rwanda. The specific objectives were to analyse the effect of employee compensation on operational performance, to determine the impact of employee overscheduling on operational performance, and to find out the impact of employee favouritism on the operational performance of KCB Bank Rwanda. This quantitative research used the descriptive research survey design with questionnaire as research instrument where 80 questionnaires were distributed to 80 employees by using both physical and digital approaches forms due to situations of COVID-19. The data collection took six months and consisted of 15 Microsoft forms, 40 physical forms, and 25 emails responses. The data analysis was done by using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20 through which the census method was applied, and the descriptive method was used to make the conclusion and has been applied to determine the reliability and validity at 0.8%. This research contributed to the management of employee turnover to improve operational performance of commercial banks in Rwanda. It indicated that KCB Bank Rwanda recognized a considerable rate of employee turnover at a percentage of 46.5% since its creation in 2008 year to December 2020 where the low number of recruited employees compared to the number of employees who exited. This was caused by factors including poor employee compensation, employee overscheduling and employee favouritism. The study discovered that the research objectives were major causes of employee turnover that affected the operational performance of KCB Bank Rwanda at a percentage of 13.8%. Data analysis showed that compensation affected the bank’s operations at a percentage of 73.8% (see table 4.9.), overscheduling at 50.1% (see table 4.7), and favouritism at 56.3% (see table 4.8). The study discovered that the most concern of KCB Bank Rwanda was not the relevance of number of employees who left but the quality of those employee and the targets they had set during the set and submission of the annual balanced scorecard, which affects the operational performance review. The research recommended that the management should review the compensation policy to match the operational performance, reduce favouritism by approaching marginal employees, and reduce overscheduling by re-examining the job descriptions and visiting employee’s office to discover added and non-corresponding duties that attracted the employee turnover in the KCB Bank Rwanda.
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Uwamaria, Justine, and Gitahi Njenga. "Customer Retention Strategies and Performance of Commercial Banks in Rwanda: A Case Study of Equity Bank Rwanda Public Limited Company (PLC)." Journal of Advance Research in Business Management and Accounting (ISSN: 2456-3544) 7, no. 10 (October 31, 2021): 75–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/nnbma.v7i10.1067.
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The main objective of research was to examine the influence of consumer retention strategies on the performance of Commercial Banks in Rwanda; taking Equity Bank Rwanda PLC as the case study. More specifically the study sought to; examine how consumer retention strategies affect the performance of Equity Bank Rwanda PLC; to determine the performance level of Equity Bank Rwanda PLC; and to establish the relationship between consumer retention strategies and the performance of Equity Bank Rwanda PLC. The study adopted three theories; relationship commitment model, customer bonding theory and disconfirmation of customer satisfaction. The study used descriptive case study research design. The study’s target population was 134 staff members. Slovin’s formula was used to calculate the sample size n=100. Purposive technique of sampling was used dependent on the analyst's judgment that the selected sample matched the study’s objectives. The researcher collected primary data from the respondents using survey questionnaires. Secondary data was sourced from open access libraries and peer reviewed journals relevant to the study. Questionnaires that were accurately completed were assigned with codes and entered into the SPSS computer software for analysis. Data was presented using frequencies, rates, and means, standard deviations, and exhibited as tables. Person correlations and regression examinations were utilized to decide and clarify the connection between study variables. Respondents strongly agreed that products and services presented by the bank meet the needs of the customers (mean 4.54); agreed that; services given by the bank coordinate the requirements of the customers (mean 4.42); accuracy was assured in all bank transactions (mean 4.24); bank officials made follow-ups to ensure that complaints were handled effectively and consumers were satisfied (mean 4.25); and customer complaints were handled immediately (mean 4.08). Respondents strongly agreed that the bank has memorable advertisements that capture significant data with respect to their products and services (mean 4.59); agreed that the bank offered novel and particular items (mean 4.46); the bank used latest technology that had diversified its ability to offer services to customers (mean 4.17); and the adoption of Mobile banking and the frequency of transactions using Money Transfer technologies ‘EazzyPay” had increased the bank’s profitability (mean 4.13). A regression analysis was conducted to determine the influence of consumer retention strategies on bank performance when the dependent variables were regressed against the independent variables. The findings suggested a 65.3% variance of customer retention rates, 75.5% variance of customer growth, and 53.5% variance of Banking operational costs as accounted for by the model, in this case, consumer perceived pricing, service quality delivery, and product diversification. ANOVA results suggested consumer retention rates (p=.006), customer growth (p = .024), Banking operational costs (.003) indicating that the models were significant in predicting the influence of consumer retention strategies on bank performance given that the p values were <0.05 or < 0.01. Conclusions made by the study suggested that Equity bank had adopted customer retention strategies that contribute towards improving its market share. Service quality consumer retention strategies adopted by the bank had contributed towards increment in the quantity of consumers seeking products and services. Product diversity retention strategies had led to high satisfaction rates among consumers. The study recommended that banks should strengthen consumer analysis in order to ensure that it foresees changing needs for more quality products and services.
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Rwayitare, JohnBosco, DrJaya Shukla, and DrCharles Ruhara. "CREDIT RISK AND COMMERCIAL BANK PROFITABILITY IN RWANDA." International Journal of Advanced Research 4, no. 9 (September 30, 2016): 294–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/1482.
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Ntaganira, Seth, and Eugenia Nkechi Irechukwu. "CAMEL Approach and Financial Sector Sustainability of Commercial Banks in Rwanda: A Case of Bank of Kigali, Rwanda." Journal of Finance and Accounting 6, no. 1 (May 5, 2022): 140–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.53819/81018102t2059.
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The study analyzed the CAMEL approach and financial sector sustainability of commercial banks in Rwanda, with data collection at the Bank of Kigali (BK). The specific objectives were to find out the effects of capital adequacy on the financial sustainability of Bank of Kigali; to examine the effects of asset quality on the financial sustainability of Bank of Kigali; to evaluate the effects of management efficiency on the financial sustainability of Bank of Kigali; to analyze the effects of Earnings sufficiency on the financial sustainability of Bank of Kigali, and to evaluate the effects of liquidity on the financial sustainability of Bank of Kigali. The qualitative and descriptive approaches were applied in this study with linear regression showing the relationship between two variables using SPSS IBM 22.0 version. The target population of this study was 51 employees from BK headquarters, and 51 respondents are the sample size. Sampling procedures were used is purposive sampling procedure for selecting participants of this study. The questionnaire and interview guide, documentary techniques were used by the researcher to obtain the information for this study. Descriptive statistical methods and linear regression analysis test was used in the analysis of this study. Findings indicated that there is a strong correlation between capital adequacy and financial sector sustainability as Pearson correlation is 0.784** with the p-value of 0.000, which is less than both standard significance levels of 0.05 and 0.01. The results show that there is a strong correlation between asset quality and financial sector sustainability as Pearson correlation is .799**. The p-value is 0.000, which is less than both standard significance levels of 0.05 and 0.01. The results show that there is a positive and very strong correlation between management efficiency and financial sector sustainability of BK as the Pearson correlation is .891**. The p-value is 0.000, which is less than both standard significance levels of 0.05 and 0.01. The results show that there is a strong correlation between earnings sufficiency and financial sector sustainability of BK as the Pearson correlation is .572**. The p-value is 0.000, which is less than both standard significance levels of 0.05 and 0.01. Findings show that there is a strong correlation between liquidity and financial sector sustainability of BK as Pearson correlation was 0.616**. The p-value is 0.000, which is less than both standard significance levels of 0.05 and 0.01. Findings revealed that the p-value is 0.000 which is less than both standard significance levels of 0.05 and 0.01 as it is an indicator of the existence of a significant relationship between the CAMEL approach and financial sector sustainability of BK since, as Pearson correlation value was 0.854** which is a positive and very strong correlation between two variables (CAMEL approach and financial sector sustainability of BK). Based on the findings obtained above, the study concludes that there is a significant and positive relationship between the CAMEL approach and the financial sector sustainability of BK, Rwanda. As a recommendation, Bank management should improve on the management of bank assets and liabilities, especially on the quality of assets portfolio and deposit liabilities to improve on the achievement of corporate objectives.
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Byukusenge, Elysée. "Financial Inclusion Strategies and Performance of Commercial Banks in Rwanda; A Case of I&M Bank in Rwanda." Journal of Finance and Accounting 5, no. 4 (November 2, 2021): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.53819/81018102t5029.
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The research intended to analyze the effect of financial inclusion strategies on performance of commercial banks in Rwanda, a case of I&M Bank Rwanda Ltd. The specific objectives of the study were to examine the effect of agency banking, financial innovation and loan products on financial performance of commercial banks in Rwanda and guided by three theories which are agency theory, constraint-induced theory and innovation theory. A sample size of 92 employees among 1,232 was taken and data was collected through questionnaires and interview guide. SPSS 23, descriptive research design, correlation and regression statistic were used in the analysis of collected data. The results of the study indicated that agency banking application is the important driver to facilitate people to get banking services form banks. The results established that agency banking and financial inclusion are satisfactory in explaining the performance of commercial banks. The coefficient of determination, also known as the R square, was 0.594 (59.4%). This implied that agency banking and financial inclusion strategies explain 59.4% of the variations in the performance of commercial banks. As conclusions, financial inclusion strategies analysed in this research play an important role in the performance of commercial banks in Rwanda. Financial institutions in Rwanda use financial inclusion strategies to boost their financial performances. Automated Teller Machine (ATM) is important and very effective because it facilitates the customers the access of their accounts to withdraw or deposit money as it is for digital banking, debit cards and smart cards. This enables banks to increase sales and influence its financial performance. For loan product, it is concluded that this is an important strategy of I&M Bank to attract customers thus affect the financial performance of the bank. The study recommended that I&M Bank has to improve its agency banking by increasing their number and location. I&M Bank has to extend its branches to remote areas and increase the number of ATMs so that people in remote areas get different financial services easily. Keywords: financial inclusion strategies, agency banking, financial performance, I&M Bank, Rwanda
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Mugenzi, Patrick, Thomas Kigabo Rusuhuzwa, and Annie Uwimana. "Finding the Network Structure of Rwandan Interbank Market." International Journal of Financial Research 12, no. 3 (March 14, 2021): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v12n3p435.
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The objective of this paper was to analyze the topology of interbank network in Rwanda for policy formulation. Our main result is that interbank market network in Rwanda is described by a core- periphery model with some level of completeness of interbank market in Rwanda. As policy implication, any risk from a bank is more easily shared within the interbank market network provided that there is nearly a complete network. This is an indication that the risk of instability of the financial system in Rwanda originating from interbank market is limited.
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Mutebi, Frederick Golooba, Simon Stone, and Neil Thin. "Rwanda." Development Policy Review 21, no. 2 (February 27, 2003): 253–170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-7679.00209.
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Patrick, Mbyemeire, Deusdedit Byabashaija, Tumwesigye Mathias, Muhindo Tadeo, Beyongyera Julius, and Nyabuhuzi M. Donatien. "Human Resource Planning and Employee Performance in Rwanda: A Perspective of Peoples Bank of Rwanda." Scholars Journal of Economics, Business and Management 3, no. 6 (June 2016): 316–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/sjebm.2016.3.6.2.
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Kayijamahe Chantal, Mukandoli. "Factors Affecting Financing of Rural Agricultural Projects in Rwanda: Experience of Equity Bank." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 9, no. 10 (October 26, 2021): 2484–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v9i10.em08.
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In the processes of financial deepening in low-income countries, lags prevail in the provision of services in the rural areas, particularly in the supply of the financial services required for agricultural activities and of those demanded by households that earn an important portion of their incomes from crops. This study examined factors affecting financing of rural agricultural projects in Rwanda with a focus on the experience of Equity Bank. Objectives were to assess how nature of existing financial products by Equity Bank influences financing of rural agricultural project in Rwanda; to examine how nature of rural agricultural projects in Rwanda influence access to Equity Bank’s financial services; to assess how characteristics of rural clients who engage in agricultural projects in Rwanda influence their ability to access Equity Bank’s financial services; and to examine influence of how rural agricultural environment in Rwanda influences ability of farmers to access Equity Bank’s financial services. Results revealed that there was a positive and significant relationship between factors influencing financial support and rural agricultural projects (rho=0.392, p value<0.05). Secondly, there was a positive significant relationship between financial services and farmers’ progress (rho =0.358, p value <0.05). Thirdly, there was a positive and significant relationship between farmers’ ability to access funds and rural agricultural projects (rho =0.562, p value <0.05). The research concluded equity bank to creates a strong coordination with rural farmers that indicated by the factor that the big number of respondents agree with the statements relate to successful projects. From on the shortcomings of the research, Equity bank is suggested to provide financial support whenever its necessary because a number of respondents disagreed with this statement and the rural agricultural projects leaders are suggested to rely most of the time on the financial institutions.
Key words rural agricultural projects, Financing Factors
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Peters, Jörg, Annekathrin Schoofs, and Maximiliane Sievert. "Preferences over Bank and Family Loans in Rural Rwanda." Journal of International Development 28, no. 4 (April 22, 2016): 623–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.3217.
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Ndikubwimana, Philippe, and Adele Berndt. "Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction among Bank Clients in Rwanda." British Journal of Economics, Management & Trade 13, no. 4 (January 10, 2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjemt/2016/26149.
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Mukasekuru, Yvonne Sangwa. "Lending Rate Practices and Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Rwanda. A Case of I&M Bank Plc." Journal of Finance and Accounting 6, no. 3 (August 26, 2022): 97–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.53819/81018102t4066.
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The objective of the research project was to assess lending rate practices and financial performance of commercial banks in Rwanda. The specific objectives were to assess effect of loan to deposit ratio on financial performance of commercial banks in Rwanda, to evaluate the effect of loan to value ratio on financial performance of commercial banks in Rwanda and to determine the effect of credit policy on financial performance of commercial banks in Rwanda. In this research project, theories were used to draw their implications on the current study and a conceptual framework showing the link between the study variables was established. During data collection, researcher used a descriptive research design using two-mixed approach such as quantitative and qualitative approach. The research information were collected from chief Executive officers of I&Mbank, Board staff members of I&Mbank, Information technology officers of I&M bank, Risk and audit officers of I&Mbank, accounting and audit officers as well as customer service. The total targeted population was 132 from whom a sample of 99 was selected by use of stratified random sampling technique. To analyze data, SPSS version 21 was used to get frequency tables, pie charts and their related percentages. Findings of this research project revealed that loan to deposit ratio is a measure of lending interest rate and contribute to the financial performance with the mean of 2.02 and standard deviation of 0.751.As indicated, findings revealed that loan to value ratio is a measure of lending interest rate and contribute to the financial performance of commercial bank with the mean of 3.41 and standard deviation of 0.66.The study findings also showed that credit policy contribute to the financial performance of commercial bank at the standard deviation of 0.649 and p-value0.000. The overall conclusion is that there is significant relationship between lending interest rate and financial performance at 0.798 based on Pearson correlation. As recommendations, based on different problems encounter by I&M bank, there is a need to put more efforts on proper management system of credit and lending throughout monitoring and evaluation, using credit limits and using credit recovery experts. By use of all these strategies, the financial performance is to be achieved. Keywords: Lending Rate Practices, Financial Performance, Commercial Banks, I&M Bank Plc, Rwanda
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Rosette, Sebasoni, and Mercylin Kamande. "Civility Practices in Workplace and Marketing Outcomes in Financial Institutions A Case of I & M Bank Rwanda Ltd." Journal of Advance Research in Business Management and Accounting (ISSN: 2456-3544) 7, no. 10 (October 31, 2021): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/nnbma.v7i10.1063.
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Civility practices in the workplace are very crucial if the organization wants to increase its marketing outcomes mainly in financial institutions. In this regard, the researcher sought to conduct research in regard to the impact of civility practices in the workplace on the marketing outcomes with a case of I & M Bank Ltd in Nyarugenge District. Three specific objectives have guided this study; namely to assess the nature of civility practices in the marketing department of I & M Bank Rwanda Ltd, to evaluate the performance of the marketing team in I & M Bank Rwanda Ltd in relation to civility; and assess the relationship between civility practices at workplace and marketing outcomes at I & M Bank Rwanda Ltd. The research was guided by confusion theory, marketing theory and neoclassical theory. The target population of this study is 126 employees. This study used descriptive research design with 126 respondents through use of census as the method of sampling. The interview guide, questionnaire and observational method were used during data collection. To test the validity and reliability of research tools, a pilot study of 14 respondents was done before actual period of data collection and it proved validity of 0.86 which is above 0.7 of content validity index; data analysis was done with the help of SPSS Version 21 while coding, editing and cleaning the data collected from the field by use of primary and secondary data sources. The results have demonstrated a remarkable positive and significant relationship between working relationship and moral interaction (r=0.899 and sig=0.00), between working relationship and mutual respect (r=0.943 and sig=0.00), between moral interaction and mutual respect (r=0.907 and sig=0.00), between customer retention and sales revenue (r=0.927 and sig=0.00), between customer retention and market share (r=0.901 and sig=0.00), between sales revenue and market share (r=0.914 and sig=0.00), between customer relation and working relationships (r=0.888 and sig=0.00), between sales revenue and working relations (r=0.911 and sig=0.00), between market share and working relationship (p=0.891 and sig=0.00), between moral interaction and market share (r=0.853 and sig=0.00) because all calculated p-values have a degree of significance which less than 0.01. Therefore, it implies that significant and positive relationship occurred between civility practices and the marketing outcomes in I & M Bank Rwanda Ltd. Based on the above findings, the researcher encouraged I & M Bank employees to always handle customers with kindness, courteous, respect and civil behavior to ensure the coexistence of civility and marketing outcomes that can only be enhanced by customer care provided to clients of I&M Bank Rwanda Ltd
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Mushashi, Delphine, Osiemo Kengere, and Ernest Safari. "Electronic Banking and Performance of Commercial Banks at I& M bank Rwanda Ltd (formerly BCR), Rwanda." International Journal of Advanced Scientific Research and Management 5, no. 10 (October 6, 2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36282/ijasrm/5.10.2020.1760.
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Dusabe, Francis. "Rwanda." Journal of Money Laundering Control 19, no. 1 (January 4, 2016): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-03-2015-0007.
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Purpose – This paper aims to assess the extent to which Rwanda is prepared to deal with the menace of money laundering, a threat that may well stunt its ambitions to build a strong economy. Design/methodology/approach – This paper used desktop research based on primary and secondary sources. It is based on a review of relevant conventions laws and policies constituting the anti-money laundering legal regime. Findings – Rwanda’s responses are not strong enough to curb the ever growing risk of money laundering. Rwandan economic structure may easily accommodate launderers, given the development policies relating to investments positive political will may help to pre-empt the increase in the crime. Originality/value – Neither academic, editorial or any work whatsoever have been conducted regarding Money Laundering in Rwanda nor has the prosecution ever submitted a case in the courts at least to pave the prosecutorial strategy in the cases of money laundering. This work is of its own and has been reviewed by well-known professors in the domain, namely, Prof Lovell Fernandez, the Director of South African Germany Center for Transnational Criminal Justice.
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Schendel, Rebecca, Jolly Mazimhaka, and Chika Ezeanya. "Higher Education for Development in Rwanda." International Higher Education, no. 70 (January 1, 2013): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2013.70.8711.
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Robins, Edward. "The Rwanda Roundtables; Dialogue for Development." Anthropology News 29, no. 8 (November 1988): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/an.1988.29.8.1.1.
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Kabeza, Antoine Bahati, Naomi George, Martin Nyundo, and Adam C. Levine. "Development of emergency medicine in Rwanda." African Journal of Emergency Medicine 3, no. 3 (September 2013): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.afjem.2012.11.004.
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Niwemahoro, Wassila, Sammy Nyabera, and Dr Shukla Jaya. "Flexible work arrangements and organization productivity: Study of KCB Bank, Rwanda." International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP) 10, no. 12 (December 12, 2020): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/ijsrp.10.12.2020.p10833.
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Soyinka, Kayode. "Rwanda: ‘Africa’s CHOGM’?" Round Table 108, no. 6 (November 2, 2019): 601–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00358533.2019.1689638.
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Bentrovato, Denise. "Rwanda, Twenty Years On." Cahiers d'études africaines, no. 218 (July 6, 2015): 231–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/etudesafricaines.18095.
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Harelimana, Jean Bosco. "The Effect of Non-Peforming Loans Management on the Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Rwanda: A Case Study of ECOBANK Rwanda." Enterprise Risk Management 3, no. 1 (November 24, 2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/erm.v3i1.12188.
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The study assessed the impact of Non-Performing Loans management on the financial performance of commercial Banks in Rwanda: a case study of ECOBANK Rwanda throughout the period from 2013 -2015. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected from the total population of 295 of employees of ECOBANK Rwanda where a sample of 170 of respondents was selected. The findings were summarized below in accordance of research objectives. Methods such as questionnaires, structured interview were used under this study. From the findings, the results confirmed there are many factors account for the incidence of non-performing loans in ECOBANK. The profit ratios performance of ECOBANK RWANDA from 2013 to 2015 indicated an increase from 2013 to 2014 where it came from on 9.24% to 14.92% of profit, while in 2014 to 2015 are characterized by increasing in profit from 14.92% to 15.18% of profit. There is an evidence of association between NPLs management and financial performance of ECOBANK Rwanda which was 0.741. ECOBANK Rwanda should look if it is necessary the participation of all stakeholders in the implementation of credits delivery principles. It should continue to do an improvement since NPLs management contributes 54.9% on financial performance at ECOBANK, they could reach even on 100.0% when improvement is done well at this commercial bank.