Academic literature on the topic 'Development banks - Financing'

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Journal articles on the topic "Development banks - Financing"

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Andriansyah, Yuli. "Islamic Banks and Local Development in Indonesia." GATR Global Journal of Business Social Sciences Review 2, no. 1 (January 23, 2014): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2014.2.1(11).

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Objective - This paper was aimed to explain the development of Islamic banks and their contributions in Indonesia local development. Methodology/Technique - The paper described data on essential financial data of Islamic bank in 8 provinces in Indonesia mainly in their economic growth, percentage of population living under the poverty line, along with Islamic financial indicators, i.e. asset, third parties fund, and financing. Findings - The results indicate that Islamic banks accomplish impressive financial performance reflected in fast growing in asset, third parties fund, and financing. In terms of financial intermediaries, Islamic bank also performs well as presented in a larger share of financing compared to third parties fund. Islamic banks are also resilient to local short-run shocks in the economy. However, the relation between these financial indicators with economic indicators is not likely very supportive mainly because Islamic bank's limited market share and issue in financial inclusion in Indonesia. Novelty - As a preliminary research in the relation between Islamic finance and local development particularly in a new emerging decentralized economy, this paper bear a worthy endeavour in expanding this field of study in the future. Type of Paper: Review Keywords : Local Development, Islamic Bank, Financial Intermediaries, Economic Growth, Poverty.
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Alekseevna Bunich, Galina, Yuriy Aleksandrovich Rovenskiy, Julia Tambievna Akhvlediani, and Elena Anatolievna Zvonova. "Conceptual Aspects of Development Banks." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.38 (December 3, 2018): 1098. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.38.27648.

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The development of national and regional economies in the conditions of financial and economic instability determines special conditions for the formation of financial resources.The innovative improvement of national economies of developing countries has substantiated active evolvement of financial institutions such as development banks.The formation and evolvement of development banks is going through a new phase. These are not the financial institutions that were formed by the metropolis countries after the collapse of the colonial system. They have different mission, goals, principles, methods and instruments.Modern development banks prioritize the issues of financing socio-economic projects, crediting traditional sectors of the economic activity, and, above all, the infrastructure development of regions, the construction of transport systems, and energy supply. Today one of the most important areas of the development banks’ credit activity is the formation of a loan portfolio for small and medium-sized businesses.With all the diversity of development banks substantiated by historical and economic characteristics of countries and regions, the UNO and the World Bank Group distinguish common features, principles and peculiarities. These peculiarities and unique functions of development banks are found in international standards that define a special status of development banks as financial institutions.
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LYUBICH, Oleksandr, and Andriy SVISTUN. "Innovative debt financial instruments of state development banks." Naukovi pratsi NDFI 2020, no. 3 (December 4, 2020): 41–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33763/npndfi2020.03.041.

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The current trend and activity of development banks is to attract and allocate resources for sustainable financing, which takes into account the consequences for the environment, social sphere and corporate governance. The framework of sustainable bonds is part of the broad agenda of the UN Global Compact to continue to provide private capital for sustainable development. The aim is to inspire key players in the investment value chain to create a market for investments with sufficient scale, liquidity and diversification to attract large institutional investors and finance a wide range of private and public sector activities. The potential for expanding the market for sustainable development bonds is very significant, although their share in the global volume of debt instruments does not exceed 1%. National development banks are able to be leaders in issuing green, social and sustainable bonds to finance projects that meet the interests of society. These institutions can play a more active and effective role if governments clearly articulate their mandate to achieve the goals of sustainable development. Allocation of resources will be possible subject to the adoption of a national strategy for sustainable financing, which provides for the attraction of resources in capital markets, joint financing of projects with private banks, strengthening cooperation with international donors. The national development banks (NDB), in contrast to international or multilateral development banks, better identifies the needs and gaps of the national economy for financial resources. Compared to commercial banks and investment funds, they have a greater potential for risk-taking than financial intermediaries, providing long-term financing in local currency. Also, the NDBs are able to raise resources in international and local capital markets cheaper than private institutions, but this requires the preparation and implementation of a mechanism for issuing bonds, reporting on global standards
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Montes, Luisa. "Financing Sustainable Development in Mexico Through Alternative Banks or “Green Banks”." Journal of Structured Finance 4, no. 1 (April 30, 1998): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jsf.4.1.67.

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Pogodaeva, Taisya, Natalia Baburina, and Anna Dmitrieva. "Bank financing and innovative development of Russian circumpolar area." International Journal of Social Economics 45, no. 3 (March 5, 2018): 564–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-08-2016-0227.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the impact of bank financing on innovative development of Russian circumpolar area and identifying the barriers to its development. Design/methodology/approach Using the abstract-logical method and a set of methods of economic, statistical and econometric analysis (panel data analysis) the authors examine the role of financial intermediaries in innovative development of Russia and Russian arctic regions. Findings The key financial intermediaries in the Russian economy have historically been the banks, which are, at the same time, as it follows from the analysis above, inertly participating in the innovative development financing in the Russian circumpolar regions. Assessment of the potential intensification of the role of banks in the innovative ecosystems has shown that, despite the development of institutional conditions of banks’ resource base compounding and the development of funding, high risks of innovation, multiplying in a volatile external environment, prevent the inflow of bank capital into the innovation sector. Research limitations/implications Main limitation is the inability of panel data to capture long-term impacts of bank financing on innovative development of Russian circumpolar area. Practical implications The results suggest that the intensification of the banks’ participation in financing innovation and overcoming the existing challenges will enable to stimulate the process of innovation development of the circumpolar zone in Russia. Originality/value There is no study evaluating the impact of bank financing on innovative development of Russian arctic regions.
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Wu, Binghui, and Ting Wang. "The Small and Medium-sized Enterprises Financing: A Perspective of the Private Bank." E3S Web of Conferences 275 (2021): 01038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127501038.

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The small and medium-sized enterprises provide much economic dynamism for macroeconomic development in China. However, many small and medium-sized enterprises have to face financing difficulties due to external factors and internal factors, such as the willingness of financial institutions to lend and the low credit of small and medium-sized enterprises. The establishment of private banks plays a very important role in alleviating the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises and eliminating financial suppression. This paper takes the listed small and medium-sized enterprises as samples to study the impact of the development of private banks on the small and medium-sized enterprises financing. The conclusions show that the development of private banks can alleviate the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises.
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Zhao, Xinlong, Shengnan Qi, Yutong Song, and Yining Chen. "Research about problems of improving the financing-difficulty issue for small, medium and micro-sized enterprises based on the perspective of city commercial banks in the dual circulation background." E3S Web of Conferences 275 (2021): 01054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127501054.

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In order to solve the current financing-difficulty issue for small, medium and micro-sized enterprises, in the “ two sessions ” of 2021, government has released various favoring policies regards the development of small-sized enterprises, and predictably, in the future small, medium and micro-sized enterprises could combine with more and more policy advantages to achieve sustainable progress. As local financial institution, city commercial banks as well undertakes the responsibility of providing financial supports for small, medium and micro-sized enterprises and laying out the fundamental basis for local economy. This article will initiate from functions of our national city commercial banks in financing for small, medium and micro-sized enterprises, then respectively analyse the current situation of both small, medium and micro-sized enterprises financing and city commercial banks, bring up challenges that city commercial banks confront in the progress of business of financing for small, medium and micro-sized enterprises, and offer suggestions concerning promoting our national city commercial banks’ financing business and measures to deal with existing issues. At the end, based upon the development orientation of city commercial banks, provide optional measures aimed to ameliorate the financing-difficulty issue of our national small, medium and micro-sized enterprises.
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Afolabi, Adeoye Amuda. "Microfinance bank and entrepreneurship development in an emerging market." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 6, no. 4 (2016): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rcgv6i4art8.

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We determine how Microfinance Banks (MFBs) impacts on entrepreneurship development in Nigeria. Data were collected through structured interview from entrepreneurs, Microfinance Bank managers and Regulators. The finding revealed that non-financial services of Microfinance Banks contribute to the survival of entrepreneurs and there is indication that Microfinance Banks enhance the productivity of entrepreneurship. This finding supports the evidence from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) that there is an increase in total assets, Investment and Deposit Liabilities of MFBs in recent times. Beside this, respondents claimed that influence and control over entrepreneurships financing by Microfinance Banks should be view as partially effective. This result suggest that although Microfinance Banks in Nigeria are trying their best, there is need to put more effort in order to meet total demand of financing the entrepreneurships in Nigeria. We recommend that MFBs should assist their clients by providing training on credit utilization and the government should urgently tackle the problem of infrastructure development and maintenance.
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Farikhah, Kuni, and Lina Nugraha Rani. "DETERMINANTS OF PROFITABILITY OF SHARIA REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS IN INDONESIA 2014-2017." al-Uqud : Journal of Islamic Economics 3, no. 1 (January 21, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/al-uqud.v3n1.p1-17.

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This study aims to determine the effect of Third Party Funds, Financing to Deposit Ratio (FDR), Profit Sharing and Non-Performing Financing (NPF) on the profitability of Sharia BPDs in Indonesia in 2014-2017. Measurement of profitability uses the Return on Asset (ROA) ratio . The data used is obtained through the financial statements of the Regional Development Bank (BPD) Sharia known as the Islamic Development Bank. This research method uses a quantitative approach using panel data regression analysis techniques using EViews 10.0 software. The results of statistical tests show that the variables of Third Party Funds and Non Performing Financing (NPF) have a negative and significant effect on the profitability of the Syariah BPD. While the Financing to Deposit Ratio (FDR) and Profit Sharing Financing variables have no significant effect on the profitability of the Sharia BPD.
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Bahrul Ilmi, Muhammad. "The analysis of the effect of Islamic financing and labor relationship development toward nonperforming financing in Islamic banks." Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 9, no. 4 (July 9, 2018): 648–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-02-2015-0002.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of Islamic financing (IF) and labor relationship development (LRD) toward nonperforming financing (NPF) in Islamic banks. This research aims to identify the connection between IF products and the practice of loan officers building a relationship with loan customers (also known as LRD) and its influence on NPF. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a quantitative field research that emphasizes upon analysis of numerical data which are processed with statistical methods. Furthermore, the source is secondary data from financial statements of Islamic banks such as annual reports or financial disclosures. These sources of data are used to examine NPF facilities from 2008 to 2012. Moreover, primary data collected via questionnaire are used to investigate IF and LRD. The banks where the study was conducted are: Bank Muamalat Indonesia and Bank Danamon Shari’ah in Surakarta, Indonesia. The population in this study is 15 employees who work as account officers in Bank Muamalat Indonesia and Bank Danamon Shari’ah. The techniques of data collection in this study are documentation, questionnaires and literary study. In this study, the data analysis technique was multiple regression analysis and examination using SPSS version 21. These methods were used for analyzing the effect of IF and LRD toward NPF. Findings IF has a significant effect on NPF. In contrast, the LRD has no effect on NPF in Islamic banks. In addition, both IF and LRD simultaneously had an effect on NPF in Islamic banks. Research limitations/implications This study does not cover all Islamic banks in Surakarta because of limited data; thus, in future research, the sample size could be increased by including all Islamic banks in Surakarta, Indonesia. Furthermore, this study does not take into consideration the fact that IF includes product financing. For future studies, the population and samples should be improved and take into consideration that product financing does exist in Islamic banks; moreover, future studies could provide other variables which are appropriate for current studies. Originality/value The results support the recommendation for Islamic banks in Surakarta to enhance the capability of employees to develop their knowledge in IF. Because the performance of a bank does not only depict financial performance but also nonfinancial performance such as services, knowledge and employees’ performance.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Development banks - Financing"

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Haque, Mohammad Fazal. "Exploring product development process in Islamic banks with special reference to Islamic trade financing." Thesis, Durham University, 2016. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11503/.

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Islamic banking (IB) is a rapidly growing sector within the global financial system with annual growth of nearly 15%. IB or Shari’ah banking as an alternative mode of banking to the conventional banking is not only restricted to Muslim societies. In particular, after the financial crisis during 2008-2009 when Shari’ah compliant assets passed the resilience test, the operations of IB has increased and geographically expanded to many countries. Today more than 500 institutions spread over globally are practicing Islamic banking and finance. Nevertheless, Islamic banking (IB) is still rather a smaller player compared to the conventional banking. One of the limitations is that IB product range is small compared to conventional banking, because IB products are restricted to remain within the tenets of Shari’ah and must follow the maqasid al- Shari'ah or the objectives of Shari’ah. Development of new products in IB hence is essential for the growth and sustenance of the sector. Therefore, conducting an in-depth study on the product development processes (PDP) in Islamic banks is a matter of academic interest with practical and professional implications. This research, hence, is a product of such motivational factors, which aimed at exploring the PDP through the opinions of participants working in relevant departments of full-fledged Islamic banks and Islamic windows in a number of countries through a questionnaire survey. By aiming that, this research surveyed 22 banks from 8 countries in South East Asia and GCC which are the main hubs of IB today. The survey was conducted through a structured questionnaire, which covered main pillars of PDP including strategy, resources, processes and Shari’ah approval processes. A special focus was given to trade financing products to have a product level deeper understanding. The research findings enabled a deeper understanding of the product development processes among Islamic banks. First, the broad finding indicated that though most of the banks' overall strategy and mission-vision statements talked about innovation at high level, but at the implementation level the focus were diluted. As per the findings 95% of the banks overall strategy agreed for innovation but only 50% banks allocated budget and 63% of banks put target for number of new products to be developed. Hence, as indicated by this study, the Islamic banks were in general slow on giving priority towards the development of new products. Second, the deeper findings of the study revealed that the strategies of product development are not standard among the Islamic banks, as various factors influence the product development. First geographical location is an important factor that influences the PDP. Second the nature of IB business (full-fledged or Islamic window) plays a role. Similarly the age, size and ownership structure of the Islamic bank are also important factors of influence in PDP. As examples, the strategies and product development processes in Malaysia vary with Bangladesh and that in GCC; the Islamic windows of conventional banks show significantly different results in developing new Islamic products compared to full-fledged Islamic banks. By emphasizing that larger product range is a critical success factor of growth for IB, this research provides a valuable contribution to the deeper understanding of PDP in Islamic banks.
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Al-Sahlawi, Khalid Abdul Aziz. "The role of industrial development banks in financing and promoting technological change : the case of the Saudi Industrial Development Fund." Thesis, Bangor University, 1997. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-role-of-industrial-development-banks-in-financing-and-promoting-technological-change--the-case-of-the-saudi-industrial-development-fund(6fbdd8cd-89bd-46c5-8fb3-5c1d9c7fb80d).html.

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Jonsson, Sara. "New insights on financing and business development of start-up firms and SMEs." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Skolan för industriell teknik och management, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-11009.

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Abbas, Syed Mohammad Ali. "From foreign aid to domestic debt : essays on government financing in developing economies." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:95219b5a-4e24-4190-b5e3-95fb3d0b2425.

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The first essay [“Twin Deficits and Free Lunches: Macroeconomic Outcomes In Anticipation of Foreign Aid”] concerns itself with situations in which private agents anticipate a future windfall (free lunch) that will help service the debt resulting from a present fiscal expansion (implemented via a temporary tax cut). Such expectations of a windfall can arise in the context of natural resource discoveries or, more interestingly, due to perceptions by agents in “too important to fail” countries that will be bailed out through higher foreign aid or debt relief. We employ an overlapping generations model featuring credit constraints to study the real effects of such free lunch expectations in a small open economy, drawing contrasts with the standard tax and money finance closure rules. The model is solved analytically and shows that anticipated aid is equivalent to current aid when agents have perfect foresight, so that a temporary tax cut is seen as permanent. Accordingly, agents raise their consumption and indebtedness (at the expense of future generations) by an amount that is an increasing function of their “impatience” (subjective rates of time preference plus probability of death). A worsening of the current account obtains (twin deficits) across a range of plausible closure rules, including those featuring money finance. The introduction of credit constrained households (we study the variant where myopic agents spend their current disposable incomes) does not alter the basic result in the case of full aid finance, but does matter for mixed tax-aid regimes, in more complex settings where agent expectations and donor promises on aid diverge, and when governments face borrowing constraints so that the timing of aid delivery matters. The second essay [“The Role of Domestic Debt in Economic Growth: An Empirical Investigation For Developing Economies”] focuses on the remaining source of government financing, i.e. domestic debt, and the role it can play in mobilizing private savings, facilitating credit intermediation in higher risk settings (i.e. serving a “collateral” function on bank balance sheets), developing financial markets and supporting economic growth in general. To investigate this question empirically, we set up a new domestic debt database covering about 100 developing economies, going back three decades to 1975; explore Granger causality links between domestic debt and key macroeconomic and institutional variables; and estimate the growth impact of domestic debt using panel regressions, allowing for non-linear effects. Domestic debt, as a share of GDP is found to exert a significant positive impact on economic growth, with potential channels including domestic savings mobilization, provision of risk-insurance on banks’ balance sheets; and greater institutional accountability of the state to its citizens. Although this result countervails more established arguments against domestic debt (i.e. that it leads to crowding out and banks to become lazy), there is some evidence that above a ratio of 35 percent of bank deposits, domestic debt does begin to undermine economic growth. The growth payoff also depends on debt quality, with higher payoffs observed for positive interest-rate bearing marketable debt issued to nonbank sectors. The third and final essay [“Why Do Banks in Developing Economies Hold Domestic Government Securities?”] explores demand-side determinants of domestic debt, by focusing on commercial bank holdings of government paper, discriminating carefully between voluntary factors (such as mean-variance portfolio optimization) and statutory ones (cash reserve and capital adequacy requirements). The analysis is made possible by the construction of a dataset on government and private returns (real and nominal) for almost 600 banks from 70 emerging and low-income economies, spanning the (pre-Basel II) period 1995-2005. A battery of structural cross-section regressions indicates that banks’ portfolio decisions are at least as significantly influenced by mean-variance considerations as regulatory factors: the actual portfolio share of government securities (λ) responds intuitively, and sizably, to variations in the moments of the distributions for government and private returns as well as in the minimum-variance portfolio share (λ*). Higher cash reserve requirements tilt portfolios away from government securities toward riskier private lending, while higher capital adequacy requirements work the other way. The association between actual portfolios and the identified determinants is noticeably weaker at lower ends of the λ distribution, suggesting the domination of non-CAPM factors in those contexts.
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Astorino, Paula Sanchez. "Consequências das conexões políticas para as empresas de capital aberto no Brasil: desempenho e acesso a crédito do BNDES." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12136/tde-11112015-134451/.

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O propósito desta dissertação consiste em verificar quais seriam as consequências das conexões políticas estabelecidas por algumas empresas de capital aberto no Brasil no que se refere a seu desempenho e acesso a crédito concedido pelo BNDES. O conceito de conexão política é amplo, mas as empresas de capital aberto que fizeram parte da amostra utilizada no trabalho buscam se aproximar do governo de duas maneiras: (i) inserindo em seu conselho de administração membros que atuem (ou que já atuaram) no governo, visando estabelecer um ponto de contato com o Estado, ou ainda, (ii) realizando doações às campanhas políticas brasileiras. Para realizar a análise proposta, utilizaram-se dados do conselho de administração das empresas listadas na BM&F Bovespa no período de 2010 a 2013, informações sobre doações de pessoas jurídicas às campanhas políticas realizadas em 2002, 2006 e 2010, juntamente com outros dados extraídos das demonstrações financeiras das companhias contempladas na amostra. Os testes de regressão múltipla com dados em painel não revelaram significância estatística entre as variáveis de estudo e os indicadores de desempenho e de acesso a crédito concedido pelo BNDES. Embora não conclusivos, os resultados apresentados acrescentam à literatura das conexões políticas motivando a realização de trabalhos futuros que objetivem testar outras hipóteses capazes de explicar quais são os motivos que levam as empresas no Brasil a estabelecerem conexões com o Estado.
The purpose of this dissertation consists in verifying the consequences of political connections established by some Brazilian public companies with respect to their performance and access to credit granted by the BNDES. The concept of political connection is broad, but the public companies used in our sample aim to approach themselves to the government by two means: (i) electing a member of the board of directors that works, or has a history in working in the government, or (ii) donating money to political campaigns. In order to accomplish this analysis, we collected data of the board of directors from public companies listed on the BM&F Bovespa during the period of 2010 to 2013, information on political donations made by companies in Brazil along the years of 2002, 2006 and 2010, as well as data extracted from the sample companies\' financial statements. The multiple regression tests ran with panel data showed no statistical relation between the main variables and the performance indicator or the variable that measures company\'s access to loans provided by BNDES. Although inconclusive, the presented results add to the literature motivating further studies that can test other hypotheses able to explain the reasons that induce companies to establish political connections.
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Lanz, Luciano Quinto. "The potential role of SMEs’ credit guarantee schemes to promote financial inclusion in Brazil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital do Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social, 2017. http://web.bndes.gov.br/bib/jspui/handle/1408/12915.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Columbia University - School of International and Public Affairs, New York, 2017
Bibliografia: p. [64]-72
All rights reserved. The total or partial reproduction of the work is prohibited without authorization from the University, the author and the advisor.
Texto em inglês e resumos em inglês e português
A dificuldade de acesso ao crédito é um dos maiores obstáculos para a sobrevivência das pequenas e médias empresas (PMEs). Uma das principais razões para isso é a falta de garantias. Essa situação se reflete na baixa competitividade e alta desigualdade do Brasil. Os sistemas de garantia fornecem esta garantia. Esta tese analisa o papel potencial dos esquemas de garantia para promover a inclusão financeira no Brasil. Para alcançar esse objetivo, a pesquisa analisa a competitividade e a desigualdade do Brasil e sua relação com o acesso ao crédito. A metodologia utilizada foi um estudo de caso sobre o Fundo Garantidor para Investimentos (FGI), utilizando abordagem qualitativa e estatísticas descritivas. A coleta de dados baseou-se em entrevistas semiestruturadas, fontes secundárias, análise de documentos e dados operacionais. A análise utilizou os modelos de construção e reparação de confiança entre organizações, o papel dos bancos nacionais de desenvolvimento nos sistemas de garantia e o benchmark internacional para governança e eficácia dos esquemas de garantia. Os resultados demonstram que o FGI conseguiu criar uma governança adequada e estabelecer confiança com os bancos. Até 2017, 26 bancos contrataram mais de 32 mil operações no valor de 1,9 bilhões de dólares, com adicionalidades comparáveis ao benchmark internacional. No entanto, estudos adicionais são necessários para estabelecer uma ligação entre a adicionalidade dos esquemas de garantia e o desenvolvimento social e econômico.
Difficult access to credit is one of the greatest obstacles to the survival of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). One of the major reasons for this is the lack of guarantees. This situation is reflected in Brazil’s low competitiveness and high inequality. Guarantee Schemes provide this guarantee. This thesis analyzes the potential role of guarantee schemes to promote financial inclusion in Brazil. To achieve this objective the research analyzes Brazil competitiveness and inequality and their relation to credit access. The methodology used was a case study over the Fundo Garantidor para Investimentos (Investment Guarantee Fund - FGI), using a qualitative approach and descriptive statistics. Data collection relied on semi-structured interviews, secondary sources, document analysis and operational data. The analysis used inter-organization trust building and repair models, the role of national development banks in the guarantee systems and the international benchmark for governance and effectiveness of guarantee schemes. The results demonstrate that FGI achieve adequate governance and established trust with the banks. By 2017, 26 banks contracted more than 32,000 operations worth 1.9 billion dollars, with additionalities comparable to the international benchmark. However, additional studies are necessary to establish a link between the guarantee schemes additionality and social and economic development.
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Mawocha, Tineyi Emmanuel. "The disintermediation of commercial banks by non-bank financial institutions in Swaziland." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/985.

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Thesis (MDF (Development Finance))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research is influenced by and starts from the work carried out by the IMF in Swaziland, wherein they comment about the significant growth in the use of savings and credit co-operatives compared with that of commercial banks. They also report the lack of growth of the financial sector resulting in sluggish economic growth. This report sets out to establish through a survey, the attitude of the Swazi public towards commercial banks, and to establish if indeed there is a deliberate move away from commercial banks to non-bank financial institutions in general. In the process the reasons for migrating from commercial banks are established. In addition, the ultimate use of funds borrowed in general, is also investigated. Specifically for those people who use non-bank financial institutions (NBFIs), the research further probes the uses of such funds, and whether or not such funds are likely to affect economic growth. The survey is augmented by results from questionnaires responded to by selected microfinance institutions (MFIs) as a means of cross-checking and validating results obtained from the public survey. Findings are that in Swaziland, while the growth of savings and credit co-operatives (SACCOs) is acknowledged, there does appear to be a tendency to still use commercial banks by the economically active population. Borrowing tends to be for school fees, followed by the purchase of building materials for constructing rural homes on ancestral land, as well as for personal use and business activities. It also appears that the majority of users of financial intermediaries are civil servants, which comes as no surprise as government is the largest employer. The conclusion is that Swaziland’s problems with sluggish economic growth appear to be from more than a shallow financial sector, but a myriad of other reasons that have not been explored in this study.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die navorsing is gebaseer op die uitkoms van die werk uitgevoer deur die Internasionale Monetêre Fonds (IMF) as vertrekpunt, waarin hulle meer beduidende groei in die gebruik van spaar en krediet-kooperatiewe gevind het in vergelyking met die trae groei in die gebruik van kommersiële banke. In dieselfde verslag haal hulle ook aan dat die gebrek aan voldoende groei in die finansiële sektor onderliggend is aan die stadige ekonomiese groei. Hierdie verslag bepaal deur middel van ‘n opname, die gesindheid van die Swazi-publiek teenoor kommersiële banke om vas te stel of daar ‘n opsetlike voorkeur vir nie-finansiële instellings is, bo kommersiële banke. Die studie ondersoek ook die spesifieke gebruik en toepassing van fondse verkry vanaf nie-finansiële kooperatiewe en of die gebruik daarvan ‘n negatiewe impak op ekonomiese groei het. Die uitkoms van hierdie ondersoek word bevestig deur die bevindinge van vraelyste wat deur geselekteerde mikro-finansiële instellings voltooi is, te vergelyk met die bevindinge van publieke opnames. Die bevindinge vir Swaziland is dat alhoewel daar groei is in die spaar-en krediet-kooperatiewe, daar steeds ‘n tendens onder die ekonomies aktiewe populasie is om gebruik te maak van kommersiële banke. Lenings word hoofsaaklik gebruik vir die befondsing van skoolgelde, daarnaas vir die aankoop van boumateriaal vir die konstruksie van landelike huise in voorvaderlike gebiede wat deur stamleiers toegeken word, sowel as vir persoonlike gebruik en besigheidsfinansiering. Dit wil ook voorkom asof die meerderheid van die leners staatsamptenare is. Dit is te verwagte, aangesien die regering die grootste werkgewer is. Die gevolgtrekking van die ondersoek is dat Swaziland se trae ekonomiese groei meer onderliggende beperkende oorsake het as bloot net die oppervlakkige uitwerking van die (kommersiële) finansiële sektor. Hierdie onderliggende redes word nie verder ondersoek as deel van hierdie studie nie.
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Moeung, Makara. "Integrated micro-finance a banking and financial management model for grassroots entrepreneurial development in Cambodia /." Swinburne Research Bank, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.3/48729.

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Thesis (PhD) - Faculty of Business and Enterprise, Swinburne University of Technology, 2009.
Thesis is submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy, Faculty of Business and Enterprise, Swinburne University of Technology - 2009. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (p. 190-197) Restricted: no access. Release date 1st January 2011.
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Harda, Marek. "Možnosti financování bytové výstavby v České republice." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-374577.

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Thesis "Possibilities of Financing House-building in Czech Republic" analyses developers' apartment building projects in Czech Republic. It is divided into three parts: the first part deals with academic definition of developer's project and related legal aspects, the second part consists of analysis of two already realized developers' projects and in the third part there are solution proposals in the current situation of apartment building with respect to possible grants from public or European funds.
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Procházková, Zuzana. "Možnosti financování projektu výstavby rodinných domů v Březině u Křtin." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-221628.

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Within the body of work is an description and analysis of the method of financing choosen by a given company. Also included is a comparison to two other offers for financing the project from other banking institutions, which amongst them have comparative track records in this type of field. The analysis should provide the reader with a clear understanding into the process of financing development projects.
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Books on the topic "Development banks - Financing"

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University of Natal. School of Development Studies., ed. Financing Durban's development: 1970-1998. Durban: School of Development Studies, University of Natal, 2000.

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Demirgüç-Kunt, Aslı. Stock market development and firm financing choices. Washington, DC: World Bank, Policy Research Dept., Finance and Private Sector Development Division, 1995.

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Calomiris, Charles W. Universal banking and the financing of industrial development. [Washington, D.C.]: World Bank, Policy Research Dept., Finance and Private Sector Development Division, and Financial Sector Development Dept., 1995.

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Rauner, Julie M. Caribbean Basin financing opportunities: A guide to financing trade and investment in Central America and the Caribbean Basin. [Washington, D.C.]: The Administration, 1990.

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Hoschka, Tobias C. Local currency financing: The next frontier for MDBs? Manila: Asian Development Bank, 2005.

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Mavrotas, George. Multilateral development banks and private sector financing: The case of IFC. Helsinki: United Nations University, World Institute for Development Economic Research, 2002.

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Cho, Lee-Jay. Financing economic integration and functional cooperation for Northeast Asia: A multilateral financial institution. Seoul, Korea: Korea Institute for International Economic Policy, 2014.

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New directions for development banking in the Caribbean: Financing to take advantage of unlimited supplies of labour skills and entrepreneurship. Santiago del Chile: Naciones unides, CEPAL, 2007.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. National Environmental Policy on International Financing Act of 1989: Report (to accompany S. 1045). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. National Environmental Policy on International Financing Act of 1989: Report (to accompany S. 1045). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Development banks - Financing"

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Koh, Jae Myong. "Multilateral Development Banks as Overarching Protectors of Green Infrastructure Projects." In Green Infrastructure Financing, 201–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71770-8_8.

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Michoud, Bruno, and Manfred Hafner. "The Role of Multilateral Agencies and Development Banks." In Financing Clean Energy Access in Sub-Saharan Africa, 137–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75829-5_9.

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AbstractThis chapter concentrates on multilateral and development agencies, either located in Africa or pursing activities in the continent. The main objective is to understand what are their role in the financing of clean energy access in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Wang, Hongling. "Community Banks and SME Financing: The Financing Environment of NGEs’ Growth and Development." In Research Series on the Chinese Dream and China’s Development Path, 253–70. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3872-3_10.

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Mavrotas, George. "Multilateral Development Banks and Private Sector Financing: The Case of IFC." In External Finance for Private Sector Development, 124–46. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230524132_4.

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Studart, Rogerio, and Luma Ramos. "The new development banks and the financing of transformation in Latin America and the Caribbean." In Southern-Led Development Finance, 49–82. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021. |: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429422829-4.

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Imaduddin, Muhammad, and Ashurov Sharofiddin. "Identifying Creditworthiness Criterions and Financing Approval Process of Islamic Banks in Indonesia." In The Importance of New Technologies and Entrepreneurship in Business Development: In The Context of Economic Diversity in Developing Countries, 1672–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69221-6_123.

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Delikanli, Ihsan Ugur, Todor Dimitrov, and Roena Agolli. "Financial Dynamics." In Multilateral Development Banks, 33–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91524-1_3.

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Minsky, Hyman P., Dimitri B. Papadimitriou, Ronnie J. Phillips, and L. Randall Wray. "Community Development Banks." In Stability in the Financial System, 385–99. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24767-7_16.

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Rocca, Maurizio La, Tiziana La Rocca, and Alfio Cariola. "Local Financial Development and Corporate Financial Policy." In The Banks and the Italian Economy, 67–91. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-2112-3_4.

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Zimmermann Robiatti, Raphael. "Economic-Financial Performance." In National Development Banks in South America, 95–122. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-34728-4_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Development banks - Financing"

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Vrućinić, Željana. "BANKS IN THE SYSTEM OF FINANCING ECONOMY AND FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA." In 4th International Scientific Conference: Knowledge based sustainable economic development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia et all, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2018.147.

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Beizitere, Ilona, and Ieva Brence. "The use of public financial support: study of micro-enterprises." In 21st International Scientific Conference "Economic Science for Rural Development 2020". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2020.53.018.

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At times when businesses are expected to contribute to economic growth, the topic of access to finance remains relevant. The study investigates the availability of public financial support for micro-enterprises which similarly to the European average is the largest enterprise category in Latvia (about 94%). In an ad hoc survey of the companies registered in Latvia in nationally defined sectors, entrepreneurs disclosed their sources of funding over the three-year period of 2015-2017. Valid responses from 2511 companies, of which 1879 were micro-enterprises, revealed not only the diversity of their financial sources but also funding conditions impracticable to companies. According to the data processed by SPSS, micro-enterprises still prefer bank financing (11%) among many sources, whereas only 4% of the respondents used loans supported by public funding. Surprisingly, while almost half of the micro-enterprises required new or additional funding, a large number relied solely on internal finance. Rejections were frequent not only from banks, but also from the institution providing for public financial support.
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Beizitere, Ilona, Biruta Sloka, Ieva Brence, and Elita Jermolajeva. "Challenges on accessing finance for micro-enterprises in Latvia." In 22nd International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2021”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2021.55.027.

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Financial support of companies for their development is considered and realised by many countries worldwide, also in Latvia. Latvia has been receiving critical remarks from entrepreneurs in regard to high level of refuse for financing from the financing institution ALTUM which is the principal intermediary of EU funds and provides resources to support entrepreneurship in Latvia. Statistical data indicate that there are significant reductions of micro-enterprises during recent years. The survey data showed that ALTUM rejected 39 % of the surveyed micro-enterprises from those who had submitted applications within three years. In turn, only 6 % of micro-enterprises have received full financing from banks or leasing companies. Funders rejected applications from 9 % of micro-enterprises while another 5 % themselves withdrew funding due to unacceptable conditions. Latvia has to address serious challenges in entrepreneurship development in regions in particular with a lower economic activity. The aim of the paper is to analyse situation of micro-enterprises for receiving funding. Research methods: analysis of scientific publications and results of previous conducted research, analysis of data obtained in survey of enterprises on questions of financing refuse and on evaluations related to financing conditions in recent years. For a more thorough data analysis (used evaluation scale 1-5) indicators of descriptive statistics are applied: indicators of central tendency or location – arithmetic means, mode, median; indicators of variability or dispersion – range, standard deviation, standard error of mean; cross – tabulations; testing of statistical hypotheses using t-test and analysis of variance – ANOVA; correlation analysis. Research results indicate that the use of more precise requirements of financing for micro-enterprises by finance institution ALTUM could benefit in better development of entrepreneurship in regions of Latvia.
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Gu, Fan, and Jiahong Li. "The Impact of Internet Financing on Commercial Banks -A Case Study of Savings Business." In 2nd International Symposium on Business Corporation and Development in South-East and South Asia under B$R Initiative (ISBCD 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/isbcd-17.2017.14.

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Nikolovska Vrateovska, Dance, Keti Nikoloska, and Snezhana Mojsoska. "Household Savings in The Republic of North Macedonia - Seven Years Later." In 5th International Scientific Conference 2021. University of Maribor Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-464-4.3.

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It has been scientifically proven that the process of financial market development involves strengthening of the financial system preceded by simple capital accumulation which in turn is closely related to the savings rate. The higher the level of financial development, the greater the financial intermediation and the economic growth. Financial development reduces inequality and poverty by super-proportionately accelerating the growth of emerging countries and implying a reduction of inequality in the world. This paper expands the time frame of the analysis in the research conducted in 2012 of a statistical sample of 1250 respondents. Based on new data seven years later and using the previously defined variables on the same size of the statistical sample, this study aims not only to confirm the basic thesis that in the Republic of North Macedonia savings (as the main source of financing domestic banks) are still at a low level, and that the examined variables which are directly proportional to savings generally have a downward trend but it also aims to emphasize the strong impact on (mis)trust in financial institutions, related to savings. Hence, this paper will note proposed measures to increase the level of savings.
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Fatmawatie, Naning. "The Financing Role of Sharia Banks Toward the Development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Indonesia on Era Revolution Industry 4.0." In Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Islamic Economics and Business (ICONIES 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iconies-18.2019.1.

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Kaya, Zekayi, and Erkan Tokucu. "Developments in Monetary Policies before and after the Recent Financial Crisis and the Change in the Role of Central Banks." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00899.

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During the historical process, application of the monetary policies and the roles of the central banks have changed within the framework of the developments in the world economy, problems encountered and the economic policies as a solution to these problems. The financial crises after 1990 and the recent financial crisis as the biggest experienced one after 1930s, caused an increase in the importance of the task of providing financial stability besides price stability and in this context in the function of “lender of last resort” of the central bank. The crisis required using new policy instruments in addition to interest rate instrument which was not sufficient enough in providing financial stability and the roles of the central banks in providing financial stability changed. In this study, applications of monetary policies and the changing role of the central banks will be examined. Within this framework, traditional and non-traditional instruments will be explained and the problems that can be confronted by a central bank when providing price stability besides financial stability will be remarked.
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Polouček, Stanislav. "Credit Behaviour of Banks in the European Union in the Wake of Global Economic Crisis." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c01.00221.

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Recent financial crises hit many countries. The impact on Visegrad countries in credit area was not damaging. The main reason was stability and soundness of financial (banking) sectors in these countries and an adequate response of central banks as well as flexible management of commercial banks. Commercial banks, usually daughter companies of western banks, used above all domestic deposits for financing credits. This played a key role in credit area and helped to keep the financial system stable. It is important to underpin that responses to the crisis have been rather heterogeneous in central European countries and there are quite big disparities among Visegrad countries, too. In the paper developments and responses of the commercial banks to the crisis and their stability have been discussed on the basis of deposits, loans of monetary financial institutions to the non-financial sector, households, governments, lending for house purchase and credit for consumption in several EU countries. Net position of banks vis-á-vis foreign banks is taken into account, too.
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Selvi Hanişoğlu, Gülay, and Fidan Güler. "Analysis of Housing Finance Systems in Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c09.01964.

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Housing Finance system has provided funds to households and organizations for buying their homes and premises. There are different type of housing finance systems which are applied by different countries. Housing finance systems can be more efficient, if private sector and public sector work together and harmoniously. Housing Finance system has made considerable progress in Turkey in the last 20 years. Before housing finance system was developed in Turkey, people could have bought houses by combining their retirement allowances and savings. Another method for financing their house, people could have borrowed from relatives or close friends along with their own savings. The Mass Housing Law (Law No: 2985) entered into force in 1984.The main target of the law, to find a solution of the housing problem in Turkey. Law also determines the tasks of the Housing Development Administration (TOKİ). After 2000’s Turkish Banks began to extend long term housing loans, but there was not mortgage system. Due to inadequate saving and income levels, it was not easy to use banking finance system for the low and middle income groups. In 2007, new legal regulations come into force, which is called Mortgage Law, for improving legal framework for borrowers and lenders in the primary markets and also made regulations for integrating primary mortgage market to the capital markets. In our paper, the finance methods and improvements in the housing finance in Turkey have been analyzed evaluating legal regulations and also the methods which is used by banks and other related institutions.
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Çelik, İsmail Erkan, Kamil Uslu, and Midzhit Hodzhaniyazov. "The Effect of International Capital Movements on Financial Crisis and Banks." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01808.

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International Capital Movements the course of history has changed and improved until today and took its place in the evolving field of finance. In particular, The Industrial Revolution began with the rapid changes seen that right quickly spread from place to place in fluid funds. Globalization has accelerated the rapid development of technical and technological development. Specifically, after 1980, international capital mobility until it is able to confirm it. All the methods developed for removing most important part of the financial restructuring of the financial crisis, banks are minimizing financial risks. The aim of this study is to investigate whether International Capital Movements of the financial crisis and how it affects the works of bank. Banks have become the customers are responsible for implementing various methods to rid the financial crisis. The financial crisis in late 2008 to eliminate the problems that arise hedge to be removed from the market and the fund carries the responsibility with its own more efficient methods.
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Reports on the topic "Development banks - Financing"

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Chaparro, Rodrigo, Maria Netto, Patricio Mansilla, and Daniel Magallon. Energy Savings Insurance: Advances and Opportunities for Funding Small- and Medium-Sized Energy Efficiency and Distributed Generation Projects in Chile. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002947.

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The Energy Savings Insurance Program seeks to promote investment in energy efficiency and distributed generation in Latin America, primarily through small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). It focuses on developing an innovative scheme of guaranteed energy performance that mitigates project risk and generates investor confidence (ESI Model). The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) facilitates the development of the ESI Program in alliance with the National Development Banks (NDBs). The ESI Model includes a contract for the supply, installation, and maintenance of equipment for generating a stipulated amount of energy or energy savings over a specific time period; validation by an independent body; insurance coverage that backs the savings or the guaranteed energy generation; and project financing. This paper describes the main attributes of the ESI Model (the contract, the insurance, validation and financing), evaluates market potential and the most attractive technologies, and identifies the priority sectors for implementing projects in Chile. The most promising economic sectors were found to be the hospitality industry, food processing industry, grape growing/wine production, and the fishing industry, and the technologies of electric motors, boilers, air conditioning systems and photovoltaic solar generation. In each of these sectors, estimates were made of financing requirements as well as CO2 emission reductions that could be achieved.
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Viguri, Sofía, Sandra López Tovar, Mariel Juárez Olvera, and Gloria Visconti. Analysis of External Climate Finance Access and Implementation: CIF, FCPF, GCF and GEF Projects and Programs by the Inter-American Development Bank. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003008.

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In response to the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the IDB Group Board of Governors endorsed the target of increasing climate-related financing in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) from 15% in 2015 to 30% of the IDB Groups combined total approvals by 2020. Currently, the IDB Group is on track to meet this commitment, as in 2018, it financed nearly US$5 billion in climate-change-related activities benefiting LAC, which accounted for 27% of total IDB Groups annual approvals. In 2019, the overall volume and proportion of climate finance in new IDBG approvals have increased to 29%. As the IDB continues to strive towards this goal by using its funds to ramp-up climate action, it also acknowledges that tackling climate change is an objective shared with the rest of the international community. For the past ten years, strategic partnerships have been forged with external sources of finance that are also looking to invest in low-carbon and climate-resilient development. Doing this has contributed to the Banks objective of mobilizing additional resources for climate action while also strengthening its position as a leading partner to accelerate climate innovation in many fields. From climate-smart technologies and resilient infrastructure to institutional reform and financial mechanisms, IDB's use of external sources of finance is helping countries in LAC advance toward meeting their international climate change commitments. This report collects a series of insights and lessons learned by the IDB in the preparation and implementation of projects with climate finance from four external sources: the Climate Investment Funds (CIF), the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF), the Green Climate Fund (GCF) and the Global Environment Facility (GEF). It includes a systematic revision of their design and their progress on delivery, an assessment of broader impacts (scale-up, replication, and contributions to transformational change/paradigm shift), and a set of recommendations to optimize the access and use of these funds in future rounds of climate investment. The insights and lessons learned collected in this publication can inform the design of short and medium-term actions that support “green recovery” through the mobilization of investments that promote decarbonization.
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Didenko, Anton, and Ross Buckley. Central Bank Digital Currencies: A Potential Response to the Financial Inclusion Challenges of the Pacific. Asian Development Bank, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/arm210301-2.

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This policy brief considers whether central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) can promote the accessibility of financial services in Pacific island countries and the design choices involved in their development.
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Avellán, Leopoldo, Claudia Calderón, Giulia Lotti, and Z’leste Wanner. Knowledge for Development: the IDB's Impact in the Region. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003387.

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By analyzing a novel dataset on publications by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), we shed light on the extent to which the knowledge production of a multilateral development bank can reach its beneficiaries. We find that IDB publications are downloaded mostly in the American continent, with Colombia, Peru, Mexico and the United States leading the ranking. Moreover, during the COVID-19 pandemic downloads of IDB publications increased, both in the world and in Latin America and the Caribbean. Some characteristics of publications are significantly associated with higher numbers of downloads, such as the language of publications: documents in at least two languages or in Spanish only are downloaded more often than documents in English only, suggesting that it is important to disseminate research in the language of the targeted audience. As for the online discussion on the IDB, we find that mentions of the IDB touch different sectors important for development (especially modernization of the state, health, labor markets and financial markets), they increase when a document is published, and also when a loan is approved.
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Felipe, Jesus, Scott Fullwiler, Donna Faye Bajaro, Al-Habbyel Yusoph, Simon Alec Askin, and Martin Alexander Cruz. An Analysis of the Worldwide Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: What and How Much? Asian Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps200353-2.

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This paper analyzes the packages implemented by the 68 members of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), plus the European Central Bank and the European Union, to combat the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Using the ADB COVID-19 Policy Database, the paper (i) provides a detailed account of the measures taken and the amounts announced between 20 April and 15 June; (ii) discusses the specifics of five Asian economies by comparing their financial packages qualitatively and quantitatively; and (iii) includes a statistical analysis to understand what determines the size of a package, which allows comparison between actual and estimated packages, given the correlates.
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Jigjidsuren, Altantuya, Bayar Oyun, and Najibullah Habib. Supporting Primary Health Care in Mongolia: Experiences, Lessons Learned, and Future Directions. Asian Development Bank, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps210020-2.

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ince the early 1990s, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) has broadly supported health sector reforms in Mongolia. This paper describes primary health care (PHC) in Mongolia and ADB support in its reform. It highlights results achieved and the lessons drawn that could be useful for future programs in Mongolia and other countries. PHC reform in Mongolia aimed at facilitating a shift from hospital-based curative services toward preventive approaches. It included introducing new management models based on public–private partnerships, increasing the range of services, applying more effective financing methods, building human resources, and creating better infrastructure. The paper outlines remaining challenges and future directions for ADB support to PHC reform in the country.
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Latané, Annah, Jean-Michel Voisard, and Alice Olive Brower. Senegal Farmer Networks Respond to COVID-19. RTI Press, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2021.rr.0045.2106.

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This study leveraged existing data infrastructure and relationships from the Feed the Future Senegal Naatal Mbay (“flourishing agriculture”) project, funded by the US Agency for International Development (USAID) and implemented by RTI International from 2015 to 2019. The research informed and empowered farmer organizations to track and respond to rural households in 2020 as they faced the COVID-19 pandemic. Farmer organizations, with support from RTI and local ICT firm STATINFO, administered a survey to a sample of 800 agricultural households that are members of four former Naatal Mbay–supported farmer organizations in two rounds in August and October 2020. Focus group discussions were conducted with network leadership pre- and post–data collection to contextualize the experience of the COVID-19 shock and to validate findings. The results showed that farmers were already reacting to the effects of low rainfall during the 2019 growing season and that COVID-19 compounded the shock through disrupted communications and interregional travel bans, creating food shortages and pressure to divert seed stocks for food. Food insecurity effects, measured through the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale and cereals stocks, were found to be greater for households in the Casamance region than in the Kaolack and Kaffrine regions. The findings also indicate that farmer networks deployed a coordinated response comprising food aid and access to personal protective equipment, distribution of short-cycle legumes and grains (e.g., cowpea, maize) and vegetable seeds, protection measures for cereals seeds, and financial innovations with banks. However, food stocks were expected to recover as harvesting began in October 2020, and the networks were planning to accelerate seed multiplication, diversify crops beyond cereals, improve communication across the network. and mainstream access to financial instruments in the 2021 growing season. The research indicated that the previous USAID-funded project had likely contributed to the networks’ COVID-19 resilience capacities by building social capital and fostering the new use of tools and technologies over the years it operated.
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8

Mooney, Henry, David Rosenblatt, Cloe Ortiz de Mendívil, Gralyn Frazier, Ariel McCaskie, Victor Gauto, Elton Bollers, Jason Christie, Jeetendra Khadan, and Nazera Abdul-Haqq. Caribbean Quarterly Bulletin: Volume 10: Issue 2, August 2021. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003573.

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For more than a year, the Caribbean economics team at the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) has focused on the potential implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for lives and livelihoods across the region. The pandemic is still with us, but there is hope that the cycles of lockdowns and containment measures will eventually come to an end as vaccination programs progress, even if unevenly, across the region. However, the availability of vaccine supply remains a concern, and the pandemic continues to pose a constraint for the recovery of key sectors such as tourism and local services sectors. This edition of the Caribbean Quarterly Bulletin focuses on two topics: (1) forecasts of key macroeconomic variables, based on the April 2021 WEO, and (2) financial sector risks. In general, regional economies are embarking on a fragile path to recovery. Continued progress with vaccination programs, credible medium-term fiscal programs, and continued attention to financial vulnerabilities will be needed to push that path to recovery forward.
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9

Yamano, Takashi, Noriko Sato, and Babur Wasim Arif. The Impact of COVID-19 and Locust Invasion on Farm Households in Punjab and Sindh: Analysis from Cross-Sectional Surveys in Pakistan. Asian Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps210259-2.

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This paper presents the results of two mobile phone surveys conducted by the Asian Development Bank among farmers in Punjab and Sindh provinces in Pakistan in mid-2020 during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The surveys collected information about how COVID-19-related measures and economic and transport disruptions affected farmers’ harvests, marketing efforts, input prices, and financial needs. The surveys found that the COVID-19 pandemic had significant negative impacts on farm households in both provinces. The paper provides additional context on COVID-19-related effects on local and regional economies and food supply chains. It also covers a simultaneous locust invasion along the India–Pakistan border, which has created “crisis within a crisis” in the surveyed provinces and exacerbated conditions that could lead to famine, disease, and increased poverty.
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10

Beuermann, Diether, Nicolas L. Bottan, Bridget Hoffmann, Jeetendra Khadan, and Diego A. Vera-Cossio. Suriname COVID-19 Survey. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003266.

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This dataset constitutes a panel follow-up to the 2016/2017 Suriname Survey of Living Conditions. It measures welfare related variables before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic including labor market outcomes, financial literacy, and food security. The survey was executed in August 2020. The Suriname COVID-19 Survey is a project of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). It collected data on critical socioeconomic topics in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic to support policymaking and help mitigate the crisis impacts on the populations welfare. The survey recontacted households interviewed in 2016/2017 by the Suriname Survey of Living Conditions (SSLC) and was conducted by phone due to the mobility restrictions and social distancing measures in place. It interviewed 1,016 households during August 2020 and gathered information about disease transmission, household finances, labor, income, remittances, spending, and social protection programs. Data and documentation of the 2016/2017 Suriname Survey of Living Conditions can be found at: https://publications.iadb.org/en/suriname-survey-living-conditions-2016-2017 The survey was designed and implemented by Sistemas Integrales. This publication describes the main methodological aspects, such as sample design, estimation procedures, topics covered by the questionnaire, field organization and quality control. It also presents the structure and codebook for the two resulting publicly available datasets.
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