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1

Oleschak, Rekha. "The international law of development-induced displacement /." Table on contents, 2009. http://aleph.unisg.ch/hsgscan/hm00231710.pdf.

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2

FUTURO, CAROLINA SALLES ABELHA. "THE POLITICS OF DISPLACEMENT: DEVELOPMENT-INDUCED DISPLACEES IN BRAZIL." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2017. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=36968@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO<br>PROGRAMA DE EXCELENCIA ACADEMICA<br>Esta dissertação examina a política de deslocamento de pessoas no contexto do projeto da Usina Hidrelétrica Belo Monte, região Norte do Brasil. Especificamente, eu investigo a política de deslocamento de ribeirinhos, pequenos agricultores e populações indígenas em Belo Monte. À luz do entendimento de política de Jacques Rancière, faço minha análise olhando para os males do deslocamento ao invés de para os direitos que alegadamente pertencem aos atingidos. Ao trazer isto ao debate, proponho reformular deslocamento como uma questão de exclusão política, não um problema de natureza técnica ou social. Embora remonte aos tempos coloniais, migração forçada raramente é um tópico discutido no Brasil. O país possui 1268 centrais elétricas de alguma escala, das quais 219 são hidrelétricas. Construir essas barragens exige, em quase todos os casos, pessoas e lugares sacrificiais. Em consequência, laços familiares são desfeitos, formas de vida extinguidas, lares são mortos. A literatura sobre pessoas deslocadas por projetos de desenvolvimento a partir de uma abordagem baseada em direitos não conseguiu dar conta da política de deslocamento. A terceira maior barragem do mundo em capacidade instalada trouxe com seus 11.233 MW as mesmas violações de direitos, anunciadas por projetos anteriores. Ao longo do tempo, estima-se que um milhão de pessoas tenham sido expulsas de suas casas devido a projetos de barragens hidrelétricas e sua migração para outras áreas, ou seu abandono e empobrecimento, foram tratados como apenas mais um exemplo de exclusão social em meio ao portfólio brasileiro de problemas sociais. Isso, no entanto, pode não ajudar a abordar as causas da migração forçada nesses casos. Situado no âmbito mais amplo da política mundial moderna, em suas formas de ler e pensar o Estado, as implicações da política na (re)produção da condição de deslocado são constitutivas. Este trabalho argumenta, portanto, que os deslocados de Belo Monte são a parte sem-parte na democracia brasileira. Eles são feitos povo suplementar pelos danos de uma obra de desenvolvimento, mas é também através da sua resistência a esses danos que denunciam a desigualdade na democracia. Ao resistir a essa partição e ao espaço de negligência atribuídos à sua existência, eles fazem mais do que o designado. Enquadrando deslocamento como um conflito sobre a produção do espaço, então, a dissertação sugere como as pessoas resistem, intervêm e contestam a representação de seu espaço. Deslocados resistem ao seu status suplementar criando espaços alternativos de representação. Suas práticas de resistência, portanto, evidenciam seu status político e desafiam a vida democrática a garantir sua parte em casos futuros. Concluo trazendo insights práticos inspirados por essas críticas teóricas para os próximos projetos hidrelétricos no Brasil; já anunciados e, até agora, inevitáveis.<br>This dissertation examines the politics of the displacement of people in the context of the Belo Monte Complex project in the North of Brazil. Specifically, I investigate the politics of the displacement of riparian, small farmers and Indigenous populations in Belo Monte. In light of Jacques Rancière understanding of politics, I do so by looking at the wrongs of displacement rather than to the alleged rights belonging to subjects. Bringing this to the debate will reframe displacement as a matter of political exclusion, not a social or technical problem. Although it goes back to colonial times, forced migration is a rarely discussed topic in Brazil. The country has 1268 hydroelectric plants of some scale, among which 219 are hydroelectric dams. Building those dams requires, in almost every case, sacrificial people and places. As consequences, family ties are undone, ways of living extinguished, homes are killed. Literature on people displaced by development projects grounded on a rights based approach has not been able to address the politics of displacement. The world s third largest dam in installed capacity brought with its 11,233 MW the very same old, foreseen and announced rights violations of previous projects. Over time, it is estimated that one million people have been put out from their homes because of hydroelectric dam projects and their migration to other areas, or their abandonment and impoverishment, have been treated as only one more example of social exclusion amidst the vast Brazilian portfolio of social problems. That might not help to address the causes of forced migration in these cases, though. Situated in the broader scope of modern world politics, in its ways to read and think the State, the implications of politics in the (re)production of the displaced condition are constitutive. This work argues, therefore, that Belo Monte displacees are the part with no-part in Brazilian democracy. They are made supplementary people by the wrongs of a development work but it is also through their resistance to those wrongs that they denounce the inequality in democracy. In resisting this partition and the space of neglect attributed to their existence, they do more than the assigned. By framing displacement as a conflict over the production of space, then, the dissertation shows how people resist, intervene and contest the representations of their space. Displacees themselves resist to their supplementary status, creating alternative spaces of representation. Therefore, their practices of resistance make evident their political status and challenge democratic life to guarantee their part’in future cases alike. I conclude by bringing practical insights inspired by these theoretical critiques to forthcoming hydroelectric projects in Brazil; already announced and, so far, inevitable.
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3

Morvaridi, Behrooz. "Rights and Development-Induced Displacement: Is it a case of risk management or social protection?" Bradford Centre for International Development, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/3030.

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Irrespective of the regional setting, displacement of all kinds results in considerable disruption and loss of assets for both the individual and the collective, with greater likelihood of socio-economic impoverishment and reduced access to rights entitlements. Although there is evidence that displaced people face additional challenges of life in a new environment, living day to day with uncertainties around their survival, the larger proportion of these studies are concerned with physical resettlement and the livelihood restoral of people displaced as a result of conflict or large development projects (whether as refugees or internally displaced people (IDP). There has been relatively little critical reflection on how the policy framework can deliver the rights and entitlements of forced migrants, including those who should be obliged to protect them and the relevance of individual agency . This paper critically engages with current internal displacement protection policies that are based on risk management or short-term relief measures. It considers how a policy paradigm of social protection might offer a framework to minimize the loss of rights so often associated with displacement.
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Buelles, Anni-Claudine. "Minority Rights and Majority Interests: an Analysis of Development-Induced Displacement in the Narmada Valley, India." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20629.

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This thesis analyzes how the interests of minority and majority groups in state-led development practices can be bridged, with the Indian tribals affected by the Sardar Sarovar Dam Project (SSP) serving as a context for my analysis. The SSP threatens the livelihoods of approximately 100,000 people with displacement, who are primarily comprised of Indian tribal minorities. The construction of the SSP makes tribals more vulnerable to the risks associated with development-induced displacement, such as landlessness, joblessness, homelessness, marginalization, and food insecurity. When analyzing the SSP, a lack of adequate compensation, resettlement, and legal protection for the tribals becomes apparent. This has led to discussions of human rights violations among the national and international community, raising concerns regarding the protection of minority groups affected by state-led development. Attention is placed on what it means to be a citizen of a country in terms of legal representation and state protection, and how the under-representation of societal groups can lead to the creation of second-class citizens. The objective is to go beyond current discussions of human rights neglect in the context of the SSP by analyzing the position of minority rights in state-led development practices.
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Kangave, Jalia. "Reconstituting the role of law in development-induced displacement and resettlement : lessons from Uganda's Bujagali hydroelectric project." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/35926.

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Imagine that one morning you wake up and learn that the place you have called home for generations is no longer going to be home. Your house will be demolished and in its place, government or a private developer will construct a dam or put up a residential complex. You have no right to say no because government has eminent domain over your land (or a legal right to compulsorily acquire it in the public interest). Now imagine that the development will also result in the acquisition of the land on which you grow crops for subsistence and trade. It will close off access to the river where you fetch water for daily household use and catch fish for home consumption and for trade. In other words, this is the land where you live and where you obtain your means of living. Lastly, imagine that the project area also contains your social, cultural and spiritual being. It is where over time, you have built social capital consisting of relatives and friends: a community network that you can count on for daily survival. It is where your ancestors are buried, the religious and spiritual institutions you subscribe to are located and your cultural ties entrenched. This is no fiction. And it is not abstract. It is the everyday reality of the millions of people displaced by mega projects such as dams that are built in the name of development. There is a rich body of literature that explores the issue of development-induced displacement and its impact on communities. This thesis builds on that conversation by situating its analysis in law. Throughout the thesis, I trace the silences of law on the one hand and its aggressiveness on the other hand to determine the ways in which formal legal tools have enabled or disabled Project Affected Communities to secure their interests. I also explore how understanding dam projects from an investment perspective can further the understanding of the challenges faced by these communities when striving for inclusive laws and policies. Uganda’s Bujagali Hydroelectric Project is used as the case study for the analysis.
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Connell, Jessie Beatrice Winkworth. "Safeguarding resettlement: global expectations and local experiences in Cambodia." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/15069.

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Planned community relocation or “resettlement” is not new, however the contexts in which people are being relocated and the safeguards in place to protect them are changing. Multilateral development banks are under competing pressures to minimise the negative impacts of community resettlement without over-burdening the governments of borrowing countries. Intensive debates are underway about what rights should be afforded to resettled people and what safeguards are most effective. Similar concerns are being voiced by policy-makers working on climate change adaptation, who are looking to the World Bank and Asian Development Bank (ADB) to identify ways to safeguard communities being resettled in response to climate change. One of the most important tensions shaping these debates, is how resettlement safeguards developed at an international or “global” level can cater to the needs and aspirations of affected people in different local settings. As a contribution to this debate, this thesis explores a resettlement scheme for an ADB co-financed railway project in Cambodia in which advocacy interventions resulted in improvements in the resettlement sites over the eight years of the project from 2006 to 2014. Drawing on the railway project as a case study, the research focuses on understanding how safeguards, developed at a “headquarter level”, aligned and misaligned with community needs and aspirations at different points in time. It investigates how advocacy interventions altered the course of the project and considers the implications of relying on resettlement safeguards in a country where domestic legal protections are otherwise not well-established.
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Adeola, Romola. "Development-induced displacement in Africa : striking a balance between the imperative of development and the rights of persons likely to be displaced." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/52390.

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Recognising the need to tackle the root causes of internal displacement, African leaders in 2009 adopted the first binding treaty on internal displacement, the African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (the Convention). The Convention entered into force on 6 December 2012. As at January 2015, 39 states have signed the Convention, 23 of which have ratified. One of the root causes of internal displacement recognised in the Convention is development-induced displacement (DID). This root cause of internal displacement is the focus of this thesis. Under article 10(1) of the Convention, states are obligated as much as possible? to prevent displacement caused by development projects. This thesis argues that this obligation must necessarily be construed in light of the Convention?s overall emphasis on the prevention of arbitrary displacement. The prevention of arbitrary DID necessarily implies that a balance has to be struck between the imperative of development and the rights of persons likely to be displaced. In striking this balance, this thesis applies the means-end test of proportionality arguing that a development project must be suitable and be the least instrusive of rights. Further, the obligation on states to prevent DID as it relates to private actors, specifically corporations, is discussed. This thesis argues that in regulating corporations, state parties to the Convention should adopt a common regulatory standard detailing the corporate duty to respect human rights within the context of article 10 of the Convention. On an institutional level, national institutional mechanisms can be utilised in striking the balance between the imperative of development and the rights of persons likely to be displaced. While acknowledging that each state party has the primary obligation to realise the Convention?s obligations, mechanisms beyond the state such as the Conference of State Parties and the African Commission on Human and Peoples? Rights (the African Commission) have crucial roles to play in furthering compliance with the obligation in the Convention. This thesis recommends that the Conference of State Parties should adopt a Model Law specifically dealing with article 10 of the Convention; and that the African Commission should: (a) develop a General Comment on article 10; (b) revise its guidelines on state reporting to ensure that states report on the obligation in the Convention; and (c) conduct missions to states where development projects, likely to result in displacement, are to be implemented.<br>Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2015.<br>tm2016<br>Centre for Human Rights<br>LLD<br>Unrestricted
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Choi, Narae. "Impacts of development-induced displacement on urban locality and settlers : a case-study of the railway upgrading project in Metro Manila." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cc010100-f0cc-42ae-b48d-a1577d5d8c33.

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Population displacement has long been a controversial companion of development. The central tension has been between the position challenging the kind of development that removes people from their homes, livelihoods and communities, and a managerial position that the impoverishment risks of displacement can be mitigated through an effective intervention. Whereas recent research has been devoted to unpacking a rather unsuccessful performance of involuntary resettlement as a mitigation measure, this study aims to question the assumption of mitigation itself by expanding the concept of development impacts beyond the realm of displacement. Through an empirical study of a railway project in Metro Manila, the Philippines, I examine how urban residents are affected by a large-scale demolition and displacement that took place in their locality. Semi-structured interviews were conducted along the railway tracks after the land was cleared of informal settlements since the study placed particular focus on residents who were not physically displaced. They are identified in my research as non-displaced people. Few studies have addressed the possibility that other people might have been adversely affected in situ and this is particularly so in urban areas. Empirical findings reveal that the physical environment and socio-economic relationships in the locality were significantly transformed through the clearance; impacting the tenure status, livelihoods and social milieu of non-displaced people. Tenure security was important for avoiding displacement but was not a definitive factor as a number of people are still informal settlers who continue to be faced with other eviction threats. For the non-displaced, the physical change of the locality became relevant when their productive capital, notably, a second house or business space, was affected. The loss or erosion of physical capital had a secondary impact on livelihoods, which was compounded by the rupture in the local livelihood network following a mass population outflow. Whereas the income of locally-based businesses decreased substantially, livelihoods that operate beyond the locality remain relatively resilient. Differentiated experiences of a local change are also reflected in a range of evaluations that describe local social ambiance before and after the event. Diverse ways in which non-displaced people were affected underline that the current conceptualisation of impacts is limited to one dimension of displacement. This raises the need to adopt a more holistic and disaggregated approach to understanding the complexities of development impacts. A discussion on whether and how they can be mitigated would benefit further from such a comprehensive study.
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Essack, Gabriel. "Displacement and Power: To what extent is development-induced displacement a consequence of uneven power relationships and how do ADB safeguard policies attempt to redress the negative implications?" Thesis, Essack, Gabriel (2014) Displacement and Power: To what extent is development-induced displacement a consequence of uneven power relationships and how do ADB safeguard policies attempt to redress the negative implications? Masters by Coursework thesis, Murdoch University, 2014. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/28260/.

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This research study is about the impact of development-induced displacement on poor people who are usually displaced due to unequal power relations, usually the consequence of the State’s modernisation and development agenda. Two case studies, one from Pakistan and the other from Cambodia are examined in the light of the post-development debate, gender inequality, structural violence, and social disarticulation within the Asian Development Bank’s resettlement framework. This research argues that involuntary forced eviction is based on unequal power relationships between the State and project affected people as most of the displaced are usually marginalised people who are already devoid of social, political, and economic power in society.
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Coutu, Tyler Blaine. "Development of a Performance-Based Procedure for Assessment of Liquefaction-Induced Lateral Spread Displacements Using the Cone Penetration Test." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2017. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7216.

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Liquefaction-induced lateral spread displacements cause severe damage to infrastructure, resulting in large economic losses in affected regions. Predicting lateral spread displacements is an important aspect in any seismic analysis and design, and many different methods have been developed to accurately estimate these displacements. However, the inherent uncertainty in predicting seismic events, including the extent of liquefaction and its effects, makes it difficult to accurately estimate lateral spread displacements. Current conventional methods of predicting lateral spread displacements do not completely account for uncertainty, unlike a performance-based earthquake engineering (PBEE) approach that accounts for the all inherent uncertainty in seismic design. The PBEE approach incorporates complex probability theory throughout all aspects of estimating liquefaction-induced lateral spread displacements. A new fully-probabilistic PBEE method, based on results from the cone penetration test (CPT), was created for estimating lateral spread displacements using two different liquefaction triggering procedures. To accommodate the complexity of all probabilistic calculations, a new seismic hazard analysis tool, CPTLiquefY, was developed. Calculated lateral spread displacements using the new fully-probabilistic method were compared to estimated displacements using conventional methods. These comparisons were performed across 20 different CPT profiles and 10 cities of varying seismicity. The results of this comparison show that the conventional procedures of estimating lateral spread displacements are sufficient for areas of low seismicity and for lower return periods. However, by not accounting for all uncertainties, the conventional methods under-predict lateral spread displacements in areas of higher seismicity. This is cause for concern as it indicates that engineers in industry using the conventional methods are likely under-designing structures to resist lateral spread displacements for larger seismic events.
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Laleh, derakhti. "contradictions of Transit Oriented Development (TOD) in low-income Neighborhoods: the case study of Rosengard, Malmo." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21360.

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Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) is known as a mixed-use development near and oriented to public transport facilities. While TOD has become a predominant model of urban planning based on the idea that there will be both social and economic benefits of implementation, the recent popularity of TOD in many cities has provided a new focus for the gentrification–displacement debate as well as affordability paradox. Furthermore, whereas transportation access is often seen as a pivotal strategy to mitigate neighborhood segregation, equity advocates argue that TOD is a place-based strategy which often neglects low-income resident’s need and thus fails to reduce socio-economic segregation. In this study, the author tries to shed light on these issues by bringing together previously disparate literature on mentioned contradictions and discuss the critic’s concern regarding the newly started TOD project in Rosengård, a low-income neighborhood in Malmö, Sweden, using mixed-method research. The research illustrates how the area has gradually entered into the gentrification process due to the establishment of the new train station, the transformation of the public housing system to the market-led housing stock, and using the ‘Starchitecture’ strategy in designing a spectacular signature architecture. More importantly, in contrast to the media acclamation and vast technical adherence of the planned TOD, the study demonstrates that there is a growing concern of gentrification-induced displacement and shows even at this early stage, how living condition in the area is more inconvenient for original dwellers due to the gradually cutting off parts of necessities.
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Nunes, Cristina Jorge. "Deslocamentos forçados induzidos por projectos de desenvolvimento." Master's thesis, ISEG, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/22092.

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Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação Internacional.<br>A presente dissertação visa uma categoria de migrações forçadas relativamente pouco estudada - os deslocamentos forçados induzidos por projectos de desenvolvimento - que afectam, anualmente, cerca de 10 milhões de pessoas. Estes atingiram tal dimensão e frequência que requerem a atenção da comunidade internacional, bem como soluções políticas e humanizantes. Os seus efeitos são essencialmente sentidos nos países em desenvolvimento, pelas pessoas social e economicamente mais desfavorecidas. Embora o desenvolvimento económico seja necessário para melhorar as condições de vida das populações, o deslocamento forçado que, por vezes, implica pode-se traduzir em substanciais e multifacetados riscos de empobrecimento para as pessoas afectadas, limitando as suas próprias opções de vida. Ser deslocado pelo desenvolvimento tem sido considerado como um sacrifício necessário em nome do interesse superior da nação, expressão utilizada pelos Estados para justificarem os deslocamentos forçados. Contudo, as pessoas forçadas ao deslocamento por iniciativas de desenvolvimento, frequentemente, não beneficiaram delas. Este estudo procura enquadrar e analisar as principais questões desta problemática, abordando o seu enquadramento teórico no contexto das migrações forçadas, a sua natureza, causas e consequências. As orientações internacionais e políticas aplicáveis ao realojamento forçado, as limitações da análise custo/benefício dos projectos de desenvolvimento, e ainda, as contribuições teóricas para a concepção de programas de realojamento adequados, constituem questões centrais desta temática. A ausência de reconstrução dos meios de subsistência dos milhares de pessoas desenraizadas e forçadas ao deslocamento pode conduzir ao agravamento da pobreza, criando um ambiente propício para a resistência, uma questão igualmente importante neste debate. Embora o objectivo primário seja, no contexto dos deslocamentos forçados, encontrar soluções alternativas que minimizem o deslocamento, sempre que o mesmo for inevitável, deve ser abordado como uma oportunidade para reduzir a pobreza das populações realojadas, melhorando as suas condições de vida e partilhando os benefícios do projecto que as obrigou ao deslocamento. Esta questão é um problema global de desenvolvimento e de direitos humanos, obrigando os governos e a comunidade internacional a adoptarem soluções e a assumirem responsabilidades de acordo com as normas internacionais vigentes. A capacidade reivindicativa dos movimentos de resistência é cada vez maior na tentativa de resistir ao realojamento ou de obter melhores condições para o realojamento. O deslocamento não é contudo uma consequência inevitável do desenvolvimento, assim como o realojamento não implica necessariamente empobrecimento. Melhores condições de vida, novos direitos e empowerment podem traduzir-se nos resultados de uma estratégia de realojamento com desenvolvimento.<br>The study concerns with a relatively understudied category of forced migration development-induced displacement. Over 10 million people are displaced by development projects each year. Displacements have reached a magnitude and frequency that gives to this issue a worldwide relevance and requires policy-guided and humanized solutions. The effects are felt essentially over developing countries and amongst socially and economically vulnerable groups. While economic development is essential to improve people^ living conditions, in those instances where displacement is unavoidable, it may results in substantial and multifaceted risks of impoverishment for the affected people, restricting their abílity to make life choices. Displacement has been viewed as a sacrifice to be made for the greater good of the nation, which is generally used by States to justify forced displacement. People displaced by development initiatives have usually not benefit from them. This paper intends to frame and analyse the key debates on development-induced displacement in developing countries, opening with a theoretical approach to forced migration, its nature, causes and consequences. The international guidelines and policies that apply to resettlement, the limitations of cost-benefit analysis applied to development project and the theoretical contributions for an appropriate resettlement programme are also main issues. The absence of livelihood reconstruction affecting the millions who have been displaced and disrupted may lead development to create poverty rather than alleviating it, thus creating the enabling environment for resistance, a major issue within the development-induced displacement debate. Although goal, should be to find alternatives that cause minimal displacement, when unavoidable, displacement should be treated as an opportunity to proactively reduce the poverty, improving livelihoods and ensuring that people displaced are treated equitably and can shares the benefits of project that requires their resettlement. Development induced displacement has become a global human rights and development problem, urging governments and international community to find solutions and to think about their responsibilities with respect to displacement in light of international standards. Resistance movements are increasing either to resist resettlement implementation or to gain advantage for improving resettlement projects. Displacement is not an inevitable consequence of development project and resettlement does not necessarily results in Impoverishment. Improved livelihoods, new rights and empowerment could become a major outcome of a resettlement with a development strategy.<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Hall, Nina W. T. "Moving beyond their mandates? : how international organizations are responding to climate change." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:314bd087-30a1-454b-a67a-7270b8544b93.

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Inter-governmental organisations (IGOs) are given mandates by states to perform particular tasks: from refugee protection to the management of migration to promoting development. As new global challenges arise, such as climate change, these organisations must decide whether to ignore them or change in response. But what drives inter-governmental organisations to move beyond their mandates, if it is not their member states? International Relations offers a limited account of if and how they will respond to new issue areas. Principal-agent theory treats IGOs as units with fixed preferences to expand and maximise their tasks and scope (Hawkins et al. 2006; Nielson and Tierney 2003; Pollack 2003). Meanwhile, sociological institutionalism argues that IOs are driven by a logic of appropriateness and staff will only support expansion if it fits coherently with their organisational identity and culture (Barnett and Coleman 2005). I build on these two theories and propose that IGO behaviour should be explained by organisational type. IGOs exist along a spectrum from normative to functional ideal-types. Normative IGOs have supervisory status over a body of international law, seek moral legitimacy and follow a logic of appropriateness. Functional IGOs are projectised organisations which seek pragmatic legitimacy and adopt a logic of consequences. I illustrate how IGO type interacts with the status of the new issue area to determine the timing, nature and extent of organisational change. I focus on the responses to climate change of three inter-governmental organisations: the United Nations High Commission for Refugees, a normative organisation; the International Organisation for Migration, a functional organisation; and the United Nations Development Programme, a hybrid organisation. IGO type has important implications for IR scholars and policy-makers as we look to these institutions to provide global solutions to global issues such as climate change, migration, refugees and development.
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Chun, Jane M. "Livelihoods under stress : household assets and responses to environmental change in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:db88c118-2287-46aa-8793-37b764f38047.

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This thesis is a response to broad stroked claims that climate change and sea-level rise will cause mass displacements in areas such as the Mekong Delta. Instead, I argue for a more nuanced approach to understanding vulnerability and household response measures in contexts of environmental stress, and highlight the importance of deciphering differentiations of vulnerability across households of varying characteristics. I propose that in this way, by empirically understanding differentiated household vulnerabilities and response measures to stress rather than focusing on one type of stressor (environmental change) and response (migration), we would be better positioned to holistically address the root causes of vulnerability. To this end, I take a micro household-level approach, using an asset vulnerability framework, to assess the role of various household assets in mediating vulnerability and resilience in the rural Mekong Delta context. As a result, we are able to understand the interactions of numerous elements, including the effects of environmental stress and mobility decision-making processes, within the context of household asset profiles, which are in turn shaped by the broader political ecology. The main findings of this study furthermore include the ‘counterintuitive’ role of environmental stress, where it is found to be one of many stressors, often paling in comparison to the pressure of others. In the process of analysing resettlement outcomes, we encounter the process of vulnerability shifts, whereby some vulnerabilities are alleviated while others are increased as a result of resettlement. Finally, in terms of the link between environmental change and migration, a direct relationship is found to be tenuous. Instead, the key drivers, deterrents, and facilitators of migration are identified, pointing to the significance of assets and their role in shaping mobility decisions and outcomes for households. This leads us to not only think about those who move, but also those who do not have the option to move as a result of their poor asset profiles.
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EMEL, EMETALLAH ZERROUK. "LAND GRABBING AND WATER GRABBING INDUCED DISPLACEMENT AND RESISTANCE IN REFORMING MYANMAR." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/199477.

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Kyoto University (京都大学)<br>0048<br>新制・課程博士<br>博士(地球環境学)<br>甲第19153号<br>地環博第128号<br>新制||地環||26(附属図書館)<br>32104<br>京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻<br>(主査)教授 舟川 晋也, 准教授 真常 仁志, 准教授 橋本 禅, 准教授 ジェーン シンガー<br>学位規則第4条第1項該当
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16

Brubaker, Rebecca A. "From the un-mixing to the re-mixing of peoples : understanding the quest to 'reverse ethnic cleansing' in Bosnia." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:dc72fdbd-1ee0-4396-8139-f6e296aa9d4c.

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This dissertation focuses on international actors' response to the ethnic cleansing perpetrated during the 1992 – 1995 Bosnian War. The work illuminates the multilateral attempt to reverse one of the outcomes of ethnic cleansing following the war, through the return of displaced people. The policy emphasis on "re-mixing" people, interpreted through a strategy of minority returns, and supported and coordinated on an international scale, was unprecedented. This dissertation asks: why did powerful states and international organizations pursue a re-mixing policy as a response to ethnic cleansing in Bosnia? At first glance, the choice seems counterintuitive. The policy was expensive. Post-1989, the West no longer needed "to keep Yugoslavia afloat." Furthermore, reversal required a degree and duration of international involvement that, at the time, was thought to be politically, militarily, and financially impossible. There are two existing explanations for this surprising phenomenon: international moralism and norm evolutionism. International moralists posit that international actors were moved to re-mix Bosnians out of a sense of guilt. Norm evolutionists argue that international norms governing appropriate responses to ethnic cleansing have shifted during the twentieth century towards support for re-mixing. In contrast to these two dominant views, this dissertation argues that the re-mixing policy initially emerged as a practical fix to a series of pressing, context-specific political challenges. State policymakers justified the re-mixing policy, however, on normative grounds. Though not the original incentive for action, international organizations on the ground then adopted the policy, empowered by states' normative justifications and thereby transformed the political rhetoric into concrete action. This dissertation corrects a common assumption that the origins and motivations behind the re-mixing policy were normative in nature, it contributes to a better understanding of how normative discourses emerge, mature, and transform into policy and it offers policy recommendations based on lessons learnt from this important and seemingly contradictory case.
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Romola, Adeola. "State responsibility to prevent development-induced displacements – implementing article 10 of the Kampala Convention." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/37394.

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Bapat, Nikhil D. "Development of Sound Presentation System (SPS) for Characterization of Sound Induced Displacements in Tympanic Membranes." Digital WPI, 2011. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/1187.

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The conventional methods for diagnosing pathological conditions of the tympanic membrane (TM) and other abnormalities require measuring its motion to an acoustic excitation for its use in a clinical environment. To obtain comprehensive quantitative diagnostic information from the motion of the entire surface of the TM, it is necessary to devise an integrated system capable of accurately recording the motion and induce an acoustic stimulus. To accomplish this goal, a sound presentation system (SPS) capable of impinging acoustic stimulus in the frequency range of 20Hz to 8 kHz at known amplitudes is synthesized in this thesis. This system is then integrated with optoelectronic digital holographic system (OEDHO) which utilizes laser interferometry to record and reconstruct phase shifted images with the help of a digital camera. The OEDHO is capable of accurately recording nanometer scale motion of the TM. The preliminary design of the SPS depends on the physical dimensions of the human ear, such as the diameter of the TM (6-9mm), depth of the ear canal (about 30mm), and also dimensions of the OEDHO system such as: diameter of tip of the otoscope head for optical access (8mm), and possible locations for integration with the OEDHO. The characteristics of the system are based on the intensity of the acoustic stimulus necessary to vibrate the TM (90-110dB SPL), and method of impinging the stimulus. To accomplish this goal, the nature of sound wave propagation through a circular pipe with known dimensions is analyzed analytically, experimentally, and by using finite element analysis (FEA). The pipe is further investigated for optimum parameters using FEA by introducing changes in the diameter (3.8mm, 6mm, 10mm), length of the pipe (30mm, 60mm, 90mm), radius of the curvature (50mm, 75mm, 100mm), and strength of the sound power source (0.2W, 0.4W, 0.6W). The comparative results provide guidelines for the design of the first version of the SPS (SPS_V1). The SPS_V1 consists of a symmetric design to impinge the acoustic stimulus towards the TM and a microphone to measure the sound pressure at the TM. The system is capable of housing a range of speakers from 2mm to 15mm in diameter. The SPS_V1 can directly interface with the standard medical speculums used for human ear testing. Also, the system is capable of interfacing with all available versions of the OEDHO. The SPS_V1 is currently being evaluated in a medical-research environment to address basic otological questions regarding TM function. The performance characterization of the system inside an artificial ear canal with two different speaker configurations is herein shown, and the potential improvements and utilization are discussed
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Hulli, Nesim. "Development of an optoelectronic holographic otoscope system for characterization of sound-induced displacements in tympanic membranes." Worcester, Mass. : Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 2009. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-011309-095519/.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Worcester Polytechnic Institute.<br>Keywords: tympanic membrane; optoelectronic holography; otoscope; stroboscopic holography; interferometry. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 62-68).
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20

Ní, Ghráinne Bríd Áine. "Challenges in the relationship between the protection of internally displaced persons and international refugee law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5535d05d-aa56-477c-8553-33316d297e0d.

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Internally Displaced Persons ('IDPs') outnumber refugees by two to one and often have the same fears, needs and wants as refugees recognised as such under international law. However, refugee status entails international protection, while IDPs are left to the protection of their own state, which may, but by no means necessarily, be the very entity that has forced them to flee in the first place. In recent years, there have been significant developments in the realm of IDP protection. This includes the conclusion of two regional treaties on the protection of IDPs, the development of relevant soft law instruments, and the reformed 'Cluster Approach' of humanitarian response. Although the increased focus on IDP protection is a welcome development, the UNHCR has expressed the fear that 'activities for the internally displaced may be (mis)interpreted as obviating the need for international protection and asylum.' This thesis represents the first legal analysis of the relationship between the protection of IDPs and International Refugee Law. It will discuss five key challenges in this respect. First, the challenge of drawing the attention of the international community to the plight of IDPs; second, the challenge of developing an appropriate framework for the protection of IDPs; third, the challenge of ensuring that internal protection is not interpreted as a substitute for asylum; fourth; the challenge of determining the relationship between complementary protection and internal displacement; and fifth, the challenge of ensuring that IDP protection in an inter-agency context does not trigger the application of Article 1D of the Refugee Convention, rendering the Convention inapplicable to the recipients of that protection. This thesis will conclude by setting out the future challenges in the relationship between IDP protection and International Refugee Law, by identifying questions left open for further research, and by illustrating the overall impact and importance of this thesis' findings.
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Morvaridi, Behrooz. "Rights and development-induced displacement: risk management or social protection?" 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5851.

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Smithen, Caitlin. "Development-induced displacement and resettlement : a narrative inquiry into the experiences of community members physically displaced from a farm to a town in Mpumalanga, South Africa." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/15553.

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Although expected to be beneficial to society, development projects, such as dam construction and mining, often result in the physical displacement of marginalized groups. This is known as Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement (DIDR) and often has far-reaching negative consequences for the affected peoples (APS). These include further marginalization, increased poverty, identity deprivation and socio-psychological stress. While decades of knowledge inform theory and practice on the mitigation of these consequences, the psycho-socio-cultural (PSC) impoverishment that may result from DIDR is often left unaddressed. Furthermore, qualitative knowledge of the experiences of people affected by DIDR is lacking. This research study aimed to produce an in-depth understanding of how DIDR affects the PSC well-being and identity construction of APS. The research took the form of a qualitative case study, whereby a social constructionist, narrative method of inquiry was used to analyse and gather data. This involved undertaking in-depth, individual interviews with a small sample of APS who had been resettled from a farm to a town in Mpumalanga by a mining house. Briefly, it was found that, contrary to the prevalent finding that DIDR causes further impoverishment, the resettlement actually resulted in development for the APS and as such enhanced their PSC well-being and contributed positively to their identity construction. However, the complexity inherent in resettlement was highlighted, as the participants revealed that the resettlement had not come without some socio-economic costs. It is believed that the findings from this study will complement existing knowledge on DIDR, and inform the design and implementation of Relocation Action Plans (RAPs) that better mitigate the negative PSC effects of DIDR.
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Willemse, Emma Wilhelmina. "The phenomenon of displacement in contemporary society and its manifestation in contemporary visual art." Diss., 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/4343.

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As an alternative to existing research which states that the phenomenon of displacement resists theorisation because of its complex nature, this study conducts a Phenomenological examination of the nature of displacement in which the interlinked losses in the key concepts of the consciousness of the displaced, namely Memory, Land and home and Identity, are navigated. It is shown that the current consciousness of society mimics these losses with the effect of displacement being experienced as a state of mind by contemporary society. By comparing selected artworks of artists Rachel Whiteread and Cornelia Parker, it is established that although manifested in diverse ways, contemporary artworks reflect displacement according to a set of broadly defined visual signifiers. The visual documentation of a site of displacement in the North West Province of South Africa and subsequently produced artworks underline these findings and highlight the elusive attributes of loss inherent in the displacement phenomenon.<br>Art History, Visual Arts & Musicology<br>M.A. (Visual Arts)
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Düring, Daniël Nicolas. "The legal protection of cross-border climate-induced displaced persons in Southern Africa / Daniël Nicolas Düring." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/11543.

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The purpose of this study is to determine the extent to which existing law could provide a legal basis for the protection of cross-border, climate change displaced persons, with a particular focus on Southern Africa. Before such an analysis can be made, however, it is important first to determine what climate change displacement exactly implies. By means of integrating and refining existing legal terminology and ideas the study attempts to disentangle the international contention on the subject and proposes that individuals who are forced from their countries of habitual residence as a reaction primarily to climatic push factors which pose an existential threat to their right to life are most in need of protection and may be referred to as cross-border climate change displaced persons. As climate change displacement is expected to occur primarily on the sub-regional geopolitical level of governance, the inclusion of regional, AU, and sub-regional, SADC, elements is important for the practical feasibility of this study. Southern Africa's particular vulnerability to the effects of climate change, making the advent of large numbers of climate change displaced persons in the area a reasonable prediction for the future, further justifies this study's chosen scope. After analysing the different legal branches of refugee law, human rights law and environmental law for each geopolitical level of governance referred to, this study concludes that: While there are several potential provisions in law that could provide protection to persons displaced by climate change, a sufficient protection framework can be derived only from the composite characteristics of different branches of law. Therefore, it is recommended that a matrix approach is followed when providing legal protection to climate change displaced persons. Because different fields of law provide more prominent protection in different spheres of governance, it is also recommended that the configuration of a legal protection matrix be adjustable to particular circumstances. It is therefore suggested that a legal protection mechanism is developed for each geopolitical sphere, and that different mechanisms are coordinated internationally.<br>LLM (Environmental Law and Governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014
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