Journal articles: 'Development, Poverty, Feminization of poverty, Microcred'

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Nwaoduh, E. "Feminization of poverty: the Nigerian account." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Sociology, no. 7 (2016): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2413-7979/7.119.

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The paper is an attempt at contributing to the on-going debate on feminization of poverty by discussing the concept of feminization poverty in Nigeria. Women in Nigeria cannot be seen as a minority group and anything (as poverty is the case here) that is a challenges to them as a group should not be neglected as it has and will continue to have tremendous negative effects on the development of the country. Prior to this time, many poverty alleviation programs which are highlighted in the work have been initiated by several governments and they achieved some successes although to a larger extent due to poor implementation and corruption they failed as is evident in the level of poverty in Nigeria. The research elucidates the causes, effects and consequences of women's poverty in Nigeria. Some of the causes discussed include limited access to resources that help women escape from poverty; low income and work discrimination; lack of access to good health care services and socio-cultural exclusions. While some of the effects include poor health and health care access; inadequate food and poor nutrition; lack or poor quality of education; limited access to information and technological development. Several remedies such as increasing the productive capacity of women through access to Economic resources, information and technical assistance, which will increase their income and improve nutrition, education, health care and status within the household were also brought into perspective. Recommendations were made to all concerned groups - the women, men and government agencies and apparatuses, one of which includes: the availability of skill acquisition programs, which should be free and accessible for women especially those in the rural area should be organised, by the government, non-governmental agencies, and well-meaning philanthropists. It was concluded that the structure of the Nigeria society gives room for female poverty.

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Lloyd], [Cynthia B., Gertrude Schaffner Goldberg, and Eleanor Kremen. "The Feminization of Poverty: Only in America?" Population and Development Review 17, no. 3 (September 1991): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1971962.

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Mohanty, Priyakrushna, and Anu Chandran. "Poverty Alleviation and Women Empowerment through Tourism Development – an Explorative Study of Model Ventures." Atna - Journal of Tourism Studies 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.12727/ajts.19.5.

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Although research on tourism, poverty alleviation and women empowerment are being carried out extensively, integrative studies linking all three aspects are scant. This paper is an attempt to bridge the existing gap in the literature by connecting the concepts of tourism-driven poverty alleviation and gender empowerment through tourism and feminization of poverty.

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Benjamin, Saranel. "The Feminization of Poverty in Post-Apartheid South Africa." Journal of Developing Societies 23, no. 1-2 (January 2007): 175–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x0602300211.

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Marcoux, Alain. "The Feminization of Poverty: Claims, Facts, and Data Needs." Population and Development Review 24, no. 1 (March 1998): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2808125.

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Denisova, Irina, and Marina Kartseva. "Gender poverty gap in Russia: absolute vs. multidimensional concepts." Woman in russian society, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 138–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21064/winrs.2020.2.12.

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Poverty is rather high in contemporary Russia: every eighth Russian was poor according to the official statistics in 2018. Fighting poverty is among the top strategic development goals for the period till 2024. The paper studies gender disparities in poverty among Russian adults. Better understanding of gender structure of poverty in Russia would facilitate poverty reduction via better targeting and better tailoring of policy instruments. We utilize micro data of the Survey of income and social program participation by Rosstat as of 2017 for our statistical analysis. Two alternative poverty concepts are used: absolute income poverty (the official methodology of poverty measurement in Russia) and poverty risk and social exclusion index (the key component of poverty monitoring indicator in the EU). The latter index is a composition of relative poverty and deprivation poverty measures. Our results indicate that, on average, there is no gender poverty gap in Russia when absolute poverty concept is used: poverty rates among males and females are the same on average. Hence, we find no statistical support to the widely used by the media thesis of poverty feminization in Russia. Absolute poverty rate, however, is found to vary significantly across different gender-age groups: absolute income poverty among females is higher than among males in young and senior ages, while males are poorer in mid-age groups. When multiple criteria definition of poverty and social exclusion (AROPE) is applied, we find clear signs of feminization of poverty in Russia. Multidimensional poverty is much higher among females, and this is observed in all age groups. The highest gender poverty gap is observed in senior ages. The age-gender poverty structure changes dramatically when we move from absolute poverty concept to the multidimensional one: we observe higher share of females in poverty, and higher share of senior people in poverty. The key determinants of higher multidimensional poverty of females is their relatively (to males) lower wages, and relatively lower pensions.

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Fidel Ezeala-Harrison. "Black feminization of poverty: evidence from the U.S. cross-regional data." Journal of Developing Areas 44, no. 1 (2010): 149–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jda.0.0084.

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Tarkowska, Elzbieta. "Intra-household gender inequality: hidden dimensions of poverty among Polish women." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 35, no. 4 (December 1, 1997): 411–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-067x(02)00028-4.

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This paper challenges recent findings from quantitative studies of poverty in post-communist countries which deny the existence of gender differences in poverty in post 1989 Poland. The author uncovers hidden forms of the feminization of poverty by studying it from the micro-perspective of the family and the household. This perspective highlights gender differences in the division of labor, leisure time, as well as the fact that it is women’s primary responsibility to secure the basic needs of the family. This study presents strong evidence for a variety of ways in which men and women experience and endure poverty differently in an impoverished area in Poland, a fact which is associated with the role of culture, history and tradition in shaping gendered patterns of reaction towards poverty and hardship. The paper is based on the content analysis of in-depth interviews collected during a field research conducted within the project “Old and new forms of poverty in Poland” (1997–1998) and “Poverty, Ethnicity, and Gender inTransitional Societies (1999–2000).

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Martínez, Oscar, Itzel Dueñas, and Monika Meireles. "Austerity Policies, Public Expenditure, and Development from a Gender Perspective: What Is the Status of Mexican and Brazilian Women?" Panoeconomicus 67, no. 3 (2020): 385–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan2003385m.

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This article examines the impact of austerity policies on gender inequality in Mexico and Brazil. More specifically, it seeks to discuss the need to reconcile public expenditure with a development strategy that actually includes a gender perspective. The feminization of poverty is of particular interest, as it is the basis upon which we try to outline the socioeconomic conditions in which Mexican and Brazilian women live with regards to progress, setbacks, and challenges. Thus, a brief explanation of the term austerity is provided with the purpose of reflecting on the limitations and opportunities that public expenditure might have in terms of gender inequality. Then, basic economic statistics concerning the dynamics of economic growth and public expenditure are included and certain key variables revolving around gender gaps in both countries are examined. Finally, we offer a diagnosis of the consequences of poverty on the female population in order to identify the leeway that public expenditure focused on gender should have for the most vulnerable population sector. The purpose is to promote development policies based on greater equality. In summary, as a result of the study, we observe that public expenditure intended at fighting against poverty (female-male) had considerable success in the case of Brazil, but not in the case of Mexico. However, in both countries, the recent deepening of austerity policies could limit the efforts of public expenditure on the feminization of poverty in particular, and on gender inequalities in general.

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Jones, John Paul, and Janet E. Kodras. "Restructured Regions and Families: The Feminization of Poverty in the U.S." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 80, no. 2 (June 1990): 163–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1990.tb00286.x.

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Klasen, Stephan, Tobias Lechtenfeld, and Felix Povel. "A Feminization of Vulnerability? Female Headship, Poverty, and Vulnerability in Thailand and Vietnam." World Development 71 (July 2015): 36–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.11.003.

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Richardson, Ernescia M. Torbert, and M. Loreto Martinez. "Neighborhood Context and the Development of African American Children: Children of Poverty, Studies on the Effects of Single Parenthood, the Feminization of Poverty, and Homelessness." Journal of Negro Education 72, no. 2 (2003): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3211175.

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Desperak, Iza, and Martyna Krogulec. "Badania, herstoria i praca kobiet — od PRL do dziś. Szkic do historii socjologii pracy kobiet." Górnośląskie Studia Socjologiczne. Seria Nowa 11 (September 22, 2020): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/gss_sn.2020.11.10.

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The article intends to sketch history of sociology of women’s work, and focuses on transition between the Polish People’s Republic and contemporary Poland. It describes main patterns of development of study on women at work, with its peak in the 1960s and 1970s, than marginalization of this subject, and its revival in transition period. The analysis is supported by the first results of Łódź multidisciplinary research project aiming to describe history of women’s work and research on it conducted by the University of Łódź and the Institute of Occupational Medicine. It also includes new research conducted by historians, and its multidisciplinary character is supported by some non-academic participants of the project, including museums and local herstory movement. Łódź has been chosen for its long tradition of feminization of workforce, and great bulk of research on working women, both in the past and during transition period, including new phenomena of unemployment, then feminization of poverty and precarious character of today’s work affecting also women.

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Movchun, Svetlana. "DEVELOPMENT OF THE GENDER COMPONENT IN THE PENSION SYSTEM IN UKRAINE." Scientific Notes of Ostroh Academy National University, "Economics" Series 1, no. 19(47) (December 17, 2020): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2311-5149-2020-19(47)-86-93.

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According to estimates of the demographic situation in Ukraine and in the world as a whole, the majority of elderly people are women, which is one of the aspects of gender characteristics. At the same time, at the age of women, they face problems, inappropriate for men, in almost all spheres of life, including employment and retirement. In this context, the spread of feminization of poverty among older age groups encourages the reform of the pension system in order to achieve its gender neutrality. The article identifies gender inconsistencies in the modern pension system of Ukraine compared to EU countries. Based on the elucidation of the essence of gender budgeting, the expediency of improving the domestic pension system by developing its gender component has been proved. This will not only help solve the problem of proper social protection, but will also serve as an important basis for building the country’s investment potential.

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Lerman, Zvi. "Gender gaps in Central Asia: A reassessment[1]." Central Asian Journal of Water Research 7, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 47–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.29258/cajwr/2021-r1.v7-2/47-73.eng.

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The article reviews the latest available statistical information on gender inequalities in labor markets and in access to financial institutions, social services, and education. After a general review of agricultural development, household food security and rural poverty, population structure, and labor outmigration in Central Asia, the article examines the women’s role in the labor market, including both formal and informal female employment, the feminization of agriculture in the region, gender gaps in education and wages, and constraints on women’s access to extension services and land ownership. It is observed that women’s asset ownership rights and their access to supply and product markets are constrained by social norms. The article concludes with some conclusions and policy recommendations. This reassessment is designed to strengthen the qualitative approaches of the gender literature with some quantitative approaches from agricultural and development economics.

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محرم, إبراهیم, سمیر الشاذلی, مازن برکات, and محمد البسیونی. "FEMINIZATION OF POVERTY IN THE LIGHT OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS AND EGYPTIAN SOCIAL REALITY تأنیث الفقر فى ضوء مؤشرات التنمیة البشریة والواقع الاجتماعی الریفی." Journal of Agricultural Economics and Social Sciences 3, no. 8 (August 1, 2012): 1195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jaess.2012.45226.

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Taddei, Arianna. "Empowerment journeys of women with disabilities: A case-study." EDUCATION SCIENCES AND SOCIETY, no. 1 (July 2019): 225–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ess1-2019oa7823.

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Social inclusion of women with disabilities is currently an extremely complex challenge, an educational emergency, which mainly involves Special Education. The development of the international normative framework did not help the majority of women with disabilities, who are still socially underprivileged and are often victims of multi-discrimination, which is part of an extensive process of feminization of poverty.  Starting from the above mentioned daunting overview, the article aims at contributing to the debate on the need to reinforce a theoretical and methodological framework of interpretation. Such framework should be able to link the conditions of gender and disability together, thus pursuing an emancipating perspective. The article aspires to reflect on potential perspectives of social development, combining and balancing social protection elements with educational and employment opportunities through empowerment processes designed for women with disabilities. Such reflection will move its steps from the case-study on a journey of social and employment inclusion embraced by women with disabilities living in the difficult context of Gaza Strip

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Domanski, Henryk. "Is the East European “underclass” feminized?" Communist and Post-Communist Studies 35, no. 4 (December 1, 1997): 383–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-067x(02)00027-2.

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Results of national surveys carried out in East-European countries convincingly showed that after the fall of communism the gender gap in earnings remained substantial. Following the same analytical framework here I explore a range of issues concerning the gender gap in membership in what I define as the “underclass” in 6 post-communist societies. The basic question is to determine whether or not such a gap exits. I find considerable cross-national variation in the odds of female/male membership in the underclass: women in Poland, Russia and Hungary appear to be most heavily over-represented in this category, while in Bulgaria and Slovakia, the effect of gender does not exist. In addition, the explanation for this gap cannot be found in the intergenerational transmission of poverty, in differences in marital status, and other social–demographic attributes commonly employed in quantitative studies. It is only the lower educational status of women, living in rural areas, and older age, which significantly interact with relatively higher representation of women in the underclass. After controlling for several characteristics of a person's socio–economic position I found that in four countries, namely in Poland, Russia, Romania and Hungary, a statistically significant net effect of gender remains which provides solid evidence for the feminization of the underclass in these societies.

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Khader, Serene. "Passive Empowerment." Philosophical Topics 46, no. 2 (2018): 141–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philtopics201846216.

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In a world where paid work is touted as a development panacea, empowering women has started to look a lot like burdening them. I argue here that this burdening of women is a predictable result of the conception of empowerment as choice or agency. Dominant conceptions of empowerment characterize empowerment as the increase in a person’s ability to do what they choose. Yet conditions of gender equality and poverty structure women’s options such that choosing (among unacceptable alternatives), doing (too much), and doing more (than men) are often both women’s best option and modes of disempowerment. Seeing the way increased agency can be disempowering requires shifting away from the view that social structures disempower by constraining individual agency. We instead need a conception of power as a constraint on individual action to a conception of power as structuring the field of available actions in ways that affect the relative position of social groups. Through a discussion of the gender division of labor and the feminization of responsibility, I argue that a more feminist conception of empowerment will weaken the link between empowerment and individual agency.

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Henry, Paulette. "Rural Women Farmers and Sustainable Livelihoods in Guyana." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 9, no. 08 (August 8, 2021): 666–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v9i8.sh02.

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Rural women in agriculture are legitimized women as productive stakeholders through a process that documents the various roles have played in rural agriculture, the rural economy, and food security. Accounting for 43% of the world’s agricultural labor force, women are important actors in the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 2 particularly in reducing poverty especially among women, and improving food security. This quantitative study has shown that women have combined their roles in varying fields of agriculture using their income to take care of families while contributing to the economy and food security. Their contributions however are underrecognized due to the gender disparities in the investments made to their male peers in the same business. This may be due to the feminization of rural agriculture coupled with many women not having the literacies required to negotiate the demands of land or loan acquisition and the technical skills to move beyond subsistence agriculture. Notwithstanding, rural women farmers earn income that helps to guarantee the basic livelihoods of their families and contribute to community food security. However, rural women farmers also have limited financial and technical capabilities to conserve their surpluses and increase their economic well-being. Investments by national governments must be made to rural agriculture with specific recognition towards the advancement of women farmers.

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Dery, Isaac. "ACCESS TO AND CONTROL OVER LAND AS GENDERED: CONTEXTUALIZING WOMENâ€™S ACCESS AND OWNERSHIP RIGHTS OF LAND IN RURAL GHANA." Africanus: Journal of Development Studies 45, no. 2 (June 7, 2016): 28–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/0304-615x/1044.

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Womenâ€™s access to and control over productive resources, including land, has increasingly been recognized in global discussions as a key factor in reducing poverty, ensuring food security and promoting gender equality. Indeed, this argument has been widely accepted by both feminists and development theorists since the 1980s. Based on qualitative research with 50 purposively selected men and women, this study explored the complexity of womenâ€™s access to and control over land within a specific relationship of contestations, negotiations, and manipulations with men. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. While theoretically, participants showed that womenâ€™s [secure] access to and control over land has beneficial consequences to women themselves, households and the community at large, in principle, women's access and control status was premised in the traditional framework which largely deprives women, equal access and/or control over the land. The study indicates that even though land is the most revered resource and indeed, the dominant source of income for the rural poor, especially women, gender-erected discrimination and exclusion lie at the heart of many rural women in gaining access to land. This study argues that women's weak access rights and control over land continue to perpetuate the feminization of gender inequalityâ€“while men were reported to possess primary access and control over land as the heads of households, women were argued to have secondary rights due to their â€˜stranger statusesâ€™ in their husbandsâ€™ families. Overall, the degree of access to land among women was reported to be situated within two broad contextsâ€“marriage and inheritance.

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Haryono, Dedi, Darsono Wisadirana, and Anif Fatma Chawa. "Strategi Pemberdayaan Komunitas Perempuan Miskin Berbasis Agribisnis." Dimas: Jurnal Pemikiran Agama untuk Pemberdayaan 18, no. 1 (October 16, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/dms.2018.181.2897.

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The feminization of poverty is one of the major issues in the implementation of development in the Provincial Government of East Java. The main problem is centered on the helplessness and vulnerability in groups of poor and very poor. Approach to empowering the female head of households to develop productive business by utilizing local potential is expected to be one of the alternative solutions to solve the problem of poverty. Various problems that arise later in the implementation to running empowerment of female households head is starting from limited access to working capital, low levels of formal education members, lack of knowledge (soft skills and hard skills), time constraints in dividing roles in the family and work, lack of trust for women doing self actualization, and low self reliance in the decision making process is a real obstacle faced in developing empowerment. The results of this study are as follows; the pattern of the active participation of poor women is needed to overcome the inhibiting factors and optimize a contributing factor in the empowerment process, the strategy of community empowerment of poor women by establishing the Agribusiness Microfinance Institutions (LKMA) and overall support of stakeholders for members of the group community empowerment consisting of poor female head of households. Feminisasi kemiskinan merupakan salah satu isu utama dalam pelaksanaan pembangunan di lingkungan Pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Timur. Masalah utama difokuskan pada ketidakberdayaan dan kerentanan pada golongan penduduk miskin dan sangat miskin pada kelompok kepala rumah tangga perempuan. Pendekatan pemberdayaan kelompok kepala rumah tangga perempuan tersebut untuk mengembangkan usaha produktif dengan memanfaatkan potensi lokal diharapkan menjadi salah satu alternatif pemecahan masalah kemiskinan. Berbagai permasalahan yang muncul kemudian pada pelaksanaan pemberdayaan kelompok kepala rumah tangga perempuan adalah dimulai dari keterbatasan akses terhadap modal kerja, rendahnya tingkat pendidikan formal anggota, keterbatasan pengetahuan (soft skill) dan keterampilan (hard skill), keterbatasan waktu dalam membagi peran dalam keluarga dan pekerjaan, kurangnya rasa percaya diri perempuan dalam beraktualisasi, dan rendahnya kemandirian dalam proses pengambilan keputusan merupakan hambatan yang nyata dihadapi dalam mengembangkan usaha pemberdayaan. Hasil penelitian ini menyatakan bahwa bentuk dan pola partisipasi aktif perempuan miskin sangat diperlukan untuk mengatasi faktor penghambat dan mengoptimalkan faktor pendukung dalam proses pemberdayaan, strategi pemberdayaan komunitas perempuan miskin dengan mendirikan Lembaga Keuangan Mikro Agribisnis (LKMA) dan dukungan menyeluruh pihak pemangku kepentingan (stakeholders) kepada anggota kelompok pemberdayaan yang terdiri dari kepala rumah tangga perempuan miskin.

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Smith, Dennis, William Outhwaite, Neil Lazarus, Anna Dempsey, Michel Peillon, John Gaffney, Mike Savage, et al. "Book Reviews: Confessions of a Reluctant Theorist, Frameworks of Power, Jean Baudrillard: From Marxism to Postmodernism and Beyond, The Sublime Object of Ideology, Understanding Contemporary Ireland: State, Class and Development in the Republic of Ireland, History and Ethnicity, John H. Goldthorpe: Consensus and Controversy, Divided Societies: Class Struggle in Contemporary Capitalism, The Blackcoated Worker: A Study in Class Consciousness, Management and Labour in Europe: The Industrial Enterprise in Germany, Britain and France, Unpacking the Fashion Industry, Feminization of the Labour Force, Women, Crime and Poverty, The Workings of the Household, Literacy and Popular Culture: England 1750–1914, The Hidden Musicians. Music-Making in an English Town, Making Sense of Sport." Sociological Review 39, no. 1 (February 1991): 164–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.1991.tb02975.x.

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Zenebe Ede'o, Amlaksetegn, Jibril Haji Ketebo, and Badassa Wolteji Chala. "Feminization of multidimensional urban poverty in sub‐Saharan Africa: Evidence from selected countries." African Development Review, December 15, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12466.

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Biswal, Surya Narayan, S. K. Mishra, and M. K. Sarangi. "Feminisation of Multidimensional Poverty in Rural Odisha." Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities, no. 5 (November 30, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v12n5.rioc1s12n2.

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UNDP’s 2030 agenda of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) emphasized gender equality in augmenting human capital and alleviating poverty. For eradication of extreme poverty and building resilience for persons who are vulnerable to poverty, SDGs calls for a pro-poor and gender-sensitive policy framework. In this context, a gender-based study on multi-dimensional aspects of poverty is highly significant. Extant literature reveals that females are more deprived in different dimensions of poverty such as education, health, living standard, empowerment, environment, autonomy and social relationship. The present study is conducted with the basic objective of examining feminization of poverty in rural areas of Jagatsinghapur district of Odisha. Seven socio-economic dimensions comprising sixteen indicators have been taken into consideration to construct the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) using the Alkire-Foster (AF) Method at the individual level. The novelty of the study lies in analyzing MPI at the individual level for rural Odisha. Higher female deprivation is observed across social groups and all occupation categories except services. Dummy variable regression analysis also supports the major findings of the study. Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function satisfies strict first-order stochastic dominance condition and substantiates the feminisation of poverty at each level of poverty cut-off across all social groups and occupational categories except for services. The findings of the study have significant implications for developing suitable policies for gender equalization and poverty alleviation.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Development, Poverty, Feminization of poverty, Microcred'

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