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Journal articles on the topic 'Developmental quotient'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Wiley, Susan, Jareen Meinzen-Derr, and Daniel Choo. "Auditory Skills Development among Children with Developmental Delays and Cochlear Implants." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 117, no. 10 (October 2008): 711–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348940811701001.

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Objectives: We sought to understand auditory skills outcomes in young children with cochlear implants and developmental delay. Methods: Children who received cochlear implants at less than 36 months of age were identified via chart review. Their postimplant auditory skills outcomes were measured with the Auditory Skills Checklist. Results: Of 35 children who received cochlear implants before the age of 36 months, 14 children (40%) had additional disabilities or some form of developmental delay. The 12-month postimplant data indicated progress in all groups of children. Children with additional disabilities had the same rate of auditory skills progress as children with no additional disabilities (β = 9.3 versus 9.3; p = 0.5). However, the children with additional disabilities tended to start at a lower baseline skills set (approximately 6 points lower) on the Auditory Skills Checklist. For children with average developmental quotients (at least 80), the rate of progress was twice that of children with a developmental quotient of less than 80, irrespective of a developmental disability (β = 9.9 versus 4.8; p = 0.03). Children with a developmental quotient of less than 80 were less likely to gain skills in discrimination and identification after the first postimplant year. Conclusions: Children with additional disabilities make progress in auditory skills, but may not develop higher auditory skills of identification and comprehension within the first 6 months after implantation. Categorizing children according to a cognitive developmental quotient may provide more predictive ability than does categorizing them by disability type.
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2

Alvares, Gail A., Keely Bebbington, Dominique Cleary, Kiah Evans, Emma J. Glasson, Murray T. Maybery, Sarah Pillar, et al. "The misnomer of ‘high functioning autism’: Intelligence is an imprecise predictor of functional abilities at diagnosis." Autism 24, no. 1 (June 19, 2019): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361319852831.

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‘High functioning autism’ is a term often used for individuals with autism spectrum disorder without an intellectual disability. Over time, this term has become synonymous with expectations of greater functional skills and better long-term outcomes, despite contradictory clinical observations. This study investigated the relationship between adaptive behaviour, cognitive estimates (intelligence quotient) and age at diagnosis in autism spectrum disorder. Participants ( n = 2225, 1–18 years of age) were notified at diagnosis to a prospective register and grouped by presence ( n = 1041) or absence ( n = 1184) of intellectual disability. Functional abilities were reported using the Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales. Regression models suggested that intelligence quotient was a weak predictor of Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales after controlling for sex. Whereas the intellectual disability group’s adaptive behaviour estimates were close to reported intelligence quotients, Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales scores fell significantly below intelligence quotients for children without intellectual disability. The gap between intelligence quotient and Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales scores remained large with increasing age at diagnosis for all children. These data indicate that estimates from intelligence quotient alone are an imprecise proxy for functional abilities when diagnosing autism spectrum disorder, particularly for those without intellectual disability. We argue that ‘high functioning autism’ is an inaccurate clinical descriptor when based solely on intelligence quotient demarcations and this term should be abandoned in research and clinical practice.
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Treut, Laure Le, François Poinso, Pauline Grandgeorge, Elisabeth Jouve, Michel Dugnat, Joshua Sparrow, and Jokthan Guivarch. "Infant psychomotor development in cases of maternal postpartum depression: Observation of a mother and baby unit." Mental Illness 10, no. 1 (May 15, 2018): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mi.2018.7267.

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Studies of the first year of infant psychomotor development in cases of maternal postpartum depression are lacking. The mother and baby unit (MBU) is a healthcare system available to infants and their mothers during the postpartum period in a psychiatric hospital, which provides support and preserves the parent's role in the child's daily care. The aim of the paper is to describe the developmental profile of babies of mothers with severe postpartum depression treated in an MBU through the developmental quotients. Using the Brunet-Lézine scale, we studied six-month-old infants whose mothers were hospitalized. The study population consisted of 15 infants. The mean global developmental quotient score was 96.7. A developmental quotient lower than 80 was not observed for any of the children. We found no global psychomotor developmental delays. Despite this, the posture subscore was the area in which we observed the most difficulties. It is possible that the tonic dialogue between the mother and infant is disrupted by maternal depression.
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4

Kozeis, N., D. Kokkinou, E. Gogaki, and N. Georgiadis. "CPP07 CVI vs. developmental quotient in spastic quadriplegia." European Journal of Paediatric Neurology 11 (September 2007): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1090-3798(08)70419-7.

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5

Kozeis, N., A. Kapsos, and S. Lake. "CPP08 CVI vs. developmental quotient in spastic diplegia." European Journal of Paediatric Neurology 11 (September 2007): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1090-3798(08)70420-3.

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6

Cole, Kevin N., and Susan R. Harris. "INSTABILITY OF THE INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT-MOTOR QUOTIENT RELATIONSHIP." Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 34, no. 7 (November 12, 2008): 633–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1992.tb11494.x.

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7

Kawabe, Kentaro, Shizuka Kondo, Miki Matsumoto, Kanae Seo, Marina Ochi, Yasunori Oka, Fumie Horiuchi, and Shu-ichi Ueno. "Developmental quotient to estimate intelligence in autism spectrum disorder." Pediatrics International 58, no. 10 (June 21, 2016): 963–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ped.12969.

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8

Silver, Stephen J., and Michael K. Clampit. "Corrected confidence intervals for quotients on the WISC-R, by level of quotient." Psychology in the Schools 28, no. 1 (January 1991): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1520-6807(199101)28:1<9::aid-pits2310280103>3.0.co;2-s.

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9

Pathak, Manina, Amanda Bennett, and Amy M. Shui. "Correlates of adaptive behavior profiles in a large cohort of children with autism: The autism speaks Autism Treatment Network registry data." Autism 23, no. 1 (November 2, 2017): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361317733113.

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Children with autism spectrum disorder have deficits in adaptive functioning. This study examines the adaptive behavior, its association with cognitive ability, gender, age, and symptom severity in children with autism spectrum disorder. Using data from Autism Treatment Network registry, the adaptive behavior profiles were examined in 2538 school-aged children (between 5 and 17 years, mean: 8.8 years, standard deviation: 3.0) who had an overall intelligence quotient and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale scores available. The children were grouped according to their intelligence quotient (low intelligence quotient < 70; borderline intelligence quotient = 70–85; average intelligence quotient > 85), age (5–10 and 11–17 years), and gender for the analyses. Significantly lower Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale scores were found in borderline and average intelligence quotient groups when compared to mean intelligence quotient, while an opposite pattern was seen in the low intelligence quotient group, with better adaptive behavior scores than mean intelligence quotient. Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale standard scores were positively correlated with intelligence quotient and poorly associated with autism spectrum disorder severity. Younger children had significantly higher Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale scores. Adjusted comparisons by gender were not significant. Adaptive behavior profiles in the intelligence quotient categories are discussed. This study confirms a positive relationship between adaptive behavior and intellectual function in autism and indicates that children with higher intelligence quotient and older age are specifically impaired, with lower adaptive behavior, highlighting the need for assessment and targeted intervention in these groups. Future directions for research are discussed.
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10

Pinero-Pinto, Elena, María-Luisa Benítez-Lugo, Raquel Chillón-Martínez, Manuel Rebollo-Salas, Lorena-María Bellido-Fernández, and José-Jesús Jiménez-Rejano. "Effects of Massage Therapy on the Development of Babies Born with Down Syndrome." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (May 7, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4912625.

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Objective. To determine the short-term effects of infant massage on the development of Down syndrome babies. Materials and Methods. The study compared two groups (intervention and control), each with 16 babies with Down syndrome between 4 and 8 months old. The variables developmental age and developmental quotient were measured at two distinct time points, at pretest and after 5 weeks, using the Brunet-Lézine Early Childhood Psychomotor Development revised scale. This scale measures the variables of age and development quotient in a partial way (motor, visual-motor coordination, language, and social development) and in a global way. The experimental group received infant massage, applied by the parents, during these 5 weeks, every day for at least 10 minutes. The massage protocol was based on the methodology created by Vimala McClure. The control group received it after 5 weeks. Results. All developmental variables were improved in the experimental group but not in the control group. There were significant differences in developmental age between the two groups, and this outcome was better in the experimental group (p<0.001). The 2-by-2 mixed-model analysis of variance indicates a statistically significant group-by-time interaction for all development quotients, both partial and global (p<0.001), which was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group. Conclusion. Infant massage therapy improves the development of babies with Down syndrome in the short term.
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11

Kozeis, N., A. Felekidis, D. Kokkinou, S. Lake, and E. Aggelidou. "CPP05 Oculomotor function vs. developmental quotient in cerebral palsied children." European Journal of Paediatric Neurology 11 (September 2007): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1090-3798(08)70417-3.

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12

Agostoni, Carlo, Enrica Riva, Sabina Trojan, Roberto Bellù, and Marcello Giovannini. "Docosahexaenoic acid status and developmental quotient of healthy term infants." Lancet 346, no. 8975 (September 1995): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(95)91469-2.

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13

Przysucha, Eryk P., and M. Jane Taylor. "Control of Stance and Developmental Coordination Disorder: The Role of Visual Information." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 21, no. 1 (January 2004): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.21.1.19.

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The purpose of this study was to compare the postural sway profiles of 20 boys with and without Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) on two conditions of a quiet standing task: eyes open and eyes closed. Anterior-posterior (AP) sway, medio-lateral sway (LAT), area of sway, total path length, and Romberg’s quotient were analyzed. When visual information was available, there was no difference between groups in LAT sway or path length. However, boys with DCD demonstrated more AP sway (p < .01) and greater area of sway (p < .03), which resulted in pronounced excursions closer to their stability limits. Analysis of Romberg’s quotient indicated that boys with DCD did not over-rely on visual information.
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14

Kozeis, N., D. Kokkinou, D. Zafeiriou, and N. Georgiadis. "CPP06 Sensory visual function vs. developmental quotient in cerebral palsied children." European Journal of Paediatric Neurology 11 (September 2007): 46–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1090-3798(08)70418-5.

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15

Posfay-Barbe, Klara M., Rémy P. Barbe, Renate Wetterwald, Dominique C. Belli, and Valérie A. McLin. "Parental functioning improves the developmental quotient of pediatric liver transplant recipients." Pediatric Transplantation 17, no. 4 (April 16, 2013): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/petr.12080.

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16

Raggio, Donald J., Twila W. Massingale, and John D. Bass. "Comparison of Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-Survey Form Age Equivalent and Standard Score with the Bayley Mental Development Index." Perceptual and Motor Skills 79, no. 1 (August 1994): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.79.1.203.

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The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-Survey Form standard score, Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-Survey Form age equivalent and Bayley scales' Mental Development Index were given to 44 high-risk infants age 12 mo. and suspected of developmental delay. The VABS-Survey Form, a revision of the Vineland Social Maturity Scale is frequently used in assessment of developmental delay; however, questions have arisen as to whether the standard score or age equivalent is the better measure. A developmental quotient based on VABS-SF age equivalent and VABS-SF standard score was compared with the Bayley Mental Development Index. The mean VABS-SF standard score was significantly higher than the age equivalent quotient and the Bayley Mental Development Index. Implications for the use of VABS-SF age equivalent in evaluating such infants are discussed.
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17

Bhave, Anupama, Roli Bhargava, and Rashmi Kumar. "Correlation between developmental quotients (DASII) and social quotient (Malin's VSMS) in Indian children aged 6 months to 2 years." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 47, no. 3 (November 21, 2010): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.2010.01894.x.

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18

Wong, Patsy PS, Veronica CM Wai, Raymond WS Chan, Cecilia NW Leung, and Patrick WL Leung. "Autism-Spectrum Quotient-Child and Autism-Spectrum Quotient-Adolescent in Chinese population: Screening autism spectrum disorder against attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and typically developing peers." Autism 25, no. 7 (April 12, 2021): 1913–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613211003740.

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The Hong Kong Chinese version of the Autism-Spectrum Quotient-Child and Autism-Spectrum Quotient-Adolescent were examined for their psychometric properties and specificity on screening autism spectrum disorder against attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. This study recruited three groups of participants: typically developing children; children with autism spectrum disorder and children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Both the Autism-Spectrum Quotient questionnaires demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties in terms of internal consistency, test–retest reliability and area under receiver operating characteristics curve in discriminating the autism spectrum disorder group from the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and typically developing groups, separately and jointly. The optimal cutoff scores for both the Autism-Spectrum Quotient questionnaires were identified to be 76, with satisfactory sensitivity and specificity, for differentiating the autism spectrum disorder group from the typically developing group and from the typically developing and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder groups combined. On the contrary, both Autism-Spectrum Quotient questionnaires could not effectively differentiate the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder group from the typically developing group, or in other words, they did not misclassify attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder as autism spectrum disorder because of their phenotypic overlap in social difficulties. These findings supported that both the Autism-Spectrum Quotient questionnaires were not general measures of child and adolescent psychopathology, but could claim to be more specific measures of autism spectrum disorder, given their success in identifying the autism spectrum disorder group from the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder/typically developing groups, while failing to differentiate the latter two groups. Lay abstract The Autism-Spectrum Quotient is a 50-item questionnaire developed to assess autistic symptoms in adults, adolescents and children. Its original version and others in different countries are known to be effective tools in identifying individuals with autism spectrum disorder. This study examined whether the Hong Kong Chinese versions of the Autism-Spectrum Quotient-Child and Autism-Spectrum Quotient-Adolescent were effective in identifying autism spectrum disorder children and adolescents. On top of comparing them with their typically developing peers, this study also included a group of children/adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, a disorder with similar social difficulties as autism spectrum disorder. Results showed that both the Autism-Spectrum Quotient questionnaires were effective in differentiating the autism spectrum disorder group from the typically developing and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder groups, separately and jointly. On the contrary, they could not identify the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder group from the typically developing group so that they were not misclassifying attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder as autism spectrum disorder. These findings supported that both the Autism-Spectrum Quotient-Child and Autism-Spectrum Quotient-Adolescent were not general measures of child and adolescent psychopathology, but could claim to be specific measures of autism spectrum disorder. Such capability would enormously enhance their utility in clinical practice for identifying autism spectrum disorder children/adolescents from their typically developing peers and from those with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. This is because, the latter is a common neurodevelopmental disorder frequently presented to child psychiatric clinics alongside with autism spectrum disorder.
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Auyeung, Bonnie, Sally Wheelwright, Carrie Allison, Matthew Atkinson, Nelum Samarawickrema, and Simon Baron-Cohen. "The Children’s Empathy Quotient and Systemizing Quotient: Sex Differences in Typical Development and in Autism Spectrum Conditions." Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 39, no. 11 (June 17, 2009): 1509–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-009-0772-x.

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20

Medeiros, Kristen, Alison M. Kozlowski, Jennifer S. Beighley, Johannes Rojahn, and Johnny L. Matson. "The effects of developmental quotient and diagnostic criteria on challenging behaviors in toddlers with developmental disabilities." Research in Developmental Disabilities 33, no. 4 (July 2012): 1110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2012.02.005.

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21

Rodning, Carol, Leila Beckwith, and Judy Howard. "Characteristics of attachment organization and play organization in prenatally drug-exposed toddlers." Development and Psychopathology 1, no. 4 (October 1989): 277–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095457940000047x.

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AbstractPrenatally drug-exposed toddlers were compared to preterm toddlers of similar low socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and single-parent households on intellectual functioning, quality of play, and security of attachment to the primary caregiver. The drug-exposed toddlers had significantly lower developmental scores, less representational play, and the majority had insecure, disorganized, avoidant attachments. In all areas investigated, the prenatally drug-exposed toddlers showed more subtle behavioral deficits within each domain. Although developmental quotients were within the average range, they were significantly lower than the preterm comparison group and did not adequately represent the more evident deficits seen through play in an unstructured situation. Unstructured assessments that required the child's initiation, goal setting, and follow-through were more revealing of developmental disorganization within and among domains than were adult structured assessments such as developmental tests. While modest differences were seen in structured tasks, the marked differences between the drug-exposed and preterm groups were most evident in the unstructured tasks. The lack of coherence across developmental domains was illustrated by the large difference between developmental quotient scores and the poor performance in the cognitive representional competencies demonstrated in play. Insecurity and disorganization in attachment were found to compromise further the development of the drug-exposed toddlers.
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22

Agelink van Rentergem, Joost A., Anne Geeke Lever, and Hilde M. Geurts. "Negatively phrased items of the Autism Spectrum Quotient function differently for groups with and without autism." Autism 23, no. 7 (February 28, 2019): 1752–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361319828361.

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The Autism Spectrum Quotient is a widely used instrument for the detection of autistic traits. However, the validity of comparisons of Autism Spectrum Quotient scores between groups may be threatened by differential item functioning. Differential item functioning entails a bias in items, where participants with equal values of the latent trait give different answers because of their group membership. In this article, items of the Autism Spectrum Quotient were studied for differential item functioning between different groups within a single sample ( N = 408). Three analyses were conducted. First, using a Rasch mixture model, two latent groups were detected that show differential item functioning. Second, using a Rasch regression tree model, four groups were found that show differential item functioning: men without autism, women without autism, people 50 years and younger with autism, and people older than 50 years with autism. Third, using traditional methods, differential item functioning was detected between groups with and without autism. Therefore, group comparisons with the Autism Spectrum Quotient are at risk of being affected by bias. Eight items emerged that consistently show differences in response tendencies between groups across analyses, and these items were generally negatively phrased. Two often-used short forms of the Autism Spectrum Quotient, the AQ-28 and AQ-10, may be more suitable for group comparisons.
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23

KURODA, Yoshitaka, and Yukihiko KATO. "Developmental Quotient Scores : Stability and Predictability in Very Young Children with Autism." Japanese Journal of Special Education 33, no. 3 (1995): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.6033/tokkyou.33.39_1.

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24

Casey, Amy M., R. A. McWilliam, and Jessica Sims. "Contributions of Incidental Teaching, Developmental Quotient, and Peer Interactions to Child Engagement." Infants & Young Children 25, no. 2 (2012): 122–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/iyc.0b013e31824cbac4.

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25

Mascheretti, Sara, Andrea Facoetti, Roberto Giorda, Silvana Beri, Valentina Riva, Vittoria Trezzi, Maria R. Cellino, and Cecilia Marino. "GRIN2B mediates susceptibility to intelligence quotient and cognitive impairments in developmental dyslexia." Psychiatric Genetics 25, no. 1 (February 2015): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ypg.0000000000000068.

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26

Sidoroff-Dorso, Anton V. "Synaesthesia quotient: operationalising an individual index of phenotypic expressivity of developmental synaesthesia." Theoria et Historia Scientiarum 10 (May 20, 2014): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/ths-2013-0005.

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27

Hart, Catherine K., Susan Wiley, Daniel I. Choo, Christine Eby, Laura Tucker, Mark Schapiro, and Jareen Meinzen-Derr. "Developmental Disabilities and Intracranial Abnormalities in Children with Symptomatic Cytomegalovirus and Cochlear Implants." ISRN Otolaryngology 2012 (December 13, 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/502746.

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Objective. To examine the association of intracranial radiographic abnormalities and developmental measures with outcomes in children with congenital symptomatic cytomegalovirus (CMV) and cochlear implants (CI). Design/Methods. It was a retrospective review of 15 children implanted from 2004 to 2010. Preimplant nonverbal intelligence quotient/developmental quotient (IQ/DQ) and head circumference (HC) were obtained. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and post-CI audiometry and language assessments were reviewed. Results. Eleven children (73%) had cognitive delay. Most had >1 developmental disability. Median IQ/DQ was 65 (23–90). All had imaging abnormalities. Most imaging abnormalities were in parietal (60%) and temporal (60%) lobes. Children with HC < 5th percentile had poorer median post-CI PTA (38 dB versus 27 dB, ). Periventricular calcifications were associated with lower receptive (, ) and expressive (, ) language. Because IQ/DQ was associated with periventricular calcifications (, ) and small HC (, ), their relationships with language appear partially driven by IQ/DQ. Conclusions. The location of brain abnormalities appears to correlate with worse outcomes after CI. These findings may allow for more accurate counseling of parents regarding anticipated postimplantation performance.
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Chung, Hee Jung, Donghwa Yang, Gun-Ha Kim, Sung Koo Kim, Seoung Woo Kim, Young Key Kim, Young Ah Kim, et al. "Development of the Korean Developmental Screening Test for Infants and Children (K-DST)." Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics 63, no. 11 (November 15, 2020): 438–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.00640.

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Background: Most developmental screening tools in Korea are adopted from foreign tests. To ensure efficient screening of infants and children in Korea, a nationwide screening tool with high reliability and validity is needed.Purpose: This study aimed to independently develop, standardize, and validate the Korean Developmental Screening Test for Infants and Children (K-DST) for screening infants and children for neurodevelopmental disorders in Korea.Methods: The standardization and validation conducted in 2012–2014 of 3,284 subjects (4–71 months of age) resulted in the first edition of the K-DST. The restandardization and revalidation performed in 2015–2016 of 3.06 million attendees of the National Health Screening Program for Infants and Children resulted in the revised K-DST. We analyzed inter-item consistency and test-retest reliability for the reliability analysis. Regarding the validation of K-DST, we examined the construct validity, sensitivity and specificity, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, and a criterion-related validity analysis.Results: We ultimately selected 8 questions in 6 developmental domains. For most age groups and each domain, internal consistency was 0.73–0.93 and test-retest reliability was 0.77–0.88. The revised K-DST had high discriminatory ability with a sensitivity of 0.833 and specificity of 0.979. The test supported construct validity by distinguishing between normal and neurodevelopmentally delayed groups. The language and cognition domain of the revised K-DST was highly correlated with the K-Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II’s Mental Age Quotient (<i>r</i>=0.766, 0.739), while the gross and fine motor domains were highly correlated with Motor Age Quotient (<i>r</i>=0.695, 0.668), respectively. The Verbal Intelligence Quotient of Korean Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scales of Intelligence was highly correlated with the K-DST cognition and language domains (<i>r</i>=0.701, 0.770), as was the performance intelligence quotient with the fine motor domain (<i>r</i>=0.700).Conclusion: The K-DST is reliable and valid, suggesting its good potential as an effective screening tool for infants and children with neurodevelopmental disorders in Korea.
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Müller, Jan, Milka Pringsheim, Andrea Engelhardt, Juliana Meixner, Martin Halle, Renate Oberhoffer, John Hess, and Alfred Hager. "Motor training of sixty minutes once per week improves motor ability in children with congenital heart disease and retarded motor development: a pilot study." Cardiology in the Young 23, no. 5 (November 21, 2012): 717–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951112001941.

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AbstractObjectiveDelay and impairment of motor development is reported in patients with congenital heart disease. This pilot study addressed the feasibility and effect of a low-dose motor training programme of 60 min once per week on motor ability in preschool children with congenital heart disease.Patients and methodsIn all, 14 children – including four girls, in the age group of 4–6 years – with various types of congenital heart disease performed the motor developmental test MOT 4–6 before and after 3 months of a playful exercise programme of 60 min once a week.ResultsAt baseline, the motor quotient ranged from normal to slightly impaired (median 92.0; Quartile 1: 83.75; Quartile 3: 101.25). After intervention, motor quotient did not change significantly for the entire group (95.0 (88.0, 102.5); p = 0.141). However, in the subgroup of nine children with retarded motor development at baseline (motor quotient lower 100), seven children had an improved motor quotient after 3 months of intervention. In this subgroup, motor quotient increased significantly (p = 0.020) by 5%.ConclusionsOverall, a short intervention programme of 60 min only once a week does not improve motor ability in all children with congenital heart disease. However, those with retarded motor development profit significantly from this low-dose intervention.
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30

Collacott, Richard A., Sally-Ann Cooper, David Branford, and Catherine McGrother. "Epidemiology of self-injurious behaviour in adults with learning disabilities." British Journal of Psychiatry 173, no. 5 (November 1998): 428–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.173.5.428.

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BackgroundThere have been few epidemiological studies of the disabling and poorly understood disorder self-injurious behaviour among adults with learning disabilities.MethodInterviews were undertaken with the carers of adults known to the Leicestershire Learning Disabilities Register (n=2277). The Disability Assessment Schedule was used and information was also collected on demographic characteristics, developmental and physical status.ResultsSelf-injurious behaviour was present in 17.4% of the population. In 1.7% self-injurious behaviour occurred frequently and was severe. There was no gender difference between those with and without self-injurious behaviour. Both the chronological age and developmental quotient of individuals with self-injurious behaviour were lower than those of individuals without self-injurious behaviour. Autistic symptoms were more common among those with self-injurious behaviour. The association of self-injurious behaviour with a wide range of other maladaptive behaviours was highly significant. Logistic regression analysis retained age, developmental quotient, hearing status, immobility and number of autistic symptoms as explanatory variables for self-injurious behaviour.ConclusionsSelf-injurious behaviour is a prevalent and disabling disorder among adults with learning disabilities.
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31

Ben-Itzchak, Esther, and Ditza A. Zachor. "Toddlers to teenagers: Long-term follow-up study of outcomes in autism spectrum disorder." Autism 24, no. 1 (May 6, 2019): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361319840226.

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This prospective study examined the developmental changes over time of adolescents diagnosed in toddlerhood with autism spectrum disorder and searched for child characteristics at toddlerhood that predict outcome at adolescence. The study included 65 participants who were divided into low cognitive (developmental quotient < 85; N = 41) and high cognitive (developmental quotient ⩾ 85; N = 21) groups in adolescence. Participants underwent a comprehensive assessment of cognitive ability, adaptive skills, and autism severity. Significant differences in the current clinical phenotypes and in developmental changes over time were found between the two cognitive groups. At baseline, the high cognitive group had significantly less severe social communication deficits. Only the high cognitive group showed a decrease in social communication deficits over time. Although the two groups did not differ in their adaptive skills at the time of diagnosis, the high cognitive group had better adaptive skills at adolescence. Better adaptive communication skills in toddlerhood were associated with better outcome at adolescence in cognitive ability, adaptive skills, and fewer autism symptoms. Less impaired baseline social affect and better cognitive ability predicted higher cognitive level and adaptive skills at adolescence. Cognitive potential of individuals with autism spectrum disorder plays an important role in long-term outcome and comprehensive evaluations at toddlerhood have strong prognostic value in adolescence.
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Chadha, Dr Nidhi. "ADVERSITY QUOTIENT: SURVIVING RATHER THAN GIVING UP." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): 5942–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i2.3068.

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Every day, people experience different adversities in life. They often face specific events that may challenge their psychological stability as individuals. Such adversities may be in the form of sudden loss of a loved one, loss of job, financial instability, strained relationships, career insecurities and other events that may leave a great impact not just on the temporary emotional state of an individual but also, may affect the individual’s long-term psychological state. Nevertheless, each of us has the God-given inner ability to face and solve such terrible situations to advantage in life. Despite exposures to stress, some people can withstand, overcome, and be strengthened and successful by the negative experience. In the present times, this pertinent psychological issue can be addressed as ‘Adversity Quotient (AQ) i.e. the science of human resilience’. People who successfully apply AQ in their life will perform optimally in difficulties, challenges- small or big- that confront them every day. This research paper tries to explore how individuals deal with such adversities and are able to bounce back as stronger and wiser amidst certain events in their life that brought tremendous change to their psychological well-being. Also, this research endeavors to provide an insight to educators, counsellors, parents and students how to surmount life adversities and survive rather than giving up in life.
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Tostes, Márcia Helena Fávero de Souza, Hudson Caetano Polonini, Rosemeri Mendes, Marcos Antônio Fernandes Brandão, Wagner Farid Gattaz, and Nádia Rezende Barbosa Raposo. "Fatty acid and phospholipase A2 plasma levels in children with autism." Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 35, no. 1 (2013): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2237-60892013000100009.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate fatty acid plasma levels, phospholipase A2 activity, and the developmental profiles of children with autism vs. control subjects. METHODS: Twenty four children with autism underwent laboratory analysis for fatty acid quantification using gas chromatography and PLA2 activity determination by fluorometric assay. RESULTS: No correlation was observed between the developmental quotient and fatty acid plasma levels. Phospholipase A2 activity was significantly higher among autistic children compared with controls. CONCLUSION: The study did not show a correlation between fatty acid and phospholipase A2 plasma levels and the developmental profile of children with autism.
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Kim, Hyeong Seop, Heesuk Shin, Chul Ho Yoon, Eun Shin Lee, Min-Kyun Oh, Se-Woong Chun, Seung-Kyu Lim, Hoi Sik Min, and Hayoung Byun. "The Clinical Features of Preschool Children With Speech and Language Disorder and the Role of Maternal Language." Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine 45, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5535/arm.20129.

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Objective To retrospectively review the characteristics of preschool children with speech and language disorders to determine their clinical features and compares the average degrees of language delay based on hospital visit purposes, language developmental delay causes, and maternal language.Methods One thousand one hundred two children (832 males, 270 females) with the chief complaint of language or speech problems who underwent language assessment for the first time were included. Their medical records, including demographic data, language environments, and family history of language problems and other developmental problems, were collected. Furthermore, the results of language and developmental assessments and hearing tests were collected.Results Among the children enrolled in this study, 24% had parental problems and 9% were nurtured by their grandparents. The average degree of language delay did not differ regarding purposes of hospital visits. The average degree of language delay was greatest in children with autism spectrum disorders and least in children with mixed receptive–expressive language disorders. In children with mothers who do not speak Korean as their native language, social quotients in the social maturity scale were less than 70.Conclusion Language environment is an essential factor that may cause speech and language disorders. Moreover, maternal language seems to affect the social quotient of the social maturity scale.
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Majnemer, Annette, Catherine Limperopoulos, Michael Shevell, Charles Rohlicek, Bernard Rosenblatt, and Christo Tchervenkov. "Gender differences in the developmental outcomes of children with congenital cardiac defects." Cardiology in the Young 22, no. 5 (January 25, 2012): 514–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951111002071.

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AbstractObjectiveThis study compares the developmental and functional outcomes at school entry between boys and girls born with a congenital cardiac defect who required early surgical correction.Study designA prospective cohort of 94 children, including 49 percent boys, were followed up to 5 years of age and assessed for developmental progress. Developmental measures included Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence – cognitive; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test – receptive language; Peabody Developmental Motor Scale – motor; and Child Behaviour Checklist – behaviour. Measures of function included the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale and Functional Independence Measure for Children (WeeFIM).ResultsThe mean scores of the boys on the WeeFIM subscales, such as self-care, mobility, cognition, were significantly lower than that of the girls. There was a trend for a greater proportion of boys to have abnormalities on neurological examination (boys 37.5 percent abnormal, girls 19.5 percent abnormal). Verbal, performance, and full scale Intellectual Quotients were 5–7 points lower in boys but did not reach significance (full scale Intellectual Quotient: boys 87.7 plus or minus 22.2; girls 93.9 plus or minus 19.3). Boys were more likely to have fine motor delays (50 percent, 82.7 plus or minus 16.5) compared with girls (28.2 percent, 87.0 plus or minus 15.8). There were no gender differences in receptive language or behavioural difficulties.ConclusionsBoys born with congenital heart disease requiring early surgical repair appear to be at enhanced risk for neuromotor impairments and activity limitations. Findings support gender differences in the pathogenesis of early brain injury following hypoxic–ischaemic insults. This has implications for neuroprotective strategies to prevent brain injury.
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Bauminger-Zviely, Nirit, and Analia Shefer. "Naturalistic evaluation of preschoolers’ spontaneous interactions: The Autism Peer Interaction Observation Scale." Autism 25, no. 6 (February 24, 2021): 1520–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361321989919.

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Peer interaction can be challenging in autism spectrum disorder, but naturalistic peer-observation scales for preschoolers are scarce. This study examined psychometric qualities of the newly developed Autism Peer Interaction Observation Scale. We tested the Autism Peer Interaction Observation Scale to (a) characterize peer interactions of preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder who were cognitively able versus typical age-mates, (b) explore each group’s hierarchical pattern of peer interaction behaviors, and (c) identify Autism Peer Interaction Observation Scale’s links with standard reports for assessing social-communication functioning (Vineland Behavior Scales, 2nd ed.), social impairment (Social Responsiveness Scale, 2nd ed.), autism severity (Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, 2nd ed.), and intelligence quotient (Mullen) in the cognitively able preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder group. Participants comprised 85 preschoolers (50 cognitively able preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder, intelligence quotient > 75; 35 typical). Groups were matched for age, intelligence quotient, and maternal education. Significant group differences emerged on all Autism Peer Interaction Observation Scale categories, in favor of typical. In cognitively able preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder, correlation analyses indicated that more typical peer relations on Autism Peer Interaction Observation Scale were linked with better adaptive and socialization skills (Vineland Behavior Scales, 2nd ed.) and fewer social atypicalities (Social Responsiveness Scale, 2nd ed.). Higher intelligence quotient scores were linked with better Autism Peer Interaction Observation Scale social-communication functioning. Only a few Autism Peer Interaction Observation Scale social-communication categories significantly correlated with the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, 2nd ed. Findings highlight the Autism Peer Interaction Observation Scale as differentiating between groups and providing knowledge about peer interaction in natural settings. This new tool can help personalize social-communication programs and evaluations of early intervention outcomes. Lay abstract Peer interaction can be challenging in autism spectrum disorder, but naturalistic peer-observation scales for preschoolers are limited. This study examined the newly developed Autism Peer Interaction Observation Scale, with 17 subcategories, which evaluate naturalistic peer interaction processes in preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder and typical development. We tested the Autism Peer Interaction Observation Scale to (a) characterize peer interactions of preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder who were cognitively able versus typical age-mates, (b) explore each group’s hierarchical pattern of peer interaction behaviors, and (c) identify Autism Peer Interaction Observation Scale’s links with standard reports for assessing social-communication functioning (Vineland Behavior Scales, 2nd ed.), social impairment (Social Responsiveness Scale, 2nd ed.), autism severity (Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, 2nd ed.), and intelligence quotient (Mullen) in the cognitively able preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder group. Participants comprised 85 preschoolers (50 cognitively able preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder, intelligence quotient > 75; 35 typical). Groups were matched according to age, intelligence quotient, and maternal education. Significant group differences emerged on all Autism Peer Interaction Observation Scale categories, with the typical group showing better social-communication functioning as compared to the cognitively able preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder group. Also, in cognitively able preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder that observed as demonstrating more typical peer relations on the Autism Peer Interaction Observation Scale showed better adaptive and socialization skills on the Vineland (Vineland Behavior Scales, 2nd ed.) and fewer social atypicalities on the Social Responsiveness Scale, 2nd ed. Higher intelligence quotient scores were linked with better observed social-communication functioning (on Autism Peer Interaction Observation Scale). Few Autism Peer Interaction Observation Scale social-communicative categories significantly correlated with the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, 2nd ed. Findings highlight the Autism Peer Interaction Observation Scale as differentiating the two preschooler groups and providing additional knowledge about socially communicative peer interaction in natural settings. This new tool can help personalize social-communication programs and evaluations of early intervention outcomes, thereby leading to a fuller picture of these young children’s functioning.
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Bakhtiari, Reyhane, Sarah M. Hutchison, and Grace Iarocci. "How do children and youth with autism spectrum disorder self-report on behavior? A study of the validity indexes on the Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition, self-report of personality." Autism 25, no. 4 (January 28, 2021): 1100–1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361320984601.

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Self-report measures offer a unique source of information in the assessment and intervention of individuals with autism spectrum disorder. However, it is not known if children with autism spectrum disorder can answer self-report questionnaires accurately and consistently. As a step to address this issue, we examined validity indexes of the Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition, self-report of personality in 139 children and adolescents with and without autism spectrum disorder aged 8–17 years. There were no significant differences between groups on parents’ education, first language spoken at home, intelligence quotient, and age. We examined the influence of diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder, age group, intelligence quotient, and attention problems on the self-report of personality validity indexes (indicators of overly negative or positive, random, inattentive or inconsistent responses). The findings suggest that participants with autism spectrum disorder were more likely to show at least one validity caution on their self-report of personality as compared to their matched typically developing peers. However, this difference might be a result of comorbid attention problems, rather than having a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. The diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder was not a significant predictor of the validity indexes. Participants, with and without autism spectrum disorder, with fewer attention problem ratings, higher intelligence quotient scores, and adolescents compared to children showed better validity outcomes. Lay abstract Using self-report questionnaires is an important method in the assessment and treatment of children with autism. Self-reports can provide unique information about children’s feelings and thoughts that is not available through other methods such as parent-reports. However, many clinicians are not sure whether children with autism can provide accurate self-reports. To study this, we examined 139 children and youth with and without autism aged 8–17 years. We looked at the effect of having autism, as well as other factors such as age, intelligence quotient, and attention problems on the validity of self-reports in these children. We examined if the children gave overly negative or positive answers and if they responded to the questions randomly or without paying attention. We found that children with autism can provide acceptable self-reports. However, they have more validity problems compared to their peers without autism. Our findings showed that this difference might be related to having attention problems in addition to autism, rather than having autism by itself. Children, with and without autism spectrum disorder, with fewer attention problems and higher intelligence quotient scores and those in the older age group, showed better validity. This article suggests that clinicians can use self-report measures for children with autism, but they should pay attention to important factors such as children’s intelligence quotient and attention problems.
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Grove, Rachel, Rosa A. Hoekstra, Marlies Wierda, and Sander Begeer. "Exploring sex differences in autistic traits: A factor analytic study of adults with autism." Autism 21, no. 6 (November 2, 2016): 760–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361316667283.

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Research has highlighted potential differences in the phenotypic and clinical presentation of autism spectrum conditions across sex. Furthermore, the measures utilised to evaluate autism spectrum conditions may be biased towards the male autism phenotype. It is important to determine whether these instruments measure the autism phenotype consistently in autistic men and women. This study evaluated the factor structure of the Autism Spectrum Quotient Short Form in a large sample of autistic adults. It also systematically explored specific sex differences at the item level, to determine whether the scale assesses the autism phenotype equivalently across males and females. Factor analyses were conducted among 265 males and 285 females. A two-factor structure consisting of a social behaviour and numbers and patterns factor was consistent across groups, indicating that the latent autism phenotype is similar among both autistic men and women. Subtle differences were observed on two social behaviour item thresholds of the Autism Spectrum Quotient Short Form, with women reporting scores more in line with the scores expected in autism on these items than men. However, these differences were not substantial. This study showed that the Autism Spectrum Quotient Short Form detects autistic traits equivalently in males and females and is not biased towards the male autism phenotype.
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Wang, Hui, Haifeng Li, Jiangping Wang, and Huiying Jin. "Reliability and Concurrent Validity of a Chinese Version of the Alberta Infant Motor Scale Administered to High-Risk Infants in China." BioMed Research International 2018 (June 13, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2197163.

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The Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) is widely used to screen for delays in motor development in high-risk infants, but its reliability and validity in Chinese infants have not been investigated. To examine the reliability and concurrent validity of AIMS in high-risk infants aged 0-9 months in China, this single-center study enrolled 50 high-risk infants aged 0-9 months (range, 0.17-9.27; average, 4.14±2.02), who were divided into two groups: 0-3 months (n=23) and 4-9 months (n=27). A physical therapist evaluated the infants with AIMS, with each evaluation video-recorded. To examine interrater reliability, two other evaluators calculated AIMS scores by observing the videos. To measure intrarater reliability, the two evaluators rescored AIMS after >1 month, using the videos. Concurrent validity was assessed by comparing results between AIMS and the Peabody Developmental Motor Scale-2 (PDMS-2). For all age groups analyzed (0-3, 4-9, and 0-9 months), intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for AIMS total score were high for both intrarater comparisons (0.811-0.995) and interrater comparisons (0.982-0.997). AIMS total scores were well correlated with all PDMS-2 subtest scores (ICC=0.751-0.977 for reflexes, stationary, locomotion, grasping, and visual-motor integration subsets). However, the fifth percentile of AIMS total score was only moderately correlated with the gross motor quotient, fine motor quotient, and total motor quotient subtests of PDMS-2 (kappa=0.580, 0.601, and 0.724, respectively). AIMS has acceptable reliability and concurrent validity for screening of motor developmental delay in high-risk infants in China.
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Bentenuto, Arianna, Giulio Bertamini, Silvia Perzolli, and Paola Venuti. "Changes in Developmental Trajectories of Preschool Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder during Parental Based Intensive Intervention." Brain Sciences 10, no. 5 (May 12, 2020): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10050289.

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Background: Research highlights the positive effects of early intensive intervention with parent and school involvement for preschool children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) on general developmental outcomes and social skills in randomized controlled trials. However, given the inter-individual variability in the response to treatment, it is necessary to investigate intervention effects in terms of mediators and moderators in order to explain variability and to highlight mechanisms of change. Methods: 25 children in the experimental group were exposed to early intensive intervention and 14 children in the control group were subjected to “as usual” intervention. The initial assessment was obtained at the time of diagnosis (T1) and the follow-up assessment was conducted after 15 months of intervention (T2) in both groups. Results: Participants in the experimental group achieved more prominent gains in both cognitive and socio-interactive skills. The role of specific factors able to predict general quotient and language quotient after intervention were investigated, pointing out the contribution of personal–social and performance abilities. Conclusions: The findings support the importance of parental involvement in targeting ASD core symptoms. Further, results informed our understanding of early predictors in order to identify specific elements to be targeted in the individualized intervention design.
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Tchanturia, Kate, James Adamson, Jenni Leppanen, and Heather Westwood. "Characteristics of autism spectrum disorder in anorexia nervosa: A naturalistic study in an inpatient treatment programme." Autism 23, no. 1 (November 5, 2017): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361317722431.

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Previous research has demonstrated links between anorexia nervosa and autism spectrum disorder however, few studies have examined the possible impact of symptoms of autism spectrum disorder on clinical outcomes in anorexia nervosa. The aim of this study was to examine the association between symptoms of autism spectrum disorder and eating disorders, and other psychopathology during the course of inpatient treatment in individuals with anorexia nervosa. Participants with anorexia nervosa (n = 171) completed questionnaires exploring eating disorder psychopathology, symptoms of depression and anxiety, and everyday functioning at both admission and discharge. Characteristics associated with autism spectrum disorder were assessed using the Autism Spectrum Quotient, short version. Autism spectrum disorder symptoms were significantly positively correlated with eating disorder psychopathology, work and social functioning, and symptoms of depression and anxiety, but not with body mass index. Autism Spectrum Quotient, short version scores remained relatively stable from admission to discharge but there was a small, significant reduction in scores. There was no interaction between time and Autism Spectrum Quotient, short version scores on clinical symptom change. In anorexia nervosa, autism spectrum disorder symptoms appear to be associated with a more severe clinical presentation on admission to inpatient care. Autism spectrum disorder symptoms as assessed by self-report measures may be exacerbated by other mental health psychopathology, which warrants further investigation.
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Turygin, Nicole, Johnny L. Matson, Jennifer Beighley, and Hilary Adams. "The effect ofDSM-5criteria on the developmental quotient in toddlers diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder." Developmental Neurorehabilitation 16, no. 1 (October 3, 2012): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/17518423.2012.712065.

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Tomita, Shoichi, Takeshi Miyawaki, Yuichirou Nonaka, Shinsuke Sakai, and Reiji Nishimura. "Surgical strategy for Apert syndrome: Retrospective study of developmental quotient and three-dimensional computerized tomography." Congenital Anomalies 57, no. 4 (May 24, 2017): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cga.12222.

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Springer, Priscilla Estelle, Emma Kalk, Chrisma Pretorius, Maxwell Tawanda Chirehwa, Mariana Kruger, Mark Frederic Cotton, and Barbara Laughton. "Value of the Goodenough Drawing Test as a research tool to detect developmental delay in South African preschool children." South African Journal of Psychology 50, no. 1 (June 7, 2019): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0081246319850683.

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There is a need for simple, cost-effective research tools to detect developmental delay in preschool children in low- and middle-income countries where insufficient resources are often a barrier to detection and management. The Goodenough Draw-a-Person test is freely available, easily administered, and requires limited language ability and equipment; it is thus potentially useful in resource-constrained settings. We aimed to determine the diagnostic accuracy of the Draw-a-Person test to identify developmental delay in 5-year-old preschool children using the Griffiths Mental Developmental Scales-Extended Revised eye-hand coordination subquotient as the gold standard. This was a cross-sectional analysis of drawings by South African preschool children from low-income families, whose Griffiths Mental Developmental Scales-Extended Revised assessments included a human figure drawing. Draw-a-Person test quotients were estimated independently by a developmental paediatrician and two medical officers to calculate inter-rater agreement. The paediatrician’s scores were used to determine the diagnostic accuracy of the Draw-a-Person test quotient (<85) to predict developmental delay with the eye-hand coordination subquotient (<75). A total of 125 children were included, with a mean age of 60.8 months (range 59–66 months) of which 48.8% were boys. The mean Draw-a-Person test score was 94 (standard deviation 15) with 28 Draw-a-Person test scores below 85. Applying the Draw-a-Person test cut-off of 85, sensitivity of the Draw-a-Person test to the eye-hand coordination subquotient was 80% and specificity 89%. The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve was 0.87 (95% confidence interval [0.78–0.96]). The Goodenough Draw-a-Person test could thus be a useful research tool for detecting fine motor and visuoperceptual delay in South African preschool children.
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Nugroho, Hari Wahyu, Mei Neni Sitaresmi, and Indria Laksmi Gamayanti. "Behavioral parent training for ADHD children: a mixed methods study." Paediatrica Indonesiana 57, no. 3 (June 22, 2017): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi57.3.2017.145-8.

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Background Management of ADHD requires multimodal treatments. Parental participation is one of the most important factors for effective ADHD treatment.Objective To investigate the effectiveness of behavioral parent training combined with routine clinical care, in reducing ADHD symptoms in children.Methods Quantitative and qualitative methods were combined in this study. This study was conducted at 3 growth and developmental clinics in Central of Java, on June-July 2016. The quantitative aspect was assessed by comparing ADHD quotient scores at pre- and post-intervention, while the qualitative aspect by intensive parental interviews. Parents of children with ADHD were randomized with block random sampling. In the treatment group, parents received behavioral training for 7 weeks, along with weekly routine clinical care for their children. The control group received only routine clinical care of the children. Six parents in the treatment group were randomly selected for intensive interviews.Results A total of 67 parents with their children were involved. Both groups’ ADHD quotient scores improved post-intervention. The treatment group ADHD quotient score was reduced from 120.53 to 116.41 (effect size Cohen’s d 0.68). The control group ADHD quotient score was reduced from 121.74 to 119.83 (effect size Cohen’s d 0.23). Mean difference post-intervention in both group was not significant (p=.161). After behavioral parent training, communication between parents and children increased and parents’ capability in directing their children’s daily activity increased.Conclusion Behavioral parent training can not enhacing effectiveness of routine clinical care to reduce ADHD symptoms in children.
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Velásquez, A. E., D. Veraguas, J. Cabezas, J. Manríquez, F. O. Castro, and L. L. Rodríguez-Alvarez. "The expression level of SOX2 at the blastocyst stage regulates the developmental capacity of bovine embryos up to day-13 of in vitro culture." Zygote 27, no. 6 (October 2, 2019): 398–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199419000509.

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SummaryQuality of in vitro-produced embryos is influenced by changes in gene expression in response to adverse conditions. Gene markers for predicting ‘good embryos’ do not exist at present. We propose that the expression of pluripotency markers OCT4–SOX2–NANOG in D9 (day 9) bovine demi-embryos correlated with development at D13 (day 13). Day 8 in vitro-produced blastocysts were split in two cloned halves, one half (D9) was subjected to analysis of pluripotency markers and the other was kept in culture until D13 of development. Embryo development was scored and correlated with its own status at D9 and assigned to one of two categories: G1, arrested/dead; or G2, development up to D13. SOX2 and NANOG expression levels were significantly higher in embryos from G1 and there was also negative correlation between SOX2 and embryo survival to D13 (G3; r = −0.37; P = 0.03). We observed a significant reduction in the expression of the three studied genes from D9 to D13. Furthermore, there was a correlation between the expression of pluripotency markers at D9 and embryo diameter and the expression of trophoblastic markers at D13 (TP1–EOMES–FGF4–CDX2–TKDP1). Finally, the quotient between the relative expression of SOX2 and OCT4 in the D9 blastocysts from G1 and G2 showed that embryos that were considered as competent (G2) had a quotient close to one, while the other group had a quotient of 2.3 due to a higher expression of SOX2. These results might indicate that overexpression of SOX2 at the blastocyst stage had a negative effect on the control of embryonic developmental potential.
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Gomez, Rapson, Vasileios Stavropoulos, and Alasdair Vance. "Psychometric Properties of the Autism Spectrum Quotient: Children’s Version (AQ-Child)." Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 49, no. 2 (August 23, 2018): 468–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3713-8.

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Bhattacharya, Deepanjan. "Congenital cytomegalovirus infection presenting as cerebral palsy." International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews 6, no. 5 (April 6, 2021): 01–02. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-4861/108.

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A 9 month old boy presented with history of delayed attainment of milestones. He was born to a primigravida mother, with an uneventful perinatal period, but had a low birth weight (2.1 kg) for gestational age. There was no history of seizures, abnormal movements, loss of previously gained milestones or prior sibling deaths. On examination, he had severe microcephaly, failure to thrive and hepatosplenomegaly. Neurological examination revealed severe axial hypotonia and spastic quadriplegia with brisk deep tendon reflexes and intermittent scissoring of lower limbs. Fundus examination and hearing evaluation were normal. His current developmental age was 4 months and developmental quotient was 30.
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Yacubian-Fernandes, Adriano, Aristides Palhares, Alcir Giglio, Roberto C. Gabarra, Silvio Zanini, Luis Portela, Mateus Violin Silva, Gimol Bezaquen Perosa, Dagma Abramides, and José Píndaro P. Plese. "Apert syndrome: factors involved in the cognitive development." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 63, no. 4 (December 2005): 963–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2005000600011.

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Apert syndrome is characterized by craniosynostosis, symmetric syndactyly and other systemic malformations, with mental retardation usually present. The objective of this study was to correlate brain malformations and timing for surgery with neuropsychological evaluation. We also tried to determine other relevant aspects involved in cognitive development of these patients such as social classification of families and parents’ education. Eighteen patients with Apert syndrome were studied, whose ages were between 14 and 322 months. Brain abnormalities were observed in 55.6% of them. The intelligence quotient or developmental quotient values observed were between 45 and 108. Mental development was related to the quality of family environment and parents’ education. Mental development was not correlated to brain malformation or age at time of operation. In conclusion, quality of family environment was the most significant factor directly involved in mental development of patients with Apert syndrome.
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Patel, Rita, Kevin D. Donohue, Harikrishnan Unnikrishnan, and Richard J. Kryscio. "Kinematic Measurements of the Vocal-Fold Displacement Waveform in Typical Children and Adult Populations: Quantification of High-Speed Endoscopic Videos." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 58, no. 2 (April 2015): 227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2015_jslhr-s-13-0056.

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Purpose This article presents a quantitative method for assessing instantaneous and average lateral vocal-fold motion from high-speed digital imaging, with a focus on developmental changes in vocal-fold kinematics during childhood. Method Vocal-fold vibrations were analyzed for 28 children (aged 5–11 years) and 28 adults (aged 21–45 years) without voice disorders. The following kinematic features were analyzed from the vocal-fold displacement waveforms: relative velocity-based features (normalized average and peak opening and closing velocities), relative acceleration-based features (normalized peak opening and closing accelerations), speed quotient, and normalized peak displacement. Results Children exhibited significantly larger normalized peak displacements, normalized average and peak opening velocities, normalized average and peak closing velocities, peak opening and closing accelerations, and speed quotient compared to adult women. Values of normalized average closing velocity and speed quotient were higher in children compared to adult men. Conclusions When compared to adult men, developing children typically have higher estimates of kinematic features related to normalized displacement and its derivatives. In most cases, the kinematic features of children are closer to those of adult men than adult women. Even though boys experience greater changes in glottal length and pitch as they mature, results indicate that girls experience greater changes in kinematic features compared to boys.
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