Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Développement des cellules de trophoblaste'
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Arnold, Daniel Robert. "Regulation of trophoblast development in the bovine embryo." Thèse, [Montréal] : Université de Montréal, 2005. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=1221731981&SrchMode=1&sid=1&Fmt=6&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1191513626&clientId=48948.
Full textTitre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 4 oct. 2007). "Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Philosophiae Doctor (Ph.D.) en sciences vétérinaires option reproduction" Paraît aussi en version papier et en version microforme.
Rielland, Maïté. "Caractérisation des modifications cellulaires et moléculaires responsables des anomalies de développement du trophoblaste chez les embryons de souris issus de transfert nucléaire." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112060.
Full textReprogramming of a nuclear activity through nuclear transfer (NT) into enucleated oocytes gives rises to living animals although the developmental rate is very low. In the mouse the foetal development of clones is always accompanied by placental hypertrophy. The aim of our study is to understand the primary causes of cellular and molecular abnormalities at the origin of these trophoblast development problems. For this we have taken advantage of the possibility to derive trophoblast stem cells (TS) in vitro. We have derived and characterised TS cell lines from fertilised (TS) and cloned (ntTS) embryos. We have shown that ntTS cells are derived more efficiently and more rapidly than control TS cells. Our results show that ntTS cells are less dependent upon the embryonic factors essential for their self-renewal, FGF4 and Activin A highlighted in particular by the maintenance of self-renewal when the supply of these growth factors is reduced. Nevertheless, FGF4 and Activin pathways seem not to be directly altered in ntTS lines. We are facing a new phenomenon where ntTS cells display some properties close to cancerous cells while still being under control of their environment. Moreover our transcriptomic analyses show that the expression abnormalities observed in ntTS lines are well correlated with the early phenotypes of modified growth in ntTS cells, but could also give some clues about the implantation failures and the later placental defects exhibited by cloned foetuses. To conclude, the model of ntTS cells is particularly pertinent for studying the making-up of the placenta after cloning
Broncy, Lucile. "Isolement et caractérisation moléculaire de cellules rares circulantes individuelles : développement de nouvelles approches méthodologiques en oncologie prédictive et diagnostic prénatal." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS391/document.
Full textThe aim of this doctoral research project is the development of reliable and reproducible methodological approaches enabling the genetic characterization of circulating rare cells (CRC) isolated by ISET® filtration (Rarecells®, France). The first application developed consists in detecting mutations of the VHL (Von Hippel Lindau) tumor suppressor gene in single CRC isolated from the blood of 30 patients patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), assessed according to the results obtained by cytopathological analysis. In parallel, genetic analysis of VHL mutations was conducted in the corresponding tumor tissues. Results revealed a potential complementarity of the molecular genetic approach targeted to single cells with the reference method of cytopathological analysis and suggested that combining both strategies could improve the sensitivity of circulating cancer cells’ detection in patients with ccRCC. A second application consisted in the development of an innovative approach for non-invasive prenatal diagnosis of recessive genetic diseases by analysis of rare trophoblastic cells collected from the cervix. Finally, further developments allowed to optimize high-throughput sequencing analyses and to apply them to single CRC isolated by ISET®. This approach, combined with the isolation of living CRC, enabled us to obtain broader genetic data from the whole exome and should foster innovative applications to both predictive oncology and non-invasive prenatal diagnosis
Avril, Tony. "Etude des mécanismes de résistance des cellules trophoblastiques à la cytotoxicité naturelle." Tours, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOUR4007.
Full textNo summary available
Benaitreau, Delphine. "Rôle de l'adiponectine dans les cellules trophoblastiques humaines : implication dans les processus de prolifération, différenciation et invasion cellulaires." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010VERS0043.
Full textEmbryo implantation and placental formation are two essential steps in the beginning of a pregnancy. The extra-villous trophoblast and the cytotrophoblast differenciate during the first steps of placentation. The syncytiotrophoblast is the endocrine cell of the placenta. The role of the invasive extra-villous trophoblast is to anchor the placenta in the endometrium. During the implantation the placenta and the endometrium produce several hormones and cytokines that regulate the formation of these two cell types that are essential for placental functions. Adiponectin as an adipocytokine produced by the adipose tissue and circulating at high concentrations in human blood. The major role of adiponectin is to regulate the energy homeostasis. Moreover, in many other tissues, adiponectin exerts anti-proliferative, proinvasive and pro-differenciating actions. Adiponectin and its receptors AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 are present at the foeto-maternal interface. Thus, the placenta could be sensible to adiponectin. We aimed to determine the direct effects of adiponectin on placental functions. In the first part of this work, we demonstrated that adiponectin in vitro reduces proliferation of BeWo and JEG-3 cell lines. Secondly, we showed that adiponectin stimulates syncytiotrophoblast differentiation from villous trophoblast. Moreover, adiponectin upregulates the secretion of placental hormones as hCG and Leptin and the expression of the fusogenic protein syncytin-2. Finally, we showed that adiponectin stimulates extravillous trophoblast invasion by modulating the MMP/TIMP balance. This work thus shows for the first time that adiponectin is a new positive regulator of trophoblastic functions. Indead, adiponectine promotes the formation of a functionnal placenta with secretory capacities from the syncytiotrophoblast and anchoring capacities from the extra-villous trophoblasts
Kaczan-Bourgois, Dominique. "Maturation et différenciation du trophoblaste humain : implication des annexines." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30257.
Full textSaker, Ali. "Mise au point d'une méthode non invasive de diagnostic prénatal par l'analyse génétique des cellules foetales circulantes." Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05D029.
Full textThe prenatal diagnosis (PND) of genetic diseases is carried out by invasive techniques leading to a pregnancy loss going from 1 to 4 % of the cases. Aiming of carrying out a non-invasive PND, the research was directed towards new methods for obtaining fetal cells from maternal blood and cervical mucus at early stage of the pregnancy. We used a technique for trophoblastic cells isolation (ISET : Isolation by Size of Epithelial Trophoblastic cells). Our study was focused on the development of the non-invasive PND of cystic fibrosis (CF) by ISET method. The molecular strategy developed and applied to 12 couples at risk for the CF made it possible to carry out a correct diagnosis of all the studied cases. We also applied the method ISET to the transcervical cells obtained from cervical channel by cytobrush. We showed that this technique could be applied to the cervical samplings to carry out non-invasive PND
Posso, Cécilie. "Développement des cellules lymphoïdes innées RORγt⁺." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077147.
Full textRORyt is a transcription factor expressed by several populations of innate lymphoid cells (ILC), like lymphoid tissue inducer cells and NKR+RORyt+ cells that co-express RORyt and the NK cell receptor, NKp46. Here, we propose a model for RORyt+ ILC differentiation from the common lymphoid progenitor (CLP). Based on clonal assays of fetal liver CLP, we hâve shown that B, T, NK and RORyt+ cells are originating from a common progenitor. CLP lose B and T potential as they express a4b7 and CXCR6 respectively. The acquisition of RORyt occurs in the fetal liver. RORyt+precursors are observed in the blood and in the anlagen of peripheral organs. We have identified two distinct RORyt+ precursors that differentiate into RORyt+CCR6+ and NKR+RORyf cells. These precursors develop independently in the fetal liver. They are also observed in the spleen and the anlagen of mesenteric lymph nodes. We have also established the potential of these precursors in vivo by transfer into immunodeficient mice. The analysis of fate-mapping mice has shown that RORyt+-derived NK cells develop and are maintained in the peripheral organs of young adult mice. In adult mice, the bone marrow does not contain RORyt+ and in vitro cultures of bone marrow progenitors do not give rise to RORyt+ cells. Transfer experiments allowed us to identify the CLP as the progenitor of adult RORyt+ ILC. Populations that display a CLP phénotype are observed in the spleen and the lamina propria of adult mice. These peripheral CLP differentiate into RORyt+cells in vitro, indicating that the adult progenitor of RORyt+ ILC has to migrate to the periphery to receive the signal required for its differentiation
Al, Dulaimi Dina. "Développement et fonction des cellules INKT." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC116.
Full textInvariant natural killer cells T (iNKT) constitute a particular population of unconventional LT which expresses a semi-invariant TCRαβ receptor composed of the Vα14-Jα18 chain associated with the Vβ8, -7 or -2 chains in mice and which develops in the thymus. Thus, iNKT cells are able to recognize glycolipid antigens via their TCR presented by a non-polymorphic class I molecule: CD1d. These cells are known to be involved in various immune responses because of their ability to rapidly produce cytokines. However, like conventional SP T CD4+ lymphocytes, iNKT cells can differentiate into three phenotypes: Th1, -2 and -17. The iNKT1 subset also named conventional iNKT cells expresses receptors belonging to the NK lineage, is mainly located in the liver, thymus and spleen and produces mainly IFN-. The iNKT2 subset which until now remains insufficiently described, is localized preferentially in the lungs and produces mainly IL-4 and IL-13. The iNKT17 subset has been characterized in our laboratory as a subset of iNKT cells expressing the RORt transcription factor and capable of secreting IL-17 in response to IL-1 and IL-23 and located mainly in the peripheral lymph nodes and the skin. To date, only the development of conventional iNKT cells is well known while that of iNKT17 cells remains unknown. Thus, having noticed the low distribution of the iNKT17 cells present in the thymus of the C57BL/6 mouse compared to other iNKT cell subset, we were initially interested in explaining the causes of this poor distribution of this subset, as well as to define the acquisition sequence of its markers during its thymic development and peripheral migration. The results show that these cells have no defect of proliferation or response to cytokines of homeostasis that can explain their lower number in the thymus. In contrast, we found a lack of thymic accumulation of these cells that have the ability to migrate peripherally, accompanied by increased sensitivity to death by apoptosis and decreased expression of survival factors such as Bcl-2 which can explain their reduced number. Analyzes of their development at early stages showed a pre-established bias of their low number from the CD44- stage. The study of their ontogeny has shown a sequential acquisition kinetics of CCR6 and CD138 markers to establish for the first time a model of thymic maturation of this iNKT subset which was still unknown
Mognetti, Barbara. "Etude de la permissivité des cellules trophoblastiques humaines à l'infection par le VIH-1 in vitro." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05S011.
Full textMazel, Frédéric. "Développement de substrats céramiques pour cellules photovoltaïques." Lyon, INSA, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ISAL0029.
Full textThe industrial photovoltaic polycrystalline silicon cells have a thickness necessary to ensure solidity and stability (> 100 μm) quite higher than the thickness strictly useful for the effective conversion of the light into electric power ( < 30 μm). The purpose of the development of the silicon thin film channel is to carry out a significant reduction of the costs by lowering the amount of silicon. It is a question of depositing crystal silicon on a cheap adapted substrate. The deposition techniques of thin film at high temperature require the use of ceramic substrate. The goal of this study is to work out by tape casting an adequate economic ceramic material. The results achieved at the time of the manufacture of substrates out of alumina contributed to a control of the process of working. Various mullites then were obtained starting from different raw materials: either a very pure crystalline mullite powder, or a mixture of andalusite and alumina. The pure crystalline powder made it possible to check the technological interest of the choice of a mullite substrate allowing an excellent thermal dilatometric agreement substrate / silicon. The use of a natural aluminosilicate, andalusite, to synthesize by reactive sintering a mullite answers the economic objectives. The thermal, mechanical and optical properties make mullite a promising substrate for the polycrystalline silicon depositing at high temperatures. The optical properties of the substrates revealed a very high reflexivity suggesting the possibility of an optical containment. The mechanical strengths of this ceramics seem largely sufficient compared to the weak mechanical requests which should undergo the silicon substrate and its deposit. The thermal dilation coefficient of these materials is very close to that of silicon on a broad range of temperatures, thus minimising the residual thermal stresses
Gravel, Mathieu. "Rôle du gène Mek1 dans la différenciation des trophoblastes souches et lors du développement embryonnaire." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25697/25697.pdf.
Full textMaruotti, Julien. "Nouvelles voies d'établissement de cellules embryonnaires pluripotentes chez la souris, et applications à d'autres mammifères domestiques." AgroParisTech, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AGPT0001.
Full textBissonauth, Vickram. "Rôle essentiel de Mek1 dans le développement des tissus extra embryonnaires de la souris." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23624/23624.pdf.
Full textThibault, Gilles. "Effet inhibiteur de membranes plasmiques syncytiotrophoblastiques du placenta humain à terme sur l'activation lymphocytaire : approche du mécanisme d'action." Tours, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991TOUR3804.
Full textChouteau, Céline. "Développement d'un biocapteur conductimétrique bi-enzymatique à cellules algales." Lyon, INSA, 2004. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2004ISAL0066/these.pdf.
Full textThe protection of aquatic ecosystems requires early warning systems for on line and in situ monitoring. These tools can give information on the family of pollutants when they are designed to respond specifically. This works aims at developing a conductometric biosensor using immobilized algal cells. These microalgae provide a large number of membrane-bound enzymes (particularly sorne alkaline phosphatases and cholinesterases). Their enzymatic activities can then be detected easily using these sensors. . First, algae immobilisation on electrodes was optimised as well as protocols for the detection of enzymatic activities. Then, toxicity tests were performed to detect toxic compounds in aquatic ecosystems. These biosensors have detected Cd2 + and Zn2 + down to 10ppb. First experiments with paraoxon-methyl have shown that it inhibits cholinesterase activity significantly
Altamura, Giovanni. "Développement de cellules solaires à base de films minces CZTSSe." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01071694.
Full textEyquem, Stéphanie. "Caractérisation des mécanismes moléculaires contrôlant le développement des cellules lymphoïdes." Paris 7, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA077063.
Full textDelamarre, Amaury. "Développement de nouvelles méthodes de caractérisation optoélectroniques des cellules solaires." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066501.
Full textL’énergie photovoltaïque est appelée à prendre une place importante dans notre futur mix énergétique. Pour augmenter sa compétitivité, l’objectif est d’en augmenter le rendement et de diminuer les coûts. Dans ce but, de nouvelles méthodes de caractérisations sont développées, pour une utilisation à la fois industrielle et au niveau de la recherche. Nous exploitons ici l’émission de photoluminescence (PL) et d’électroluminescence (EL) des cellules solaires. Pour l’acquisition du flux émis un imageur hyperspectral est développé, dont la particularité d’acquérir des images résolues spectralement, avec une calibration absolue. La luminescence est donc mesurée en photons, par unité d’énergie, de temps et de surface. Des méthodes d’analyse sont ensuite développées et validées sur une cellule haut rendement à base d’arséniure de gallium. A partir de la PL, nous déterminons sans contacts et avec une résolution spatiale les courants de saturation de la jonction pn. En EL, des grandeurs caractéristiques de collection des porteurs et de résistivité sont accessibles. Des mesures classiques viennent confirmer ces résultats. Enfin, ces méthodes sont appliquées à des cellules à base d’absorbeur de diséléniure de cuivre, d’indium et de gallium. Ce matériau est fortement inhomogène tout en présentant des rendements élevés. Ses mécanismes de fonctionnement restent encore méconnus, que des méthodes de caractérisation par luminescence peuvent éclairer. Pour la première fois, nous déterminons des cartographies de la tension délivrée par la cellule en PL. Par comparaison avec le signal d’EL, nous pouvons décorréler les problèmes de collection et de qualité du matériau à l’échelle micrométrique
Feraud, Olivier. "Cellules souches embryonnaires et étude du développement du système vasculaire." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003GRE10006.
Full textJarjour, Meryem. "Plasticité des réseaux de cellules folliculaires dentritiques : Développement & remodelage." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4014.
Full textFollicular Dendritic Cells (FDCs) regulate B cell function and development of high affinity antibody responses but little is known about their biology. FDCs associate in intricate cellular networks within secondary lymphoid organs. In vitro and ex vivo methods may thus be of little interest to understand the genuine immunobiology of FDCs in their native habitat. Herein, we utilised various multicolor fate mapping systems to investigate the ontogeny and dynamics of lymph node (LN) FDCs in situ. We show that LN FDC networks arise from the clonal expansion and differentiation of Marginal Reticular Cells (MRCs), a population of lymphoid stromal cells lining the LN subcapsular sinus. We further demonstrate that during an immune response, FDCs accumulate in germinal centers and that neither the recruitment of circulating progenitors nor the division of local mature FDCs significantly contributes to this accumulation. In contrast, we provide evidence that newly generated FDCs also arise from the proliferation and differentiation of MRCs, thus unraveling a critical function of this poorly defined stromal cell population
Caetano, Monteiro Miguel Fernando. "Eʹtude des étapes précoces du développement adipocytaire." Nice, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NICE4009.
Full textJarousseau, Annie-Claude. "Susceptibilite des cellules choriocarcinomateuses bewo, jeg-3 et jar aux cytotoxicites nk, lak et ctl exercees par des lymphocytes sanguins humains ; etude de leurs proprietes adhesives vis-a-vis des effecteurs et du role des molecules de classe i du cmh a leur surface." Tours, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOUR3310.
Full textDaclin, Marie. "Mécanismes de développement des cellules épendymaires : origine et lignage des cellules épendymaires dans le cerveau des mammifères." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEE015.
Full textEpendymal cells are multiciliated cells lining the walls of all brain cavities. Once they are mature, they do not divide during life. Their motile ciliary beating endorses a crucial role in maintaining a proper flow of cerebrospinal fluid throughout all brain cavities. Ependymal cells also ensure critical molecular exchanges of the cerebrospinal fluid. On the whole, the involvement of ependymal cells and their multiple motile cilia in the maintenance of the neural circuits and more globally in the well-functioning of the entire brain have proven paramount. More recently, a new characteristic of ependymal cells has been brought to light. Namely, they are part of a microenvironment so called a “niche” surrounding adult neural stem cells in the adult rodent brain. Noteworthy, these adult neuralstem cells are capable of producing new neurons that will migrate to the olfactory bulb of rodents. In terms of their origin, it was shown that multiciliated ependymal cells derive from neural stem cells during late embryonic stages. Besides, the same stem cells can give rise to most cell types of the brain. However, little is known about how fate-decision is made in neural stem cells. In this project, we tackle more particularly how multiciliated ependymal cells arise from the neural stem cells. Most specifically, we address the type of celldivision and the ependymal cell lineage. We find that ependymal cells are not migrating subsequent to their last division, but rather stay where they were first produced. Most interestingly, they can be generated through both symmetric and asymmetric cell division. We also show that embryonic neural stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to both an ependymal cell and an adult stem cell. We are confident that these data bring major new insights in the current understanding of neural development. Additionally, these findingscould contribute in opening new therapeutic perspectives and strategies to cure neurodegenerative diseases in a much longer term
Saint-Jeannet, Jean-Pierre. "Recherches sur les étapes initiales de la détermination neurale chez un embryon de vertébré : rôle des interactions cellulaires." Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU30033.
Full textPerroteau, Jeanne. "Du développement des cellules iNKT humaines, à l'analyse de populations périphériques auto réactives." Thesis, Nantes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NANT1010/document.
Full textThirty years ago, a new population of T αβ lymphocytes was described. lt is at the frontier between innate and adaptative immunities, as it simultaneously expresses receptors from NK cells and a T cell receptor (TCR), which is invariant. Therefore, the name of this population comes from these characteristics: iNKT for « invariant Natural Killer T ». iNKT cells are different from conventional T αβ cells, as they express a TCR restricted by the antigenic presenting molecule CD1 d, recognizing glycolipid antigens, and always composed of the germinal gene segments Vα24 and Jα18 for the a chain, and Vβ 11 for the β chain. After activation, these cells can be directly cytotoxic, and can also produce large amounts of cytokines and chemokines, which can regulate the cross-talk of iNKT cells with other immune effector cells (dendritic cells, T, Bor NK lymphocytes, ... ). Since their discovery, many research fields have emerged in order to better characterize these cells. Among them, there is the identification of underlying mechanisms of iNKT cells' autoreactivity, a phenomenon often seen, and described in the first studies about these population. However, at this time, no consensus has been reached to explain the reactivity of iNKT cells against self-glycolipids. The research field about iNKT cells development model includes many studies using, to a large extent, murine models. My PhD work has focused on these two areas, with the desire to better understand these phenomena in humans
Pers, Paul. "Développement et optimisation de matériaux d’électrodes et d’électrolytes, pour cellules PCFC." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS193/document.
Full textThe aim of present work was to develop PCFC materials and fuel cells working in 400-600°C. The work deals with the optimization of materials and elaboration processes with the aim of decreasing the sintering temperature. In order to achieve high performances, nanostructured and architecture electrodes and optimized electrolytes have been investigated. Efficient anode support PCFCs were fabricated using wet powder spraying whiten simply method easily suitable on order to scaling-up. The maximum power densities obtained in this work are among, one of the best reported for PCFC
Combe, Audrey. "Entrée et développement des sporozoïtes de plasmodium dans les cellules hôtes." Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077196.
Full textMalaria remains one of the most deadly infectious diseases in the world. The symptomatic phase is due to the multiplication of the parasite inside red blood cells of the host. This blood phase is preceded by the so-called pre-erythrocytic phase, which occurs mostly in the liver of the host. During the latter phase, the sporozoite stage of the parasite is injected into the host skin by a mosquito, invades hepatocytes and generates the merozoite stage that invades erythrocytes. During my thesis, I focused on various aspects of entry and development of the Plasmodium sporozoite in host cells, using a rodent model of infection. First, we characterized a novel protein that is necessary for the motility of the sporozoite and its capacity to invade the mosquito salivary glands. This protein, called TREP, is a new member of the family of proteins that link the substrate to the parasite motor. Second, we examined the role of actin in the host cell during the entry of Plasmodium sporozoites and Toxoplasma tachyzoites. In contrast to the commonly accepted model of a host cell playing no active role during zoite entry, our results showed that zoites induce actin polymerization in the host cell specifically at the zoite-host cell junction. Finally, we established a new conditional mutagenesis procedure in Plasmodium, based on the Flp/FRT System of yeast, for addressing the function of parasite essential genes in the pre-eryhtrocytic stages (sporozoite and intra-hepatocytic). Using this technique, we showed that the MSP-1 protein, which is essential for merozoite invasion of erythrocytes, is also essential for the formation of merozoites from the intra-hepatocytic stage of the parasite
Lenoir, Olivia. "Contrôle du développement des cellules endocrines pancréatiques par les Histones Désacétylases." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077125.
Full textThe pancreas maintains glucose homeostasis, through hormones secretion such as insulin and somatostatin by ß and δ endocrine cells, respectively. The abnormal function of the endocrine tissue can lead to diabetes. Consequently, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms that control endocrine cell differentiation in order to develop new diabetes therapies. The objective of my thesis was to characterize the role of histone deacetylases (HDACs) during pancreas development. HDACs are epigenetic factors that control gene expression by modulating chromatin compaction state. First, we used a global strategy of HDAC inhibition, using HDAC inhibitors on pancreatic explants, to demonstrate that HDACs act at key points during pancreas development. Particularly, we showed that class I HDACs inhibition amplifies the pool of pancreatic endocrine progenitors. In order to identify the role of specific HDACs, we analyzed their expression profile and found that HDAC4, 5 and 9 are specifically expressed in ß and δ cells. Next, we studied the pancreatic phenotype of embryos from mice with a deletion of Hdac4, 5 or 9. We also developed a new model of gene transfer mediated by lentivirus to overexpress these HDACs in pancreatic explants. We demonstrated that HDAC4, 5 and 9 control the differentiation of the ß/δ endocrine lineage. These results allow to better understand the epigenetic mechanisms that control pancreatic cell differentiation
Bruhat, Elise. "Développement de cellules photovoltaïques silicium à homojonction industrialisables à contacts passivés." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI128.
Full textFor the deployment of renewable energies, the development of cheaper and more efficient solar cells remains an issue to make photovoltaic electricity even more attractive. While homojunction-based silicon solar cell technologies dominate the global market, the performances of these structures can be further improved. Indeed, the direct contact between the metal grid and the highly doped junction is a source of recombination losses. To overcome these limitations, new structures are emerging such as silicon-based passivated contacts solar cells. These structures aim at integrating of passivating layers between the crystalline silicon substrate and the metal grid, thus drastically reducing the recombination phenomena within the devices. Silicon heterojunction (a-Si:H/c-Si) cells remain the most well-known passivated contact technology. Nevertheless, this mature technology is still limited by its fabrication process which is far from the industrial standard, and is hardly compatible with temperatures exceeding 250 ° C. In addition, the use of expensive and potentially toxic indium in the Transparent Conductive Oxide (TCO) layers has restrained up to now the expansion towards mass industrialization of the process. Thus, it is necessary to develop new passivated contacts technologies compatible with high temperature (above 800°C), implementable in a standard production line. This study explores new paths for passivating contact technologies thanks to ultrathin layers of oxides or dielectrics/TCO stacks deposited on silicon homojunctions as well as poly-silicon on thin oxide junctions. In order to limit the resistive losses and potentially limit recombination losses in the contacted areas, intermediate TCO layers have been developed. In this perspective, this works aims at investigating the development of Aluminum Zinc Oxide (AZO) layers by both Magnetron Sputtering (MS) and Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) for passivated contact solar cells. These layers, also used in combination with dielectric materials have been integrated and then tested in photovoltaic devices
Tailleux, Ludovic. "Biologie des cellules dendritiques humaines : développement et interactions avec Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Paris 7, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA077116.
Full textArgüeso, Lleida Andrea. "Développement d’approches de modifications ciblées du méthylome dans les cellules mammifères." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ068.
Full textDNA methylation takes place on cytosines of CpG dinucleotides in mammals and is catalysed by DNMT enzymes. Cancer cells are characterised by frequent promoter hypermethylation leading to transcriptional repression of tumor suppressor genes and favouring tumor progression. Because of its reversible nature, DNA methylation is a target of choice in epigenetic therapies. However, current DNMT inhibitors act in a global and non-specific manner, leading to side effects and toxicity in normal cells. During my thesis I have developed strategies to perform targeted demethylation in specific regions of the genome without affecting global methylation. First, I have validated a strategy inducing the specific and durable epigenetic reprogramming of the tumor suppressor gene SERPINB5 in a breast cancer cell line, which can pave the way to further biomedical research. Second, I have optimised epigenome editing strategies as a regular tool in basic research
Bunel, Audrey. "Expression génique des cellules du cumulus et compétence ovocytaire au développement." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/31529.
Full textIn this thesis report, the cumulus cell gene expression regarding oocyte developmental competence was explored in bovine. This interest is based on the proven crucial role in the differentiation of the cumulus to the mammalian oocyte. First, we applied an ovarian stimulation protocol to dairy cows which allows modulation of oocyte competence using FSH to influence follicular differentiation. Then, three oocyte competency states were obtained: increasing competence, competence acquired and decreasing competence. In spite of moderated competency fluctuations, cumulus cell transcriptome still reflects them. The small variations in cumulus gene expression reinforce the general idea that oocyte competence is the result not only of substantial changes due to the environment, but also of a much finer regulation of follicular mechanisms. Following the results of the first study, we wanted to obtain a more contrasted transcriptomic picture of the cumulus. To do so, cumulus biopsies were performed on slaughterhouse cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) monitored individually, from their maturation to their in vitro development, and categorized according to whether the development was stopped at 2-8 cells – i.e. the embryonic genome activation – or continued until the blastocyst stage. In this way, the cumuli associated with a blastocyst formation, and therefore with competent oocytes, show a clearly different gene expression from those whose embryonic development has failed. These differences concern functions such as: posttranslational modification, protein folding, amino acid metabolism, protein degradation or free radical scavenging that are over-expressed in competent cumuli. Thirdly, we evaluated the involvement of luteinizing hormone (LH) in cumulus gene expression. The same protocol as that of the first study was applied, with the addition of Cetrorelix injections in order to suppress the LH secretion at the end of follicular growth – i.e. during developmental competence acquisition. Although the absence of LH did not impacted significantly on oocyte competence, the cumulus cell transcriptome was significantly affected. Thus, the expression of functions such as survival, proliferation or follicular growth is inhibited in the absence of LH. In addition, cell maintenance functions such as transcription, amino acid and protein metabolism, and energy production also seem to suffer from this absence. LH support would therefore be important for cumulus functions during the final maturation of the follicle. Finally, because of the controversy found in literature concerning the presence of the LH receptor (LH-R) in bovine cumulus, we sought to follow the gene expression of this LH-R in in vitro maturing COC cells. Also, we examined the expression of mevalonate kinase (MVK), whose transcript is recognized as a regulator of R-LH expression; and monitored the expression of various steroidogenic enzymes as well as that of the progesterone receptor (PGR). Gene expression observation was performed every 3 hours, from 0 to 24 h of maturation, and did not allow the detection of any R-LH transcripts in the cumulus, while MVK gene expression increases during maturation. The transcripts of the STAR and HSD3β steroidogenic enzymes were found, although weakly expressed; and the expression of CYP11A1 and PGR increases during maturation. Thus, on the one hand, LH supplementation of maturation media does not seem relevant in cattle; on the other hand, cumulus may be able to use cholesterol for steroidogenesis and to respond to a progesterone stimulation since it expresses its receptor. This work thus contributes to increase knowledge of the bovine cumulus transcriptome and its link with oocyte developmental competence. Finally, the data acquired here offer new avenues to explore in order to improve oocyte quality, both in vitro and in vivo.
Bertot, Charlotte. "Le rôle des cellules microgliales dans le développement des circuits neuronaux." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0414/document.
Full textMicroglial cells, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system, were mainly studied for their role in pathological conditions, but they recently appeared to be involved in synaptic development and circuits formation during postnatal period. During this critical period, microglial cells colonize the central nervous system and interact with other cell types, including neurons. A specific way of communication between neurons and microglia involves neuronal released fractalkine (CX3CL1) and its specific microglial receptor CX3CR1. CX3CR1 KO mice contributed to unclose microglial role during development. Indeed, CX3CR1 ablation alters microglia distribution in the brain, and it affects glutamatergic transmission and synapse maturation. However, these effects seem to be transient and brain region specific and their mechanisms are poorly understood. Furthermore, some effects observed in juvenile or adult mice may have origin during development, when neuronal connections are established. GABA plays a fundamental role in this process since it is excitatory The influence of neuron.microglia interaction on neuronal activity in the hippocampus during this period is poorly understood. In particular, nothing is known on GABAergic activity, known to be synaptogenic during this period My PhD project aimed at investigating how the signaling fractalkine pathway impacts microglial coloniation of the hippocampus and neuronal activity during the first two postnatal weeks. Our results indicate that in CX3XR1KO mice there is a reduction in the density of microglial cells at P7-P9 in the CA3 hippocampal area, accompanied at P7 by a significant reduction of frequency of Giant Depolarizing Potentials (GDPs), a network activity involved in hippocampal synapse formation and maturation Furthermore, despite no overall difference in glutamatergic or GABAergic synaptic activity, GABAergic events display a subpopulation of larger events, and the kinetics was slightly faster. Thus, the disruption of the specific neuronal.microglia signaling pathway on one hand impacts the microglia coloniation of the hippocampus and on the other hands affects specifically neuronal network activity during a time window critical for the establishment of neuronal connections
Bera, Agata Natalia. "Développement d'outils pour suivre la différenciation précoce de cellules souches embryonnaires." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAJ042.
Full textEmbryonic stem cells (ESCs) are a powerful system to investigate developmental processes in vitro, and a promising tool to generate specific cell types for cellular therapies and regenerative medicine. ESCs are self-renewing, pluripotent cells, maintaining a proliferative and undifferentiated state in culture, while retaining the capacity to differentiate into the three embryonic lineages: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, and all their derivatives. Here, I established a primitive streak specific Brachyury/T Reporter ESC line (TRepV) to investigate early ESC differentiation. In contrast to previously published Tknock-in line, we established a transgene T ESCs reporter line, in order to avoid the disruption of the T locus, which may result in a hapoinsuficient phenotype. During the validation process, I observed discrepancies in expression between the TRepV and the endogenous T locus. I followed upon these observations with a more detailed analysis and obtained evidence that T is regulated differently in the ESC system compared to in vivo development. Against expectations, I also observed heterogeneous expression of the TRepV reporter in undifferentiated ESCs. Undifferentiated ESCs were found to be a mix of TRepV+ and TRepV- cells. This finding became the focus of my studies: I found TRepV+ cells represent a distinct population of ESCs with a unique identity. Unlike other heterogeneous ESC populations (such as Stella or Nanog), TRepV+ cells do not interconvert in their fate and represent an explicit, stable subpopulation of ESCs. Finally, I performed a microarray analysis of TRepV+ and TRepV- ESCs and identifed new genes which may be involved in the regulation of self-renewal and pluripotency
Elghazi, Lynda. "Développement du pancréas : rôle de ligands spécifiques de récepteurs à activité tyrosine kinase." Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA077074.
Full textSwieb, Salem. "Développement de thérapies cellulaires pour les complications urinaires et sexuelles de la prostatectomie radicale." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00461672.
Full textDriessens, Grégory. "Développement d'un modèle de vaccination anti-tumorale thérapeutique associant cellules dendritiques et cellules tumorales sécrétrices de GM-CSF." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210822.
Full textBarbee, Cindy. "Compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires régulant la différenciation des cellules souches embryonnaires murines en cellules folliculaires thyroïdiennes." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/278853.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Médecine)
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Bidan, Nadège. "Développement d’un système rapporteur de la plasticité des cellules cancéreuses du sein." Thesis, Lille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1S110.
Full textMany solid cancers are thought to be organized hierarchically with a small number of cancer stem cells (CSCs) able to re-grow a tumor while their progeny lacks this feature. These CSCs are associated with radioresistance. Recent studies have revealed that non-cancer stem cells may undergo dedifferentiation subsequently obtaining the phenotype and functions of CSCs. Indeed, ionizing radiation reprogrammed differentiated breast cancer cells into induced cancer stem cells (iCSCs). This mechanism of reprogramming can contribute to relapse. CSCs and iCSCs cannot be distinguished as they share the same stem cell-like properties. Breast CSCs can be isolated based on their high ALDH1 activity while iCSC studies require originally sorting of ALDH1-negative cells. Such studies are limited to in vitro experiments. In vivo reprogramming studies require designing a specific CSC and iCSC identification system.During my PhD thesis, I showed that ALDH1A1 promoter can be used to identify cells with CSC. The cells identified by fluorescent protein in which expression is controlled by ALDH1A1 promoter possess self-renewal and differentiation properties. They also exhibited higher capacity to form tumors, and an increased resistance to anticancer therapies. Monitoring of these cells by fluorescence tracking facilitated the visualization of reprogramming phenomenon in real time following the irradiation. In addition, we were able to observed the strongest extravasation potential of these cells in a microvessel mimicking chip model. I have subsequently constructed an inducible expression vector based on the activity of this promoter in order to dynamically follow the different cell populations: non-CSCs, pre-existing CSCs and iCSCs. This vector consists of several systems, including the inducible TetON system, the CRE-loxP system and the Flp / FRT recombination system for monitoring cell populations by fluorescence. My thesis work has thus enabled the generation of tools that can be used for the dynamic monitoring of CSCs and CSCs induced by therapies
Baudoin, R. "Développement et caractérisation d'une puce à cellules pour le criblage d'agents toxiques." Phd thesis, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00342342.
Full textDans cette étude, nous avons testé trois débits (0, 10 et 25 µL/min) et trois ensemencements cellulaires. Enfin, nous avons soumis notre biopuce à trois chargements de chlorure d'ammonium (0, 5 et 10 mM) afin de démontrer le potentiel de ce modèle pour de futures applications liées à la toxicité. L'activité cellulaire en biopuce a été suivie par la prolifération des cellules, les consommations de glucose et de glutamine, les productions d'albumine et d'ammoniac et enfin, par l'activité enzymatique de détoxification des CYP 1A.
En condition dynamique, il a été observé une augmentation des consommations et des productions cellulaires au regard des conditions statiques. L'activité de détoxification des CYP 1A a été également accrue. En présence du chlorure d'ammonium les réponses cellulaires furent similaires en biopuce au regard des conditions de culture standard en Pétri. De plus, le chlorure d'ammonium a semblé induire l'activité des CYP 1A en biopuce.
Par cette étude, nous montrons la pertinence de notre biopuce pour des tests de toxicité in vitro en condition dynamique. Ce nouveau modèle de culture cellulaire in vitro pourra à terme être applicable aux études de criblages dans les industries chimiques, pharmaceutiques et cosmétiques.
Boulord, Caroline. "Développement de techniques de métallisation innovantes pour cellules photovoltaïques à haut rendement." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00679876.
Full textL'Écuyer-Coelho, Hélène. "Développement d'un procédé pour la culture à haute concentration de cellules végétales." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0009/MQ60902.pdf.
Full textViant, Charlotte. "Régulation du développement et de la fonction des cellules innées lymphoïdes NKp46+." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4018/document.
Full textThere are three groups of innate lymphoid cells (ILC), defined notably by the transcriptions factors essential to their differentiation and their cytokines secretion. ILC1, including natural killer (NK) cells, express T-bet and secrete IFN-γ. ILC2 are characterized by GATA3 expression and the production of IL-5 and IL-13. ILC3 secrete IL-17 and IL-22 and express RORγt.My PhD work dealt with different aspects of NK cells and ILC3: their tolerance, homeostasis and plasticity.NK cell are involved in killing tumor cells and bacteria- or virus-infected cells. I found that the phosphatase SHP-1 (Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1) has a role in NK cell tolerance and activation.I also showed that the anti-apoptotic Bcl2 protein (B-cell lymphoma 2) is important for NK cell homeostasis. Only cycling NK cells could compensate the Bcl2 deficiency, due to the increase expression of another anti-apoptotic protein, Mcl1 (Myeloid Cell Leukemia 1).ILC3 are mainly located in the gut and are classified in different groups, depending on the markers that they expressed. I showed that there is plasticity between ILC3 populations and that this plasticity is regulated by environmental factors, including TGF-β and the Notch ligand, DL1
Desrues, Thibaut. "Développement de cellules photovoltaïques à hétérojonctions silicium et contacts en face arrière." Lyon, INSA, 2009. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2009ISAL0084/these.pdf.
Full textThis thesis explores a new way to enhance the efficiency of solar cells based on crystalline silicon. This new approach uses a-Si:H / c-Si heterojunctions (Si-HJ) technology applied on Interdigitated Back Contact (IBC) structures. Devices combining both technologies can theoretically reach more than 25 % efficiency using a low temperature (= 200 C) fabrication process. In this study, solar cells are fabricated on 25 cm2 n-type c-Si substrates. The fabrication processes which are used are potentially suitable with industrialization (PECVD, sputtering, screen-printing, LASER, metallic masks). Ultra-thin (between 5 and 30 nm) doped a-Si:H layers are used to fabricate both emitter and BSF regions at the rear of the solar cells. Different a-Si:H, a-SiNx:H, a-SiCx:H and ITO materials are also studied to be applied as passivating and / or anti-reflective coatings. To fabricate Si-HJ IBC solar cells, different layers are localized through the use of patterned metallic masks which are mechanically aligned. The highest efficiency obtained by Si-HJ IBC devices reach here 12. 7% efficiency. This is to our knowledge the best result worldwide on n-type c-Si for this structure. The performances of experimental devices are mainly limited by a low FF value. 2D-modelling of Si-HJ IBC shows that the rear emitter and contact design can lead to some limitations on the FF, but also on the Jsc values. This phenomenon can be attributed to a large "distributed" series resistance in the Si-HJ IBC cells. Different ways to enhance the cell geometry are proposed, as well as a simplified fabrication process. These optimizations should help to obtain Si-HJ IBC solar cells with higher efficiency
Vergely, Laurent. "Modélisation de capteurs : développement d'outils d'aide à la conception de cellules robotisées." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20232.
Full textGautier, Violette. "Développement de méthodes quantitatives sans marquage pour l'étude protéomique des cellules endothéliales." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1867/.
Full textUnderstanding biological systems, in which proteins are the main effectors, is a major challenge in biology. Proteomics is now an indispensable tool for the study of proteins. During my PhD, I used different proteomic approaches to address several biological questions about endothelial cells for the study of functional mechanisms of proteins of interest as well as inflammatory processes in these cells. These studies involved the development and the optimization of label-free quantitative methods, essential both for the characterization of protein complexes and for the analysis total proteome. This thesis describes first the use of such approaches for the analysis of immunopurified complexes, for which an important issue is often to discriminate unambiguously bona fide components of the complex from non-specific proteins. I could identify specific partners of a new family of human transcription factors, the THAP proteins, which play a key role in endothelial cells proliferation. Then, the processes activated in endothelial cells under inflammatory condition were studied at sub-proteome or entire proteome level, using global proteomics strategies associated with label-free quantification. On the one hand, the glycoproteome has been studied under inflammatory conditions, through the establishment of a method for cell surface proteome enrichment. On the other hand, a whole proteome analysis of these cells was performed after stimulation with pro-inflammatory cytokines. To obtain deep proteome coverage, this study required the implementation of a quantitative strategy involving sample fractionation by 1D gel. Finally, the third section focuses specifically on the roles and mechanisms of action of interleukin-33 in endothelial cells, and required the use of quantitative methods previously optimized
Blondelle, Jordan. "Rôle de Hacd1 dans le développement et la physiologie des cellules musculaires." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066261.
Full textHuman and animal centronuclear myopathies (CNMs) are characterized by muscle weakness and myofiber hypotrophy. In Labrador retriever, a mutation in HACD1/PTPLA gene, encoding a 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase involved in very long chain fatty acid elongation (C≥18), leads to a CNM. This work aimed at characterizing the function of HACD1 in muscle development and physiology. Using HACD1-deficient cells, we show that HACD activity was necessary for myoblast fusion during muscle differentiation through the regulation of lipid balance and membrane fluidity. In CNM-affected dogs, the absence of HACD1 led to a decrease in myofiber diameter and an impairment in muscle regeneration. This result suggests that a fusion defect may participate to myofiber hypotrophy. Moreover, Hacd1-deficient mice developed troubles in glucose metabolism and retina function, thus revealing new roles for HACD1 at the organism level
Baudoin, Régis. "Développement et caractérisation d'une puce à cellules pour le criblage d'agents toxiques." Compiègne, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008COMP1785.
Full textCurrent developments in tissue engineering and microtechnology fields allowed proposing new pertinent tools to investigate in vitro toxicity. We propose the development of a cellular microchip that mimics organs in vitro. To validate our approach, we showed the pertinence of the microchip environment with the culture of a renal cell line, the Madin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) and a human hepatic cell line, the HepG2/C3A. In this study, we tested three flow rates (0, 10 and 25 µL/min) at three inoculated cell densities. Then, we tested our microchip with three ammonium chloride loadings (0, 5 and 10mM) in order to demonstrate its potential for future toxicity experiments. The cellular activities were monitored by the cell proliferation rates, the glucose and glutamine consumptions, albumin and ammonia productions and by the detoxication via the CYP 1A activity. In dynamic condition, the cellular activities in term of consumptions and productions were higher in the microchip than in static conditions. More especially, the detoxication activity of the CYP 1A was found higher. The toxicity analysis with the chloride ammonium showed similar tendencies in the microchip and in Petri standard culture conditions (reduction of proliferation. However, the ammonium chloride seemed induce a higher CYP 1A activity in the microchip. By these investigations, we showed the pertinence of the utilization of our microchip for in vitro dynamic toxicity testing. The targeted industries of this new in vitro cell culture model are the chemical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries
Munitic, Ivana. "Détermination de signaux requis pour le développement et l'activation des cellules T." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05N06S.
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