Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Développement maladie'
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Iskandar, Samy. "Développement de formes vectorisables innovantes dans le cadre de maladies liées à l'âge." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/191211_ISKANDAR_942qv952dpkqb571ugya506omy_TH.pdf.
Full textAlzheimer's disease is a degenerative brain disease where abnormal chemicals accumulate causing progressive deterioration of memory and intellectual ability. It is a neurodegenerative disease that causes lesions in the brain. Irreversible lesions lead to a decline in cognitive functions, which serve to process information, and behavioral as the disease progresses. Loss of immediate memory, and then older memories, changes in judgment and reasoning, changes in mood and behavior are the main manifestations.Contrary to popular belief, Alzheimer's disease is not related to the normal aging of the brain. Today, the cost of the disease in Europe is estimated at 160 million euros/year, despite that, there is no effective symptomatic treatment.New non-drug approaches should be explored to slow the progression of the disease. Research in the field of the "Drug Delivery System" reveals increasingly promising systems. Addressing molecules of therapeutic interest to a target tissue is a major challenge in Drug Delivery. New targeting technologies have emerged. The search for vectors having a sufficiently long life in the body to reach the target area has already been put in place. This work is a modest step in the exploration of nanovectorized herbal medicine for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease
Calmels, Nadège. "Développement et applications de modèles cellulaires pour l'ataxie de Friedreich." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008STR13110.
Full textFriedreich ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomic recessive neurodegenerative disease due to a loss of function of frataxin. My thesis project was to develop cellular models to unravel frataxin function and FRDA physiopathology and to identify new therapeutic molecules. The first model reproduced frataxin partial deficiency, as observed in a vast majority of patients, by using a ribozyme strategy targeted against murine frataxin. This cellular model has been used to screen a one-thousand compounds library for therapeutic molecules. Moreover I have set up a strategy based on complete inactivation of the murine frataxin gene by using a fluorescent recombinase associated with frataxin conditional allele. Complete frataxin deficiency in murine immortalized fibroblasts led to cell death. However this lethal phenotype could be rescued by transgenic expression of some human frataxin missense mutants (G130V and I154F). These first missense mutants cellular models displayed a spontaneous phenotype specific for Friedreich ataxia and the severity of the model was correlated with the clinical consequences of the mutations
Pierre-Jean, Pierre. "Modernisation de l'assurance maladie et développement des ressources humaines." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006VERS017S.
Full textManagement Social Security in mind and practice with respect of these traditional goals: protect the population against disease and promote self management of this organization, effective today despite modernity
Guay-Bélanger, Sabrina. "Développement d'une signature moléculaire dans la maladie osseuse de Paget." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27296.
Full textPaget’s disease of bone (PDB) has changed in recent years, increasing the number of affected individuals who remain asymptomatic. Given the high risk of developing an osteosarcoma associated with PDB, this disease is a contraindication to the prescription of bone anabolic agents. With the incoming introduction of new bone anabolic agents indicated for osteoporosis treatment, it will be crucial to screen accurately for the presence of PDB. The objectives of this project were (1) to develop a more sensitive test to detect and assess the frequency of SQSTM1/P392L post-zygotic mutations in pagetic patients, (2) to develop a genetic test of PDB, including germinal and post-zygotic SQSTM1 mutations, (3) and to assess the diagnostic performance of this test integrated with bone biomarkers in a molecular signature of PDB. A sensitive PCR method using a locked nucleic acid (LNA) specific to the SQSTM1/P392L mutation was developed, and the presence of this mutation was investigated in the cohorts available in the laboratory, and in different tissues. Then, the development of the molecular signature used genotypic and biochemical data available in the laboratory, and logistic regressions were performed to determine the combination of markers with the best ability to correctly identify PDB patients. SQSTM1/P392L post-zygotic mutations were present in 4.8% of pagetic patients, and in 1.4% of healthy individuals in the population studied, this mutation being restricted to the monocytic lineage. Two molecular tests relying on a two steps algorithm were then developed. Firstly, a pure genetic algorithm could be proposed: a screen in the SQSTM1 gene should first be performed to search for disease-causing germinal mutations, and if negative, the genetic score based on a combination of the five SNPs developed in this study should be calculated. In the populations studied, this genetic algorithm had a sensitivity of 83.61% and a specificity of 51.03%. On the other hand, a genetic and biochemical algorithm could be used: a screen in the SQSTM1 gene should first be performed to search for disease-causing germinal mutations, and if negative, the combined score based on a combination integrating both genetic and biochemical markers developed in this study should be calculated. This genetic algorithm had a sensitivity of 83.61% and a specificity of 51.03% in the populations studied. The presence of post-zygotic mutations confirms the existence of a mutational spectrum of SQSTM1 in PDB, and may explain its focal character. These results conducted to the development of two molecular tests which predicted the PDB phenotype better than bone biomarkers already available in clinical practice.
Dauphin, Gwenaëlle. "Développement d'outils sérologiques et moléculaires pour le diagnostic et l'étude de la prévalence de la maladie de Borna en France." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO1T065.
Full textMarciniak, Elodie. "Neuroinflammation & Insulinorésistance : contribution au développement physiopathologique de la maladie d’Alzheimer." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S036/document.
Full textAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by extracellular amyloid deposits and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles, made of aggregated and abnormally hyperphosphorylated Tau proteins. Other components are also involved in AD pathophysiology, including chronic neuroinflammation and central insulinoresistance that would contribute both to the development of Alzheimer lesions as well as associated synaptic and memory impairments.Neuroinflammation observed in AD is characterized by glial cell activation, lymphocyte infiltration, and the release of soluble inflammatory mediators including chemokines. CCL3 is a highly upregulated chemokine in the brain of AD patients. In our lab, we have shown, in a mouse model of Tau pathology, that hippocampal CCL3 was largely upregulated and, thus, we made the assumptions that such increase could play a key-role in the memory dysfunctions associated with Tau pathology. To address to this question, we precisely evaluated the impact of CCL3 upon hippocampal synaptic activity and memory function. Our data show that CCL3 application on hippocampal slices induces a significant decrease of basal synaptic activity and long term potentiation (LTP) impairment without affecting presynaptic activity and long term depression (LTD). Further, intracerebral elevation of CCL3 by sub-chronical intracerebroventricular injections was also found to impact hippocampal basal synaptic activity and LTP but also short term spatial memory and long term memory. Reversion of these alterations by Maraviroc finally suggests that CCL3 deleterious effects are CCR5 dependent. Overall, these studies show the important role of CCL3 towards plasticity and memory as well as in AD physiopathology.Besides chronic inflammation, insulinoresistance observed in AD brain is suggested to favor the development of amyloid and Tau lesions but also to participate to synaptic impairments underlying memory loss. However, origins of the brain insulinoresistance described in AD are unclear. Previous studies ascribed central insulin-resistance to Aβ oligomers, type II diabetes or even neuroinflammation. So far, no relationship has been established with Tau protein. The aim of the second part of the present thesis was evaluate the potential role of Tau protein towards the regulation of central insulin sensitivity. Various experiments performed in vitro and in vivo show that Tau favors the neuronal response to insulin, whereas Tau deletion favors insulin-resistance. This regulation seems to be related to an interaction between Tau and PTEN, a phospholipase inhibiting insulin signaling, which results in a reduced PTEN activity, itself favoring insulin pathway activation. Regulation of brain insulin signaling is known to modulate energy homeostasis, food intake and weight gain. In line with the idea that Tau protein modulates insulin signaling, we found that Tau deletion induces weight gain, hyperinsulinemia and glucointolerance. Together, these data provide a new function for Tau in the control of neuronal signaling and peripheral metabolism. These data also highlight that the loss of Tau function in AD might explain at last in part the central insulinoresistance described as “type 3 diabetes”.In conclusion, our data highlight two mechanisms linking Tau pathology and memory deficits, one through the detrimental effect of the chemokine CCL3 and the other involving neuronal insulin resistance
Saudemont, Aurore. "Développement d'une approche de thérapie génique des leucémies aiguës myéloblastiques." Lille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LIL2S010.
Full textIL12 and CD154 gene transfer in leukemic cells can induce an efficient antileukemic immunity in the aggressive DA1-3b-C3H/Hej mouse model of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, induced antileukemic immunity may result in persistence of a minimal residual leukemic disease (MRD) in mice in long-term remission. We sequentially quantified MRD using BCR/ABL real-time PCR in C3H/Hej mice, vaccinated with irradiated mouse leukemic DA1-3b cells transduced with IL12 or CD154 and challenged with lived 104 DA1-3b cells, during immune response and one year after vaccination. We showed that median number of leukemic cells in spleen decreased 30 days after challenge, and stabilized to only 90 cells in 35% of mice on day 90. After one year, 13 of 52 (25%) mice in remission were found positive for MRD with a median number of cells not statistically different to that found on day 90. Dormant leukemic cells isolated from spleen were able to grow in vitro and showed significant increased B7-H1 expression positively correlated with time of remission. Increased B7-H1 expression was able to inhibit antileukemic CTL activity in vitro and in vivo blocking of B7-H1 prolonged survival of mice. B7-H1 seems to be involved in long term persistence of MRD at low level in AML, suggesting a possible mechanism of tumor escape to whole cell vaccine strategies
Komura, Emiko. "Etudes des mécanismes conduisant au développement de la splénomégalie myéloïde." Paris 7, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA077106.
Full textLalut, Julien. "Développement de ligands pluriactifs d'intérêt thérapeutique et/ou diagnostique dans la maladie d'Alzheimer." Caen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CAEN4011.
Full textBecause of an intensification of the phenomena of senile dementia in the world, partly due to the increase of the life expectancy of the population, one of the greatest challenges facing medicinal chemists in the 21st century is the discovery of potential treatments and diagnostic markers for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The most common neurodegenerative disease generates a progressive and irreversible decline in cognitive function (learning, memory. . . ) by neuronal dysfunction, mainly characterized by the formation of toxic -amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. The concept of Multi-Target-Directed Ligands (MTDLs), a promising and modern drug discovery method, is developed since the past decade for treatment of disorders with complex pathological mechanisms. Our laboratory has recently described the discovery of a promising drug candidate for AD treatment: donecopride, a dual serotonin subtype 4 receptor agonist/ acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. The thesis focused on the pharmacomodulation of donecopride for the development of MTDLs with therapeutic effects and the development of potential 5-HT4 receptors Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) radiotracers. No less than 60 ligands belonging to different chemical families (indole, benzisoxazole. . . ) were synthesized and among them, several allow to validate the proof-of-concept of a dual activity of our compounds for the both pharmacological targets
Laperine, Olivier. "La maladie parodontale : du développement d’un modèle animal à l’identification de cibles thérapeutiques." Thesis, Nantes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NANT1034.
Full textPeriodontitis is an inflammatory disease of bacterial origin, affecting the tooth-supporting tissues, the periodontium. This disease results from disproportionate immune response of the host against the bacterial stimulus, especially against Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg). Inflammatory cascade is then triggered to ultimately activate osteoclasts. The pathophysiology of periodontitis remains elusive. Recently, the family of interleukin 1 was enriched with new members including interleukin 33 (IL-33), which plays a major role in innate immunity and in a pathology exhibiting strong similarities with periodontitis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA). IL-33 is highly expressed in the joints of these patients and invalidation of the gene encoding the receptor ST2 in a murine model of arthritis reduced bone loss associated with this disease. This thesis aims to determine whether IL-33 is expressed in periodontitis patients and in a mouse model of alveolar bone loss (alveolysis) induced by Pg. We recorded an overexpression of IL 33 by gingival epithelial cells in these patients as in the animal model. In this model, IL-33 expression is induced before the onset of alveolysis and increased the expression of the key osteoclastogenic factor RANKL. Other actors, in particular dendritic cells, could also promote this alveolysis upon the action of IL-33. These data suggest that IL-33 could be a major player in the pathogenesis of periodontitis
Lacombe, Maud. "Développement de méthodes d’analyse protéomique pour l’exploration translationnelle de la maladie de Wilson." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAV059.
Full textWilson’s disease is a rare genetic disorder triggered by mutations in the ATP7B gene, which encodes a transport protein involved in copper transport and excretion, triggering toxic copper overloads in the liver and the brain. The lack of genotype-phenotype correlation and phenotype variability lead to clinical care difficulties, especially for the diagnosis and biological follow up of patients. In this study, we initiated the discovery and evaluation of biomarker candidates for the diagnosis of Wilson’s disease and for early prognosis towards neurological manifestation. With the availability of the Atp7b-/- mice model, we engaged a preclinical study leading to the qualification of a panel of 7 biomarker candidates. These results allowed us to raise the interest of the National Reference Center for Wilson’s disease (CNR) medical teams in Lyon and Paris and to engage a close collaboration to initiate clinical study. Using a first plasma cohort from Wilson’s disease patients, we assessed the translational and clinical value of the 7 biomarker candidates and engage discovery study on patients’ plasma samples. Furthermore, we also studied the molecular mechanisms involved in liver pathophysiology using the Atp7b-/- mice model using discovery proteomics. These investigations led to the identification of a new potential therapeutic target
Pépin, Jérémy. "Développement de l’imagerie métabolique par IRM-CEST : application à la maladie de Huntington." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS032/document.
Full textHuntington's disease (HD) is a inherited neurodegenerative disease affecting the brain. This disease is characterized by clinical symptoms such as psychiatric, cognitive and motor disorders worsening over time. These deficiencies are due to an abnormal increase in the size of the CAG repeats in the gene encoding the huntingtin protein. Thisaccumulates in the brain cells and causes their death. Previous studies have shown that the metabolic profile measured in ¹H NMR spectroscopy can be altered in patients with this disease as well as major atrophy of certain structures of the brain. Hypotheses involving defects in energy metabolism have been advanced to explain partially the pathophysiology of the disease. The metabolic actors could thus be biomarkers of interest. Using a promising MRI modality called Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST), it is possible to detect low-concentrated labile protons that are classically undetectable in MRI. It thus becomes possible to map in vivo the distribution of metabolites such as glutamate (which is a neurotransmitter) or glucose (which is the fuel of cells) which are potentially involved in neurodegenerative diseases. The methodological developments carried out during this thesis were then applied to rodent models of Huntington's disease (KI140 mice, R6/1 mice, BACHD rats) in order to identify potential biomarkers of the pathology and to evaluate the relevance of these innovative MRI methods. All of these results and methods implemented during this thesis show the potential of CEST imaging for the study of neurodegenerative diseases
Lévecque, Clotilde. "Identification de déterminants génétiques impliqués dans le développement de la maladie de Parkinson : mise en évidence d'interactions gène-environnement." Lille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LIL2MT18.
Full textPontual, Loïc de. "Anomalies de développement et prédisposition tumorale : étude du syndrome d'Ondine et du syndrome de Pitt-Hopkins." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05D001.
Full textThe scope of our project is to study rare disorders of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in human using congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) as a model for complex CCHS variants associated with Hirschsprung disease and tumours of the sympathetic nervous system. All 3 disorders have been ascribed to germline mutation of the Paired-like Homeobox 2B (PHOX2B) gene. My project was i) to study the enteric phenotype by genotyping candidate modifier gene(s) in CCHS patients and bread heterozygous knock-out mice for the Phox2b gene and downstream gene(s) involved in the development of the autonomic nervous system and ii) to investigate the dual effect of PHOX2B in development and tumours. We combined molecular analysis, in vitro studies, animal models and genomics in order to specify the pathophysiologic consequences of an impaired PHOX2B transcription factor function on the development of the enteric nervous system and embryonic tumour predisposition
Karine, Bourgade. "Propriétés anti-virales des peptides β-amyloïdes associés à la maladie d'Alzheimer : implication dans le développement et la progression de la maladie." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/8198.
Full textLetronne, Florent. "ADAM30 et métabolisme de l'APP : implication dans le développement physiopathologique de la maladie d'Alzheimer." Thesis, Lille 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL2S062/document.
Full textProgressive intra-cerebral accumulation of amyloid peptides formed after sequential cleavage of the amyloid peptide precursor (APP) by secretases , is a central mecanism for Alzheimer’s disease. Therefore, a better understanding of APP regulation and homeostasy is now crucial. With this background, we postulate that the characterization of new actors in the APP metabolism could provide a more subtle understanding of this APP metabolism and trafficking. From their obvious implication in brain (development, plasticity and repair) and in APP metabolism (α-secretases), ADAMs (A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease) are an important protein proteins family which still have some undetermined function or role. Previously, a transcriptomic approach targeting ADAMs family bas been done at the laboratory on Alzheimer’s patient or control brains and found ADAM30 as under-expressed in Alzheimer’s patient brains. On cellular models, we confirmed that ADAM30 under-expression was associate with an increase in production/secretion of all the APP metabolim byproducts. Opposite results were found with ADAM30 over-expression. To replicate those results in another model closest to human pathophysiology, we have developed a triple transgenic mice model over-expressing APPSweInd and conditionally over-expressing ADAM30. In this model, we have observed and measured a decrease in amyloid deposits in mice brains over-expressing ADAM30. Secondly, because ADAM30 did not modulate secretase activities and did not cleave APP directly, we decided to determine ADAM30 substrats in the APP metabolism context. With a systematic approach, we have determined that Cathepsin D (CTSD) and Insulin Receptor Substrat 4 (IRS4) are two ADAM30 potential substrats. In our cellular models, we have found that ADAM30 is able to cleave and activate CTSD. This CTSD activity is required for ADAM30 action on APP metabolism. We have determined that ADAM30 specific action for CTSD is dependent on lysosome adressing sequence localised in APP C-terminal part. CTSD is a lysosomal protein and so ADAM30 would make CTSD specific activation easier. This mecanism would be able to increase APP degradation in endosome/lysosome pathway and reduce APP entry in its metabolism. To better understand ADAM30 specific action on CTSD and APP, we begin to investigate the potential role of IRS4 and the relation between insulin signaling pathway ans APP metabolism. Combined together, those data suggest that ADAM30 is a new APP metabolism actor, involved in an early APP regulation and degradation pathway dependent on lysosome activation. This study participate in a better understanding of the fine mecanism regulations involved in Alzheimer’s disease pathophysiological process
Assaad, Thaer. "Diagnostic précoce de la maladie d'Alzheimer : développement de médicaments radiopharmaceutiques iodés pour l'exploration scintigraphique en TEMP du transporteur vésiculaire de l'acétylcholine." Tours, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOUR4034.
Full textOne of the first aspect of Alzheimer disease is the dysfunction of the central cholinergic system, inducing the death of cholinergic neurons which involves a reduction in the density of the vesicular acetylcholine transporters (VAChT) localised in these neurons. The quantification of the density of the transporter makes it possible to help with early diagnosis as well as with the therapeutic follow-up of this desease. With this objective, we proposed to develop specific tracers to this transporter. This development rests on the choice of a chemical structure likely to have a strong affinity and selectivity for VAChT. From a literature search, the vesamicol family was chosen to develop our tracers. We chose some interesting compounds in this family (iodobenzovesamicol or IBVM, trozamicol and prezamicol) of which we modified the sturcture at certain places which appeared compatible to us with the recognition of the site of connection with the vacht in order to obtain a radiopharmaceutical usable in SPECT. We synthesized 30 analogues of vesamicol. All products were tested in vitro for their affinities for VAChT. Four compounds was selected for radiolabelling with iodine-125 followed by a biological validation (ex vivo)
Gosme, Marie. "Modélisation du développement spatio-temporel des maladies d'origine tellurique." Phd thesis, Agrocampus - Ecole nationale supérieure d'agronomie de rennes, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00130776.
Full textDorey, Julie. "Développement d'un outil d'aide à la décision pour l'organisation des soins dans la maladie d'Huntington." Thesis, Paris, EPHE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EPHE3083.
Full textFew studies have been done on the evaluation of the burden of patients suffering from Huntington’s disease (HD) and their family. The objectives of this thesis were: 1/development of an instrument evaluating HD characteristics; 2/validation of this instrument; 3/implementation of an observational study; 4/development of a model evaluating patients’ pathways. A self-administered instrument of quality of life related to health (HRQoL) and a self-administered clinical instrument specific for patients were developed. Both instruments showed good psychometric properties and were validated in several languages. The costs of HD in five countries (France, Italy, Spain, USA, Poland) were assessed. HRQoL of patients and caregivers and their determinants have been described. Also, a mathematical model that models the evolution of patients was developed to assess the cost-effectiveness of new therapies in HD. A comparison between a mock treatment and current standard care showed that a therapy that improves the total score of the self-assessment TMS (H-CSRI) by 3.3 points would not be cost effective. Also, studies on HRQoL in patients with alcohol use disorders, and in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms were made as well as studies on stroke patients pathways. These studies bring original information that meets needs for evaluation of therapeutic interventions in each of the considered areas
Le, Prince Ghislaine. "Intéractions neuroastrocytaires au cours du développement et de l'astrogliose réactionnelle, et dans la maladie d'Alzheimer." Paris 12, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA120048.
Full textGoulay-Dufaÿ, Sophie. "Contribution au développement analytique et bioanalytique d'une substance active utilisée dans le traitement d'une maladie rare : application au développement de la 3,4-Diaminopyridine." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05P605.
Full textFavre-Besse, Franck-Cyril. "Modulateurs du transport vésiculaire du glutamate : développement d'outils pharmacologiques et de diagnostic pour la maladie d'Alzheimer." Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00923157.
Full textBousquet-Jacq, Nathalie. "Le développement des enfants traités pour hypothyroi͏̈die congénitale : l'annonce de la maladie, le vécu des parents." Montpellier 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON11098.
Full textBilhou-Nabéra, Chrystèle. "Etude de la maladie résiduelle dans la leucémie myéloi͏̈de chronique : développement d'une technique de PCR quantitative." Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR28391.
Full textGerard, Claire. "Développement d’une stratégie thérapeutique immunosuppressive dérivée de cellules myéloïdes dans la maladie du greffon contre l’hôte." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. https://nuxeo.u-bourgogne.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/a02d57d7-6368-477d-8e8d-0badac13bda0.
Full textAbstract :Our team has developed an original cell therapy derived from monocytes. This sub-population of human suppressor cells of myeloid origin, called Human Monocyte-Derived Suppressor Cells (HuMoSC, CD33+ cells) is able to inhibit effector T cell proliferation and to induce CD4 and CD8 Treg. It has been demonstrated that HuMoSC prevent from graft-versus-host disease (GvHD).In a first time, we showed that an inflammatory environment or the presence of immunosuppressive drugs did not decrease HuMoSC abilities to inhibit T cell proliferation and to promote CD4 and CD8 Treg induction. Finally, we showed that graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) effect is preserved in presence of HuMoSC. Taken together, those data confirm the interest of HuMoSC in GvHD prevention.Nevertheless, due to a low yield of HuMoSC generation with this protocol and problem with avaibility of CD33 GMP beads, we also modified our protocol to isolate CD14+ cells, called CD14-HuMoSC. This is why in a second time, we took interest in HuMoSC and CD14-HuMoSC supernatant properties. These protocol modifications allow us to obtain large number of CD14-HuMoSC cells and large quantities of supernatant produced under GMP conditions. We showed that both supernatants decrease T cell activation and proliferation, decrease Th1 response in favor of Th2 response, promote Treg induction and decrease capacity of dendritic cells to induce T cell proliferation. In vivo, supernatants prevent from GvHD in a murine model of xenogenic GvHD. Finally, in order to assess that these supernatants will be efficient in patient, we showed that an inflammatory environment or presence of immunosuppressive drugs did not alter both supernatant immunosuppressive effects. These results confirm their therapeutic interest. Proteomic analysis allowed us to identify immunosuppressive proteins which could be responsible for supernatants immunosuppressive capacities.In conclusion, HuMoSC and supernatant derived from HuMoSC represent a promising therapeutic arsenal for GvHD prevention but also in inflammatory diseases
Leroy, Christopher. "L’électroencéphalographie : un bio-marqueur pour le développement clinique de nouveaux traitements pharmacologiques de la maladie d’Alzheimer." Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL2S057/document.
Full textSymptomatic pharmacological treatments currently marketed for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have a modest effect on cognitive functioning. In addition, the clinical development of new and more effective compounds is hampered by the lack of predictive criteria to judge their early clinical efficacy.In this context, electroencephalography (EEG) could be a sufficiently sensitive biomarker to identify in an early stage (i.e. Phase I) the therapeutic potential of a new molecule on cognitive functioning. In addition, the difficulty to detect subtle improvements in cognitive performance in Phase I (i.e. in healthy subjects) could be overcome by the development of experimental paradigms such as sleep deprivation (SD), to induce cognitive deficits, still reversible in healthy subjects.EEG and EEG coupled with sleep deprivation (SD) would be innovative and relevant strategies to determine and predict the clinical effectiveness of a molecule in Phase I.In this work, we try to determine the relevance of such strategies by identifying, in healthy subjects, EEG markers of cognitive functioning related to (1) either the taking of a cognitive drug, (2) or the induction of a reversible cognitive decline, (3) or concomitant effects of the two parameters. In order to do that, two studies were performed.In a first study, the effect of donepezil on cortical electrical activity was studied in 30 young, healthy adult volunteers. These volunteers were treated with donepezil (5 mg/day orally) (vs. placebo) for 15 days following a double-blind, randomized, cross-over trial.At the end of the treatment period, an EEG (58 electrodes) was performed during two attentional tasks (auditory and visual). Event-related potentials (ERP), the inter-trial coherence (ITC) and the event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP) were then calculated.In a second study, the effect of SD was studied in 36 young, healthy adult volunteers. In addition, the effect of a cognitive drug (involving high alertness), the modafinil was also studied on this SD._x000D_Following a SD of 24 h, the participants were administered a dose of modafinil (200 mg in a single dose) (vs. placebo) in a double-blind, randomized, cross-over trial. An EEG (25 electrodes) was performed in a hearing attentional task (identical to that of Study 1) before and after the PS. The ERP, ITC and ERSP were then calculated.Through these two studies, we have found, at the group level, cognitive EEG markers related either to the induction of cognitive decline (SD) or pharmacological intervention targeting cholinergic system (donepezil) or several neurotransmitters (modafinil). All these markers would concern the modulation of cortical activity in the ventral frontoparietal network, known to regulate attentional and executive processes. We also confirmed that the network is underlying by δ/θ and α oscillatory activities. The cognitive efficiency would reflect the integrity of the network.We conclude that EEG is a sufficiently sensitive tool to detect subtle changes in neurocognitive processes of young, healthy adult volunteers, following the administration of a treatment of AD and more generally following the administration of a drug having an effect on cognition when cognitive decline is caused (SD).EEG and EEG coupled with SD could constitute additional tools to the current cognitive assessment for predicting the efficacy of new drug candidates for AD before initiation Phases II/III clinical trials. However, the present works needs to be replicated so that the EEG markers described here can be validated so as to be used in drug trials
Favre-Besse, Franck-Cyril. "Modulateurs du transport vésiculaire du glutamate : développement d’outils pharmacologiques et de diagnostic pour la maladie d’Alzheimer." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05P639/document.
Full textVesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) are involved in the recapture and storage of glutamate from cytol to secretory synaptic vesicules. Since their recent characterization in 2000, their implication in several neurodegenerative disorders have been demonstrated. They play a crucial role in glutamatergic neurotransmission. Natural dyes, such as Rose Bengal and Tryptan Blue are the best known inhibitors with IC50 values of 25 and 50 nM, respectively. Firstly, we designed and optimized a series of analogues based on the synthon Rose Bengal (non-competitive inhibitor). This work has especially enabled to highlight the effect of tautomeric forms (quinone and lactone) on the inhibition of VGLUTs. Thus, the quinone form, present at physiological pH, was confirmed as the only able to block the reuptake of glutamate. Secondly, we have been interested in the family of Trypan Blue (competitive inhibitor) and we determined the minimal active structure in order to render these molecules more "drug-like". Indeed, the interest of this project is to develop small structures easily radiomarquable to use in a physiopathological context
Maleysson, Vincent. "Développement et caractérisation d'un nouveau modèle expérimental de la maladie d'Alzheimer chez le rat non transgénique." Thesis, Poitiers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016POIT1401/document.
Full textAlzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by a progressive decline in cognitive function with a memory impairment, a brain atrophy, and two histological hallmarks observed from post-mortem examination: extracellular β-amyloid plaques and intracellular tangles of the Tau protein abnormally phosphorylated. Numerous animal models of AD have been developed to understand and to test drugs against this pathology. However, any non-transgenic model of rodent developing amyloid plaques and the neurofibrilary pathology is currently available. The aim of this study is to develop the first non-transgenic model producing the two histopathological features of AD in the rat. The principle is to perform a concomitant intrahippocampal injection of a recombinant AAV (Adeno-Associated Virus) containing the human transgene tau with the P301L mutation, and of Aβ1-42 peptide, the main component of the amyloid plaques. After several experiments, we have obtained an animal model representative of the early steps of AD, i.e. with lesions focalized in one of the first affected brain structures in the AD: the hippocampus. The presence of the two histopathological hallmarks has been observed by immunohistofluorescence and associated with an astrogliosis. A memory impairment concerning more particulary the working memory, and abnormalities of the electrical activity of the brain and of the rapid eye movement sleep recorded by electroencephalography, are also characterized
Ramspacher, Caroline. "Développement de modèles animaux de maladies génétiques des systèmes cardiovasculaire et musculaire chez le poisson-zèbre." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ095/document.
Full textThe numerous advantages of zebrafish were used to study two hereditary diseases: desminopathy and pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD). Desminopathy is a myofibrillar myopathy characterized by the presence of granulofilamentous aggregates. Two models of loss and gain of function of desmin showed the implication of both loss of functional desmin and presence of desmin aggregates in desminopathy clinical manifestations. Phenotypes observed in these models include in particular a perturbation of the heart contraction biomechanics and of calcium propagation throughout the myocardium. Potential drugs, lowering the aggregate content, were proposed. After validating the use of zebrafish as a model of arterial hypertension, by verifying the implication of the elasticity of the aorta in blood flow regulation, we generated and characterized PVOD models. PVOD is a rare and severe form of pulmonary hypertension. The venous-specificity of the phenotypes observed in this pathology was confirmed
Buée-Scherrer, Valérie. "La phosphorylation des protéines microtubulaires tau dans la maladie d'Alzheimer : étude immunochimique d'un épitope phosphorylé. Similitudes et différences au cours du développement et d'autres maladies neurodégénératives." Lille 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LIL10070.
Full textBecq, Hélène. "Etude des mécanismes de développement de la voie nigrostriée." Aix-Marseille 2, 1999. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/1999AIX20663.pdf.
Full textDukhan, Yohana. "Améliorer l'efficience des systèmes de santé et la protection financière contre le risque maladie dans les pays en développement." Phd thesis, Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00480976.
Full textBatista, Lionel. "Développement de nouvelles approches de transfert de gènes dans le modèle murin de la maladie de Sandhoff." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077078.
Full textLysosomal storage diseases (LSD) are inborn errors of metabolism due to the deficiency of lysosomal enzymes. They are characterized by substrate accumulation in different tissues, including central nervous System (CNS) and they have a rapid fatal evolution in the most severe infantile forms. Different therapeutic alternatives exist for lysosomal diseases, such as bone-marrow transplantation, enzyme replacement therapy or substrate reduction therapy. However, none of them are efficient in neurological LSD such as GM2 gangliosidoses, due to their low efficacy or to the inability of the enzyme to cross the blood-brain barrier. Therefore, the aim of this work is to develop innovative approaches for crossing the BBB. It will be focused on GM2 gangliosidosis, and in particular Sandhoff disease, a severe neurolipidosis due to mutations in the HEXB gene responsible for a deficiency of hexosaminidases A and B. Different strategies have been developed either in vitro on a human brain endothelial cell line which recapitulates the unique properties of the BBB, or in vivo in the murine model of Sandhoff disease. Three approaches based on viral vectors or genetically-modified cells will be tested: a) administration of viral vectors into the CNS after physical opening of the BBB, b) direct viral infection of endothelial cells with the aim to correct brain cells narrowing the vascular network, c) correction of the CNS via microglial cells overexpressing the therapeutic enzyme after lentivirally- modified bone-marrow transplantation. Our final objective is to determine which method could be the best for a clinical application in human in the future
Brault, Marie Ève. "Développement d'un essai in vivo pour mesurer l'activité de BACE et son implication dans la maladie d'Alzheimer." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24433/24433.pdf.
Full textMusango, Laurent. "Organisation et mise en place des mutuelles de santé: défi au développement de l'assurance maladie au Rwanda." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211064.
Full textLe Rwanda a connu de nombreuses difficultés au cours des deux dernières décennies :la situation économique précaire, les guerres civiles, le régime politique défaillant, l’instabilité de la sous-région des Grands Lacs, la pandémie du VIH/SIDA ;tous ces bouleversements ont plongé le pays dans l’extrême pauvreté. Au lendemain de la guerre et du génocide, le ministère de la Santé avec l’appui de différents partenaires a canalisé tous ses efforts dans la reconstruction du système de santé. Une meilleure participation communautaire à la gestion et au financement des services de santé était un des objectifs retenus dans cette reconstruction du système de santé. Pour ce faire, le ministère de la Santé, en partenariat avec le PHR (Partnership for health reform) a mis en place des mutuelles de santé « pilote » dans trois districts sanitaires (Byumba, Kabgayi et Kabutare) sur les 39 districts que compte le pays. L’objectif du ministère de la Santé était de généraliser ce système d’assurance maladie après une évaluation de ce projet pilote. Cette initiative de mise en place des mutuelles s’est heurtée au début de sa mise en œuvre à différents problèmes :le faible taux d’adhésion, les problèmes de gestion de la mutuelle, une faible implication des autorités de base dans la sensibilisation, une mauvaise qualité de soins dans certaines formations sanitaires, une utilisation abusive des services par les mutualistes, etc. Malgré ces problèmes d’autres initiatives de mise en place de mutuelles de santé ont vu le jour et continuent de s’implanter ici et là dans les districts sanitaires du pays. Dans le souci de renforcer cette réforme de financement alternatif par les mutuelles de santé, nous avons évalué l’impact des mutuelles sur l’accessibilité aux soins et le renforcement de la participation communautaire aux services de santé et nous avons proposé des voies stratégiques susceptibles d’améliorer le fonctionnement des mutuelles de santé.
Méthodologie
Pour atteindre ces objectifs de recherche, nous avons combiné trois approches différentes :la recherche qualitative qui a permis d’une part, d’analyser le processus de mise en place des mutuelles de santé au Rwanda et d’autre part, de recueillir les opinions des bénéficiaires de services de santé sur ce processus. Ensuite la recherche quantitative nous a permis d’étudier les caractéristiques des membres et non-membres des mutuelles et l’utilisation des services de santé ;enfin la recherche action nous a permis d’expérimenter les axes stratégiques susceptibles de renforcer le développement des mutuelles de santé.
Cette approche méthodologique utilisée tout au long de notre travail de terrain a mené à une « triangulation méthodologique » qui est une combinaison de diverses méthodes de recherche. Dans chacune des méthodes citées, nous avons utilisé une ou plusieurs techniques :analyse de documents, observations et rencontres avec des individus ou des groupes, analyse et compilation des données de routine.
Résultats
Les résultats clés sont synthétisés selon les trois types de recherche que nous avons menés.
1. Processus de mise en place des mutuelles de santé au Rwanda et opinions des bénéficiaires
Dans les trois districts pilotes (Byumba, Kabgayi et Kabutare), les mutuelles de santé prennent en charge le paquet minimum d’activités complet offert au niveau des centres de santé. À l’hôpital de district elles couvrent :la consultation chez un médecin, l’hospitalisation, les accouchements dystociques, les césariennes et la prise en charge du paludisme grave. Pour bénéficier de ces soins une cotisation de 7,9 $ EU ($ des États-Unis) par an pour une famille de sept personnes est demandée, puis 1,5 $ EU par membre additionnel et 5,7 $ EU pour un célibataire. Le ticket modérateur est de 0,3 $ EU pour chaque épisode de maladie et la période d’attente d’un mois avant de bénéficier des avantages du système de mutualisation.
Des entretiens en groupes de concertation (focus groups) nous ont permis de confirmer que la population connaît l’intérêt des mutuelles de santé et qu’elle éprouve des difficultés pour réunir les fonds de cotisations pour adhérer aux mutuelles.
L’analyse critique du processus de mise en place des mutuelles dans les trois districts pilotes nous a permis de conclure que les autorités locales et les leaders d’opinions étaient peu impliqués dans le processus de mise en place des mutuelles et que la sensibilisation était insuffisante. L’appui au processus de mise en place par le PHR a été jugé insuffisant en termes de temps (18 mois) et de formation de cadres locaux qui devraient assurer la poursuite de ce projet. Les défaillances évoquées ont alerté le ministère de la Santé, qui a mis en place un comité de mise en place et de suivi des mutuelles de santé. Depuis ce temps, on observe une émergence des initiatives mutualistes. Le pays compte actuellement 21 % de la population totale qui possède une certaine couverture (partielle ou totale) d’assurance maladie.
2. Caractéristiques des membres et non-membres des mutuelles de santé et utilisation des services de santé par la communauté
Il a été constaté que la répartition selon le sexe, l’état civil et le statut professionnel des membres et non-membres de la mutuelle les caractéristiques ne diffèrent pas significativement entre les adhérents et les non-adhérents à la mutuelle de santé (p > 0,05). Parmi les membres, les proportions des ménages avec revenus élevés sont supérieures à celles observées chez les non-membres (p < 0,001). Quant à la « sélection adverse » que nous avons recherchée dans les deux groupes (membres et non-membres de la mutuelle), nous avons constaté que l’état de morbidité des membres de la mutuelle ne diffère pas de celui des non-membres (p > 0,05). Les personnes qui adhèrent à la mutuelle de santé s’y fidélisent au fil des années (> 80 %) et fréquentent plus les services de santé par rapport aux non-membres (4 à 8 fois plus pour la consultation curative et 1,2 à 4 fois plus pour les accouchements). Les non-membres ont tendance à fréquenter les tradipraticiens et à faire l’automédication. Bien que les mutualistes utilisent plus les services de santé que les non-mutualistes, ils dépensent moins pour les soins.
3. Axes stratégiques développés pour renforcer les mutuelles de santé
Pour mettre en place les stratégies de renforcement des mutuelles de santé, cinq types d’actions dans lesquelles nous avons joué un rôle participatif ont été menés.
D’abord la stratégie initiée pour faire face à l’exclusion sociale :il s’agit de l’entraide communautaire développée dans la commune de Maraba, district sanitaire de Kabutare. Ce système d’entraide, nommée localement ubudehe (qui signifie « travail collectif » en kinyarwanda), assure un appui aux ménages les plus pauvres selon un rythme rotatoire préalablement établi en fonction du niveau de pauvreté.
Une autre stratégie est celle du crédit bancaire accordé à la population pour pouvoir mobiliser d’un seul coup le montant de cotisation. Cette stratégie a été testée dans le district sanitaire de Gakoma. Un effectif de 27 995 personnes, soit 66,1 % du total des membres de la mutuelle de ce district ont souscrit à la mutuelle de santé grâce à ce crédit bancaire.
Les autorités politiques et des leaders d’opinions ont été sensibilisés pour qu’ils s’impliquent dans le processus de mise en place des mutuelles dans leurs zones respectives. Il a été constaté que les leaders d’opinions mobilisent plus rapidement et plus facilement la population pour qu’elle adhère aux mutuelles de santé, que les autorités politiques. Cette capacité de mobiliser la population est faible chez les prestataires de soins.
Certaines mesures ont été proposées et adoptées par les mutuelles de santé pour éviter les risques liés à l’assurance maladie. Il s’agit de l’adhésion par ménage, par groupe d’individu, par association ou par collectivité ;l’exigence d’une période d’attente avant de bénéficier des avantages des mutualistes ;l’instauration du paiement du ticket modérateur pour chaque épisode de maladie ;les supervisions réalisées par les comités de gestion des mutuelles de santé et les équipes cadres de districts ;l’utilisation des médicaments génériques ;le respect de la pyramide sanitaire et l’appui du pouvoir public et/ou partenaire en cas d’épidémie. Ces mesures ont montré leur efficacité dans l’appui à la consolidation des mutuelles de santé.
Enfin, l’« Initiative pour la performance » est la dernière stratégie qui a été développée pour renforcer les mutuelles de santé. Elle consiste à inciter les prestataires à produire plus et à améliorer la qualité de services moyennant une prime qui récompense leur productivité. Les résultats montrent que les prestataires de services ont développé un sens entrepreneurial en changeant leur comportement vis-à-vis de la communauté. Certaines activités du PMA (paquet minimum d’activités) qui n’étaient pas offertes ont démarré dans certains centres de santé (accouchement, stratégies avancées de vaccination, causeries éducatives, etc.). Des ressources supplémentaires ont été accordées aux animateurs de santé, aux accoucheuses traditionnelles et aux membres de comités de santé qui se sont investis plus activement dans les activités des centres de santé. L’intégration des services a été plus renforcée que les années précédentes.
Conclusions
Les mutuelles de santé facilitent la population à accéder aux soins de santé et protègent leurs revenus en cas de maladies.
Le modèle de mise en place des mutuelles de santé au Rwanda est de caractéristique dirigiste :à partir des autorités (politiques, sanitaires ou leaders d’opinions). Il ne serait pas le plus adéquat dans la participation communautaire, mais plutôt adapté à un contexte politique de reconstruction d’un pays.
Doctorat en Santé Publique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Arnaud, Alexis. "Développement postnatal du dialogue microbiote – cellules épithéliales intestinales – système nerveux entérique : applications à la maladie de Hirschsprung." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1B017.
Full textHirschsprung’s disease (HD) is a congenital malformation due to the absence of enteric nervous system’s ganglionic cell causing neonatal obstruction. Its morbidity is partly due to Hirschsprung’s associated enterocolitis (HAEC) whose pathophysiology remains unknown. Disruption of intestinal homeostasis could be the cause. We studied the postnatal maturation of intestinal homeostasis in healthy piglets (PIGLET study), set up an animal model of aganglionnosis (BAC study) and analyzed fecal microbiota in a cohort of HD patients (MICROPRUNG study). Our results showed that the various actors of intestinal homeostasis co-develop with variations depending on age and intestinal location in healthy piglets. Induced aganglionnosis of the rectosigmoid was associated with increased intestinal permeability, profound remodelling of tight junctions’ expression and modifications of the microbiota. Finally, the faecal microbiota of HD patients was different between HD with or without HAEC. A global microbiota composition cluster was found in patients below 2 years of age whatever their HAEC status. Abundance of bacteria families that are particularly involved in IBDs was increased in HAEC patients. This work confirms that aganglionnosis could be the first step towards a cascade of events leading to an intestinal homeostasis disruption, with a major role of the microbiota in HAEC onset. The decrease of HAEC frequency after 2 years of age could be linked to microbiota maturation with age
Costagliola, Sabine. "Contribution à l'étude de la Maladie de Graves: production d'anticorps monoclonaux contre le récepteur de la Thyrotropine et développement d'un modèle murin de cette maladie auto-immune." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211840.
Full textBanerjee, Soutrik. "Téléassistance des malades âgés : développement de l'actimétrie déambuloire nocturne." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30147.
Full textChikh, Amina. "Développement d'une thérapie pour l'Ataxie de Friedreich basée sur l'administration des protéines Tat-Frataxine et Pep-1-Frataxine." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26278.
Full textFriedreich Ataxia is a rare and serious genetic disease involving neurodegeneration, cardiomyopathy and diabetes. It is caused by a drastic reduction of a mitochondrial protein called frataxin. The approach of the laboratory will be to develop on in vitro cells and in vivo mice models, a molecular therapy that will aim to provide the cells with a recombinant protein frataxin and if possible reduce the symptoms of the disease. To enable transduction of frataxin, we fused it to a protein transduction domain (Cell Penetrating Peptides, CPP), Tat or Pep-1. These peptides are well known for their ability to allow the penetration into the cells of the proteins to which they are fused through endocytosis vesicles, but also to be released from these vesicles to take part in the cell metabolism. Preliminary observations led us to conclude that the Tat-Frataxin and Pep-1-Frataxin protein enhance in vitro and in vivo the viability of cells deficient in endogenous frataxin.
Cherif, Khadija. "Développement d'une thérapie génique pour l'Ataxie de Friedreich en induisant l'expression du gène de la frataxine avec les TALEs-FT." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34474.
Full textFriedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is the most frequent autosomal recessive hereditary ataxia. FRDA is due to a mutation of the frataxin gene (FXN) located on chromosome 9, q13. This mutation is an increase in the number of repetitions of the trinucleotide GAA in the 1st intron of the frataxine gene (FXN). The number of trinucleotides increases from less than 30 in normal subjects up to 1300 in patients. This decreases the expression of the protein frataxin, a protein which plays an important role in the metabolism of iron in the mitochondria. My project deals with the use of TALE-platinum (plTALE) proteins fused with transcription-enhancing systems (FT), such as VP64 or P300. These plTALEs specifically target the regulatory region of the FXN gene to increase its transcription and thusinduce an increase in the expression of the frataxin protein.The plTALEs contain variations in amino acids 4 and 30 for each Repeat Variable Diresidues in addition to the variations of amino acids 12 and 13. These variations make it possible to increase the specificity of the plTALEs for the targeted nucleotide sequences. The assembly of the RVDs of plTALEs was done using modules containing 4 RVDs, which makes it possible to obtain anassembly efficiency of 100%. We produced 34 plTALE-FT effectors that target 14 sequences of the FXN gene to select 3 plTALE-VP64 and 2 plTALE-SunTag10X, which increased FXN gene transcription and expression by up to 19-folds in different FRDA model cells. We quantified the synthesis of mRNAs and of FXN protein after in vitro treatment with these plTALEs-FT by qRT-PCR and westerns. The results show that these selected PlTAL-FT induced the transcription of the endogenous FXN gene as well as the expression of the frataxin protein in vitro. The increase in frataxin increased the aconitase activity, which is modulated reversibly by the level of frataxin in the mitochondria. We used an AAV9 virus to deliver plTALE-FT in FRDA model mice to validate the efficacy of these effectors in vivobefore proceeding to preclinical testing. The results of these in vivotreatments are not yet available.
Bressenot, Aude. "Aspects anatomopathologiques des maladies inflammatoires chroniques intestinales chez l'homme et effet d'une carence en donneurs de méthyles sur le développement intestinal chez l'animal." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0205/document.
Full textInflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are very frequent. Pathological examination in IBD management is important for the diagnosis and for the follow-up of the disease. In this study we show that submucosal plexitis in the proximal resection margins and early surgical revision after the first ileocecal resection are associated with CD recidive requiring surgical treatment. It could be very important in order to stratify patients according to their risk, identifying those who can benefit from aggressive medication regimen, possibly modifying the natural course of CD. IBD pathogenesis is not completely clarified. We show the importance of molecules as PPAR gamma and NRLP6 in intestinal homeostasis : a reduced expression of PPAR gamma and NRLP6 could predispose of IBD. The same observation is made for methyl donor deficiency (MDD): methyl deficient diet aggravates experimental colitis induced by Dextran Sodium Sulfate in rat. To understand how MDD could play a part in Crohn?s disease pathogenesis, we investigated whether MDD may affect development and functions of small intestine in rat pups from dams subjected to the MDD during gestation and lactation. MDD has dual effects on small intestine by producing dramatic effects on enterocyte differentiation and barrier function in rats. Our observations could explain how vitamin B12 and folate deficiency can play a role in Crohn?s disease development
Landureau, Maud. "Développement d'outils thérapeutiques ciblant les agrégats d'alpha-synucléine dans les synucléinopathies Mapping of Three Alpha-Synuclein Fibrillar Polymorphs Surfaces Internalization and Degradation of Different Alpha-Synuclein Strains by Neurons or Astrocytes." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASL022.
Full textThe aggregation of alpha-synuclein and the spread of aggregates from neuron to neuron have been consistently shown to be at the heart of the pathophysiological process of devasting neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies or multiple system atrophy. While fibrillar alpha-synuclein rich deposits are a common hallmark of synucleinopathies, distinct pathological phenotypes are observed. We hypothesize that different "strains" of fibrillar alpha-synuclein with different affinity/tropism, internalization and seeding properties, may account for the patho-physiological and clinical heterogeneity in Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies. We aim to determine a way to interfere with the binding to neurons of distinct alpha-synuclein assemblies and their prion-like propagation. To this end, we mapped the surface of three distinct alpha-synuclein strains. First, we implemented limited proteolysis and hydrogene-deuterium approaches combined to mass spectrometry in order to map, in vitro, the solvent exposed-surfaces of fibrillar alpha-synuclein assemblies generated in vitro. Second, we studied the processing of different alpha-synuclein strains using primary cultures of neurons and astrocytes in order to analyze the strain degradation characteristics in cellulo, related to the surface specificities determined in vitro. Mapping the surfaces of those assemblies and identification of exposed and protected strain-specific sequences open the way, in the long term, for developing highly specific binders that might either detect specific alpha-synuclein strains or inhibit cell-to-cell propagation disease progression
Bourdeaut, Franck. "Différenciation des tumeurs neuroblastiques et développement du systeme nerveux sympathique." Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077098.
Full textNeuroblastic tumours are composed of two cell components, Schwann cells and neuroblastic cells, harbouring various differentiation status. Some neuroblastomas are observed in a polymalformative context. Altogether, this suggests that normal steps of the development of the sympatho-adrenal tissue are impaired during oncogenesis. We have hence identified PHOX2B, a developmental gene crucial for normal sympathetic development, as the first predisposition gene to neuroblastoma. We have also observed that the final differentiation process consists in a cholinergic switch, which normally occurs in a small subset of sympathetic neurons. Finally, we have reported a common monoclonal origin in neuroblastic cells and Schwann cells. Hence, blockades at different stages of normal development are discussed
Souchet, Benoit. "Implications de la protéine DYRK1A dans la pathologie Alzheimer et développement de stratégies thérapeutiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS346/document.
Full textCurrent view conceptualizes Alzheimer’s disease (AD) as a continuum, with dementia representing the clinical outcome of a long period of cumulative pathological events in the brain of individual with free cognitive symptoms. New therapies for AD should ideally be started before the onset of symptoms but the lack of suitable tools mimicking preclinical stage of AD limits their future evaluations. In this work, we break this technological limitation. A new animal model have been developed in which a small amount of soluble Aβs forms able to induce hyper-phosphorylation of Tau is sufficient to disturb cognitive function long before classical lesions occur (amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and inflammation). This technological breakthrough allows us to evaluate involvement of the protein kinase DYRK1A and therapeutic potential of molecules modifying its functions in different stages of AD. Our results demonstrate that inhibition of its kinase activity reduces hyper-phosphorylation of Tau proteins and alleviates memory function in our preclinical AD-like animal model. In contrast, we provide evidences that DYRK1A undergoes a cleavage in brain of patient with clinical AD and gains new biological functions. Prevention of this proteolysis reduces inflammation and restores cognitive impairments in a clinical AD-like mice model. By targeting distinct phases of the disease, these data open avenue for personalized medicine and more-targeted treatment strategies
Boeuf, Amandine. "Développement d'approches protéomiques pour l'étude des interactions tique / Borrelia / peau." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00992368.
Full textAit-Oufella, Hafid. "Exploration et modulation des lymphocytes T régulateurs dans le développement de l'athérosclérose expérimentale." Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077067.
Full textAtherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease of thé arterial wall where both innate and adaptative Th1-driven immuno-inflammatory responses contribute to disease development. Th2-related immunological responses hâve been shown to be either protective or pathogenic. Using different mouse models, we have shown that a novel subset of T cells, called regulatory T cells, prevents atherosclerosis initiation and reduces plaque progression. In vivo expansion of regulatory T cell could be a novel therapeutic tool to combat atherosclerosis. We also develop a therapeutic approach in a mouse model of atherosclerosis through T cell modulation. We have shown that repetitive administration of a nucleoprotein (NP) extracted from Measles virus to mice susceptible to atherosclerosis induces a regulatory immune response and inhibits both lesion development and progression. NP administration drives CD4+ T cells and CD11c+ dendritic cells toward a Tr-1 like anti-inflammatory profile. At least, we have shown for the first time, using LDLr/MFGE8"7" chimeric mice, that alteration of phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells induces a decrease of regulatory T cell suppressive functions. The consequences are expansion of Th-1 pathogenic T cells and atherosclerosis acceleration
Chao, Sovy. "Synthèses de ligands multi-cibles contre la maladie d'Alzheimer et développement des sondes fluorescentes pour la détection des acétylcholinestérases." Rouen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ROUES037.
Full textAlzheimer disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia among the elderly. It is a neurodegenerative illness leading to progressive loss of cognitive abilities and memory. Currently, four drugs were approved by the FDA and offer only a palliative treatment against AD. The concept of multi-target directed ligand (MTDL) is particularly interesting for the treatment of multifactorial pathologies such as AD. This approach consists in associating two or more pharmacophores which act simultaneously toward different targets involved in the neurodegenerative process of AD. In this context, two new series of MTDLs have been synthesized, based on the huprine scaffold, known as a potent AChEI. The second pharmacophore is either a coumarin, a MAOs inhibitor, or a flavonoid/stilbenoid, a natural antioxidant. Biological properties of these new MTDLs have been evaluated in vitro and showed very promising results. Besides, we took the advantages of huprine properties to develop three new fluorescent probe families for AChE imaging, a key enzyme in neuroscience and toxicology. Hence, an efficient and innovative tool for the detection of active AChE at the neuromuscular junction and in striatum has been developed
Toribio, Alix. "Développement de nouvelles approches méthodologiques en Chromatographie de Partage Centrifuge en vue de la purification de molécules d’intérêt." Reims, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REIMP204.
Full text@In the introductive part of this thesis, the historical aspect of the liquid-liquid countercurrent chromatographic techniques (CLLCC) is developed. Elements of reflexion on the catch of being able of the techniques of chromatography on solid support toward the centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) are exposed. Then principle of CPC is described. The two following parts deals with examples of development of the two major modes of use in CPC. Indeed, the elution mode has been used to purify antifungal molecules, which defend grapevine against “gray rot” (Botrytis cinerea), from Actinomycete sp. Extract. Furthermore, the succession of dual mode (i. E. Inversion of stationary and mobile phase) allowed us to introduce a semi-continuous process named Multiple Dual Mode in CPC (MDM CPC). This original elution mode, employed for the rapid and easy purification of synthetic molecules, can only be achieved because both chromatographic phases are liquids. Thanks to the displacement mode, we described purification and isolation of alkaloids (from Cryptocarya oubatchensis and Huperzia serrata) by pH-Zone Refining, of glucosinolates (from five Brassicaceae and one Caricaceae), rosmarinic acid (from Lavandula vera) and anthocyanins (from grapes) by strong ion-exchange method. In this part, methodological aspects have been developed so as to solve problems encounter in displacement mode CPC
Ben, Aissa Manel. "Développement de nouvelles stratégies anti-amyloïdes ciblant la protéine précurseur amyloïde pour le traitement de la maladie d'alzheimer." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29049/29049.pdf.
Full textBros, Pauline. "Développement de méthodes de référence pour spectrométrie de masse pour le dosage de biomarqueurs de la maladie d'Alzheimer." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT006/document.
Full textDue to the aging of population, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), is becoming a major public health concern. Measurement of biomarkers (Amyloid Beta, tau and hepcidin) in cerebrospinal fluid being early diagnostic indicators of AD, reliable measurements are needed to detect and quantify them accurately. Establishing metrological traceability of results to the International System of Units through primary reference methods or higher-order certified reference materials is a privileged mean to assess and improve results accuracy and comparability across laboratories. Assays for these three biomarkers were set up and validated by LC-MS/MS. The hepcidin standard was further characterized by high resolution mass spectrometry, paving the road toward standardization at the international scale of results.Key words : b amyloids peptides, Tau protein, Hepcidin, Biomarkers, Clinical proteomic, Metrological traceability, Mass spectrometry