Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Développement visuel'
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Mottier, Hélène. "Arts visuels et cognition : Développement visuel et formation du jugement esthétique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALS019.
Full textThis thesis aimed to improve our knowledge on the emergence of the aesthetic preference for visual objects in humans. In order to examine the effect of personal experience in the emergence of aesthetic judgment, we investigated the link between adults’ aesthetic preference judgments and visual preferences of 4-to-24-month-old infants and adults. If personal and cultural experience was necessary for the emergence of aesthetic judgment, differences were expected between subjective aesthetic judgments of adults and infants’ preference. Behavioural similarities in both infants and adults would underline the importance of perceptual processing and implicit memory integration in the formation of aesthetic judgment. High-level cognitive processes and personal experience playing a secondary role. Our first study examined the link between adults’ preference judgment and visual preference of infants and adults for moving dot patterns. For these moving dots, adult preference judgment predicted the looking time of both infants and adults. Studies 2.a and 2.b used portraits, although adults’ aesthetic preference judgments were robust and predicted adults’ looking time, they did not predict infants’ visual behaviour. Likewise for landscapes, adults’ aesthetic preference judgment did not predict the looking time of infants nor adults (study 3). Even if both adults and infants looked more often towards salient regions for portraits and landscapes (study 4), the visual information processed is insufficient to explain the aesthetic preference judgments of adults. The correlation between preference judgment and visual preference in the case of moving dot patterns could be explained by an early preference for moderate degrees of complexity (Berlyne, 1971). Study 5.a focused on the visual preference of infants towards complex or simple biological movements, and study 5.b towards biological movements and their more complex scrambled version. The results supported a preference for complexity in biological and non-biological movement. Personal experience is a necessary step in the formation of aesthetic judgment for works of art, even realistic ones. For singular visual stimuli such as motions or social stimuli such as faces, the formation of aesthetic judgment seems to predate personal experience. Our results may reflect the difference between attractiveness and aesthetics which requires further investigation
Uro-Coste, Emmanuelle. "Mécanismes cellulaires du développement du cortex visuel : rechertche de gènes impliqués dans le développement postnatal." Toulouse 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU30077.
Full textBatardière, Alexandre. "Organisation et développement des connexions feedforward et feedback dans le cortex visuel." Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO1T247.
Full textVital-Durand, François. "Le système visuel du singe : anatomie, physiologie, développement et manipulations précoces." Lyon 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LYO19008.
Full textDehay, Colette. "Connexions transitoires corticales extrinsèques dans le système visuel pendant les stades précoces du développement." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO10378.
Full textMalpel, Sébastien. "Étude fonctionnelle et développementale des interactions entre le système visuel et l'horloge circadienne de Drosophila melanogaster." Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA077114.
Full textZores, Claire. "Etude de la sensibilité visuelle du nouveau-né grand prématuré à son environnement." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ032.
Full textThe environment of very preterm infant (VPI) greatly differs from intrauterine environment and contributes to his risk of altered neurodevelopment. Little is known about the visual sensitivity of VPI. It is evaluated through their physiological and behavioural responsiveness and cortical haemodynamic responses to visual stimuli. As shown by their physiological and behavioural responses, moderate light level variation can induce a VPI’s response and could alter its well-being, especially when light protection is insufficient. Cortical integration of visual stimuli maturates from 32 weeks post menstrual age to term. At term corrected age, differences in responses between VPI and term newborn suggest that postnatal experience can alter the developmental pathway of the visual function. Based on these results, VPI’s visual environment must be adjusted to the expectations and sensory capabilities of preterm infants
Ilbert, Hélène. "Analyse d'un champ discursif : le développement : étude de cas : le discours audio-visuel de 1975 à 1986." Aix-Marseille 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986AIX1A001.
Full textDevelopment is not only an operational concept. It forms a narration which calls upon individuals, social groups and conveys them to act. Linked to an old social basis and to scientific evolution, this discursive field tends to become rigid. International institutions propagate patterns and norms of a universal knowledge. A synchronous an diachronic analysis of the audiovisual discourse from 1975 to 1986 shows a very homogeneous structure. Life and death symbols are prevailing. The mimetic rivalry diagram is present throughout the period. A discontinuance occures in 1985. It gives power and vitality to the north. Actors appropriate the discourse for themselves and draw strategies. Television mass media technics contribute to broadcast the development discourse on a world scale. Significans anticipation and new forms of show make the creation of new centers of power easier. A whole generation is involved. Two video tapes read out this short and intensive historical period. Right and left oppositions are disappearing. Reality is at stake : territories are marked off, imaginary projections lead towards a total action, in which are condemned human beings, events and diversity
Dubois-Murat, Patricia. "Phénotype neuropsychologique du syndrome de Turner : développement et apport du traitement intermodal visuel, verbal, auditif et haptique." Paris 8, 2008. http://octaviana.fr/document/137813864#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Full textTurner syndrome (TS) is a neurogenetic disorder affecting exclusively females. It is characterized by the complete or partial absence of one X chromosome. The clinical and experimental study presented here aims at analyzing the neuropsychological phenotype of Turner patients by focusing on the cross-modal processing in comparison with one-mode processing. The analysis is completed by intellectual efficiency, executive and visuospatial functions, emotional facial expression identification and of psychosocial aspects. We tested 12 eight to fifty year-old Turner subjects matched with 60 control subjects, using 28 tests most of which were computerized and timed. The results discussed in light of recent functional imaging data bring new information on the ST cognitive phenotype and refine our understanding of multimodal information integration processing to healthy subjects. We show two dissociations and the impairment of the verbal digit span in TS cognitive profile. The cross-modal processing is marked by a significant slowness selectively found in one-mode processing. However the cross-modal processing improves the reaction time of the TS subjects and their scores in certain areas. This report opens a way of reflection about cognitive remediation according to the neuronal plasticity
Létang, Jérôme. "Etude du développement du néocortex par la technique de neurotransplantation : aspects anatomique et fonctionnel." Poitiers, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998POIT2305.
Full textRavary, Anne. "Rôle de la sérotonine et de l'adénylate cyclase 1 dans le développement du système visuel de la souris." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066311.
Full textThillay, Alix. "Etude du traitement cérébral d'un contexte visuel prédictif dans l'autisme." Thesis, Tours, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUR3314/document.
Full textIndividuals with autism react in an unusual and disproportionate way if unpredictable changes occur in their environment. The aim of the present work is to investigate brain mechanisms involved in visual predictive context processing in adolescents and adults with autism using analysis of event-related potentials and brain oscillations. The developmental study shows that mechanisms of prediction are mature by the age of 12 in typically developing adolescents. Individuals with autism are able to extract relevant information from the stimulus train in a simple, certain and explicit context, to use it in order to anticipate the occurrence of an event and to have an appropriate response, suggesting preserved extraction and use of predictive information during a certain context. However, individuals with autism over-anticipate stimuli during an uncertain context, consistent with the sense of being overwhelmed by incoming information, and also cannot flexibly modulate cortical activity according to changing levels of uncertainty, in agreement with atypical adaptation in an ever-changing world. This work suggests that a dysfunction of predictive processing in an uncertain context might provide a theoretical framework to better understand the symptoms encountered in autism
Ged, Guillaume. "Métrologie du brillant : développement et caractérisation psychophysique d'échelles de brillants." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CNAM1133/document.
Full textGloss is a visual appearance attribute. It is a construction from the visual system built on the optical signal from a surface and sensed by the eye. Recent developments in fundamental spectrophotometry lead to instruments able to measure luminous reflection with an acuity equal to the visual system in terms of angular resolution and dynamic. A cross-discipline description between optics and vision is now possible on a same set of samples. In this work, we build through sol-gel process a metrological gloss scale. It is multivariate in terms of surface topology, refractive indices, hue and gloss levels. This scale is then characterized in roughness, specular gloss and BRDF. We expose the measurement techniques and corrections used on our goniospectrophotomer ConDOR. This instrument is dedicated to high resolution measurement of specular peaks. By the end of this study, Condor has reached an angular resolution of 0.014°, the smaller achieved until now, twice better than the human visual system acuity. The dynamic range extends over 6.5 decades. ConDOR is used to measure BRDF of several glossy samples from different scales. These measurements are studied and discussed. A first link between roughness and BRDF is drawn.Using a reference gloss scale, we finally study two aspects of gloss perception: both effects of a change in the solid angle of illumination and in the observation environment realism. Our results indicate that the visual system is more sensitive to gloss variations under realistic conditions as well in lighting as in environment. This effect is particularly noticeable on matt samples. Lesser realistic or lesser natural conditions could lead observers to confusion
Maréchal, Patrick. "Ecophysiologie comparée du système visuel et rythmes d'activité au cours du développement chez Ischnothele guyanensis et deux autres mygales (araneae)." Paris 6, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA066603.
Full textChappert-Piquemal, Catherine. "Analyse anatomo-fonctionnelle du développement postnatal et de la plasticité du cortex visuel primaire d'un primate du Nouveau Monde "Callithrix jacchus"." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20133.
Full textMilleret, Chantal. "Rôles fonctionnels de la vision, des mouvements oculaires et de la proprioception extraoculaire au cours du développement du cortex visuel chez le chat." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066421.
Full textSavier, Élise. "Rôle des éphrines-As rétiniennes dans la mise en place des cartes visuelles." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ042/document.
Full textEfficient sensory processing requires correct alignment of neural maps throughout the brain. In the superficial layers of the superior colliculus in the midbrain, projections from retinal ganglion cells and V1 cortex must be aligned to form a visuotopic map, but the basic principle and underlying mechanism are elusive and still incomplete. In a new mouse model, over-expression of ephrin-A3 in a subset of retinal ganglion cells disrupts the cortico-collicular map alignment onto the retino-collicular map, creating a visuotopic mismatch. In vivo inactivation of retinal ephrin-A3 over-expression restores a wild-type corticocollicular map. Theoretical analyses using an original algorithm models the stochastic nature of maps formation and alignment, and recapitulates our observations. Our results identify a basic principle for the alignment of converging maps and the associated mechanism, validated by a theoretical model
Clery, Helen. "Etude physiopathologique en électrophysiologie et en IRM fonctionnelle des processus de perception automatique du changement visuel dans l'autisme." Thesis, Tours, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOUR3316/document.
Full textResistance to change is often reported in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and may occur in all sensory modalities. The aim of the present work was to investigate automatic visual change detection in children and adults with ASD using a passive oddball paradigm. Whatever the age, electrophysiological results showed atypical responses to, even minor, changes, suggesting an hyper distractibility in the patients. Besides, fMRI results revealed hyperactivation of the sensory cortex associated with hyperactivation of the anterior cingulate cortex in adults with ASD, the latest being correlated with the degree of autistics symptoms. These studies thus suggest that a sensory hyper-reactivity associated with visual selective attention deficits might contribute to atypical change perception and adaptation in ASD
Lalevée, Claire. "Développement du contrôle moteur de la parole : une étude longitudinale d'un enfant francophone âge de 7 à 16 mois, à partir d'un corpus audio-visuel." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00579921.
Full textLalevee-Huart, Claire. "Développement du contrôle moteur de la parole : une étude longitudinale d'un enfant francophone agé de 7 à 16 mois, à partir d'un corpus audio-visuel." Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENL016.
Full textThe first year of life can be considered as a crucial period for speech development in children. Indeed 6 months of age is the time when babbling, a key step for this development, appears under a form which is quite similar for all children in the world, whatever the language in which they are reared. It is a period when the child has no control over the nature of his productions and no ability to produce phonological units of his mother tongue. Around 12 months the child begins to produce his firm words i. E. His first meaningful utterances. The child has followed a developmental path in which he has acquired new motor, articulatory and phonological skills. We studied the development of these capabilities with an approach at the crossroad of bottom-up (MacNeilage, 1998) and top·down (Filckert et al 2004, Wauquier, 2005, 2006) current scientific approaches. Indeed, it seems that the production of speech can not be explained outside the articulatory and motor control and acquisition. But so far it seems essential to take into account the structural features and constraints of the input language (Vihman, 1996). For us, the child must adapt to his mother tongue, as permitted by his articulatory motor skills, that w' evolve with growth and cognitive maturation, while constantly comparing his productions with his native language. To evaluate these theoretical propositions, we developed a database composed by the vocal productions of a child aged from 7 to 16 months from an audio- visual corpus. Our question concerns the nature of early words. Yet if the control of mandibular oscillations can be described as the basic underlying structure in speech, the development of an adult—like language-specific syllable will imply three types of controls in addition to that of the mandible : (i) the control of the velum, which yields a fully oral vocal tract to produce salient consonant-vowel sequences, (ii) the control of the oro-laryngeal coordination to obtain the voiced vs unvoiced distinction and (iii) the rhythmic mandibular control which enables the child to adapt to the prosodic patterns of his mother tongue
Lopes, Pedro. "Qualité de vision : développement d'une plate-forme expérimentale pour la caractérisation des verres diffusants." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GRE10019.
Full textZayed, Mohamed. "Véhicules intelligents : étude et développement d'un capteur intelligent de vision pour l'attelage virtuel." Lille 1, 2005. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/b030da38-33c4-479d-b15b-10751fda9f2f.
Full textAdibpour, Parvaneh. "Anatomo-functional correlates of visual and auditory development : insights on the ontogeny of face and speech processing lateralization." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066256/document.
Full textSeveral cognitive functions such as face and speech processing are lateralized in the adult human brain. The ontogeny of these functional asymmetries is yet poorly understood. We aimed to evaluate the neural substrates of face and speech processing, nested in the visual and auditory networks using non-invasive neuroimaging techniques in infants. First, we studied how the functional and structural characteristics of these two brain systems change over the first postnatal semester. With EEG, we showed age-related decreases in the latency of brain responses and demonstrated that the speed of early visual responses is related to the maturation of underlying white matter tracts conducting them, as assessed with diffusion MRI. For the auditory system, our results suggested that the speed of responses may rely on maturation of more pathways and cortical regions. In parallel, we studied face processing lateralization using a discrimination paradigm of faces presented in each hemifield and observed that only the right hemisphere was able to discriminate between faces. Further evidence also suggested a transfer of face-relevant information across hemispheres. To study speech processing lateralization, we used a paradigm with monaural presentation of speech stimuli. A comparison between typical infants and infants with callosal agenesis, suggested an asymmetric transfer of auditory information across hemispheres, facilitated toward the left hemisphere, that might contribute to the lateralization of language early on. This thesis highlights the potential of neuroimaging techniques for the study of brain’s structural and functional development and of hemispheric asymmetries early on
Boulanger-Weill, Jonathan. "Functional integration of newborn neurons into established neuronal circuits in the zebrafish larva visual system." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066691/document.
Full textIn the vertebrate brain, mechanisms leading to the incorporation of newborn neurons into already functional networks still remain poorly understood. Indeed, since most of the studies have been performed at the single-cell level, a detailed description of the circuit dynamics is lacking. To investigate this phenomenon, I have developed a pioneer methodology using the zebrafish larva as an experimental model and a multidisciplinary approach combining genetics, two-photon microscopy and optogenetics to monitor the developing activity of genetically targeted newborn neurons and the surrounding matured networks, in an intact and non-anesthetized vertebrate. Using this technique I have described for the first time, and in the time course of several days, the developmental dynamics of the functional properties of newborn neurons before and during their incorporation into the mature tectal circuit, the zebrafish most complex layered structure and highest visual center. Overall, these results suggest a developmental sequence of events during which newborn neurons capable of generating intrinsic activity dynamics first connect to their pre-synaptic sensory organ (the retina). At a second stage, the newborn neurons gradually incorporate into the tectal mature circuit showing sparse correlations with mature neurons. At a third stage, the spatial organization of the correlation between the newborn and the mature neurons is refined, becoming denser. I thus suggest that the newborn neurons first connect to a large population of sparsely located mature neurons and subsequently distant connections are pruned, permitting the newborn-labeled neuron to acquire a stable and robust functional signature (e.g. sharp receptive fields). In the recent years, treatments based on the transplantation of neural tissue have been developed to target neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Because these therapies face the problem of poor survival and long-term functional incorporation, this study may provide better understanding of neuronal circuits formation and might pave the way to improve the efficiency of stem-cells-based treatments for human-brain reparation
Bodenant, Corinne. "Contribution à l'étude des récepteurs de la somatostatine pendant le développement du système nerveux central : distribution et caractérisation des récepteurs de la somatostatine dans le système visuel et le cervelet au cours de l'ontogénèse. Recherche d'une activité trophique de la somatostatine dans le cervelet." Rouen, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ROUES026.
Full textDeruelle, Christine. "Perception des patterns visuels : développement des asymétries fonctionnelles hémisphériques." Aix-Marseille 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX22008.
Full textDefer, Alexis. "Développement et utilisation de connaissances dans l’apprentissage de régularités contextuelles de scènes naturelles." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS530.
Full textThe mechanisms involved in the development and use of contextual regularities were studied using the contextual cueing paradigm. In our research, we argue that learning contextual regularities from natural scenes occur unintentionally and implicitly during visual search. We showed that learning of contextual regularities and conscious awareness depend on how selective attention is allocated toward natural scenes (Experiments 1 and 2a). However, the mechanisms supporting the learning of contextual regularities remained unaffected by the presence of an interfering, working memory task (Experiment 5 and 6). Our studies also indicated that awareness of regularities improves performance on the visual search task (Experiments 1 and 2a). We also found that rugby expertise improved conscious awareness of regularities from rugby scenes, while visual search performance of experts was no better than performance of novices (Experiment 4). Finally, the procedure used in Experiments 1-6 does not allow to precisely determine what knowledge is used during visual search. Consequently, we have applied the paradigm of inter-trial temporal contextual cueing to natural scenes. We found evidence indicating that categorical regularities of natural scenes can be extracted and used quickly and without attentional efforts for natural scenes, independently of expertise level (7a Experience 7a - 8)
Magrou, Loïc. "Développement et structure des réseaux corticaux chez le macaque." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1322.
Full textThe work performed during this thesis is three fold. In the first part, 12 injections of retrograde tracers were performed in cynomolgus macaques at different visual eccentricities in V1, V2, V4 and MT. We observe that, while injections performed in territories corresponding to the central (i.e. foveal) representation of the visual hemifield preferentially receive inputs from areas belonging to the ventral pathway, injections placed in peripheral representations preferentially labels neurons in areas known to be part of the dorsal pathway. Eccentric injections return an exponential decay of connexion strength with increasing distances, as previously described (Markov et al, 2014). This strongly argues in favour of the Exponential Distance Rule (EDR) being powerful enough to explain the formation of the functional streams of the visual cortex. Firstly, it strongly suggests that the EDR is applicable at any point of the cortical sheet regardless of area boundaries, and that therefore the cortex is better seen as a continuous sheet of gradually changing properties, instead of a mosaic of well-defined cortical areas. Secondly, it helps inform and refine our current definition of an area towards a more comprehensive one which includes topological location. Finally, it has deep implications regarding the evolution of cortical areas as well as the cortex as a whole. In the second part, a comparison was attempted between tractography and tract tracing, with the high definition diffusion MRI scan of one macaque brain. Tractography was computed on it, and the resulting connectivity matrix compared to tract tracing (Markov et al, 2014). The preliminary results obtained in this thesis fall in the same range of detection success than previous studies: between 70 and 77 % of the connectivity assessed by dMRI-based tractography is correct using the same Receiver Operating Charateristic (ROC) approach (Azadbakht et al 2015, Calabrese et al 2015a, Donahue et al 2016). It also highlights a problem of specificity of connexions detected by tractography. It fails to accurately discriminate empty connexions (i.e. absent) as empty, a problem especially salient in the context of early visual areas, the connectivity of which is known to be very specific (Tigges et al 1973, Tigges et al 1974, Martinez-Millan & Hollander 1975, Kaas & Lin 1977, Wong-Riley 1978). Overall, caution is for now warranted and connectivity properties should not at this point be inferred on diffusion MRI based tractography. In the last part, 6 injections were performed in 3 bilaterally enucleated animals (3 in the Default Extrastriate Cortex - DEC, 1 in V2 and 2 in V4) in order to assess how the visual connectivity is impacted by the loss of retinal inputs to the thalamus. As previously reported, abnormal gyri are observed on the operculum, whose territory is now dominated by the DEC, a hybrid cortex combining histological and histochemical feature of striate and exstrastiate cortex (Dehay et al 1996a, Dehay et al 1996b). Also, the LGN anatomy is massively perturbed, losing its heterogeneity of strictly defined layers for a homogeneous structure. Inputs from the pulvinar and the LGN were found to be unfocused, scattered and unsegregated in side-by-side injections. The pulvinar input to the DEC was found to be an order of magnitude higher than a normal pulvinar-to-V1 connexion, when the same comparison for the LGN was found to be an order of magnitude lower. These changes in connectivity appear to diminish in importance as one goes up the visual hierarchy. Indeed the most striking changes are in V1 (aberrant gyri, DEC, ventralisation, etc.) whereas V4 appears to be seemingly unperturbed by the absence of retinal inputs. Regarding the development of the visual system, this fact argues for a localised effect of the thalamic inputs (i.e. only V1 and V2) and an absence of domino-effect cascade that would perturb the entirety of the brain, despite the quite drastic enucleation process
Fabre, Diandra. "Retour articulatoire visuel par échographie linguale augmentée : développements et application clinique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAT076/document.
Full textIn the framework of speech therapy for articulatory troubles associated with tongue misplacement, providing a visual feedback might be very useful for both the therapist and the patient, as the tongue is not a naturally visible articulator. In the last years, ultrasound imaging has been successfully applied to speech therapy in English speaking countries, as reported in several case studies. The assumption that visual articulatory biofeedback may facilitate the rehabilitation of the patient is supported by studies on the links between speech production and perception. During speech therapy sessions, the patient seems to better understand his/her tongue movements, despite the poor quality of the image due to inherent noise and the lack of information about other speech articulators. We develop in this thesis the concept of augmented lingual ultrasound. We propose two approaches to improve the raw ultrasound image, and describe a first clinical application of this device.The first approach focuses on tongue tracking in ultrasound images. We propose a method based on supervised machine learning, where we model the relationship between the intensity of all the pixels of the image and the contour coordinates. The size of the images and of the contours is reduced using a principal component analysis, and a neural network models their relationship. We developed speaker-dependent and speaker-independent implementations and evaluated the performances as a function of the amount of manually annotated contours used as training data. We obtained an error of 1.29 mm for the speaker-dependent model with only 80 annotated images, which is better than the performance of the EdgeTrak reference method based on active contours.The second approach intends to automatically animate an articulatory talking head from the ultrasound images. This talking head is the avatar of a reference speaker that reveals the external and internal structures of the vocal tract (palate, pharynx, teeth, etc.). First, we build a mapping model between ultrasound images and tongue control parameters acquired on the reference speaker. We then adapt this model to new speakers referred to as source speakers. This adaptation is performed by the Cascaded Gaussian Mixture Regression (C-GMR) technique based on a joint model of the ultrasound data of the reference speaker, control parameters of the talking head, and adaptation ultrasound data of the source speaker. This approach is compared to a direct GMR regression between the source speaker data and the control parameters of the talking head. We show that C-GMR approach achieves the best compromise between amount of adaptation data and prediction quality. We also evaluate the generalization capability of the C-GMR approach and show that prior information of the reference speaker helps the model generalize to articulatory configurations of the source speaker unseen during the adaptation phase.Finally, we present preliminary results of a clinical application of augmented ultrasound imaging to a population of patients after partial glossectomy. We evaluate the use of visual feedback of the patient’s tongue in real time and the use of sequences recorded with a speech therapist to illustrate the targeted articulation. Classical speech therapy probes are led after each series of sessions. The first results show an improvement of the patients’ performance, especially for tongue placement
Riva, Miléna. "Attention spatiale et lecture de mots parafovéaux chez l’enfant d’âge scolaire et l’adulte." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05H116.
Full textAlthough word reading benefits from some automatism, spatial attention plays a meaningful role in word identification. The improvement of reading skills may be accompanied with an evolution of the attentional demands or of the attentional control in reading. The first goal of this thesis was to investigate the evolution of the role of spatial attention in reading in school-age children in comparison with young adults. Attention plays a greater role in parafoveal words identification than in foveal words. Yet, when presenting parafoveal words, right visual field (RVF) words are better identified than left visual field words. Spatial attention might play a role in this RVF superiority in reading, in relation to hemispheric specialization and reading direction. When subjects attend a parafoveal word, an attentional biasin favour of the RVF develops. The second goal of this thesis was to investigate the attentional bias hypothesis. We conducted parafoveal word identification experiments in school-age children and in young adults, using several attentional paradigms (simultaneous distractor, distractor preceding the word presentation, probe at the word location). Results first showed that the attentional demandsin reading decreased with age, probably because of the evolution of the interaction between the attentional control and the reading systems. Moreover, RVF superiority for words may be explained, at least partially, in children and adults, by the RVF attentional bias. This RVF superiority is found in school-age children as in adults, even though some age-related modifications in attentional strategies have been found
Helo, Andrea. "Scene exploration during development : influence of perceptual features and semantic context on visual attention." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB205/document.
Full textThis dissertation investigated developmental mechanism underlying scene exploration. The results showed that ambient and focal attention strategies emerge by 12 months of age. Saliency guided eye movements more in children younger than 6 years compared with older children. Additionally, objects that were semantically inconsistent with the scene context equally attracted the gaze in young children and adults. Children were, however, attracted faster to high salient than to low salient objects. High-producers looked longer to consistent objects than low-producers while both groups looked equally long to inconsistent objects. The N400 ERP component was more pronounced for inconsistent than for consistent scene-word pairs. Low-producers exhibited a later N400 effect over the right frontal recording sites while in high-producers the N400 effect was observed earlier over the left frontal sites. Our results suggest that eye movement control during scene viewing mature from infancy to childhood. Even though ambient and focal modes are present in early infancy, scene exploration is dominated by focal mode. Additionally, young children use scene context, similarly to adults, in guidance of their visual attention. However, during early stages of development saliency has a stronger effect on gaze allocation compared with adults. Visual attention was also influenced by linguistic skills in young children
Ho-Phuoc, Tien. "Développement et mise en œuvre de modèle d'attention visuelle." Grenoble INPG, 2010. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00495365.
Full textTo explore the world around us, we move constantly our eyes. What factors guide eye movements? How to interpret and evaluate quantitatively them? This thesis addresses these problems in the context of free viewing of natural scenes, according two aspects: modelisation and behavioural data obtained from eye movements experiments. The proposed «bottom-up» model is inspired mainly by the biology of the human visual system and proposes to predict the salient regions (which attract the eyes). We show that although colour is often used in most models in the literature, it influences little on eye movements. It is also unveiled that programming severa 1 saccades in parallel from one fixation point is not compatible with the experimental data
Loup, Guillaume. "Conception et développement d’interactions immersives pour jeux sérieux." Thesis, Le Mans, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LEMA1041/document.
Full textThis thesis is in the field of the virtual environments for human learning. Digital Epistemic Games (DEG) are a category of serious games dedicated to solving complex, multidisciplinary and non-deterministic problems. The objective of DEGs is to propose authentic learning situations in terms of interactions so that learners can construct and anchor knowledge in their context of use.The first part of the thesis is devoted to exploring spatial, temporal and social dimensions of DEG interactions. Experiments were conducted in ecological environment and showed an educational contribution through an increase in the learner engagement. The design of the prototypes showed that the development of the immersive interactions of a virtual environment for human learning currently remains reserved for specialists in Mixed Reality or Virtual (MVR).So the second part of the thesis was the proposal of a development environment named MIREDGE. A visual programming interface allows developers to model interactions without specific knowledge in MVR through the reuse of blocks. Experiments have evaluated the effectiveness and efficiency of MIREDGE for specialist and non-specialist developers in MVR.As specialist developers in MVR have to continue their algorithm beyond visual programming, MIREDGE allows automatic generation of code providing the corresponding script being totally re-editable in their game engine. The MIREDGE approach ensures wide compatibility with development environments and peripherals. This opens perspectives on the study of the logics of universal interactions
Strub, Florian. "Développement de modèles multimodaux interactifs pour l'apprentissage du langage dans des environnements visuels." Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1I030.
Full textWhile our representation of the world is shaped by our perceptions, our languages, and our interactions, they have traditionally been distinct fields of study in machine learning. Fortunately, this partitioning started opening up with the recent advents of deep learning methods, which standardized raw feature extraction across communities. However, multimodal neural architectures are still at their beginning, and deep reinforcement learning is often limited to constrained environments. Yet, we ideally aim to develop large-scale multimodal and interactive models towards correctly apprehending the complexity of the world. As a first milestone, this thesis focuses on visually grounded language learning for three reasons (i) they are both well-studied modalities across different scientific fields (ii) it builds upon deep learning breakthroughs in natural language processing and computer vision (ii) the interplay between language and vision has been acknowledged in cognitive science. More precisely, we first designed the GuessWhat?! game for assessing visually grounded language understanding of the models: two players collaborate to locate a hidden object in an image by asking a sequence of questions. We then introduce modulation as a novel deep multimodal mechanism, and we show that it successfully fuses visual and linguistic representations by taking advantage of the hierarchical structure of neural networks. Finally, we investigate how reinforcement learning can support visually grounded language learning and cement the underlying multimodal representation. We show that such interactive learning leads to consistent language strategies but gives raise to new research issues
Roche, Laëtitia. "Percevoir l'interaction sociale dans le mouvement humain : études psychophysiologiques du développement typique et dans les troubles du spectre autistique." Thesis, Tours, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUR3323/document.
Full textSocial interaction is one of the main difficulties for patients with pervasive developmental disorders (PDD). However, the perception of human movement contributes to the development of social behavior and represents a "marker" for the development of social cognition. This eye tracking and pupillometric study aims to characterize the visuospatial attention and cognitive load during perception of social human biological motion (SHM) in 139 typical participants (PaTYP) and 62 patients with ASD (PaTED). In PaTYP, exploration increases for SHM. In PaTED, deficit of the exploration of MHS is correlated with the severity of the global autistic symptomatology. These abnormalities of visuospatial attention in PaTED could reduce their access to social information and participate in social interaction and communication disorders
Huyse, Aurélie. "Intégration audio-visuelle de la parole: le poids de la vision varie-t-il en fonction de l'âge et du développement langagier?" Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209690.
Full textLe paradigme expérimental utilisé consistait toujours en une tâche d’identification de syllabes présentées dans trois modalités :auditive seule, visuelle seule et audio-visuelle (congruente et incongruente). Les cinq études avaient également comme point commun la présentation de stimuli visuels dont la qualité était réduite, visant à empêcher une lecture labiale de bonne qualité. Le but de chacune de ces études était non seulement d’examiner si les performances variaient en fonction des variables investiguées mais également de déterminer si les différences provenaient bien du processus d’intégration lui-même et non uniquement de différences au niveau de la perception unimodale. Pour cela, les scores des participants ont été comparés à des scores prédits sur base d’un modèle prenant en compte les variations individuelles des poids auditifs et visuels, le weighted fuzzy-logical model of perception.
L’ensemble des résultats, discuté dans la dernière partie de ce travail, fait pencher la balance en faveur de l’hypothèse d’une intégration dépendante du contexte. Nous proposons alors une nouvelle architecture de fusion bimodale, prenant en compte ces dernières données. Enfin, les implications sont aussi d’ordre pratique, suggérant la nécessité d’incorporer des évaluations et rééducations à la fois auditives et visuelles dans le cadre des programmes de revalidation de personnes âgées, dysphasiques ou avec implant cochléaire./During face-to-face conversation, perception of auditory speech is influenced by the visual speech cues contained in lip movements. Indeed, previous research has highlighted the ability of lip-reading to enhance and even modify speech perception. This phenomenon is known as audio-visual integration. The aim of this doctoral thesis is to study the possibility of modifying this audio-visual integration according to several variables. This work lies into the scope of an important debate between invariant versus subject-dependent audio-visual integration in speech processing. Each study of this dissertation investigates the impact of a specific variable on bimodal integration: the quality of the visual input, age of participants, the use of a cochlear implant, age at cochlear implantation and the presence of specific language impairments.
The paradigm used always consisted of a syllable identification task, where syllables were presented in three modalities: auditory only, visual only and audio-visual (congruent and incongruent). There was also a condition where the quality of the visual input was reduced, in order to prevent a lip-reading of good quality. The aim of each of the five studies was not only to examine whether performances were modified according to the variable under study but also to ascertain that differences were indeed issued from the integration process itself. Thereby, our results were analyzed in the framework of model predictive of audio-visual speech performance (weighted fuzzy-logical model of perception) in order to disentangle unisensory effects from audio-visual integration effects.
Taken together, our data suggest that speech integration is not automatic but rather depends on the context. We propose a new architecture of bimodal fusions, taking these considerations into account. Finally, there are also practical implications suggesting the need to incorporate not only auditory but also visual exercise in the rehabilitation programs of older adults and children with cochlear implants or with specific language impairements.
Doctorat en Sciences Psychologiques et de l'éducation
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Xu, Quan. "Contribution à l'étude et au développement de techniques de gestion de fenêtres." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10167/document.
Full textWindow switching is one of the most frequent tasks of any window manager happening several hundred times per day. However this task can become laborious when the number of windows becomes important.This dissertation aims at understanding and developing new switching techniques to help users to improve task switching. In order to understand how users manage their windows, a tool was developed to log user window management activity in mainstream Windows OS. Three techniques: Push-and-Pull Switching, stack scanning and WindowsTagging were designed and developed based on the results of this data.First, Push-and-Pull Switching, a window switching technique using window overlapping to implicitly define groups. Push-and-Pull Switching further allows switching between groups and restacking the focused window to any position to change its group affectation. The empirical evaluations showed that it was 50% faster than other techniques in different scenarios.Second, stack scanning, a window switching technique based on a widget that combines generalized scrolling and crossing to control the stack order of layers of visible windows. The empirical evaluations showed that it was faster than other techniques when the number of windows is high and the visual similarity among windows is important. They also showed that Taskbar was the best choice when the number of windows is small.Finally, to theorize window and group switching, we provided eleven design principles to help designers to design new switching techniques. WindowsTagging was implemented based on these design principles. The empirical evaluations showed that it was faster than Exposé, and participants strongly preferred it
Deriaz, Madeline. "Impact de l'apprentissage d'activités créatives en arts visuels sur le développement de la personne aînée." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2003. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2364.
Full textMazella, Anaïs. "Développement d'une batterie de tests haptiques 2D pour enfants et adolescents voyants et déficients visuels." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30262.
Full textThe main objective of our thesis work was to design a battery of haptic tests for visually impaired and sighted children and adolescents in order to assess the development of a range of haptic abilities with age, including scanning, discrimination, spatial comprehension, short-term memory and picture comprehension, and to assess differences linked to the visual status of children and adolescents. The theory behind the creation of our tests battery was that tactile picture comprehension skills develop concomittantly with the improvement of (1) scanning abilities (lines and dots), (2) haptic discrimination abilities (texture, shape and size), (3) spatial comprehension skills (orientation and location) and (4) short-term tactile memory capacity (dot span and shape span). The first chapter is a review of the literature on how the sense of active touch functions and on the psychometric tests that use this perceptual modality. The main purpose of our research is to question the relevance of using the haptic modality to assess the development of perceptual-motor and cognitive abilities amongst sighted and visually impaired children and adolescents. We finally emphasize that designing a developmental 2D haptic test battery would fill the lack of psychometric tools suitable for assessing visually impaired children. The second chapter is composed of three pilot studies in which sighted and visually impaired subjects were asked to identify complete and incomplete tactile pictures. The aim was to test the preconditions before creating our tool. More precisely, this entailed determining whether (1) tactile picture comprehension abilities develop with age, (2) these abilities can be compared between sighted and visually impaired children, (3) these two groups of children are able to understand incomplete tactile pictures. The results obtained suggest that raised-line pictures are a suitable material for assessing the 2D haptic abilities of sighted and visually impaired children. The third chapter highlights that a range of haptic abilities used to process 2D tactile stimuli (i.e., scanning, haptic discrimination, spatial comprehension, short-term memory and tactile picture comprehension abilities) improve with age for sighted subjects. In addition, we demonstrate that the ability to discriminate geometric shapes and the short-term memory of shapes play a significant role in tactile picture comprehension. The aim of the fourth chapter was to test all the psychometric properties of the battery with sighted and visually impaired individuals aged 5 to 25 years. We showed that our tool has satisfactory psychometric indices in terms of sensitivity, reliability and validity. What is more, we did not observe any significant differences that were inherent to visual status, or to the presence of associated disorders in the battery scores, suggesting that single calibration may be used. The fifth chapter summarizes the main results and conclusions of the research, its different contributions for both fundamental and applied purposes, and its limitations. Altogether our results suggest that the haptic modality is an interesting alternative to vision to assess the perceptual-motor and cogntive abilities of visually impaired people. Finally, two possible avenues for future research are presented
Charpignon, Véronique. "Homeobox-containing genes in the nemertean Lineus: key players in the antero-posterior body patterning and in the specification of the visual structures." Reims, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006REIMS017.
Full textIn this thesis, the lophotrochozoan nemertean Lineus, which exhibits impressive developmental plasticity and regeneration capacities, was used as a model system in an attempt to reveal to which extent the anteroposterior patterning mechanism and “the eye specification network” are conserved throughout the Bilateria. The data obtained from the expression patterns of orthodenticle-like (Ls-Otx) and caudal-like (Ls-Cdx) genes in Lineus are in good agreement with their proposed evolutionarily conserved functions in the specification of the anterior body regions and in the specification of the posterior ones, respectively. We have also shown that Ls-Cdx is expressed during posterior regeneration only, whereas Ls-Otx is expressed during both, anterior and posterior early regeneration and becomes restricted to the anterior regenerating blastema only one week after the onset of regeneration. Based on its specific expression at the level of the CNS in early regenerating stages, we have proposed that Otx could be part of a signaling network responsible for the onset of regeneration in nemertean. We have previously shown that LsPax-6 is expressed in developing and regenerating Lineus eyes and that it is required for their maintenance in adult Lineus. Now, we have obtained data from the three Ls-Six genes (Ls-Six1/2, Ls-Six3/6 and Ls-Six4/5) that argue for a general involvement of the Ls-Six genes in the development and the regeneration of the Lineus sensory organs, including the eyes. Hence, evolutionarily conserved key members of the “eye specification network” seems be involved in the specification of the Lineus eyes, supporting the hypothesis of a monophyletic origin of the eyes
Cremieux, Jacques. "Vision du mouvement et comportement moteur : développement et contrôle des coordinations visuo-motrices." Aix-Marseille 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987AIX22112.
Full textDe, Cock Michel. "Etude théorique et clinico-expérimentale des relations entre le développement postural et les activités visuelles et visuo-perceptives chez des enfants infirmes moteurs cérébraux." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212630.
Full textYakrib, Siham. "Développement de l'attention visuelle sélective : rôle de l'apprentissage et de la directionalité de la lecture." Grenoble 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE29027.
Full textThis thesis has for objective to bring elements of answer to the question of the mode of commitment of the attention in the paradigms of visual search (research) and Posner by studying the links between the development of the attention and the learning of the reading. Because at the man, the reading as no other spot of the life of every in the daytime, seems to ask for an extreme performance in visuo-moteurs and visuo-attentionnels systems. The reading requires to mange in parallel and quickly different typical of vision or attention : focal vision safe (sure) the word being read, vision parafovetale safe (sure) the following words to schedule (program) the next eye jerk, and peripheral vision to settle (adjust) the posture of the head (repository spatial oculomoteur). Besides still, sense (direction) of reading, to read from left to right (eg, French) or from right to left (eg, Arabic, Hebrew) could play a role in the determination of the special asymmetries (eg, bisection visuo-motrice) usually explained in term of hemispherical specialization, determine the strategies of visual exploitation (operation), influence the choice "the preference" and the memorization of received images visually
Damon, Fabrice. "Développement des préférences pour la familiarité chez le nourrisson." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAS033/document.
Full textThe purpose of this work is to examine of the development of face category formation using infants’ visual preferences. We investigated the mechanisms leading to differential face preferences by integrating them in the theoretical framework developed by Valentine (1991), the face-space. We proposed that the way perceptual experience shape the structure of the face-space is a determinant of infants’ face preferences. We postulated that faces close to the central tendency of the face-space (i.e., prototype) will be preferred. We first reported a bias to look more toward adult faces than infant faces from birth to 6 month of age (Studies 1 and 2). Adult faces correspond to a frequently encountered category while infant faces represent a less frequently encountered category. We also showed a downturn of this familiarity bias as infants grow older (Study 3). The preferences showed by younger infants might be linked to a form of false recognition of the caregivers’ faces, due to the massive exposure to these faces. This pattern of preferences was not found in 3-to 12-month-olds presented with child and infant faces (Studies 4 and 5). Conversely, infants showed a tendency to prefer the less familiar faces, depending on their perceptual experience. We then studied 9- and 12-month-olds’ abilities to form categories of faces differing by age, i.e., adult, child, and infant faces, (Study 6). Twelve-month-olds formed discrete categories of adult and infant faces in one hand, and of child and infants faces on the other hand. Nine month-olds showed an asymmetric pattern of behavior, forming categories of child faces that exclude a new infant face, and categories of infant faces that include a new child face. All these infants being exposed to infant faces via nursery, the asymmetry might stem from the influence of the knowledge of this category of faces. In the last study (Study 7), we tried to provide more direct evidences of the link between face preferences and the distance from the prototype in two different populations: 12-month-old human infants, and 3-month-old macaque infants (Macaca mulatta). Preferences for faces close to the prototype in both species suggest a common mechanism leading to face preferences
Spinelli, Laurent. "Analyse spatiale de l'activité électrique cérébrale : nouveaux développements." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004851.
Full textBertolino, Margot. "Etude de la procédure de stimulus fading dans l'apprentissage d'une discrimination visuelle." Thesis, Lille 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL3H049.
Full textVisual discrimination is an important skill for the adaptation of an individual to his environment during his development. In the 1960s, numerous studies showed that the gradual increase in difficulty and the perceptual modification of stimuli made it possible to reduce or even prevent errors, and thus facilitate the acquisition of new discrimination. The stimulus fading procedure was one of the first procedures demonstrating the acquisition of discrimination in the absence of error and is widely used among people with developmental disabilities. The effectiveness of this procedure in acquiring new discrimination in different populations has not always been demonstrated. The literature seems to claim that the observation of stimuli plays an important role in the establishment of discrimination, especially when using a stimulus fading procedure. Thus, the same operant involving observation and visuo-motor control has been used in all studies of this thesis. This has been made possible using an eye tracker.The three studies conducted in this thesis in the adult, the typical child and the child with neuro-developmental disorders highlighted the efficiency of a fading stimulus procedure in intradimensional discrimination learning. We have also shown that stimulus observation can play an important role in the acquisition of discrimination. The presence of a second contingency involving modification of a discriminative stimulus produced by the response was for the first time studied in the fading stimulus procedure. Thus, this contingency could play a role in the efficiency of the fading stimulus procedure. Finally, prior training by fading stimulus enhanced the transfer of learning and thus facilitated the learning of a second discrimination. In addition, in children, prior learning by trial and error would slow down or even block the acquisition of the new discrimination.All of these studies have addressed the issue of observing stimuli and the importance of attention in learning discrimination. The identification of the presence of a second contingency in the fading stimulus procedure could promote the effectiveness of this procedure in a clinical setting
Liégeois, Frédérique. "Coordinations interhémisphériques et développement des capacités cognitives chez le jeune enfant." Aix-Marseille 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX11068.
Full textGilbert, Johann. "Étude et développement d'un réseau de capteurs synchronisés à l'aide d'un protocole de communication sans fil dédié à l'Internet des objets." Thesis, Toulon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUL0012/document.
Full textIn the last 20 years, the coming up of Internet of Things and Cloud Computing has conditionedthe need to deploy sensors everywhere to feed databases and analytics. To meet this requirements,new kind of networks have been massively deployed based on the sub-gigahertz frequency which haveunknown effect on human health.Couple the non-invasive aspect of the Visible Light Communication (VLC) with IoT could notonly reduce potential risks for human health but also avoid radio band saturation. However, today'stechniques consist mainly in broadcast data from light sources to receivers which is the opposite of theIoT paradigm. In this study, we will present a new design where the gateway is not a classic photodiodebut a camera.With this camera based method, we are able to design a star network using VLC. Even if the datarate is not the same as standard method, we are now able to collect data emanating from many sensorsat once with only one photoreceptor. This system also includes the ability of discriminate LED matrix,which transfer the same data faster, and single LED. Finally, data rate can be handle autonomouslyby the system to provide an optimal data transfer
Bornard, Jean-Charles. "Développement d'un modèle du conducteur automobile : De la modélisation cognitive à la simulation numérique." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00779706.
Full textGallegos, Garrido Gabriela. "Développement d'un capteur composite Vision/Laser à couplage serré pour le SLAM d'intérieur." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00604647.
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