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1

Brown, Joel H., and Jordan E. Horowitz. "Deviance and Deviants." Evaluation Review 17, no. 5 (1993): 529–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193841x9301700504.

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2

Konty, Mark. "OF DEVIANCE AND DEVIANTS." Sociological Spectrum 26, no. 6 (2006): 621–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02732170600948782.

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3

Leiva, Alicia, Fabrice B. R. Parmentier, and Pilar Andrés. "Distraction by Deviance." Experimental Psychology 62, no. 1 (2015): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000273.

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We report the results of oddball experiments in which an irrelevant stimulus (standard, deviant) was presented before a target stimulus and the modality of these stimuli was manipulated orthogonally (visual/auditory). Experiment 1 showed that auditory deviants yielded distraction irrespective of the target’s modality while visual deviants did not impact on performance. When participants were forced to attend the distractors in order to detect a rare target (“target-distractor”), auditory deviants yielded distraction irrespective of the target’s modality and visual deviants yielded a small dist
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4

Kunz, Jenifer, and Phillip R. Kunz. "Social Distance of Deviants and Deviant Offenders." Psychological Reports 88, no. 2 (2001): 505–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2001.88.2.505.

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Previous studies have focused on the seriousness of the offenses but have neglected the offenders. This analysis used a Bogardus-type social distance scale of 23 deviant roles using a sample of 524 respondents who indicated decided preferences for some types of deviant offenders over others. It was concluded that individuals occupying various roles such as judges, defenders, juries, and so on may feel great social distance toward certain types of offenders and may act differentially toward them.
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5

Perna, Francesca, Francesco Pavani, Massimiliano Zampini, and Veronica Mazza. "Behavioral Dynamics of Rhythm and Meter Perception: The Effect of Musical Expertise in Deviance Detection." Timing & Time Perception 6, no. 1 (2018): 32–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134468-00002100.

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In two behavioral experiments, we explored effects of long-term musical training on the implicit processing of temporal structures (rhythm, non-rhythm and meter), manipulating deviance detection under different conditions. We used a task that did not require an explicit processing of the temporal aspect of stimuli, as this was irrelevant for the task. In Experiment 1, we investigated whether long-term musical training results in a superior processing of auditory rhythm, and thus boosts the detection of auditory deviants inserted within rhythmic compared to non-rhythmic auditory series. In Expe
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6

Prechtl, James C., and Theodore H. Bullock. "Plurality of Viual Mismatch Potentials in a Reptile." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 5, no. 2 (1993): 177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1993.5.2.177.

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Studies with auditory stimuli have established in humans that a mismatch potential (MMP) is elicited whenever a deviant stimulus is substituted for a standard stimulus in a train of monotonous standard stimuli presented at rates > 0.25 Hz. The MMP in humans is localized in the auditory cortex and is known as mismatch negativily, from its polarity in scalp recordings. It is hypothesized to reflect the operation of sensory memory and to be a necessary component of the auditory orienting response. To examine the generality of MMPs we used a visual mismatch paradigm with pond turtles (Pseudemys
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7

van Zuijen, Titia L., Veerle L. Simoens, Petri Paavilainen, Risto Näätänen, and Mari Tervaniemi. "Implicit, Intuitive, and Explicit Knowledge of Abstract Regularities in a Sound Sequence: An Event-related Brain Potential Study." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18, no. 8 (2006): 1292–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.8.1292.

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Implicit knowledge has been proposed to be the substrate of intuition because intuitive judgments resemble implicit processes. We investigated whether the automatically elicited mismatch negativity (MMN) component of the auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) can reflect implicit knowledge and whether this knowledge can be utilized for intuitive sound discrimination. We also determined the sensitivity of the attention-and task-dependent P3 component to intuitive versus explicit knowledge. We recorded the ERPs elicited in an “abstract” oddball paradigm. Tone pairs roving over different freque
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8

Marsja, Erik, Gregory Neely, and Jessica K. Ljungberg. "Investigating Deviance Distraction and the Impact of the Modality of the To-Be-Ignored Stimuli." Experimental Psychology 65, no. 2 (2018): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000390.

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Abstract. It has been suggested that deviance distraction is caused by unexpected sensory events in the to-be-ignored stimuli violating the cognitive system’s predictions of incoming stimuli. The majority of research has used methods where the to-be-ignored expected (standards) and the unexpected (deviants) stimuli are presented within the same modality. Less is known about the behavioral impact of deviance distraction when the to-be-ignored stimuli are presented in different modalities (e.g., standard and deviants presented in different modalities). In three experiments using cross-modal oddb
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9

Haigh, Sarah M., Brian A. Coffman, and Dean F. Salisbury. "Mismatch Negativity in First-Episode Schizophrenia." Clinical EEG and Neuroscience 48, no. 1 (2016): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550059416645980.

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Mismatch negativity (MMN) to deviant stimuli is robustly smaller in individuals with chronic schizophrenia compared with healthy controls (Cohen’s d > 1.0 or more), leading to the possibility of MMN being used as a biomarker for schizophrenia. However, there is some debate in the literature as to whether MMN is reliably reduced in first-episode schizophrenia patients. For the biomarker to be used as a predictive marker for schizophrenia, it should be reduced in the majority of cases known to have the disease, particularly at disease onset. We conducted a meta-analysis on the fourteen studie
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10

Shekar, Meera, Jean-Pierre Habicht, and Michael C. Latham. "Is Positive Deviance in Growth Simply the Converse of Negative Deviance?" Food and Nutrition Bulletin 13, no. 1 (1991): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482659101300125.

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The term “positive deviance” has been widely used to describe children who do not show evidence of protein-energy malnutrition when many others living in a similar unfavourable environment are malnourished. Implicit in this concept is that the determinants of positive deviance are something more than the converse of the determinants of poor growth. We modified and operationalized this concept using data on child growth from rural southern India. We divided children on the basis of anthropometry into positive deviants and what we called negative deviants and median growers. Our analysis suggest
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11

Steinberg, Johanna, Hubert Truckenbrodt, and Thomas Jacobsen. "Preattentive Phonotactic Processing as Indexed by the Mismatch Negativity." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, no. 10 (2010): 2174–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21408.

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Processing of an obligatory phonotactic restriction outside the focus of the participants' attention was investigated by means of ERPs using (reversed) experimental oddball blocks. Dorsal fricative assimilation (DFA) is a phonotactic constraint in German grammar that is violated in *[ɛx] but not in [ɔx], [ɛ∫], and [ɔ∫]. These stimulus sequences engage the auditory deviance detection mechanism as reflected by the MMN component of the ERP. In Experiment 1 (n = 16), stimuli were contrasted pairwise such that they shared the initial vowel but differed with regard to the fricative. Phonotactically
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12

Bubic, Andreja, D. Yves von Cramon, Thomas Jacobsen, Erich Schröger, and Ricarda I. Schubotz. "Violation of Expectation: Neural Correlates Reflect Bases of Prediction." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 1 (2009): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21013.

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Setting perceptual expectations can be based on different sources of information that determine which functional networks will be involved in implementing preparatory top–down influences and dealing with situations in which expectations are violated. The goal of the present study was to investigate and directly compare brain activations triggered by violating expectations within two different task contexts. In the serial prediction task, participants monitored ordered perceptual sequences for predefined sequential deviants. In contrast, the target detection task entailed a presentation of stim
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13

Jacobsen, Thomas, Erich Schröger, István Winkler, and János Horváth. "Familiarity Affects the Processing of Task-irrelevant Auditory Deviance." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17, no. 11 (2005): 1704–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892905774589262.

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The effects of familiarity on auditory change detection on the basis of auditory sensory memory representations were investigated by presenting oddball sequences of sounds while participants ignored the auditory stimuli. Stimulus sequences were composed of sounds that were familiar and sounds that were made unfamiliar by playing the same sounds backward. The roles of frequently presented stimuli (standards) and infrequently presented ones (deviants) were fully crossed. Deviants elicited the mismatch negativity component of the event-related brain potential. We found an enhancement in detecting
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14

Jawor, Anna. "Czy Jezus był zboczeńcem? Nienormalni, którzy są prawodawcami świata, w koncepcji Floriana Znanieckiego." Adeptus, no. 1 (June 10, 2013): 42–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/a.2012.003.

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Was Jesus a deviant? The abnormals who are legislators of the world in Florian Znaniecki's conceptionThe aim of this article is to remind us the still current conception of ‘deviants’ by the classical sociologist – Florian Znaniecki. Znaniecki has distinguished three types of people: normal, ‘subnormal’ and ‘overnormal’. Normal people are just ordinary people who live according to social rules and norms. The ‘subnormals’ are, simply speaking, different types of offenders. And the ‘overnormals’ are the people who enrich their socio-cultural system. ‘Deviants’ are extreme and the most interestin
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15

Gomila, Robin, and Elizabeth Levy Paluck. "The social and psychological characteristics of norm deviants: A field study in a small cohesive university campus." Journal of Social and Political Psychology 8, no. 1 (2020): 220–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v8i1.1134.

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People who deviate from the established norms of their social group can clarify group boundaries, strengthen group cohesion, and catalyze group and broader social change. Yet social psychologists have recently neglected the study of deviants. We conducted in-depth interviews of Princeton University upperclassmen who deviated from a historical and widely known Princeton norm: joining an “eating club,” a social group that undergraduates join at the end of their sophomore year. We explored the themes of these interviews with two rounds of surveys during the semester when students decide whether t
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16

Sethi, Vani, Monique Sternin, Deepika Sharma, Arti Bhanot, and Saba Mebrahtu. "Applying Positive Deviance for Improving Compliance to Adolescent Anemia Control Program in Tribal Communities of India." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 38, no. 3 (2017): 447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0379572117712791.

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Background: Positive deviance (PD) is an asset-based social and behavior change communication strategy, utilizing successful outliers within a specific context. It has been applied to tackling major public health problems but not adolescent anemia. Objective: The study, first of its kind, used PD to improve compliance to adolescent anemia control program in Jharkhand, India, where anemia prevalence in adolescent girls is 70%, and program compliance is low. Methods: With leadership of state government, the study was designed and implemented by a multidisciplinary 42 member PD team, in Khunti di
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17

Foster, Byron A., Christian A. Aquino, Sharol Mejia, Barbara J. Turner, and Arvind Singhal. "Identification and Characterization of Families That Are Positively Deviant for Childhood Obesity in a Latino Population: A Case-Control Study." Journal of Obesity 2018 (June 19, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9285164.

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Background. Childhood obesity is a complex public health challenge that requires innovative, sustainable solutions. Positive deviance, inspired by the science of complexity, is an approach that examines what allows certain individuals to succeed despite being predicted to fail. This study is aimed at identifying and defining positive deviants for early childhood obesity. Methods. This case-control study used medical record data to identify Latino children aged 2–5 and classify them using their longitudinal weight change. Parents of children with trajectories toward a healthy weight from an obe
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18

Dranca-Iacoban, Anca, Jennifer Jordan, Floor Rink, and Gerben van der Vegt. "Evaluating Moral Deviants." Academy of Management Proceedings 2013, no. 1 (2013): 12185. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2013.12185abstract.

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19

Owens, Michael Leo, and Adrienne R. Smith. "“Deviants” and Democracy." American Politics Research 40, no. 3 (2012): 531–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532673x11432880.

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20

Kamakaka, R. T. "Histone variants: deviants?" Genes & Development 19, no. 3 (2005): 295–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.1272805.

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21

Huggins, Denise W., Loretta Capeheart, and Elizabeth Newman. "Deviants or Scapegoats." Prison Journal 86, no. 1 (2006): 114–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032885505284702.

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22

Wickens, Marvin, and Kathy Takayama. "Deviants — or emissaries." Nature 367, no. 6458 (1994): 17–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/367017a0.

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23

Christensen, Tony. "Presumed Guilty: Constructing Deviance and Deviants through Techniques of Neutralization." Deviant Behavior 31, no. 6 (2010): 552–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01639620903004929.

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24

Aprinanda, Andri. "STUDI DESKRIPTIF WORKPLACE DEVIANT BEHAVIOR (Studi Pada Karyawan Bagian Produksi Di Pabrik Kelapa Sawit (PKS) Sei Pagar PT Perkebunan Nusantara V (Persero))." SISI LAIN REALITA 5, no. 01 (2020): 88–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/sisilainrealita.2020.vol5(01).6386.

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Sei Pagar Palm Oil Mill is a state-owned company that manages palm oil processing in Riau Province. The processed product produced is CPO (crude palm oil). The unit handling this is the executive employee for the production department. From the results of the preliminary study, there are symptoms that indicate deviant behavior in the workplace. This study was conducted with the aim of answering the question of whether there is a workplace deviant behavior (WDB) among implementing employees at the Sei Fence oil palm factory. The number of participants of this research is 98 production employees
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25

Sulykos, István, Krisztina Kecskés-Kovács, and István Czigler. "Mismatch Negativity Does Not Show Evidence of Memory Reactivation in the Visual Modality." Journal of Psychophysiology 27, no. 1 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000085.

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The possibility of reactivation of the memory representation underlying visual mismatch negativity (vMMN) was investigated in a modified passive roving-standard paradigm. Stimuli (arrays of Gábor patches) were presented in sequences with blank interval between the sequences. The first member of each sequence was identical to the standard of the previous sequence, while the second stimulus had different orientation therefore the second stimulus was considered as deviant. In a control condition the stimuli of the previous sequence had random orientations. Event-related potentials (ERPs) in respo
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26

Gomes, Hilary, Martin Duff, Adrianne Flores, and Jeffrey M. Halperin. "Automatic Processing of Duration in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 19, no. 6 (2013): 686–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617713000258.

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AbstractIndividuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often exhibit deficits in processing information about time. Most studies, however, have required participants to perform active tasks and consequently it is unclear if performance deficits are due to impaired processing of temporal information, attentional deficits, or to impairments at a later stage of decision-making. This study used mismatch negativity (MMN) to examine automatic processing of temporal information in children with ADHD. The sample consisted of 11 children with typical development (8 boys; mean age/SD=
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27

Krauel, Kerstin, Philipp Schott, Bernfried Sojka, Bettina M. Pause, and Roman Ferstl. "Is There a Mismatch Negativity Analogue in the Olfactory Event-Related Potential?" Journal of Psychophysiology 13, no. 1 (1999): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//0269-8803.13.1.49.

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Abstract The mismatch negativity (MMN) is thought to indicate automatic stimulus discrimination in response to acoustic stimuli. In the present study six male subjects were presented with the odors linalool and eugenol within a passive oddball-paradigm. The subjects were instructed to ignore the odors and concentrate on an auditory distractor task. In two sessions each odor served once as the standard stimulus and once as the deviant stimulus. Both odors when presented as deviants led to a negative deflection of the olfactory event-related potential (OERP) between 500-600 ms. After 600 ms the
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28

Schneider, Joseph W., Donal E. J. MacNamara, and Andrew Karmen. "Deviants: Victims or Victimizers." Contemporary Sociology 14, no. 1 (1985): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2070420.

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29

Pasquinelli, Amy E. "MicroRNAs: deviants no longer." Trends in Genetics 18, no. 4 (2002): 171–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9525(01)02624-5.

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30

DOWNING, F. GERALD. "Paul's Drive for Deviants." New Testament Studies 49, no. 3 (2003): 360–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0028688503000171.

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31

Howard, Russell J. "Asexual deviants take over." Nature 357, no. 6380 (1992): 647–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/357647a0.

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32

Wolffe, Alan P. "Centromeric Chromatin: Histone deviants." Current Biology 5, no. 5 (1995): 452–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(95)00088-1.

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33

Engqvist, Leif, and Steven A. Ramm. "Promiscuity punishes sexual deviants." Molecular Ecology 26, no. 20 (2017): 5359–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.14355.

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34

Barbosa, Cecilia E., Saba W. Masho, Kellie E. Carlyle, and Maghboeba Mosavel. "Factors Distinguishing Positive Deviance Among Low-Income African American Women: A Qualitative Study on Infant Feeding." Journal of Human Lactation 33, no. 2 (2016): 368–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334416673048.

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Background: Positive deviant individuals practice beneficial behaviors in spite of having qualities characterizing them as high risk for unhealthy behaviors. Objective: This study aimed to identify and understand factors distinguishing low-income African American women who breastfeed the longest (positive deviants) from those who breastfeed for a shorter duration or do not breastfeed. Methods: Seven mini-focus groups on infant-feeding attitudes and experiences were conducted with 25 low-income African American women, grouped by infant-feeding practice. Positive deviants, who had breastfed for
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35

Li, Biqin, Fabrice B. R. Parmentier, and Ming Zhang. "Behavioral Distraction by Auditory Deviance Is Mediated by the Sound’s Informational Value *Li and Parmentier share the first authorship of this study." Experimental Psychology 60, no. 4 (2013): 260–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000196.

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Sounds deviating from an otherwise repetitive background in some task-irrelevant respect (deviant sounds among standard sounds) capture attention in an obligatory fashion and result in behavioral distraction in an ongoing task. Traditionally, such distraction has been considered as the ineluctable consequence of the deviant sound’s low probability of occurrence relative to that of the standard. Recent evidence from a cross-modal oddball task challenged this idea by showing that deviant sounds only yield distraction in a visual task when auditory distractors (standards and deviants) announce wi
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Yagunov, Dmytro. "Total institutions in the policy of social control." Grani 23, no. 6-7 (2020): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/172066.

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The article is focused on the research of social control and functioning of total institutions in the social control policy in the Postmodern society. Topicality. The relevance of this study is explained with qualitatively new trends in the development of the Postmodern society, where criminal justice is increasingly ceasing to be actually classical justice in the traditional sense, and is increasingly manifesting itself as a purely political tool. In the paper, the author departs from the traditional approach to social control, which in the light of classical views is carried out by society o
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Goldman, Andrew, Tyreek Jackson, and Paul Sajda. "Improvisation experience predicts how musicians categorize musical structures." Psychology of Music 48, no. 1 (2018): 18–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0305735618779444.

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Western music improvisers learn to realize chord symbols in multiple ways according to functional classifications, and practice making substitutions of these realizations accordingly. In contrast, Western classical musicians read music that specifies particular realizations so that they rarely make such functional substitutions. We advance a theory that experienced improvisers more readily perceive musical structures with similar functions as sounding similar by virtue of this categorization, and that this categorization partly enables the ability to improvise by allowing performers to make su
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George, Linda K., Carl D. Chambers, John H. Lindquist, O. Z. White, and Michael T. Harter. "The Elderly: Victims and Deviants." Contemporary Sociology 17, no. 5 (1988): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2073988.

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39

Spector, Malcolm, and Michel Born. "Jeunes Deviants ou Delinquants Juveniles?" Contemporary Sociology 15, no. 3 (1986): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2070009.

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40

Eysenck, H. J. "Jeunes deviants ou délinquants juvéniles?" Personality and Individual Differences 8, no. 2 (1987): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(87)90197-8.

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41

Hogan, Robert. "Can Deviants Be Morally Educated?" Social Studies 84, no. 6 (1993): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00377996.1993.9956273.

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42

Ruusuvirta, Timo, and Heikki Hämäläinen. "Human Event-Related Potentials to Higher-Order Acoustic Spatial Changes." Journal of Psychophysiology 16, no. 2 (2002): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//0269-8803.16.2.114.

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Abstract Human event-related potentials (ERPs) to a tone continuously alternating between its two spatial loci of origin (middle-standards, left-standards), to repetitions of left-standards (oddball-deviants), and to the tones originally representing these repetitions presented alone (alone-deviants) were recorded in free-field conditions. During the recordings (Fz, Cz, Pz, M1, and M2 referenced to nose), the subjects watched a silent movie. Oddball-deviants elicited a spatially diffuse two-peaked deflection of positive polarity. It differed from a deflection elicited by left-standards and com
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43

Tse, Chun-Yu, Gabriele Gratton, Susan M. Garnsey, Michael A. Novak, and Monica Fabiani. "Read My Lips: Brain Dynamics Associated with Audiovisual Integration and Deviance Detection." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 27, no. 9 (2015): 1723–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00812.

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Information from different modalities is initially processed in different brain areas, yet real-world perception often requires the integration of multisensory signals into a single percept. An example is the McGurk effect, in which people viewing a speaker whose lip movements do not match the utterance perceive the spoken sounds incorrectly, hearing them as more similar to those signaled by the visual rather than the auditory input. This indicates that audiovisual integration is important for generating the phoneme percept. Here we asked when and where the audiovisual integration process occu
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44

Garrido, Marta I., James M. Kilner, Stefan J. Kiebel, and Karl J. Friston. "Dynamic Causal Modeling of the Response to Frequency Deviants." Journal of Neurophysiology 101, no. 5 (2009): 2620–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90291.2008.

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This article describes the use of dynamic causal modeling to test hypotheses about the genesis of evoked responses. Specifically, we consider the mismatch negativity (MMN), a well-characterized response to deviant sounds and one of the most widely studied evoked responses. There have been several mechanistic accounts of how the MMN might arise. It has been suggested that the MMN results from a comparison between sensory input and a memory trace of previous input, although others have argued that local adaptation, due to stimulus repetition, is sufficient to explain the MMN. Thus the precise me
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Larsen, Einar Nick. "Deviants or Consenting Adults: A Human Rights Approach to Defining and Controlling Deviant Behavior." Sociology Mind 03, no. 01 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/sm.2013.31001.

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46

O’Hara, Jane K., Katja Grasic, Nils Gutacker, et al. "Identifying positive deviants in healthcare quality and safety: a mixed methods study." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 111, no. 8 (2018): 276–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0141076818772230.

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Objective Solutions to quality and safety problems exist within healthcare organisations, but to maximise the learning from these positive deviants, we first need to identify them. This study explores using routinely collected, publicly available data in England to identify positively deviant services in one region of the country. Design A mixed methods study undertaken July 2014 to February 2015, employing expert discussion, consensus and statistical modelling to identify indicators of quality and safety, establish a set of criteria to inform decisions about which indicators were robust and u
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47

Bleich, Michael R. "Developing Positive Deviants as Change Agents." Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing 45, no. 11 (2014): 482–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/00220124-20141027-13.

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48

Yin, Lee Ching, Abd Razak Zakaria, and Maisarah A. Malik. "Determinants of Early Initiation Among Deviants." Advanced Science Letters 23, no. 3 (2017): 2145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2017.8580.

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Pearson, Edward A. "Deviants and Defendants Along the Delaware." Reviews in American History 26, no. 2 (1998): 366–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rah.1998.0038.

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Caulfield, Laura. "Offenders, Deviants or Patients? (4th edn.)." Medicine, Science and the Law 51, no. 2 (2011): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/msl.2010.010216.

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