Academic literature on the topic 'DF 3000'

Bacterial spot, caused by Xanthomonas cucurbitae, has become one of the most important diseases of pumpkin. Seventeen chemical compounds and five biocontrol agents were evaluated for their efficacy for management of the disease. The EC50 for reduction in cell multiplication of the pathogen ranged from 0.17 ppm for mancozeb (Dithane 75 DF) to 64.53 ppm for cuprous oxide (Nordox 75 WG) in nutrient broth, and from 0.23 ppm for Dithane 75 DF to 38.87 ppm Nordox 75 WG in casitone yeast extract broth. The inhibition zones produced by biocontrol agents on Luria Bertani culture medium ranged from 3.1 mm for Bacillus pumilus (Sonata ASO) to 10.6 mm for Streptomyces lydicus (Actinovate AG). In the field trials, copper oxychloride + copper hydroxide (Badge X2 DF), copper sulfate (Cuprofix Ultra 40 DF), oxytetracycline (Mycoshield 40 WSP), copper sulfate pentahydrate (Phyton-016B), copper hydroxide (Kocide-3000 46.1 DF) plus acibenzolar-s-methyl (ActiGard 50 WG), Kocide-3000 46.1 DF plus famoxadone + cymoxanil (Tanos 50D WG), an extract from Reynoutria sachalinensis (Regalia), and B. subtilis (Serenade ASO) were more effective in reducing incidence and severity of bacterial spot on both leaves and fruit compared to controls. These chemical compounds or biocontrol agents may be used in combination with other methods to manage X. cucurbitae in pumpkin. Accepted for publication 19 April 2016. Published 9 May 2016.

Abstract. Scientific deep drilling of the Koyna pilot borehole into the continental crust up to a depth of 3000 m below the surface at the Deccan Traps, India, provided a unique opportunity to explore microbial life within the deep granitic bedrock of the Archaean Eon. Microbial communities of the returned drilling fluid (fluid returned to the mud tank from the underground during the drilling operation; designated here as DF) sampled during the drilling operation of the Koyna pilot borehole at a depth range of 1681–2908 metres below the surface (m b.s.) were explored to gain a glimpse of the deep biosphere underneath the continental crust. Change of pH to alkalinity, reduced abundance of Si and Al, but enrichment of Fe, Ca and SO42- in the samples from deeper horizons suggested a gradual infusion of elements or ions from the crystalline bedrock, leading to an observed geochemical shift in the DF. Microbial communities of the DFs from deeper horizons showed progressively increased abundance of Firmicutes, Gammaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria as bacterial taxa and members of Euryarchaeota as the major archaeal taxa. Microbial families, well known to strive in strictly anaerobic and extremophilic environments, (e.g. Thermoanaerobacteraceae, Clostridiaceae, Bacillaceae, Carnobacteriaceae, Ruminococcaceae), increased in the samples obtained at a depth range of 2000 to 2908 m b.s. Phylogenetic analysis of common and unique operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of DF samples indicated signatures of extremophilic and deep subsurface relevant bacterial genera (Mongoliitalea, Hydrogenophaga, Marinilactibacillus, Anoxybacillus, Symbiobacterium, Geosporobacter, Thermoanaerobacter). Thermophilic, obligatory anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacterial taxa known to inhabit the deep subsurface were enriched from DF samples using sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor. This report on the geomicrobiology of the DF obtained during drilling of the deep subsurface of the Deccan Traps showed new opportunities to investigate deep life from terrestrial, granite-rock-hosted habitats.

The wide range of industrial applications is the main reason for an increased interest in dioxides such as HfO2. In this study, classical molecular dynamic simulations were performed to calculate the lattice thermal conductivity of the cubic phase of HfO2, over a temperature range of 100-3000 K, based on the Green-Kubo fluctuation method. In this research, the heat current autocorrelation function and lattice thermal conductivity were calculated in the a-direction. The lattice thermal conductivity of the cubic phase of HfO2 was found to be a result of three contributions. These were the optical and acoustic short-range and long-range phonon modes. Comparisons between the results of the research and experimental data when available indicate good agreement. Keywords: lattice thermal conductivity, molecular dynamics, Green-Kubo formalism, heat current autocorrelation function, hafnium dioxid

Abstract Objectives Standard chemical methods that determine oxidized lipids in foods are laborious and require toxic chemicals. Our goal was to develop a mathematical lipid oxidation index (LOI) to predict oxidized lipid content of oven fried (OF) and deep fried (DF) potatoes and compare it to standard chemical assays and redox lipidomic analyses. Methods We calculated the LOI value of each recipe using a mathematical formula which consisted of the parameters of 16 nutrients, time and temperature. Next, we OF and DF potatoes in soy, olive, and walnut oils and then extracted oil from the cooked potatoes using the modified Hara and Radin method. We assayed samples of each oil to quantify the conjugated diene (CD), conjugated triene (CT), peroxide (PV), acid (AV), and p-Anisidine (p-Ad) values. In addition, aliquots of each oil sample were sent to collaborators to determine the relative value of oxidized lipids by mass spectrometry and lipidomic informatics. Results Overall, the chemical assays demonstrated that oven frying promoted significantly more oxidation than deep frying. Potatoes OF in walnut oil had greater mean CD (24.1 ± 0.44 vs 19.45 ± 0.06), CT (16.43 ± 0.25 vs 15.67 ± 0.12), AV (0.29 ± 0.01 vs 0.14 ± 0.003), PV (361 ± 7.6 vs 200 ± 6.06), and p-Ad (0.50 ± 0.03 vs 0.14 ± 0.01) when compared to DF potatoes (P ≤ 0.05). This increase in lipid oxidation was not consistent for potatoes prepared with soy and olive oils. LOI predicted a two-fold increase in lipid oxidation in OF potatoes as compared to DF potatoes no matter the type of oil (soy: 308 vs 150; olive: 319 vs; walnut: 330 vs 161). Finally, lipidomic analysis revealed a similar trend in the relative amounts of total oxidized lipids in OF potatoes (soy oil: 24% vs 12%; olive oil: 22% vs 7%; walnut oil 31% vs 17%) and was used to tentatively annotate over 3000 unique oxidized lipids. Conclusions This preliminary study demonstrates that two of the three methods, LOI and lipidomic analysis, are in good agreement in quantifying lipid oxidation in OF and DF potatoes. However, the suboptimal agreement of the chemical assays suggests that the parameters of LOI require further examination. Funding Sources MP is funded by a grant from the Research Dietetic Practice Group (RDPG)/Sugar Association. TW is funded by the Regina Myers McClain Foundation at UCM for his work as a research assistant.

Trong nghiên cứu này, chúng tôi áp dụng kỹ thuật ID-ICP-MS để xác định hàm lượng của Ce (LREE), Sm (MREE), và Yb (HREE)trong ba mẫu chuẩn địa chất: BHVO-2, BCR-2, và NIST 2711a. Các thí nghiệm hiệu chuẩn trong kỹ thuật ID như hiệu chuẩn hàm lượng và độ phổ biến đồng vị tương đối của dung dịch spike đã được tiến hành bằng thực nghiệm. Bên cạnh đó, nhiễu phổ khối, phân đoạn khối trong ICP-MS cũng được khảo sát, hiệu chỉnh và bình luận. Lần đầu tiên tại Việt Nam kỹ thuật ID-ICP-MS được áp dụng thành công để xác định ba nguyên tố đất hiếm Ce, Sm, và Yb trong mẫu địa chất có nền là đá basalt (BHVO-2 và BCR-2) với độ chính xác và độ lặp lại rất cao (< 5%). Đối với mẫu NIST SRM 2711a có nền là đất, kết quả phân tích có độ lặp lại và độ chính xác xấp xỉ 10%, ngoại trừ kết quả phân tích Ce với hệ số pha loãng DF ~ 3000, là thấp hơn giá trị thông tin của nhà sản xuất là 15.4%.

Abstract:A descriptive correlational survey to assess knowledge and practice of postnatal mothers on newborn care was carried out among 30 mothers using valid, reliable, structured knowledge and practice questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS version 16. The findings of the study showed that most of the sample 24(80%) were in the age group 21-30 years, most of them 16(53.3%) were primipara, 15(50%) had normal vaginal delivery and 15 (50%) had LSCS. Majority of the sample 25 (83.3%) belonged to Hindu religion, most of them 19 (63.3%) belonged to joint family, most the samples 17 (56.7%) lived in a rural area, majority of the mothers 17 (56.7%) were housewives. Majority of the new- borns, 24 (80%) were above 37 weeks of gestation, most of the new born 21(70%) were below 6 days of age, majority of the new born 19(63.3%) were male, majority of newborn 16(53.3%) were above 3000 grams of birth weight. Majority 23 (76.7%) of mothers had good knowledge on new-born care. Most of 16 (53.33%) of mothers had excellent practice on newborn care. Relationship between knowledge and practice score of the mother was not statistically significant at 0.05 level (r=0.276, p=0.140). The education of the mothers (x2(df) =11.642(3), p=0.009) had significant association with the knowledge of the mother regarding new-born care. Keeping in mind the findings of the study it is recommended that an educational programme regarding newborn care can be organized to the antenatal and postnatal mothers

Highly efficient capture of radioactive organic iodides (ROIs) from off-gas mixtures remains a substantial challenge for nuclear waste treatment. Current materials utilized for ROI sequestration suffer from low capacity, high cost (e.g. use of noble metals), and poor recyclability. Recently, we have developed a new strategy to tackle this challenge by functionalizing MOF materials with tertiary amines to create molecular traps for the effective capture and removal of ROIs (e.g. radioactive methyl iodide) from nuclear wastes. To further enhance the uptake capacity and performance of CH₃I capture by ROI molecular traps, herein, we carry out a systematic study to investigate the effect of different amine molecules on ROI capture. The results demonstrate a record-high CH₃I saturation uptake capacity of 80% for MIL-101–Cr–DMEDA at 150 °C, which is 5.3 times that of Ag⁰@MOR (15 wt%), a leading adsorbent material for capturing ROIs during nuclear fuel reprocessing. Furthermore, the CH₃I decontamination factors (DFs) for MIL-101–Cr–DMEDA are as high as 5000 under simulated reprocessing conditions, largely exceeding that of facility regulatory requirements (DF = 3000). In addition, MIL-101–Cr–DMEDA can be recycled without loss of capacity, illustrating yet another advantage compared to known industrial adsorbents, which are typically of a “single-use” nature. Our analysis also shows that both physisorption and chemisorption of CH₃I occur at the three amine-grafted MOFs. While chemisorption takes place at the amine functionalized sites, the amount of physisorption correlates with the MOF porosity. A possible binding site of amine–CH₃I interaction has been identified via an in situ IR spectroscopic study. The results suggest that CH₃I interacts strongly and directly with the tertiary nitrogen of the amine molecules. The CH₃I uptake amount decreases as the amine chain length increases, in trend with the decreasing pore space of the corresponding framework. The strategy to build MOF-based molecular traps developed in this work not only leads to a new record-high performance for ROI capture, but also offers an effective way of systematically tuning the porosity by varying the length of functionalized amine molecules. This study also demonstrates that MOFs represent a promising new platform for selective capture and removal of radioactive nuclear waste.

Introduction/Objective. The development of speech is the result of interaction of different systems of the cortex, which gradually acquires the ability of phonological presentation and motor control, in the presence of a series of physical and physiological changes in the morphology of the articulation system. The objective of the study was to examine the impact of laterality and cortical responses on the development of speech in children. Methods. Research is a quasi-experimental design with two groups. The sample covered 60 children from Belgrade, of both sexes, ages 5.5?7 years, divided into two groups, experimental (30) and control (30). We used the following instruments: test for assessing laterality and ascertaining evoked potentials. Results. On the visual lateralization subtest there was a statistically significant difference (?2 = 7.56, p < 0.05) between the observed groups. The visual evoked potentials on all measured parameters gave a statistically significant difference between the groups: waveform cortical responses ? left (?2 = 30.00, df = 1, p < 0.05); cortical responses ? right (?2 = 6.667, df = 1 , p < 0.05); waveform amplitude ? left (?2 = 13.469, df = 1, p < 0.05); amplitude ? right (?2 = 40.00, df = 1, p < 0.05), somatosensory potentials (?2 = 18.261, df = 1, p <0.05); waveform amplitude (?2 = 12.000, df = 1, p < 0.05); waveform latency (?2 = 5.455, df = 1, p < 0.05). Conclusion. Visual laterality, as well as visual and somatosensory cortical responses to stimuli is better in children without the present articulation disorder, which could be used for timely prevention planning.

VIABILIDADE ECONÔMICA DA SEMEADURA DE SOJA EM DIFERENTES ARRANJOS ESPACIAIS DE PLANTAS LEANDRO AUGUSTO FELIX TAVARES1, TIAGO PEREIRA DA SILVA CORREIA2, SAULO FERNANDO GOMES SOUSA3, NEILOR BUGONI RIQUETTI4, PAULO ROBERTO ARBEX SILVA5 1 Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Avenida Universitária, número 1000, bairro Universitários, Cep: 38610-000, Unaí/MG, Brasil, e-mail: leandro.tavares@ufvjm.edu.br 2 Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília, Campos Universitário Darci Ribeiro ICC – Asa Norte, Cep: 04508, Brasília/DF, e-mail: tiagocorreia@unb.br 3 Agroefetiva, Rua Pinheiro Machado, número 689, bairro Vila São Lucio, Cep: 18600-180 Botucatu/SP, e-mail: saulofgs@hotmail.com 4 Departamento de Agricultura, Biodiversidade e Florestas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Rodovia Ulysses Gaboardi, número 3000, Cep: 89520-000, Curitibanos/SC, e-mail: neilor.b.riquetti@ufsc.br 5 Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Universidade Estadual paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Rua Dr. José Barbosa de Barros, número 1780, Cep: 18610-034, bairro Jardim Paraiso, Botucatu/ SP, e-mail arbex@fca.unesp.br RESUMO: Novos arranjos de semeadura têm sido estudados por diversos pesquisadores na tentativa de se obter maiores produtividades, dentre eles o espaçamento reduzido entre linhas, linhas cruzadas e linha dupla. O objetivo do trabalho foi realizar a produtividade e balanço econômico da semeadura de soja utilizando diferentes arranjos espaciais de plantas e semeadoras-adubadoras. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental da Fazenda Lageado, pertencente a Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Botucatu-SP. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 4 x 2, sendo quatro arranjos de plantas na semeadura (convencional, cruzada, adensado e em fileira dupla) e dois tipos de semeadora-adubadora (Precisão e fluxo contínuo), com quatro repetições, totalizando 32 parcelas experimentais. O balanço econômico foi realizado utilizando a metodologia de custo operacional de máquinas agrícolas descrita por Mialhe (1974) e ASABE (2011). Pode-se concluir que o arranjo de semeadura de soja em linha dupla com semeadora-adubadora de precisão apresenta maior produtividade, rentabilidade e benefício/custo. Palavras-chaves: produtividade, desempenho operacional, rentabilidade, linha dupla. ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF SOYBEAN SOWING IN DIFFERENT PLANTS SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS ABSTRACT: Several researchers has been studying new sowing arrangements, including reduced row spacing, cross row spacing and double row spacing in an attempt to obtain higher yields. The aim of this study was to perform soybean sowing productivity and economic balance using different spatial arrangements of plants and sowing-fertilizers. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of Lageado Farm, belonging to the College of Agricultural Sciences at University of Sao Paulo State Campus of Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil. The experimental design was in a randomized block design, in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme, with four planting arrangements (conventional, crossed, adensed and double row) and two types of sowing-fertilizers (precision and continuous flow), with four replications, totali zing 32 experimental plots. The economical balance was carried out using operational cost of agricultural machines methodology. It was concluded that the double row soybean sowing arrangement with the precision sowing-fertilizer presents higher productivity, profitability and cost-benefit. Keywords: productivity, operating performance, profitability, double line.

Die konzeptionelle Verbindung zwischen Bildung und Gesellschaft, die im 19. Jahrhundert deutlich gemacht und wissenschaftlich begründet wurde, wird oft als selbstverständlich betrachtet. Diese veraltete Verbindung bildete aber die Basis für Bildungsreformen im Sekundärbereich in Deutschland und Indien in der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts. Diese Arbeit unternimmt den Versuch, zum Verständnis dieser Verzögerung zwischen den Ideen und den Reformen, die sie einrahmten, beizutragen, indem sie eine geeignete Theorie der Verbindung zwischen Bildung und einer komplexen Gesellschaft aufstellt. Grundsätzliche Annäherungen an Gesellschaft und Bildung treten in Dialog mit post-kolonialen und kritischen Theorien. Universalistische Annahmen werden problematisiert, und eine offene Lösung für die Vorstellung zukünftiger Reformen wird präsentiert. Nationale Bildungsreformen in Indien und Deutschland nach ihren „Critical Junctures“ von 1947/1945 werden eingehend und chronologisch verglichen, um einen spezifischen Charakter historisch- und bildungs-bedingter Reproduktion beider Länder herauszuarbeiten sowie einen gemeinsamen Lernprozess zu ermöglichen. Abschließend wird eine Lösung des Problems in der Form offener Bildung präsentiert. Bildung als öffentliches Gut muss nicht zwangsläufig nur auf soziale Probleme reagieren, stattdessen kann sie verändert werden, um sozialen Wandel voran zu treiben.
The conceptual link between education and society, forged in the 19th Century, is often taken for granted. This seemingly outdated connection, however, has guided reforms in secondary education in India and Germany throughout the second half of the 20th Century. This study attempts to understand this lag between underlying ideas and the reforms they framed by synthesizing a viable theory for imagining the connection between education and a complex society. Foundational approaches to society and education are brought into dialogue with post-colonial and critical theories. Universalistic assumptions are problematized, and an open-ended solution for theorizing new connections is presented. National educational reforms in India and Germany subsequent to their critical junctures of 1947/1945 are exhaustively and chronologically compared in order to conceptualize a generic character of historical-educational reproduction for each country and to facilitate a process of mutual learning. Finally, a solution to the problems associated with educational reproduction is presented. Education as a public good does not need to simply be reactive to social problems. Instead, it can be reconfigured so as to drive social change.

In dieser Arbeit werden verschiedene Entwicklungsmodelle des Menschen vorgestellt und in ihrem Gebrauch in und für die Pädagogik kritisch reflektiert. Zunächst werden Vorüberlegungen zur Etymologie und Systematik der Begriffe Entwicklung (zwischen Natur und Kultur) und Modell (gegenüber Theorie, Simulation und Schema) angestellt. Anhand des Gangs von Beispiel zu Beispiel (Günther Buck) werden jeweils die Entwicklungsmodelle des Menschen von Rudolf Steiner, Maria Montessori, Jean Piaget, Lawrence Kohlberg, Erik Erikson und Werner Loch kritisch dargestellt und problematisiert. Es schließen sich bildungs- und erziehungstheoretische Überlegungen an, wie das Phänomen der Entwicklung heute in angemessener Weise behandelt werden kann. Anhand der dargestellten Modelle zeigt sich, dass nur ein von absoluter Teleologie und Linearität befreiter Entwicklungsbegriff mit modernen Vorstellungen pädagogischer Anthropologie und Ethik kompatibel sein kann. Deswegen können Entwicklungsmodelle lediglich eine veranschaulichende oder regulierende Funktion ausüben. Sie stehen jedoch so zumeist im Widerspruch zu den grundlegenden Momenten der freien Bildsamkeit und Mitbestimmung des Einzelnen im Erziehungsprozess. Eine Rehabilitation des Entwicklungsdenkens erweist sich dennoch als sinnvoll, da dieser in der Lage ist, auf die komplexe Genealogie menschlichen Lebens und die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen pädagogischer Einsätze zu verweisen.
The issue of developmental models of human beings and their implementation in both pedagogical practice and theory are critically reflected within this thesis. In the beginning, preliminary considerations of the etymology and systematization of development (between nature and nurture) and model (as opposed to theory, simulation, scheme) are framed. Based on Günther Bucks''s approach (from „Beispiel“ to „Beispiel“) several developmental models by Rudolf Steiner, Maria Montessori, Jean Piaget, Lawrence Kohlberg, Erik Erikson and Werner Loch are critically examined. Subsequently, considerations on addressing the phenomenon of development from the perspective of education theory and „Bildung“ in an appropriate contemporary way are given expression. On the basis of the outlined models it is depicted that only a concept of development that is exempt from absolute teleology and linearity can be compatible with modern ideas of educational anthropology and ethics. Hence, developmental models may only serve visualizing and regulating purposes. They often contradict fundamental principles such as „Bildsamkeit“ (the ability and necessity of self-forming) and participation within the process of education. Nevertheless, the rehabilitation of development thinking proves beneficial due to its ability to indicate the complex genealogy of human life and the opportunities as well as limitations of pedagogical actions.

Die Motive von Gewalthandlungen unterscheiden sich erheblich voneinander. Verschiedene wissenschaftliche Fachrichtungen beschäftigen sich intensiv mit der Differenzierung von Dissozialität, Gewalt und Aggression. Vor allem in der Neurobiologie, der Psychologie und Psychiatrie (dort insbesondere in psychoanalytischen Konzepten), in der Untersuchung von Lebensverläufen und in der Kriminologie werden häufig zwei Handlungsmotive unterschieden: ein affektives Motiv und ein instrumentelles Motiv. Wenngleich viele verschiedene Begrifflichkeiten verwendet werden und fachrichtungsspezifisch jeweils andere Aspekte der Phänomene im Fokus der Betrachtung stehen, werden doch in vielen Publikationen ähnliche Sachverhalte beschrieben. Legt man die Ergebnisse der unterschiedlichen Studien übereinander, ergibt sich ein recht scharf umrissenes instrumentelles Motiv und ein weniger deutliches affektives Motiv. In dieser Arbeit wird deshalb eine weitere Unterteilung des affektiven Motivs in ein reaktives und ein intrinsisches vorgeschlagen, die in einem dimensionalen Bezug zueinander stehen. Diese Dreiteilung ließ sich in einer quantitativen Untersuchung abbilden. Die differenzierende Beschreibung eines reaktiven, intrinsischen und instrumentellen Motivs als Ergebnis vielfältiger Verknüpfung, hat eine hohe Relevanz für die pädagogische Praxis. Fast alle Programme sind für reaktiv motivierte Täter entwickelt und berücksichtigen die Spezifika der anderen Motivlagen kaum oder gar nicht. Die vorliegende Arbeit schließt deshalb mit einer Empfehlung für die Praxis, die den Weg zu passgenauen, für spezifische Motivlagen geeignete Programme ebnen könnte, so dass eine indikative Auswahl auf der Basis einer pädagogischen Diagnostik möglich würde.
The motives regarding the acts of violence differ considerably. Various scientific fields closely examine the differentiation of dissociality, violence and aggression. Particularly in neurobiology, psychology and psychiatry (especially within psychoanalytical concepts), in the examination of life courses, and criminology two motives are frequently distinguished: an affective and an instrumental motive. Even though many different terms are used and, depending on the field, other aspects of the phenomena are focused on, scientific publications describe similar circumstances. The comparison of the findings of the different studies results in a well-defined instrumental and a less distinct affective motive. Therefore, this paper suggests a further differentiation of the affective motive into a reactive and an intrinsic one, with a dimensional connection to each other. This tripartition is shown in a quantitative study. The differentiated description of a reactive, intrinsic and instrumental motive as a result of multiple conjunctions is highly relevant for the pedagogical practice. Almost all programs are designed for reactive motivated offenders and hardly consider the specifics of other motives if they consider them at all. Therefore, this paper concludes with a recommendation for the practice, which could initiate the start of adequate programs related to the specific motives and facilitate an indicative selection based on pedagogical diagnostic.

Diese Dissertation sucht eine Lücke in der Forschung zur interkulturellen Kommunikation (IKK) zu schließen, bietet damit eine umfassende interdisziplinäre Darstellung und Evaluation westlicher und chinesischer Werteforschung und beschreibt die Ergebnisse von in China durchgeführten Wertestudien, die die Wertetheorie von Schwartz erproben und erweitern. Band 1 enthält (1.) einen historischen Überblick über die Werteforschung und grundlegende Kulturkonzepte in verwandten Disziplinen; (2.) eine Kriterien basierte Analyse der Werteforschung; (3.) eine Abgrenzung des Wertekonzepts und Unterscheidung von anderen verwandten psychologischen Domänen; (4.) eine Neubetrachtung des Spannungsverhältnisses zwischen Moderne und Tradition hin zu einer cluster-basierten Wertematrix; (5.) einen Beitrag zur Bedeutung von Werten vor dem Hintergrund eines beschleunigten sozialen Wandels; (6.) einen historischen Überblick über die Beschreibung von chinesischen Werten aus verschiedenen Perspektiven und ihren Bezügen zur internationalen Forschung, sowie (7.) einen Überblick der aktuellen Werteforschung aus China. Band 2 beinhaltet eine multi-methodisch angelegte Stichprobenuntersuchung, die qualitativ und explorativ Sprache und Kultur anhand von chinesischen Begrifflichkeiten, Ausdrucksweisen und Sprichwörtern untersucht. Mittels einer statistischen Analyse von indigenen Daten wird eine quasi quantitative Untersuchungsmethode konstruiert, die eine Verbindung indigenen emischen Daten mit dem allgemeinen Untersuchungsrahmen für die Abbildung von Wertrelationen nach Schwartz herzustellen vermag. Als wichtigste Ergebnisse der Untersuchung sind: (1) Das universelle Model nach Schwartz wurde mit kleineren kontextbezogenen Modifikationen anhand der chinesischen Daten bestätigt, ebenso (2.) das stetige Auftreten von zehn „dichten kulturellen Clustern“ sowohl auf der Ebene der Kultur als auch des Individuums, womit eine Erweiterung der sieben Bereiche von Schwartz. (3.) Auf der theoretischen Ebene müssen neue Cluster/ Dimensionen beachtet werden, wobei empirisch belegbar eine Teilung von „Embeddedness“ und Egalitarianismus vorgeschlagen wird und es Hinweise darauf gibt, dass es Überschneidungen von Mastery und Hierarchiewerten gibt.
This dissertation addresses a gap in intercultural communication research, providing a comprehensive interdisciplinary overview and evaluation of western and Chinese values studies, as well as devising multi-method studies among Chinese to test and expand Schwartz’s values theory. Volume 1 provides a(n) (1) extensive historical review of values and core culture concepts in related disciplines, (2) an integrated check-list of value studies critiques; (3) an attempted detangling of the values concept from other related psychological domains; (4) a rethinking of tradition-modernity assessments, proposing a matrix of co-existing value clusters; (5) the particular relevance of values in rapid social change; (6) a historical summary of Chinese values descriptions with links to international research; and (7) an extensive English review of recent Chinese mainland values research. Volume 2 reports multi-method probes including qualitative language and culture explorations at the term, expression and proverb unit of analysis as well as statistical analysis of indigenous data. It presents exploratory quasi-quantitative procedures for associating indigenous emic data with the Schwartz etic framework for values relation mapping. Consistent cultural clusters, emerging matrix dimensions, and fit statistics are analyzed to propose and analyze value set sub-scales. Main findings include (1) confirmation of the universal Schwartz model in these Chinese samples with some contextual modifications; (2) consistent appearance (at both cultural and individual levels) of ten “thick cultural clusters” that enhance and expand Schwartz’s seven domains; (3) theoretical expansion that in such contexts, new clusters/dimensions need to be considered, with robust evidence to split Embeddedness and Egalitariansm and evidence of some blended Mastery and Hiearchy value sets which deserve reconsideration for how they might reflect interdependent or collective culture reinterpretations. Keys are provided for future research, varied theoretical frameworks are reconsidered, and proposals put forward for a more historically-, contextually-, theoretically- and meaning-based values study research process.

Das Forschungsfeld der Bildungsforschung befindet sich seit der ersten PISA-Studie in einer starken Expansionsphase. Bisherige Analysen dieses Feldes beschränken sich allerdings auf allgemeine Übersichten zu verschiedenen Aspekten, etwa zum Personal, zur Finanzierung, zu Forschungsprojekten oder zu Publikationen. Das Ziel der Dissertation ist es dagegen, speziell die kognitiven Strukturen der Bildungsforschung in Deutschland, und hier insbesondere die in diesem Feld behandelten Forschungsthemen sowie seine Wissensbasis, mittels der bibliometrischen Methoden der Kowort- und der Referenzanalyse zu untersuchen. Die Datengrundlage bildeten zum einen die Schlagwörter zu 23389 Publikationen des Zeitraums 2000 bis 2009, die durch eine schlagwortbasierte Suche in der FIS Bildung Literaturdatenbank ermittelt wurden. Zum anderen die in den Beiträgen der dritten Auflage des Handbuchs Bildungsforschung zitierten 3921 Referenzen. Die Ergebnisse der Referenzanalysen zeigen eine nach wie vor sehr große Bedeutung der Publikationstypen Monographie und Sammelband und einen relativ starken nationalen Fokus im Zitationsverhalten, aber auch große Unterschiede in den Zitationsmustern zwischen den einzelnen Beiträgen. Zudem zeigt sich, dass die Schulleistungsstudien und die Bildungsberichte die einflussreichsten Publikationen der aktuellen Bildungsforschung darstellen und die Pädagogik, die Soziologie, die Psychologie sowie die Wirtschaftswissenschaften die wichtigsten Bezugsdisziplinen. In der Analyse der thematischen Schwerpunkte bestätigt sich die zentrale Rolle des Themenbereichs Schülerleistung und ist ein Bedeutungszuwachs der Forschung zum Thema Lernen zu erkennen. Aus den Analysen lässt sich folgern, dass Handbücher eine informative, aber noch wenig genutzte, Datenquelle der Wissenschaftsforschung darstellen. Ferner sind mit der Methode der Kowortanalyse auch differenziertere Untersuchungen von Forschungsfeldern, die nicht gut in Zitationsdatenbanken abgedeckt sind, möglich.
Since the first PISA study the field of educational research is going through a phase of strong expansion. Previous analyses of the field are largely confined to general overviews of various aspects like scientific staff, funding, research projects or publications. The aim of the thesis, in contrast, is to study the cognitive structures of educational research in Germany, in particular the research topics and the knowledge base of the field, using the bibliometric methods of co-word analysis and reference analysis. Two data sources were used: the keywords of 23389 publications from the period 2000 to 2009. These publications were identified by a keyword-based search in the German Education Index. And the 3921 references cited in the articles of the third edition of the Handbuch Bildungsforschung. The results of the reference analysis show a high relevance of the document types monograph and edited book and a relatively strong national focus but also considerable differences in the citation patterns of the individual articles. Furthermore, student assessment studies and education reports are the most influential publications of current educational research and pedagogy, socioloy, psychology and economics the main reference disciplines. The analysis of the thematic priorities reaffirms the central role of the topic student achievement and shows a growing importance of the issue of learning. It can be concluded that handbooks are an informative but still largely unexplored data source in science studies. Moreover, the method of co-word analysis facilitates more detailed investigations of research fields that are not well covered in citation indexes.