Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Diabète non insulinodépendant – Effets physiologiques'
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Caron, Joanie. "Impact du diabète de type 2 bien contrôlé et sans complications cardiovasculaires sur la consommation d'oxygène, la cinétique de la consommation d'oxygène et la cinétique de la fréquence cardiaque." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29672/29672.pdf.
Full textNlend, Albert Emmanuel. "Etude de l'influence de différents types d'acides gras sur le métabolisme glucidique chez le sujet diabétique non insulinodépendant." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR2P110.
Full textGence, Laura. "Étude des propriétés nutrition-santé d’un concentré d’agrume enrichi en hespéridine et β-cryptoxanthine : bioaccessibilité des caroténoïdes et effets santé impliqués dans la prévention du diabète de type 2." Thesis, La Réunion, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LARE0009.
Full textCitrus fruits, which are widely consumed worldwide, represent sources of carotenoids such as βCX, which contribute with flavonoids (HES) to the health effects of these fruits, particularly in the prevention of type 2 diabetes (T2D). T2D is a worldwide pathology that is growing exponentially. The general objective of this work is therefore to study the nutritional and health properties of clementine juice concentrates obtained by innovative membrane technology and specifically enriched in both βCX and HES but also in pectins. The digestive behaviour of these phytomicronutrients, guarantors of the nutritional quality of the concentrates, was first assessed by coupling the in vitro digestion model with the Caco-2 intestinal cells. For a better physiological vision of the mechanisms associated with the first stages of digestion, models of static and dynamic digestion are compared. The bioavailability and intestinal absorption of carotenoids are strongly influenced by the content and structure of pectins. In a second step, the biological activities (disglycemia, dislipidemia, inflammation) involved in the prevention of T2D are evaluated in vivo in rat after administration of the citrus concentrate. The study demonstrated that a citrus food specifically enriched in βCX and HES is effective in preventing metabolic syndrome/T2D, highlighting the possible role of βCX and its retinoid bioconversion. A complementary in vitro study on murine macrophages reveals synergistic anti-inflammatory effects of the two phytomicronutrients
Ennequin, Gaël. "Rôle de la neuréguline 1 dans les adaptations du métabolisme énergétique en condition de pathologies métaboliques : effets de l'activité physique." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF20028.
Full textNeuregulin 1 (NRG1) is a cytokine that belongs to the epidermal growth factors family. NRG1can be released during exercise and can be define as a myokine. Initially studied for its rolein growth and maturation, NRG1 can also regulate glucose homeostasis in vitro. Thus, theaim of this work was to investigate the effect of training and metabolic disorders on NRG1pathway and its role in energy metabolism. Results showed that NRG1 pathway was notaltered in skeletal muscle of obese rats. Conversely, endurance training combined with awell-balanced diet improved NRG1 pathway activation in skeletal muscle of obese. Indeed, 8weeks of training and diet increased the cleavage of NRG1 and the activation of its receptorErbB4 through the activation of the metalloprotease ADAM17. Moreover, acute and chronictreatment improved glucose tolerance in diabetic mice (db/db). Acute treatment loweredglycemia by activating ErbB3, Akt and FOXO1 in the livre. Thus, NRG1 might play a key role inthe regulation of glucose homeostasis in people who suffers from metabolic disorders.Training might a good tool to activate this pathway in skeletal muscle
Arcambal, Angélique. "Effet délétère de l’hyperglycémie sur la fonctionnalité des cellules endothéliales cérébrales et rôle protecteur de polyphénols antioxydants." Thesis, La Réunion, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LARE0004.
Full textType 2 diabetes promotes vascular complications, leading to cerebrovascular disorders such as stroke. Indeed, hyperglycemia alters the blood-brain barrier integrity by deregulating the cerebral endothelial cell function. Oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory response may play a causal role. Thus, the biological effect of plant polyphenols known to exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities is of high interest. We evaluated the impact of hyperglycemia on the production of redox, inflammatory and vasoactive markers of cerebral endothelial cells, and the protective effect of polyphenols from the medicinal plant Antirhea borbonica from Reunion island. The murine bEnd.3 cerebral endothelial cells and an ischemia-reperfusion mouse model exposed to hyperglycemia were used. Our results demonstrated that hyperglycemia induced an oxidative stress and a pro-inflammatory state, leading to cerebral endothelial dysfunction through the activation of specific signaling molecules. Importantly, polyphenols extracted from Antirhea borbonica counteracted hyperglycemia deleterious effects and protected cerebral endothelial cells. Moreover, hyperglycemia exacerbated oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory state promoting cerebrovascular damages and loss of endothelial barrier integrity in ischemia-reperfusion mice model. Polyphenols exerted antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, attenuating cerebrovascular damages. These findings suggest that polyphenols extracted from Antirhea borbonica exerted protective effects on cerebral endothelial cells and an ischemia-reperfusion mouse model against deleterious effects of hyperglycemia
Nguyen, Thi Thu Ha. "Antidépresseurs et diabète de type 2 : une approche pharmacoépidémiologique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30096.
Full textThe association between antidepressant (AD) use and the occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is debated. We hypothesized that if it exists, this risk may differ between AD classes and even between individual ADs depending on their pharmacodynamic characteristics. Several pharmacological targets of ADs could more specifically be involved in this Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR). We applied a combined "Pharmacoepidemiological-Pharmacodynamic" (PE-PD) approach to test these hypotheses in the World Health Organization international database of suspected ADRs (VigiBase®). This method allows establishing ADR mechanism hypotheses through pharmacoepidemiological studies considering fundamental data (e.g. binding affinity). A significant signal for an increased T2D reporting risk was found with ADs in comparison with all other drugs presented in VigiBase®. The PE-PD study suggested that the inhibition of serotonin reuptake via serotonin transporter (SERT) could be involved in AD-induced T2D. Indeed, the inhibition of serotonin reuptake owing to ADs (resulting in an excess of serotonin transmission) may induce T2D in a short time mediated by inhibiting insulin release. We then aimed to investigate the impact of ADs on short-term (1 year) T2D occurrence by conducting an exploratory study. We performed a retrospective matched exposed-unexposed to AD cohort study in the UK primary care database (the Clinical Practice Research Datalink). "New AD users" and matched "new anxiolytic (AX) users" were included in the study and were followed up during the first year from their cohort entry. Outcome was new-onset T2D. Survival analysis at the first year of follow-up demonstrated that there was no difference between the occurrence of T2D and AD exposure in general in comparison with the control group of AX users. However, a significant increase of incident T2D cases was observed for AD exposure duration less than 3 months and this T2D seemed to be reversible in some patients. In conclusion, the results suggested that (1) high affinity for the SERT could partially explain the appearance of T2D in AD users, and (2) when rapidly appraising this ADR could be reversible in some patients
Grenier, Audrey. "Effets de la rosiglitazone sur la distribution adipeuse et la variabilité de la fréquence cardiaque chez des patients diabétiques de type 2 avec pontage aorto-coronarien." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25552.
Full textAbdominal obesity is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, which includes visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). An increase in VAT is associated with decreased heart rate variability, representing the balance of the cardiac autonomic nervous system, as well as an increased risk of cardiovascular events. Also, the effect of an increase in SAT on heart rate variability is not documented. Rosiglitazone, an oral antidiabetic, induce an increase in body weight preferentially by increasing body water and SAT. Following treatment with rosiglitazone for 12 months, we observed an increase in SAT. This increase in SAT did not influence heart rate variability in patients with type 2 diabetes after coronary artery bypass surgery. These data suggest that an increase in SAT has no impact on heart rate variability in contrast to VAT.
Fazal, Loubina. "Effets combinés de l'aldosterone cardiaque et de l'entraînement physique dans un modèle de diabète de type 2 chez la souris." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077172.
Full textThe pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy involves many mechanisms, including those related to insulin resistance and deregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, but their cardiac effects are not yet fully elucidated. Ln this study, we investigated the effects of cardiac aldosteronism and physical training in the context of type 2 diabetes (T2D) on the main signaling pathways involved in the growth and survival of mouse heart. Using a mouse model of type 2 diabetes induced by a high fat and high carbohydrate diet, we observed an increase in oxidative stress and markers of inflammation and decreased capillary density in the heart of wild-type T2D animais. In this context, cardiac overexpression of aldosterone synthase prevents diabetic cardiac phenotype. This cardioprotective effect was associated with a mineralocorticoid receptor-dependent expression of IGF1-R resulting in activation of the Akt pathway and an increase in angiogenic factors. On the other hand, a theoretically beneficial moderate exercise, revealed a deleterious effect of cardiac aldosteronism (difficulties in the exercise, pathological cardiac hypertrophy and mortality). This suggests that the angiogenic effect of cardiac hyperaldosteronism associated with T2D is not sufficient to cope with this overload of cardiac output related to physical training
Ahnadi, Charaf-Eddine. "Mécanismes de régulation du transfert des esters de cholestérol : effets d'un inhibiteur de l'HMG-CoA réductase et du diabète de type II." Lyon 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO1T048.
Full textFaillie, Jean-Luc. "Pharmacoépidémiologie et pharmacologie sociale des médicaments du diabète de type 2 : des données pharmacodynamiques de base à l'utilisation des bases de données : études du risque de cancer de la vessie associé à la pioglitazone et du risque de pancréatite aigüe associé aux incrétinomimétiques." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2563/.
Full textIn this thesis, we examine two adverse reactions associated with drugs used in type 2 diabetes. First, we study the risk of bladder cancer with the use of pioglitazone. We show that characterization of its pharmacodynamic properties, interpretation of animal data and results from a clinical trial were mistaken and could have delayed the correct assessment of this risk. The numerous observational studies are also discussed. The review of data from all assessment methods published during the last 15 years demonstrates the existence of this risk. Second, we study the occurrence of acute pancreatitis associated with incretin-based drugs. After discussing pharmacodynamic issues, we present a study showing a signal of pancreatitis associated with incretin-based drugs in the French National Pharmacovigilance Database. Then, the risk of acute pancreatitis was assessed in a cohort study from the UK Clinical Practice Research Database. Adjusted for several important cofactors, the use of incretin-based drugs was not associated with an increased risk of acute pancreatitis compared to sulfonylureas use. However, these results do not exclude potential chronic pancreatic inflammation or acute pancreatic adverse effects in the long term with incretin-based drugs. These examples allow us to emphasize the importance of basic pharmacodynamic data. We show that risk assessment needs the concordance of studies from all sources of data available (pharmacodynamics data, clinical trials, adverse events database studies and observational studies). We discuss the influence of methodological limits and limits related to social factors on the quality of drug risk studies
Martel, Bruno. "Effets de l'entraînement par intervalles à haute intensité sur le profil de risque cardiométabolique de femmes présentant de l'obésité abdominale." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67885.
Full textAbdominal obesity is associated with various health problems such as an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Physical activity is a key element in the management of obesity as it reduces the cardiometabolic risk. Few studies have, however, been interested in determining the best training modality specifically for adult women having abdominal obesity. Objectives: To compare the impact of two cardiovascular training methods (continuous moderate intensity training(MICT) and high intensity interval training (HIIT)) which provide the same energy expenditure on the cardiometabolic risk profile of women characterized by the presence of abdominal obesity. Methods: A total of 20 women with abdominal obesity were randomized into two groups.Thus, 10 women (41.8 ± 8.9 years) took part in the MICT group and 10 women (37.8 ± 5.7 years) in the HIIT group. They had to train 3 times a week for 12 weeks and the training sessions were not supervised. Physical and metabolic data were collected at the beginning and end of the program. A Student's t-test for paired data was performed in order to compare the mean of the data at time 1 and at time 2 for each group. Changes between the two groups were compared using a Student t-test for unpaired data. The data collected is preliminary data as the study is still ongoing. Results: No significant change in VO₂max were observed following the intervention in the MICT and HIIT groups. Following the intervention, no significant difference was found in the cardiometabolic risk factors for the MICT and HIIT groups. Finally, there is no significant difference between the two groups regarding changes for all parameters studied. Conclusions: Our preliminary data shows that MICT and HIIT interventions were not associated with significant improvements inVO₂max or in cardiometabolic risk profile.
Respondek, Frédérique. "Effets des fructo-oligosaccharides sur la sensibilité à l'insuline." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5065.
Full textAn adequate intake of dietary has proven to protect against the risk to develop type 2 diabetes, for which the prevalence is currently increasing all around the world. Among the different mechanisms that could explain how dietary fibres can contribute to insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis, involvement of the gut microbiota seems more than likely. However it is not always possible to differentiate the effects that linked to the microbiota from those induced a reduction of the glycaemic index or those induced by some micronutrients sometimes closely associated to dietary fibres. The experiments conducted during this PhD validate that fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), poorly viscous prebiotic fibres, can enhance insulin sensitivity if different animal models of diet-induced obesity. Reduction of insulin sensitivity resulting from overweight status is not completely solved by FOS but their effect is not linked to weight loss. Moreover, a direct correlation between the modifications of the composition and activities of the intestinal microbiota triggered by FOS and metabolism of the host has been highlighted. This work reveals that more than a single increase of Bifidobacteria already well documented, FOS can alter other bacterial clusters more predominant within the digestive ecosystem like Clostridium leptum and Clostridium coccoides – Eubacterium rectale. By modulating these populations, FOS will alter the metabolism of biliary acids and the level of monounsaturated fatty acids hydroxylation
Turgeon, Mélanie. "Usage des antipsychotiques atypiques chez les aînés : impacts sur le développement du diabète de type 2, d'une dyslipidémie et d'hypertension artérielle." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/22062.
Full textClément, Laurence. "Effets des lipides sur le contrôle nerveux de l'homéostasie glucidique chez le rat : aspects cellulaires et moléculaires." Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA11T025.
Full textType 2 diabetes represents 90 to 95% of all cases of diabetes and is characterised by insulinresistance along with an alteration pancreatic β-cell insulin secretion, resulting in chronic hyperglycemia. The mechanisms responsible for such alterations are not fully understood. In a preliminary study, we found that β-cell dysfunction partly results from a deleterious effect of free fatty acids (FFA) on the sympathetic nervous system. The aim of this work was to determine the molecular and cellular mechanisms implicated in the alteration of nervous regulation of glucose homeostasis by lipids. In Wistar rats infused intracerebroventricularly with a triglyceride emulsion and heparin, we found that lipids may act on the central nervous system (CNS) to induce an increase in glucose-induced insulinsecretion (GIIS). As shown by the pancreatic turnover of norepinephrine, the effect of lipids is probably mediated by a decrease in the sympathetic output to the pancreas. We also found a decreased liver insulin sensitivity in these rats, associated with a hypercorticosteronernia. Consequently, our aim was to determine the molecular mechanisms les mécanismes cellulaires implicated in the action of lipids on the CNS. Microarray studies of the hypothalamic RNA of these rats showed that lipids induce transcriptional changes of specifie genes, which could account for the metabolic alterations, such as the leptine receptor. We then focused on the binding characteristics of pancreatic β-cell α2A adrenergic receptors in response to elevated circulating FFA levels. These receptors have been shown to mediate inhibition of GIIS by norepinephrine. We found a decreased number and an increased affinity of these receptors. We also found that FFA induce changes in islet membrane phospholipidic composition, which may account for the increased affinity of the receptors. We conclude that these data suggest that the diabetogenic effect of FFA may not only result from changes in glucose metabolisme, but also from alterations in the sympathetic nervous output to the pancreas, and to neurophysiologie modifications, probably mediated by changes in hypothalamic activity
Chavanelle, Vivien. "Effets de deux modalités d'entraînement et d'une complémentation à base d'extraits végétaux sur le développement du diabète de type 2 : Physiologie." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAS021.
Full textType 2 diabetes (T2D) represents one of the main challenges for the 21 st century. In 2015, 415 million people in the world were diabetic and 318 million more showed signs of prediabetes, a condition defined by a high risk of developing T2D, though still reversible. Lifestyle recommendations (physical activity and diet) form the first line of intervention for T2D prevention. The objective of this thesis was to measure the effects of two lifestyle-based therapeutic strategies on T2D development. Study 1 aimed at comparing the effects of two chronic exercise modalities (moderate-intensity continuous training vs. high-intensity interval training) on the progression of T2D of young db/db mice. Study 2 was focused on assessing the effects of a blend of 5 plants (patented formula Totum-63) on the development of T2D of two murine models of prediabetes: young db/db mice and high-fat diet induced insulin resistance mice. In study 1, high-intensity interval training improved glycaemic control maybe through enhanced muscular Glut4 content despite no adaptation of mitochondrial function. In study 2, Totum-63 supplementation improved glycaemic control and insulin sensitivity in both models of prediabetes. Several mechanisms in tissues involved in T2D physiopathology were unveiled, suggesting a pleiotropic action of Totum-63. In conclusion, this work supports the interest of these two lifestyle- based interventions for preventing T2D development. Future prospects include the study of the combined action of chronic exercise and Totum-63
May, Phealay. "Les effets d'une co-exposition à des PCBs (DL et non DL) et au benzo(a)pyrène sur l’adipogénèse et ses répercussions sur l’inflammation in vitro et in vivo." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0613/document.
Full textThe Polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) are one of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Human exposure to these compounds is associated with an increased risk of developing of type 2 diabetes (DT2). Other chemical compounds, such as polycyclic aromtic hydrocarbon (HAP) such as the benzo (a) pyrene (BaP), that presented in food chain are ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and they increase this risk. The first work reported is an in vitro study on the model of pre-adipocyte, 3T3-L1, on the "cocktail" effects of co-exposure to PCBs (PCB118 and 153) and BaP. On this model, it appears that BaP and PCBs partially reduce the expression of genes related to adipogenesis (ADGG) and stimulate the expression of genes related to inflammation (INFG). The second study was conducted in vivo which allow us to evaluate the "cocktail" effects of a chronic exposure to PCB118 and BaP in mice. Biochemical parameters and the expression of ADGG and INFG were measured in different tissues. After the ingestion of BaP, expression of two ADGGs (Glut4 and Lipin1) and three INFGs (MCP1, CXCL10, IFNγ) were increased in the adipose tissue. These effects are either abolished or reduced in response to simultaneous co-exposure with PCB118. This indicates that the effects of each compounds can be masked by one another. In the other tissues, there is also a global negative modulation by PCB on the effects induced by BaP. All these results are discussed with reference to the risk of DT2 induced by POPs, as well as potential molecular targets of BaP (such as AhR) and PCBs (as CAR and PXR). The possible role of IFNγ, produced by the immune cells, associated with adipose tissue is discussed
Peyrol, Julien. "Hydroxytyrosol et effets santé : Nouvelles voies d’action via ses métabolites glucurono-conjugués." Thesis, Avignon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AVIG0713/document.
Full textOlive oil polyphenols are well-known to lower cardiovascular mortality and type 2 diabetes incidence associated to the Mediterranean diet. However, the high metabolization rate of hydroxytyrosol, the main phenolic compound of olive oil, into glucuronides, questions its real biological effect. The first objective of this thesis was to evidence the importance of glucuronides of Hydroxytyrosol in the enhancement of vascular function through antioxidative properties. It was found that, unlike to hydroxytyrosol that can be directly transported with bilitranslocase glucuronides have to be deconjugated by β-glucuronidase to exert their biological activity. A second objective was to evidence the effects of Hydroxytyrosol and glucuronides on vascular function in diet-induced metabolic syndrome rats. Neither hydroxytyrosol nor glucuronides modulated vascular function in this pathological context. A third objective was to show the effect of a chronic Hydroxytyrosol supplementation in refined olive oil on cardiovascular risk factors in a mice model of Metabolic Syndrome. Hydroxytyrosol supplementation was able to reduce weight gain, white adipose tissues mass and to lower blood pressure. These hypotensive effects seem to be due in smooth muscle cells function. In conclusion, our works highlight the importance of Hydroxytyrosol and its glucuronoconjugated metabolites, both contributing to the reduction of the incidence of cardiovascular risk factors associated to type 2 diabetes and Metabolic syndrome
Messo, Philippe. "Risque de fractures selon les différentes classes d'antidiabétiques oraux chez les aînés du Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26392/26392.pdf.
Full textVan, der Werf Remmelt. "Evaluation du pouvoir anti-oxydant des aliments : recherche de leurs effets modulateurs sur le stress oxydant dans le cas du diabète." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01037983.
Full textCharnay-Mourier, Agnès. "Effets d'une supplémentation en acides aminés à chaîne ramifiée (AACR) sur la composition corporelle : application à des lutteurs soumis à une restriction calorique et à des sujets diabétiques non insulinodépendants soumis à un entraînement." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO1T242.
Full textSzpigel, Anaïs. "Régulation de l'expression de TXNIP dans les monocytes des patients diabétiques de type 2 : rôle des lipides et du stress du réticulum endoplasmique." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066024.
Full textType 2 diabetes (T2D) is a pathology largely associated with obesity, which is rising constantly around the world. Inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress have been largely associated with the pathogenesis of DT2, promoting insulin resistance in peripheral tissues and a defect in insulin secretion from the pancreas. During ER stress the Thioredoxin Interacting Protein (TXNIP) is activated and plays an important role in the onset of inflammatory responses by activating the NLRP3 (Nod-Like Receptor 3) inflammasome. Hence we studied the role of TXNIP in monocytes from T2D patients. We have shown that the plasmatic lipid composition from T2D patients could be implicated in the onset of ER stress and an increase in the UPR (Unfolded Protein Response) in monocytes from T2D patients. This increase is associated with an activation of TXNIP expression and inflammatory markers in these cells, which could participate to the onset of systemic inflammation seen in T2D
Goncalves, Daisy. "Biodisponibilité de la bile et effets bénéfiques des chirurgies bariatriques de type by-pass." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10171/document.
Full textGastric bypass procedures have emerged as an effective treatment for morbid obese diabetic patientssince they provoke a rapid remission of diabetes before any weight loss has occurred. Patients also report adisinterest in high calorie food. A suggested mechanism associated a decrease in hepatic glucose production toan enhanced intestinal gluconeogenesis. Bile acids, described as inhibitors of gluconeogenesis, see theirbioavailability changed after these procedures. Indeed, they are absent in the alimentary limb while theirplasmatic concentration is increased. We therefore tested the hypothesis that plasma bile acids may inhibithepatic glucose production while their absence in the gut could induce intestinal gluconeogenesis.For this, we performed bile diversions matching the modified biliary flow occurring after gastric bypassprocedures. We showed that bile diversions lead to an increase in plasma bile acids. Bile diversions promote ablunting in hepatic glucose production whereas intestinal gluconeogenesis is increased in gut segments devoidof bile. Moreover, the modification of bile routing per se improves glucose control and dramatically decreasefood intake due to an acquired disinterest in fatty food. This data shows that bile routing modification is a keymechanistic feature in the beneficial outcomes of gastric bypass procedures
Barataud, Aude. "Rôle de la néoglucogenèse intestinale et des récepteurs mu-opioïdes dans les effets bénéfiques du by-pass gastrique chez la souris." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10276/document.
Full textRoux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure (GBP) is an obesity surgery that induces dramatic glucose homeostasis improvements independently of weight loss. A proposed mechanism to explain these glucose homeostasis improvements is an increase in intestinal glucose production (IGP) that induces beneficial effects on metabolism (satiety, improved liver insulin sensitivity). This increase in IGP is found in mice that have undergone a simplified GBP and is also responsible for the beneficial effects of protein-enriched diets through the inhibition of mu-opioid receptors (MOR) by alimentary peptides. We therefore hypothesized that the beneficial effects of GBP could depend on MOR inhibition by dietary proteins and we also tested the causal role of IGP in these metabolic improvements. For this purpose, we performed a duodenal-jejunal bypass surgery (DJB), ie GBP without gastric restriction, in wild-type mice (WT), in mice lacking MOR gene (MOR-/-) and in mice lacking IGP (IG6pc-/-). In obese mice, DJB induced a rapid and substantial weight loss (-30%), partly explained by fat malabsorption, and weight loss-dependent improvements of glucose homeostasis. In contrast, in the non-obese mice, DJB did not induce weight loss nor malabsorption but improved glucose tolerance. Effects were similar in WT, MOR-/- and I-G6pc-/- mice showing that mu-opioid receptors and IGP did not appear to have a causal role in glucose and energy metabolism improvements after DJB
Cavin, Jean-Baptiste. "Gastrointestinal plasticity in health and diseases : what we have learned from bariatric surgeries." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC143/document.
Full textIn today’s global epidemic of obesity, more and more people are undergoing bariatric surgery, which is the best known treatment available to lose weight and treat obesity-associated diseases. Yet, little is known about gastrointestinal (GI) adaptation and its metabolic consequences after surgery. We developed original models of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), mini-bypass (MGB) and vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) in rats, and we characterized the morphological and functional adaptations of the GI epithelium after these surgeries in order to understand the origin of the observed metabolic improvements. We reported profound changes in the remaining gastric mucosa of rats having undergone RYGB and VSG, suggesting an increase in acid production by parietal cells and an impaired production of gastrin and ghrelin. In RYGB rats and patients, the alimentary limb was hyperplasic and intestinal glucose consumption was increased. After VSG, the absorption of glucose during meals appeared diminished. These adaptations could participate in the lowering of blood glucose after surgery. In addition, the increased number of enteroendocrine cells observed in RYGB rats and patients, and their increased density in VSG rats, could contribute to the higher secretion of incretin hormone and improved glycemic control in operated individuals. Finally, we demonstrated in rats that the MGB was more malabsorptive than the RYGB. Indeed, we observed an increased fecal loss of nitrogen and energy despite intestinal overgrowth and higher expression of peptide transporters. This thesis brings new insight to the role of the GI tract in the metabolic outcomes of bariatric surgeries
Faure, Mélanie. "Effet de la metformine, un modulateur du métabolisme sur le développement gonadique : utilisation de deux modèles expérimentaux." Thesis, Tours, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUR4014/document.
Full textMetformin is used to treat patients with type II diabetes, it could be also administered to improve infertility associated to insulin-resistance or metabolic disorder. My research project was to analyse the consequence of a metformin exposure on gonad function from fetal to adult period. We showed by an in vivo approach on two animal models: 1) that oral administration of metformin to young chickens delay the puberty. It is characterized by a reduction in the testis weight, diameter of seminiferous tubule and decrease in testosterone level. 2) that mice, exposed in utero with metformin leads at adulte age to a lower fertility. This dysfunction is associated with morphological abnormalities of the sperm head and epigenetic marks on DNA. The second approach used proteomic and metabolomic strategy on cultured Sertoli cells treated or not with metformin. We demonstrated : 1) that the treatment leads to Warburg-like cellular metabolism. 2) that proteins present differences of abundances are involved in cytoskeleton organization, cell adhesion, DNA compaction, reponsiveness to hypoxia and immunity. The results suggest that the main function of secretion, support and protection of germ cell by Sertoli cells are modified by this antidiabetic, and that in utero exposure to metformin could act on the fertility and metabolism