Academic literature on the topic 'Diabetes Nauru'

Diabetes is one of the most prevalent and serious non- communicable diseases all over the world. It is the leading cause of death, disability, and economic loss, and it is identified as a major threat to global development. Among the adults (age 20-79 years) with diabetes in the top five South East Asian countries, Bangladesh is in the second position. The number of people with diabetes in Bangladesh was 5.10 million in 2013, which is expected to increase to 8.20 million by 2035. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in a rural population aged >_ 31 years living at a village in the district of Bagerhat, Bangladesh, and to aware the people of the area about diabetes and to detect diabetes early for early care to prevent its complications. In this study we used 'Prodigy Preferred blood Glucose Meter' for testing fasting blood glucose to diagnose diabetes. The study was conducted from 2012 to 2015. Random sampling method was used to select participants. Fasting plasma glucose of the 400 participants of >_ 31 years of age was done at a 'Free Friday Clinic' of the study area. Out of 400 participants 38 (09.50%) were diabetic. Among the participants (n=400), 45.50% were male and 54.50% were female. We found a high prevalence of DM in the rural Bangladeshi adult population (9.5%). The present study found that about one in ten Bangladeshi adults has diabetes (9.5%). This finding is consistent with many other studies from low-and middleincome countries including India (8.6%), Sri Lanka (8.0%), China (9.6%), Nauru (13.7%), and Panama (9.5%). Our study together with previous study confirms that prevalence of diabetes is increasing in Bangladesh.Faridpur Med. Coll. J. Jan 2018;13(1): 20-23

Recent global analysis of current and future ambient heat conditions has shown that occupational heat exposure in Pacific countries, measured or projected as WBGT, is among the most extreme in the world. Many Pacific countries face a serious and unprecedented collision of adverse environmental, sociocultural/demographic and chronic health factors. Environmentally, high temperatures and humidity exist several months each year, reducing physical work capacity. Conservative assessments reveal annual loss of healthy work hours for a person working at 400 W metabolic rate in countries like Papua New Guinea, Kiribati, Nauru and Guam increasing from 2%–3% to 9%–18% by 2100, based on the RCP6.0 pathway for climate change. Socio-culturally, such countries have low average income levels and high reliance on primary industries, so occupational and domestic exposure to ambient heat is chronic and somewhat intractable. Health wise, such countries have among the highest burden of chronic cardiometabolic disease in the world. Diabetes is already prevalent (20%–35%), as is hypertension. Casual links between heat exposure and cardiovascular health problems is strengthening and these health problems are becoming a major threat to health in Pacific countries. A diet that is increasingly more divergent from traditional foods is one key factor, but increasing heat conditions will contribute, particularly for people working in physically intensive occupations. Obesity is also prevalent, which is relevant because it adds to heat production while concurrently reducing heat loss, thereby impairing work capacity and tolerance of humid heat. Collectively these factors compromise thermal tolerance, reduce functional capacity and contribute to cardiometabolic disease. This paper will analyse the physiological base for the heat effects on cardiovascular disease with particular reference to occupational heat exposure, and estimate the impacts of climate change in the Pacific countries as well as identify solutions to reduce the future impacts.

Ilgametė perspektyvi stebėsena įrodė, kad konvencinė kairiosios krūties radioterapija didina širdies ligų riziką. Nuo individualios pacientės anatomijos priklauso, kiek priekinės širdies sienos ir kairiosios vainikinės arterijos priekinės tarpskilvelinės šakos radioterapijos metu pa­tenka į švitinimo lauką, atliekant įprastinę konforminę 3D radioterapiją. Tyrimo tikslas − įvertinti dozes kritiniams organams, skiriant šiuolaikinę radioterapiją kairiosios krūties vė­žio gydymui kvėpavimo kontrolės metodu, kai radiote­rapijos procedūra atliekama giliai įkvėpus, bei palyginti rezultatus su gautais atliekant konvencinę radioterapijos procedūrą. Retrospektyviai išanalizuoti 50 atsitiktinai atrinktų kai­riosios krūties radioterapijos planų, įvertintos dozės kri­tiniams organams: vidutinė dozė širdžiai (D mean), di­džiausia ir vidutinė dozė kairiosios vainikinės arterijos priekinei tarpskilvelinei šakai (D mean ir D max). Klaipėdos universitetinėje ligoninėje kairiosios krūties radioterapijos planai retrospektyviai randomizuotai ana­lizuojami nuo 2016 metų. Nuo 2021 m. į onkologinės radioterapijos praktiką įdiegus naujausią 4D švitinimo metodiką pasitelkiant kvėpavimo kontrolę, buvo išanali­zuoti radioterapijos skyriaus pirmo pusmečio rezultatai. Atlikta retrospektyvi nauju metodu švitintų pacienčių dėl kairiosios krūties vėžio analizė, pasitelkiant gilaus įkvė­pimo metodą. Nustatyta, kad vidutinė dozė širdžiai (D mean) sumažėjo nuo 1,88 iki 1,24 Gy (34 proc.), o nuo 9,64 iki 3,81 Gy (60 proc.) sumažėjo D mean kairiosios vainikinės arterijos priekinei tarpskilvelinei šakai. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad, suskirsčius pacientes į dvi grupes pagal švitinimo tūrį (I gr. švitinta krūtis, II gr. švitinta krūtis ir sritiniai limfmazgiai), dozė kairiosios vainikinės arterijos priekinei tarpskilvelinei šakai buvo kiek didesnė švitinant ir sritinius limfmazgius, nors vi­dutinė dozė širdžiai patikimai nesiskyrė. Išvada. Dozės kritiniams organams, švitinant kairiosios krūties vėžį kvėpavimo sulaikymo giliai įkvėpus metodu, yra mažos ir kliniškai spindulinių reakcijų arba koronari­nės širdies ligos išsivystymui nėra reikšmingos. Švitinant kairiąją krūtį su sritiniais limfmazgiais, dozė kairiosios vainikinės arterijos priekinei tarpskilvelinei šakai gali būti didesnė. Siekiant ją sumažinti, individualiais atvejais reikia spręsti dėl sudėtingesnio radioterapijos planavimo metodo, pasirenkant moduliuojamo intensyvumo radi­oterapijos metodus (IMRT/VMAT).

The Republic of Nauru, a small Pacific island nation, has one of the highest obesity rates in the world. Obesity emerged rapidly in Nauru during the 1970s, a period characterised by political independence and unprecedented economic growth resulting from lucrative phosphate mining. In the mid-1970s, the Nauruan population was one of the first in the world in which obesity, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease – co-morbidities associated with obesity – were identified as significant public health concerns. Such ‘lifestyle diseases’ continue to have debilitating effects on the Nauruan community. Obesity is generally understood to result from an energy imbalance; that is, people eat and drink more calories over time than they expend. This biomedical paradigm is implicit in the majority of research relating to obesity, such that the lifestyle to which obesity is attributed is limited to diet and activity. Yet in practice, lifestyle is much more than this. The lifestyle of a particular group is related to political, legal, religious, economic and value systems, modes of education, communication, transport and healthcare, and styles of art, music and entertainment. In this thesis I draw on ethnographic participant observation carried out in the Republic of Nauru during 2010-11, life history interviews, and diverse historical materials to answer three questions. First, what characterises the Nauruan lifestyle? Second, in what ways did the Nauruan lifestyle change over the second half of the twentieth century, the time period during which obesity and diabetes rapidly escalated? Finally, how might these changes be linked to the emergence and persistence of ‘lifestyle diseases’ in Nauru? I focus on one characteristic that stood out prominently in many different aspects of Nauruan life: ‘island time’, or the suggestion that there is ‘No Action Unless Really Urgent’. In theorisation of obesity, such living for the moment has been interpreted as laziness, pleasure-seeking or lack of self-control. However, a deeper analysis reveals that island time emerged gradually in the latter half of the twentieth century as Nauruans incorporated market-derived moral values into their everyday lives. This has led to profound changes in the way people feel when engaged in social exchanges, and is linked to temporally-shorter and more spatially dispersed social networks. I thus recast living for the moment as representative of a social trend rather than individual self-interest, and obesity as a phenomenon associated with the space between bodies rather than within each one. This leads me to consider more closely the links between social relationships and health. In Nauru, as in many societies, it is difficult to disentangle the biological and the social; the same feeling of unhealthiness, for example, is associated with being clinically ill and having a fight with a loved one. Yet many activities that are associated with tightening social networks, and which are prominent in the lifestyle characterised by island time – eating, drinking, or sitting and gossiping, for example – are also associated with obesity emergence. As a result, being biomedically healthy and feeling healthy are now somewhat incompatible in Nauru. In concluding, I argue that the adoption of economic rhetoric into everyday life has re-shaped moral values, everyday social relationships, and the demographic health profile on Nauru.