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Journal articles on the topic 'Diabetes – Zimbabwe'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Koga, Heather, and Yemurai Machirori. "Lockdown and diabetes: Perspectives from Zimbabwe." Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 166 (August 2020): 108407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108407.

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2

Matsungo, Tonderayi Mathew, and Prosper Chopera. "Nutrition in contemporary Zimbabwe: a situational analysis." North African Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 4, no. 9 (November 23, 2020): S25—S35. http://dx.doi.org/10.51745/najfnr.4.9.s25-s35.

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Background: Malnutrition in all its forms continues to be a global public health challenge affecting mostly women and children in Africa. The socioeconomic consequences of poor nutrition are far-reaching and cross-generational. Objective: To provide an update on the nutrition situation in Zimbabwe in the context of the United Nations 2030 sustainable development agenda. Key findings: In Zimbabwe, the leading nutrition problems include high levels of childhood stunting, micronutrient deficiencies (Vitamin A, Iron, Zinc, and Selenium) affecting mostly children younger than 5 years and women aged 15-49 years. This paper presents evidence on the emergence of obesity and associated complications like diabetes, hypertension, and several cancers in addition to the traditional problem of undernutrition burden “multiple burden of malnutrition”. These nutrition challenges can be attributed to poor breastfeeding and infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices, the low dietary diversity affecting mostly rural households and nutrition transition. Cultural and religious beliefs are barriers to the adoption of appropriate breastfeeding and IYCF practices. Conclusion: The multiple burden of malnutrition exists in Zimbabwe. Although there is political, commitment and multisectoral initiatives to address malnutrition and food insecurity, the declining socio-economic situation and the COVID-19 associated restrictions are worsening the situation and poor households are getting more vulnerable. Considering that Zimbabwe’s economy is agriculture-based there is a need to put emphasis on promoting nutrition-sensitive agriculture initiatives and urgently implement the Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDGs) to propel the adoption of healthy lifestyles and dietary behaviors. Keywords: Stunting, Breastfeeding, IYCF, Micronutrient deficiency, SDGs, COVID-19, Zimbabwe.

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Matsungo, Tonderayi Mathew, and Prosper Chopera. "Nutrition in contemporary Zimbabwe: a situational analysis." Special Issue July-December 2020 04, no. 09 (November 23, 2020): S25—S35. http://dx.doi.org/10.51745/najfnr.4.09.s25-s35.

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Background: Malnutrition in all its forms continues to be a global public health challenge affecting mostly women and children in Africa. The socioeconomic consequences of poor nutrition are far-reaching and cross-generational. Objective: To provide an update on the nutrition situation in Zimbabwe in the context of the United Nations 2030 sustainable development agenda. Key findings: In Zimbabwe, the leading nutrition problems include high levels of childhood stunting, micronutrient deficiencies (Vitamin A, Iron, Zinc, and Selenium) affecting mostly children younger than 5 years and women aged 15-49 years. This paper presents evidence on the emergence of obesity and associated complications like diabetes, hypertension, and several cancers in addition to the traditional problem of undernutrition burden “multiple burden of malnutrition”. These nutrition challenges can be attributed to poor breastfeeding and infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices, the low dietary diversity affecting mostly rural households and nutrition transition. Cultural and religious beliefs are barriers to the adoption of appropriate breastfeeding and IYCF practices. Conclusion: The multiple burden of malnutrition exists in Zimbabwe. Although there is political, commitment and multisectoral initiatives to address malnutrition and food insecurity, the declining socio-economic situation and the COVID-19 associated restrictions are worsening the situation and poor households are getting more vulnerable. Considering that Zimbabwe’s economy is agriculture-based there is a need to put emphasis on promoting nutrition-sensitive agriculture initiatives and urgently implement the Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDGs) to propel the adoption of healthy lifestyles and dietary behaviors. Keywords: Stunting, Breastfeeding, IYCF, Micronutrient deficiency, SDGs, COVID-19, Zimbabwe.

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Nhidza, Godwell, Kudzaishe Mutsaka, Garikai Malunga, and Danai Tavonga Zhou. "Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Urban Harare, Zimbabwe." Open Public Health Journal 11, no. 1 (January 22, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944501811010001.

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Introduction:According to the WHO, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) means glucose intolerance with onset during pregnancy. Unfortunately, women affected by GDM could suffer from Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) later while babies born to mothers with GDM are at increased risk of being too large for gestational age. This cross-sectional study screened GDM in women attending Parirenyatwa Antenatal Clinic in urban Harare, Zimbabwe using 2006 WHO diagnostic criteria.Methodology:Urine samples were collected from all consenting pregnant women. If urinalysis indicated glycosuria and if a woman reported clinical symptoms of GDM, random blood sugar analysis was subsequently carried out. Those suspected of having GDM due to elevated glucose (n=17) were screened with glucose load challenge the following day, after collecting the sample for fasting blood sugar. Family history of diabetes was self-reported.Results:Women (N=150), between 24 – 28 weeks of gestation who consented were recruited. Participants had mean age 27.2(3.5) years and about half were gradiva 1. All participants reported no maternal history of T2DM, but reported other family history of T2DM. Out of the 150 recruited and 17 tested by OGTT, 10 (6.7%) tested positive for GDM.Conclusion:Prevalence of GDM is lower than two similar African studies but similar to one Indian study. Of note is the fact that variations in reported prevalence, in populations from different studies could be due to different diagnostic criteria used. Results need further enquiry on larger group of pregnant women using latest 2013 WHO criteria.

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Kuguyo, Oppah, Chengeto Muhaso, Simbarashe Nyandoro, Joconiah Chirenda, Vasco Chikwasha, Akimu C. Mageza, Lovemore Gwanzura, Doreen Macherera Mukona, and Alice Matimba. "Perspectives of healthcare workers on factors influencing diabetes management and diabetic foot problems in Zimbabwe." Journal of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa 25, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16089677.2020.1817283.

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6

Mutowo, Mutsa, Usha Gowda, John Chamunorwa Mangwiro, Paula Lorgelly, Alice Owen, and Andre Renzaho. "Prevalence of diabetes in Zimbabwe: a systematic review with meta-analysis." International Journal of Public Health 60, no. 1 (November 29, 2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00038-014-0626-y.

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7

Mutowo, Mutsa P., Paula K. Lorgelly, Michael Laxy, Andre M. N. Renzaho, John C. Mangwiro, and Alice J. Owen. "The Hospitalization Costs of Diabetes and Hypertension Complications in Zimbabwe: Estimations and Correlations." Journal of Diabetes Research 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9754230.

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Objective. Treating complications associated with diabetes and hypertension imposes significant costs on health care systems. This study estimated the hospitalization costs for inpatients in a public hospital in Zimbabwe.Methods. The study was retrospective and utilized secondary data from medical records. Total hospitalization costs were estimated using generalized linear models.Results. The median cost and interquartile range (IQR) for patients with diabetes, $994 (385–1553) mean $1319 (95% CI: 981–1657), was higher than patients with hypertension, $759 (494–1147) mean $914 (95% CI: 825–1003). Female patients aged below 65 years with diabetes had the highest estimated mean costs ($1467 (95% CI: 1177–1828)). Wound care had the highest estimated mean cost of all procedures, $2884 (95% CI: 2004–4149) for patients with diabetes and $2239 (95% CI: 1589–3156) for patients with hypertension. Age below 65 years, medical procedures (amputation, wound care, dialysis, and physiotherapy), the presence of two or more comorbidities, and being prescribed two or more drugs were associated with significantly higher hospitalization costs.Conclusion. Our estimated costs could be used to evaluate and improve current inpatient treatment and management of patients with diabetes and hypertension and determine the most cost-effective interventions to prevent complications and comorbidities.

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Chako, Kurai Z., Heather Phillipo, Erisi Mafuratidze, and Danai Tavonga Zhou. "Significant Differences in the Prevalence of Elevated HbA1c Levels for Type I and Type II Diabetics Attending the Parirenyatwa Diabetic Clinic in Harare, Zimbabwe." Chinese Journal of Biology 2014 (January 23, 2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/672980.

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Diabetics have chronically elevated glucose levels. High levels of glucose result in nonenzymatic formation of glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c). Therefore, elevated HbA1c is a good indicator of poorly controlled diabetes. We used the standard HbA1c method to determine glycemic control in diabetics attending a public health facility in Harare, Zimbabwe. Our study sought to assess the prevalence of elevated HbA1c amongst treated diabetics and compare the HbA1c levels by type of diabetes. The cross-sectional study was carried out at one of the main public health centres in Zimbabwe: the Parirenyatwa Group of Hospitals in Harare. Type I and type II diabetics were recruited and had their blood HbA1c levels measured. The standard one tailed proportion z test was used to test the hypothesis at 5% significance level. Combined prevalence of type I and type II diabetics with elevated HbA1c was 27%. There was no significant difference in levels of HbA1c by age and sex. Over half (54%) of Type I diabetics had elevated HbA1c, suggesting poor glycemic control. In contrast only 24% of the Type II diabetics studied had elevated HbA1c. The difference in proportion of Type I and Type II diabetics with elevated HbA1c suggestive of poor glycemic control was significant (P=0.0067).

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9

SITHOLE, MELLISA, ALICE MATIMBA, and RICHMOND WOODWARD. "Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Related to Diabetes Eye Complications among Diabetes Mellitus Patients at a Referral Hospital in Zimbabwe." Diabetes 67, Supplement 1 (May 2018): 598—P. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db18-598-p.

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10

Ncube, R. T., S. A. Dube, S. M. Machekera, C. Timire, C. Zishiri, K. Charambira, T. Mapuranga, et al. "Feasibility and yield of screening for diabetes mellitus among tuberculosis patients in Harare, Zimbabwe." Public Health Action 9, no. 2 (June 21, 2019): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/pha.18.0105.

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11

Machingura, Pasipanodya Ian. "Cost of Paediatric Diabetes Mellitus Treatment on Carers of Diabetic Children Attending Three Hospital Out-Patient Clinics in Zimbabwe." TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 5, no. 4 (December 29, 2017): 650–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijph.2013.05.04.art064.

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Machingura, Pasipanodya Ian. "Prevalence of Undiagnosed Diabetes Mellitus amongst Hypertensive Patients Attending an Outpatient Clinic in Harare, Zimbabwe." TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 4, no. 4 (December 31, 2016): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijph.2013.04.04.art009.

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13

Chirombe, Magnus, Bernard Ngara, Raymond Chibvongodze, Venneth Charuka, and Danai Tavonga Zhou. "Glucose Control in Diabetic Patients Attending Parirenyatwa Group of Hospitals in Zimbabwe." Open Clinical Biochemistry Journal 8, no. 1 (November 16, 2018): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2588778501808010012.

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Background: Diabetes mellitus is a non-communicable disease whose prevalence is increasing even in low-income countries like Zimbabwe. It is usually diagnosed late when complications are already present mainly due to slow onset of disease, low accessibility to healthcare facilities and socio-economic hardships. Poor glycaemic control in diabetics is associated with the development of long-term microvascular and macrovascular complications such as nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, cardiovascular disease and diabetic foot syndrome. Therefore, good glycaemic control is essential to prevent complications, to improve the quality of life of diabetic patients and to reduce healthcare costs. Objectives: This study sought to find the status of glycaemic control and to identify factors that are associated with poor glycaemic control among diabetic patients attending Parirenyatwa Group of Hospitals Diabetic Clinic in Harare, Zimbabwe. Method: A cross-sectional study involving a total of 182 diabetic patients was carried out. Demographic data (age and gender) and clinical information (hypertension, duration, height, weight and lipid therapy) were retrieved from patients’ clinical records. Blood samples from participating diabetic patients were analysed for HbA1c on the Mindray® BS 400 Analyser. Measurement of HbA1c was done enzymatically using the International Federation of Clinical Chemists (IFCC) method. Result and Discussion: A total of 182 patients (30.2% men, 69.8% women) were enrolled whose mean (SD) age in years was 55 (9.0). The glycaemic status was generally poor with a prevalence of poor glycaemic control as high as 58.2%. This prevalence is higher than that previously obtained at the same hospital in 2013 thus presenting a major health challenge. This also means the burden of diabetic complications is likely to increase. Poor glycaemic control was significantly associated with gender and duration of diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: We conclude that in order to improve glycaemic control among diabetic patients, primary healthcare facilities need to focus on patient education and should facilitate early diagnosis through routine medical check-ups.

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Mukona, Doreen, Stephen Peter Munjanja, Mathilda Zvinavashe, and Babil Stray-Pederson. "Barriers of Adherence and Possible Solutions to Nonadherence to Antidiabetic Therapy in Women with Diabetes in Pregnancy: Patients’ Perspective." Journal of Diabetes Research 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3578075.

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Diabetes in pregnancy contributes to maternal mortality and morbidity though it receives little attention in developing countries. The purpose of the study was to explore the barriers to adherence and possible solutions to nonadherence to antidiabetic therapy in women with diabetes in pregnancy. Antidiabetic therapy referred to diet, physical activity, and medications. Four focus group discussions (FGDs), each with 7 participants, were held at a central hospital in Zimbabwe. Included were women with a diagnosis of diabetes in pregnancy, aged 18 to 49 years, and able to speak Shona or English. Approval was obtained from respective ethical review boards. FGDs followed a semistructured questionnaire. Detailed notes were taken during the interviews which were also being audiotaped. Data were analysed thematically and manually. Themes identified were barriers and possible solutions to nonadherence to therapy. Barriers were poor socioeconomic status, lack of family, peer and community support, effects of pregnancy, complicated therapeutic regimen, pathophysiology of diabetes, cultural and religious beliefs, and poor health care system. Possible solutions were fostering social support, financial support, and improvement of hospital services. Individualised care of women with diabetes is essential, and barriers and possible solutions identified can be utilised to improve care.

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Ellapen, T. J., M. Barnard, G. L. Strydom, K. M. Masime, and Y. Paul. "A Comparison Between Selected Noncommunicable Disease Mortality Rates Between 2010 and 2016 Among Selected Southern African Countries." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 41, no. 2 (April 6, 2020): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272684x20916588.

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Researchers have identified cancer, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular, and respiratory diseases as being the principal pathologies of increased aged standardized death rates (ASDRs) among noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). The objective of this study was to compare the change in the ASDR of these principal NCDs between the years 2010 and 2016 in Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. ASDR data were collected from the 2016 Global Health Estimate. Among the selected Southern African countries for both 2010 and 2016, the order of prevalence of NCDs linked to increased ASDR was cardiovascular diseases (both cardiac and stroke), cancer, diabetes mellitus, and chronic respiratory diseases. The percentage of the total number of NCDs linked to increased ASDR in relation to total deaths increased from 43.8% (in 2010) to 51.0% (in 2016) from ( p < .0001). The percentage of principal NCDs in relation to total ASDR increased from 33.0% (in 2010) to 38.2% (in 2016; p < .0001).

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Rusakaniko, Simbarashe, Elopy Nemele Sibanda, Takafira Mduluza, Paradzayi Tagwireyi, Zephaniah Dhlamini, Chiratidzo Ellen Ndhlovu, Precious Chandiwana, et al. "SARS-CoV-2 Serological testing in frontline health workers in Zimbabwe." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 3 (March 31, 2021): e0009254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009254.

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Background In order to protect health workers from SARS-CoV-2, there is need to characterise the different types of patient facing health workers. Our first aim was to determine both the infection status and seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in health workers. Our second aim was to evaluate the occupational and demographic predictors of seropositivity to inform the country’s infection prevention and control (IPC) strategy. Methods and principal findings We invited 713 staff members at 24 out of 35 health facilities in the City of Bulawayo in Zimbabwe. Compliance to testing was defined as the willingness to uptake COVID-19 testing by answering a questionnaire and providing samples for both antibody testing and PCR testing. SARS-COV-2 antibodies were detected using a rapid diagnostic test kit and SAR-COV-2 infection was determined by real-time (RT)-PCR. Of the 713 participants, 635(89%) consented to answering the questionnaire and providing blood sample for antibody testing while 560 (78.5%) agreed to provide nasopharyngeal swabs for the PCR SARS-CoV-2 testing. Of the 635 people (aged 18–73) providing a blood sample 39.1% reported a history of past COVID-19 symptoms while 14.2% reported having current symptoms of COVID-19. The most-prevalent co-morbidity among this group was hypertension (22.0%) followed by asthma (7.0%) and diabetes (6.0%). The SARS-CoV-2 sero-prevalence was 8.9%. Of the 560 participants tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection, 2 participants (0.36%) were positive for SAR-CoV-2 infection by PCR testing. None of the SARS-CoV-2 antibody positive people were positive for SAR-CoV-2 infection by PCR testing. Conclusion and interpretation In addition to clinical staff, several patient-facing health workers were characterised within Zimbabwe’s health system and the seroprevalence data indicated that previous exposure to SAR-CoV-2 had occurred across the full spectrum of patient-facing staff with nurses and nurse aides having the highest seroprevalence. Our results highlight the need for including the various health workers in IPC strategies in health centres to ensure effective biosecurity and biosafety.

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Asiedu-Danso, Michelle, Irene A. Kretchy, Jeremiah Kobby Sekyi, and Augustina Koduah. "Adherence to Antidiabetic Medications among Women with Gestational Diabetes." Journal of Diabetes Research 2021 (August 6, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9941538.

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Background. Optimal adherence to prescribed medications in women with gestational diabetes is relevant for perinatal outcomes. Objective. To summarize available information on the prevalence and factors contributing to medication adherence in women with gestational diabetes from the biological and psychosocial perspectives. Methods. A literature search on adherence in gestational diabetes was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus, and the Directory of Open Access Journals for studies published on the topic. The Arksey and O’Malley framework for scoping reviews was used to explore and summarize the evidence. Results. A total of 2395 studies were retrieved of which 13 fully met the eligibility criteria. The studies were reported in Zimbabwe ( n = 5 ), Iran ( n = 1 ), Mexico ( n = 1 ), South India ( n = 1 ), the United States of America ( n = 4 ), and one multinational study covering Australia, Europe, North and South America. The main types of antidiabetic medications used were insulin ( n = 6 ), metformin ( n = 4 ), and glyburide ( n = 2 ). The prevalence of adherence ranged from 35.6% to 97%, with the assessment tool being self-report measures ( n = 8 ). The main factors associated with nonadherence included worsening pregnancy symptoms, side effects of medications, perceived risks, mental health symptoms, poor social support, and socioeconomic status. Recommendations that evolved from the studies to improve adherence included education, counselling, improved support networks, and social interventions, while the main reported interventional study employed continuous education on the impact of adherence on perinatal outcomes. Conclusion. Medication nonadherence in gestational diabetes seems to be influenced by multiple factors with some educational interventions positively impacting adherence behaviours. Thus, future research in women with gestational diabetes could consider interventions from a multifactorial perspective to improve therapeutic outcomes.

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Machingura, Pasipanodya Ian. "Glycaemic Control among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patient Attending the Out Patient’s Clinic at Parirenyatwa Hospital in Zimbabwe." TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 7, no. 1 (March 29, 2019): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijph.2013.07.01.art016.

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19

Machingura, Pasipanodya Ian. "Diabetes Mellitus Prevalence in HIV Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy at Parirenyatwa Group of Hospitals Opportunistic Infections Clinic, Harare, Zimbabwe." Texila International Journal of Public Health 5, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijph.2013.05.01.art017.

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20

Chimbetete, Cleophas, Catrina Mugglin, Tinei Shamu, Bindu Kalesan, Barbara Bertisch, Matthias Egger, and Olivia Keiser. "New-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus among patients receiving HIV care at Newlands Clinic, Harare, Zimbabwe: retrospective cohort analysis." Tropical Medicine & International Health 22, no. 7 (June 8, 2017): 839–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12896.

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21

Gregson, Celia L., April Hartley, Edith Majonga, Grace McHugh, Nicola Crabtree, Ruramayi Rukuni, Tsitsi Bandason, et al. "Older age at initiation of antiretroviral therapy predicts low bone mineral density in children with perinatally-infected HIV in Zimbabwe." Bone 125 (August 2019): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2019.05.012.

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22

Rajkovic, Aleksandar, Kassam Mahomed, Rima Rozen, M. Rene Malinow, Irena B. King, and Michelle A. Williams. "Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase 677 C → T Polymorphism, Plasma Folate, Vitamin B12 Concentrations, and Risk of Preeclampsia among Black African Women from Zimbabwe." Molecular Genetics and Metabolism 69, no. 1 (January 2000): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/mgme.1999.2952.

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Alfred Maroyi. "Review of phytochemistry, biological activities and therapeutic potential of Brachylaena discolor." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 4 (September 28, 2020): 5626–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3201.

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Brachylaena discolor DC. is a shrub or tree widely used as herbal medicine in southern Africa. Brachylaena discolor is indigenous to Botswana, Eswatini, Mozambique, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe. This study was aimed at reviewing the phytochemistry, biological activities and therapeutic potential of B. discolor. Information on phytochemistry, biological activities and therapeutic potential of B. discolor was collected from online sources such as Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct, and pre-electronic sources such as books, book chapters, theses and journal articles obtained from the University library. This investigation revealed that the bark, leaf, root, stem and twig infusion or decoction of B. discolor are mainly used for magical purposes and as anthelmintic and tonic, and traditional medicine for female infertility, skin infections, renal problems, diabetes, gastro-intestinal problems and respiratory infections. Chemical compounds identified from B. discolor include alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, phlobatannins, saponins, sesquiterpene lactones, steroids, tannins and terpenoids. Ethnopharmacological review showed that B. discolor and phytochemical compounds identified from the species have anticancer, anthelmintic, anti-hyperglycaemic, antibacterial, cytotoxicity, antifungal, antidiabetic, antioxidant and leishmanicidal activities. Advanced ethnopharmacological research on B. discolor should focus on the possible biochemical mechanisms of both the crude extracts and identified phytochemical compounds including toxicological, in vivo and clinical studies to corroborate the traditional medicinal applications of the species.

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Harries, Anthony D., Pruthu Thekkur, Irene Mbithi, Jeremiah Muhwa Chakaya, Hannock Tweya, Kudakwashe C. Takarinda, Ajay M. V. Kumar, et al. "Real-Time Operational Research: Case Studies from the Field of Tuberculosis and Lessons Learnt." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 6, no. 2 (June 8, 2021): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6020097.

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Real-time operational research can be defined as research on strategies or interventions to assess if they are feasible, working as planned, scalable and effective. The research involves primary data collection, periodic analysis during the conduct of the study and dissemination of the findings to policy makers for timely action. This paper aims to illustrate the use of real-time operational research and discuss how to make it happen. Four case studies are presented from the field of tuberculosis. These include (i) mis-registration of recurrent tuberculosis in Malawi; (ii) HIV testing and adjunctive cotrimoxazole to reduce mortality in TB patients in Malawi; (iii) screening TB patients for diabetes mellitus in India; and (iv) mitigating the impact of COVID-19 on TB case detection in capital cities in Kenya, Malawi and Zimbabwe. The important ingredients of real-time operational research are sound ethics; relevant research; adherence to international standards of conducting and reporting on research; consideration of comparison groups; timely data collection; dissemination to key stakeholders; capacity building; and funding. Operational research can improve the delivery of established health interventions and ensure the deployment of new interventions as they become available, irrespective of diseases. This is particularly important when public health emergencies, including pandemics, threaten health services.

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Bartels, M. C., B. M. Macheka, S. Guramantunhu, J. J. Scheenloop, and J. S. Stilma. "Background Diabetic Retinopathy in Harare, Zimbabwe." Tropical Doctor 29, no. 3 (July 1999): 189–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947559902900327.

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Murphy, Adrianna, Benjamin Palafox, Marjan Walli-Attaei, Timothy Powell-Jackson, Sumathy Rangarajan, Khalid F. Alhabib, Alvaro Jr Avezum, et al. "The household economic burden of non-communicable diseases in 18 countries." BMJ Global Health 5, no. 2 (February 2020): e002040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002040.

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BackgroundNon-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death globally. In 2014, the United Nations committed to reducing premature mortality from NCDs, including by reducing the burden of healthcare costs. Since 2014, the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology (PURE) Study has been collecting health expenditure data from households with NCDs in 18 countries.MethodsUsing data from the PURE Study, we estimated risk of catastrophic health spending and impoverishment among households with at least one person with NCDs (cardiovascular disease, diabetes, kidney disease, cancer and respiratory diseases; n=17 435), with hypertension only (a leading risk factor for NCDs; n=11 831) or with neither (n=22 654) by country income group: high-income countries (Canada and Sweden), upper middle income countries (UMICs: Brazil, Chile, Malaysia, Poland, South Africa and Turkey), lower middle income countries (LMICs: the Philippines, Colombia, India, Iran and the Occupied Palestinian Territory) and low-income countries (LICs: Bangladesh, Pakistan, Zimbabwe and Tanzania) and China.ResultsThe prevalence of catastrophic spending and impoverishment is highest among households with NCDs in LMICs and China. After adjusting for covariates that might drive health expenditure, the absolute risk of catastrophic spending is higher in households with NCDs compared with no NCDs in LMICs (risk difference=1.71%; 95% CI 0.75 to 2.67), UMICs (0.82%; 95% CI 0.37 to 1.27) and China (7.52%; 95% CI 5.88 to 9.16). A similar pattern is observed in UMICs and China for impoverishment. A high proportion of those with NCDs in LICs, especially women (38.7% compared with 12.6% in men), reported not taking medication due to costs.ConclusionsOur findings show that financial protection from healthcare costs for people with NCDs is inadequate, particularly in LMICs and China. While the burden of NCD care may appear greatest in LMICs and China, the burden in LICs may be masked by care foregone due to costs. The high proportion of women reporting foregone care due to cost may in part explain gender inequality in treatment of NCDs.

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Cheza, Alexander, Boikhutso Tlou, and Danai Tavonga Zhou. "Incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in HIV patients on ART in a developing country: Case of Zimbabwe’s Chitungwiza Central Hospital—A retrospective cohort study (2010–2019)." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 27, 2021): e0252180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252180.

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Introduction The incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) has been reported to be rising over the years leading up to 2010. In Zimbabwe, there are few studies done to examine the incidence of NCDs in people living with HIV (PLHIV) on anti-retroviral treatment (ART). Objective To determine the incidence of NCDs in HIV patients on ART at the Chitungwiza Central Hospital over ten years and the associated risk factors. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study using data from 203 patients enrolled on ART at the Chitungwiza Central Hospital between 2010 and 2019. All 500 records were considered and the selection was based on participants’ consenting to the study and their strict adherence to ART without absconding. The incidence of NCDs was determined and generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to estimate the association between NCDs and the selected risk factors. Findings Data collected at the study’s baseline (2010) showed that the most prevalent NCD was hypertension, found in (18/203) 8.9% of the study participants, followed by diabetes (6.9%), then followed by cardiovascular diseases (CVD) (3.9%), and the least common NCD was cancer (1.9%). Incidences of all of these NCDs showed an increasing trend as the time of follow-up progressed. The factors found to be significantly associated with the development of NCDs were gender (p = 0.002) and follow-up time (p<0.001). Geographical location was a significant risk factor as urban patients were more likely to develop hypertension as compared to the peri-urban patients (p = 0.001). Conclusions NCDs and HIV comorbidity is common with women more likely than males to develop NCDs as they advance in age. There is need to devise targeted intervention approach to the respective NCDs and risk factors since they affect differently in relation to the demographic details of the participants. Recommendations This paper recommends a multi-stakeholder approach to the management of NCDs, with researchers, clinicians and the government and its various arms taking a leading role.

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Allain, T., J. Matenga, A. Wilson, and Z. Gomo. "The Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus in the Zimbabwean Elderly." Age and Ageing 26, suppl 1 (January 1, 1997): P40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/26.suppl_1.p40-a.

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Machingura, Pasipanodya Ian. "Erectile Dysfunction among Diabetic Patients at Parirenyatwa Group of Hospitals in Zimbabwe." TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 6, no. 2 (June 29, 2018): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijph.2013.06.02.art009.

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Rutherford, M. A., and V. Chawla. "Infants of diabetic mothers: a prospective study of neonatal complications in Harare, Zimbabwe." Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 9, no. 4 (December 1989): 191–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724936.1989.11748631.

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Mufunda, Esther, Björn Albin, and Katarina Hjelm. "Differences in Health and Illness Beliefs in Zimbabwean Men and Women with Diabetes." Open Nursing Journal 6 (August 6, 2012): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874434601206010117.

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Machingura, Pasipanodya Ian, Vasco Chikwasha, Parmenas Nelson Okwanga, and Exnevia Gomo. "Prevalence of and Factors Associated with Nephropathy in Diabetic Patients Attending an Outpatient Clinic in Harare, Zimbabwe." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 96, no. 2 (December 19, 2016): 477–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.15-0827.

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Machingura, Pasipanodya Ian, Boniface Macheka, Mathias Mukona, Kudzanai Mateveke, Parmenas Nelson Okwanga, and Exnevia Gomo. "Prevalence and risk factors associated with retinopathy in diabetic patients at Parirenyatwa Hospital outpatients’ clinic in Harare, Zimbabwe." Archives of Medical and Biomedical Research 3, no. 2 (March 30, 2017): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ambr.v3i2.6.

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Pakzad, Reza, and Saeid Safiri. "Prevalence of and Factors Associated with Nephropathy in Diabetic Patients Attending an Outpatient Clinic in Harare, Zimbabwe: Methodological Issues." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 97, no. 3 (September 7, 2017): 980. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.17-0011a.

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Machingura, Pasipanodya Ian, Exnevia Gomo, Vasco Chikwasha, and Parmenas Nelson Okwanga. "Prevalence of and Factors Associated with Nephropathy in Diabetic Patients Attending an Outpatients Clinic in Harare, Zimbabwe: Methodological Issues." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 97, no. 3 (September 7, 2017): 981–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.17-0011b.

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Gomo, Z. A. R. "The Determination of Glucose and Glycosylated Haemoglobin in a Non-Diabetic Zimbabwean African Population." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: An international journal of biochemistry and laboratory medicine 22, no. 4 (July 1, 1985): 362–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000456328502200405.

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Zotor, F. B., B. Ellahi, and P. Amuna. "Applying the food multimix concept for sustainable and nutritious diets." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 74, no. 4 (August 11, 2015): 505–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665115002372.

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Despite a rich and diverse ecosystem, and biodiversity, worldwide, more than 2 billion people suffer from micronutrient malnutrition or hidden hunger. Of major concern are a degradation of our ecosystems and agricultural systems which are thought to be unsustainable thereby posing a challenge for the future food and nutrition security. Despite these challenges, nutrition security and ensuring well balanced diets depend on sound knowledge and appropriate food choices in a complex world of plenty and want. We have previously reported on how the food multimix (FMM) concept, a food-based and dietary diversification approach can be applied to meet energy and micronutrient needs of vulnerable groups through an empirical process. Our objective in this paper is to examine how the concept can be applied to improve nutrition in a sustainable way in otherwise poor and hard-to-reach communities. We have reviewed over 100 FMM food recipes formulated from combinations of commonly consumed traditional candidate food ingredients; on average five per recipe, and packaged as per 100 g powders from different countries including Ghana, Kenya, Botswana, Zimbabawe and Southern Africa, India, Mexico, Malaysia and the UK; and for different age groups and conditions such as older infants and young children, pregnant women, HIV patients, diabetes and for nutrition rehabilitation. Candidate foods were examined for their nutrient strengths and nutrient content and nutrient density of recipes per 100 g were compared with reference nutrient intakes for the different population groups. We report on the nutrient profiles from our analysis of the pooled and age-matched data as well as sensory analysis and conclude that locally produced FMM foods can complement local diets and contribute significantly to meet nutrient needs among vulnerable groups in food-insecure environments.

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Lalla-Edward, Samanta Tresha, Alex Emilio Fischer, W. D. Francois Venter, Karine Scheuermaier, Ruchika Meel, Catherine Hankins, Gabriela Gomez, Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch, Melvin Draaijer, and Alinda G. Vos. "Cross-sectional study of the health of southern African truck drivers." BMJ Open 9, no. 10 (October 2019): e032025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032025.

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ObjectivesLifestyle and working conditions of truck drivers predisposes them to risk-factors associated with communicable and non-communicable diseases, but little is known about the health status of African truck driver. This study aims to assess a cross-section of truckers in South Africa to describe their health information.SettingThe study took place across three truck-stop rest areas in the South African provinces of Free State and Gauteng.ParticipantsEligibility criteria included being males aged 18 years and older, full-time employment as a long-distance truck driver. A total of 614 male truck drivers participated; 384 (63%) were Zimbabwean and 325 (55%) completed high-school.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe trucker survey explored demographics; working conditions; sexual, eating and sleeping behaviours; mental health status, medical history and cardiac risk-factors. Medical assessments included physical measurements, glucose and lipid measurements, ECG, carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and cardiac ultrasound.ResultsIn the previous month, 554 (91%) participants were sexually active; 522 (86%) had sex with a regular partner; 174 (27%) with a casual partner; 87 (14%) with a sex worker. Average time driving was 10 hours/day, 20 days/month, 302 (50%) never worked night shifts and 74 (12%) worked nights approximately four times per week. 112 (18%) experienced daytime sleepiness and 59 (10%) were ever hospitalised from an accident. Forty-seven (8%, 95% CI 5.3 to 9.5) were HIV-positive, with half taking antiretrovirals. Forty-eight (8%) truckers had some moderate depression, while 21 (4%) suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder. Reported tuberculosis, myocardial infarction, and diabetes were <3%. Prominent cardiac risk-factors included smoking (n=63, 11%), consuming alcohol (>15 drinks/week) (n=54, 9%), overweight/obesity (n=417, 69%), and hypertension (n=220, 36%,95% CI 32.1 to 39.7). ECG results showed 23 (4.9%) and 29 (5.3%) drivers had left ventricular hypertrophy using the Cornell criterion and product, respectively. CIMT measurements indicated nine (4.2%) drivers had a carotid atherosclerotic plaque.ConclusionThis first holistic assessment of health among southern African male truck drivers demonstrates substantial addressable cardiovascular risk factors, mental health issues and sexual risk behaviours.

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Mukona, Doreen Macherera, Precious Dzingira, M. Mhlanga, and M. Zvinavashe. "Uptake of Screening for Diabetic Retinopathy and Associated Factors among Adults with Diabetes Mellitus Aged 18-65 Years: A Descriptive Cross Sectional Study." European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2, no. 4 (July 22, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejmed.2020.2.4.247.

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The prevalence of diabetes in Zimbabwe has increased significantly in the past three decades posing serious challenges to the provision of care and prevention of disabling co-morbidities in an already disadvantaged healthcare setting. Studies conducted in Zimbabwe have reported prevalence of 16% to 38%. Diabetic retinopathy, a major complication of diabetes, is a leading cause of blindness globally and of an estimated 285 million people with diabetes worldwide approximately 33.3% have signs of diabetic retinopathy and of these a further 33.3% have vision threatening diabetic retinopathy. The purpose of this study is to examine uptake of screening for diabetic retinopathy and associated factors among adults aged 18-65 years with diabetes at Parirenyatwa Group of Hospitals. This was a cross sectional analytical study on a random sample of 83 adults aged 18-65 years with diabetes mellitus. The study was conducted according to the requirements of the Declaration of Helsinki. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data in strict privacy and confidentiality. Uptake of screening was 53%. The chi-square test was done to analyse demographic factors associated with uptake of screening. Male gender and being married were significantly associated with higher uptake of screening (p=0.029 and p=0.037 respectively). Logistic regression was done to determine predictors of uptake of screening services for diabetic retinopathy. On logistic regression, gender (OR=0.241, 95% CI [0.079 – 0.735]) and misinformation (OR=0.280, 95% CI [0.081 – 0.974]) were significant predictors of uptake of screening. Uptake of diabetic retinopathy screening was sub-optimal. Gender and misinformation were significant barriers to uptake of screening. There is need to address barriers to uptake of retinopathy screening to promote timely identification and management of complications in people with diabetes mellitus.

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Mufunda, Esther, Åsa Ernersson, and Katarina Hjelm. "Limited knowledge of diabetes in patients attending an outpatient diabetes clinic at a referral hospital in Zimbabwe: a cross-sectional study." Pan African Medical Journal 29 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2018.29.144.12301.

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Gonde, Lonestar Lazarus, and Moses John Chimbari. "Community awareness of diet needs associated with hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Hatcliffe, Zimbabwe." BMC Public Health 19, no. 1 (December 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-8030-4.

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Abstract Background Diet is an important modifiable risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) like hypertension (HTN) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A NCD is a disease that cannot be transmitted from person to person. Dietary risk factors account for 5.8% of all-cause mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). There has been an increase in the consumption of ‘westernized ‘diets in SSA. The westernized diets consumed in low-income countries are usually high in salt content, fatty, processed and fast foods; and hence accelerate the development of HTN and T2DM. Previous studies carried out in Zimbabwe showed low levels of knowledge and awareness of HTN and T2DM; and the dietary needs for patients with those conditions. The aim of this study was to explore the dietary habits and awareness of HTN and T2DM of both males and females in a high-density area (HDA) of Zimbabwe. Methods We conducted household-based cross-sectional study in a high density area of Hatcliffe, which has a population of close to 50,000 residents. Face to face interviews were conducted using hand-held mobile devices loaded with KoBo Toolbox. We selected two consenting adults, a male and female, from every fourth household in selected areas of Hatcliffe. Results In this study all the 492 participants that were interviewed responded. Eighty eight point 6% (88.6%) of the participants in the study did not know if they were hypertensive or not. In addition, 91.7% of the participants had never voluntarily checked for hypertension. Similarly, 97.6% of the participants did not know if they had T2DM or not. Ninety eight percent (98%) of the participants had not voluntarily checked their blood glucose level. Conclusions The majority of the participants in the study were not aware if they had HTN or T2DM. The participants in the study perceived that the salt they consume is the right quantity. There is a high consumption of vegetable oil in most meals prepared.

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Gonah, Laston, Indres Moodley, and Khumbulani Hlongwana. "Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and hypertension in people living with human immunodeficiency virus on antiretroviral therapy in Gweru district, Zimbabwe." African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine 12, no. 1 (August 11, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/phcfm.v12i1.2473.

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Miriraishe, Chigova, and Chopera Prosper. "Prevalence of Type 1 Diabetes and Presence of Optimal Support Services in Public Schools a Case Study of Gweru, Zimbabwe." International Journal of Diabetes and Clinical Research 7, no. 2 (June 10, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.23937/2377-3634/1410125.

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Gladys, Saburi, Zvinavashe Mathilda, and Mukona Doreen. "Knowledge if Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Women Aged 70-20 Years with Diabetes Mellitus at a Central Hospital in Zimbabwe." Nova Journal of Medical and Biological Sciences 04, no. 04 (December 20, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.20286/nova-jmbs-040468.

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Kamvura, Tiny Tinashe, Jean Turner, Ephraim Chiriseri, Jermaine Dambi, Ruth Verhey, and Dixon Chibanda. "Using a theory of change to develop an integrated intervention for depression, diabetes and hypertension in Zimbabwe: lessons from the Friendship Bench project." BMC Health Services Research 21, no. 1 (September 7, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-06957-5.

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Abstract Background Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are projected to become the leading cause of disability and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa by 2030; a vast treatment gap exists. There is a dearth of knowledge on developing evidence-based interventions that address comorbid NCDs using a task-shifting approach. The Friendship Bench, a brief psychological intervention for common mental disorders delivered by trained community grandmothers, is a promising intervention for comorbid NCDs. Although task-shifting appears to be a rational approach, evidence suggests that it may bring about tension between existing professionals from whom tasks are shifted. A Theory of Change approach is an effective way of managing the unintended tension by bringing together different stakeholders involved to build consensus on how to task shift appropriately to the parties involved. We aimed to use a theory of change approach to formulating a road map on how to successfully integrate diabetes and hypertension care into the existing Friendship Bench in order to come up with an integrated care package for depression, hypertension and diabetes aimed at strengthening NCD care in primary health care systems in Zimbabwe. Method A theory of change workshop with 18 stakeholders from diverse backgrounds was carried out in February 2020. Participants included grandmothers working on the Friendship Bench project (n = 4), policymakers from the ministry of health (n = 2), people with lived experience for the three NCDs (n = 4), health care workers (n = 2), and traditional healers (n = 2). Findings from earlier work (situational analysis, desk review, FGDs and clinic-based surveys) on the three NCDs were shared before starting the ToC. A facilitator with previous experience running ToCs led the workshop and facilitated the co-production of the ToC map. Through an iterative process, consensus between the 18 stakeholders was reached, and a causal pathway leading to developing a framework for an intervention was formulated. Results The ToC singled out the need to use expert clients (people with lived experience) to promote a patient-centred care approach that would leverage the existing Friendship Bench approach. In the face of COVID-19, the stakeholders further endorsed the use of existing digital platforms, notably WhatsApp, as an alternative way to reach out to clients and provide support. Leveraging existing community support groups as an entry point for people in need of NCD care was highlighted as a win-win by all stakeholders. A final framework for an NCD care package supported by Friendship Bench was presented to policymakers and accepted to be piloted in five geographical areas. Conclusions The ToC can be used to build consensus on how best to use using an existing intervention for common mental disorders to integrate care for diabetes and hypertension. There is a need to evaluate this new intervention through an adequately powered study.

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Nkomani, Sanele, Simbarashe Ruskaniko, and Renée Blaauw. "The impact of existing diabetes self-management education interventions on knowledge, attitudes and practices in public health care institutions in Harare, Zimbabwe." South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, July 25, 2019, 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16070658.2019.1641272.

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Cheza, Alexander, and Boikhutso Tlou. "A qualitative exploratory study of selected physicians’ perceptions of the management of non-communicable diseases at a referral hospital in Zimbabwe." Globalization and Health 17, no. 1 (July 19, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12992-021-00730-3.

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Abstract Introduction Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have recently become a global public health burden and a leading cause of premature death, mainly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The aim of the study was to explore physicians’ perceptions on the availability and quality of clinical care for the management of NCDs. Methods This was a qualitative exploratory study meant to obtain expert perceptions on clinical care delivery for NCDs in one Zimbabwean central hospital setting. Data was collected from participants who consented and was analyzed using Stata version 13. A four-point Likert scale was used to categorize different levels of perceived satisfaction. Findings Twenty-three doctors participated in the study: four female doctors and nineteen males. Nineteen of the doctors were general practitioners, whilst four were specialists. The findings indicated that both categories perceived some shortfalls in clinical care for NCDs. Moreover, the perceptions of general practitioners and specialists were not significantly different. Participants perceived cancer care to be lagging far behind the other three NCDs under study. Care of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and diabetes showed mixed perceptions amongst participants, with positive perceptions almost equaling negative perceptions. Furthermore, hypertension was perceived to be clinically cared for better than the other NCDs under consideration. Reasons for the gaps in NCD clinical care were attributed by 33% of the participants to financial challenges; a further 27% to patient behavioral challenges; and 21% to communication challenges. Conclusions The article concludes that care delivery for the selected NCDs under study at CCH need to be improved. Furthermore, it is crucial to diagnose NCDs before patients show clinical symptoms. This helps disease prognosis to yield better care results. The evaluation of doctors’ perceptions indicates the need to improve NCD care at the institution in order to control NCD co-morbidities that may increase mortality.

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Frieden, Marthe, Blessing Zamba, Nisbert Mukumbi, Patron T. Mafaune, Brian Makumbe, Elizabeth Irungu, Virginia Moneti, Petros Isaakidis, Daniela Garone, and Madhu Prasai. "Setting up a nurse-led model of care for management of hypertension and diabetes mellitus in a high HIV prevalence context in rural Zimbabwe: a descriptive study." BMC Health Services Research 20, no. 1 (June 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-05351-x.

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Wahl, Anna-Maria, Stephan Bose-O’Reilly, Viola Mambrey, James P. K. Rooney, Dennis Shoko, Dingani Moyo, Shamiso Muteti-Fana, Nadine Steckling-Muschack, and Stefan Rakete. "Analysis of the Mercury Distribution in Blood as a Potential Tool for Exposure Assessment — Results from Two Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining Areas in Zimbabwe." Biological Trace Element Research, April 23, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-021-02714-1.

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AbstractPeople in artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) areas are frequently exposed to high levels of mercury (Hg). Hg analyses in urine and whole blood are the gold standard of biomonitoring, although this may not provide sufficient information about the source of exposure, e.g., due to the use of Hg for gold extraction or due to nutrition. To evaluate, whether the pharmacokinetic properties of individual Hg species may be useful for exposure assessment, we determined the Hg levels in different blood components from 199 participants. Therefore, whole blood was centrifuged on-site to yield erythrocytes and plasma. Globin was isolated from the erythrocytes by precipitation with ethyl acetate. Albumin was isolated from plasma by gradual precipitation with saturated ammonium sulfate solution. Hg levels in all samples were determined by using a direct Hg analyzer. Median Hg levels for whole blood, erythrocytes, and plasma were 2.7, 3.7, and 1.3 μg/l, respectively. In globin and albumin, median Hg levels were 10.3 and 7.9 μg/kg, respectively. The distribution of Hg was strongly correlated with whole blood Hg levels (p < 0.01) and the time between the last use of Hg and the date of the participation (p < 0.01). The results suggest that the distribution of Hg in blood is substantially affected by the extent and the frequency of the exposure to elemental Hg. Therefore, the analysis of Hg in erythrocytes and plasma may be a valuable tool for Hg exposure assessment in ASGM areas.

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Wahl, Anna-Maria, Stephan Bose-O’Reilly, Viola Mambrey, James P. K. Rooney, Dennis Shoko, Dingani Moyo, Shamiso Muteti-Fana, Nadine Steckling-Muschack, and Stefan Rakete. "Correction to: Analysis of the Mercury Distribution in Blood as a Potential Tool for Exposure Assessment — Results from Two Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining Areas in Zimbabwe." Biological Trace Element Research, May 21, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-021-02750-x.

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