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Journal articles on the topic 'Diachronic word-formation'
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Körtvélyessy, Lívia, Pavol Štekauer, Ján Genči, and Július Zimmermann. "Word-formation in European languages." Word Structure 11, no. 3 (2018): 313–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2018.0132.
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The main goal of the paper is to analyze and evaluate the nature and the role of word-formation systems in a sample of 73 European languages. The basis for the comparison is 100 word-formation features representing 12 word-formation processes. The data is used to examine (a) the structural richness of word-formation systems at the level of individual languages, language genera, families and the linguistic area of Europe, and (b) the parameter of Maximum Feature Occurrence that identifies those word-formation features that are present in all languages under consideration, i.e., in all languages of a genus, a family or a linguistic area of Europe. In the latter case, it identifies the so-called Euroversals. From the diachronic perspective, the paper evaluates the degree of diversification of languages belonging to the same language genus and language family.
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Evans, Stephen. "Word-formation in Hong Kong English: diachronic and synchronic perspectives." Asian Englishes 17, no. 2 (2015): 116–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13488678.2015.1036510.
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Ratsiburskaya, Larisa Viktorovna. "Word-building science in Russia in the XXI century." Russian Language Studies 17, no. 3 (2019): 276–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2618-8163-2019-17-3-276-299.
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The article presents a review of scientific papers on word-formation and morphemics written in the beginning of the XXI century. Various aspects of modern word-formation science are examined: the study of morphemic and word-formation systems (derivational affixes, derived words, derivational types, methods of derivation, word-building nests) in structural-semantic, synchronic-diachronic, and dynamic aspects. Particular attention is paid to neology, which studies neologisms in socio-cultural, linguo-culturological and linguo-pragmatic aspects.
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Rodríguez-Puente, Paula. "Register Variation in Word-formation Processes." International Journal of English Studies 20, no. 2 (2020): 145–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/ijes.364261.
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This paper traces the development of two roughly synonymous nominalizing suffixes during the Early Modern English period, the Romance -ity and the native -ness. The aim is to assess whether these suffixes were favored in particular registers or followed similar paths of development, and to ascertain whether the ongoing processes of standardization and vernacularization may have affected their diachronic evolution. To this purpose, the type frequencies and rates of aggregation of new types of the two suffixes were analyzed in seventeen different registers distributed along the formal-informal and the speech-written continua. Results indicate that -ness tends to lose ground in favor of -ity between the sixteenth and the eighteenth centuries, a change which seems to have begun in formal written registers and spread towards ‘oral’ ones, probably aided by a general trend in written registers for the adoption of a more learned and literate style during the eighteenth century.
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Nummila, Kirsi-Maria. "Finnish -Ariderivatives: A diachronic study of a new word-formation pattern." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 39, no. 1 (2016): 39–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586516000032.
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Among the characteristic features of the Finnish language is the use of numerous derivational affixes and diverse word-formation options. Although Finnish has very old derivational elements, fairly recent suffixes and even completely new ways of forming words are also found. It is typical of word-formation options that they change, and that their frequency and popularity varies over time. In this diachronic study, the focus is on one of the most recent suffixes used in the Finnish language, the agentive-Arisuffix (e.g.kaahari‘reckless driver’,kuohari‘gelder of animals’). What makes the-Ariderivatives special is that the type has been adopted on the model of words borrowed from the Germanic languages. Historically these are descended from the Latin derivational element -ārius, which was adopted widely in the European languages. The main purpose of the present study was to find out whether, from a diachronic perspective, the -Ari-derived agent nouns actually represent an independent derived semantic category in Finnish. Another purpose was to characterize the process whereby the-Arisuffix was adopted in Finnish: at what point do these derived forms actually first occur in Finnish, and how has the use of the derivational element been manifested at different times. A final significant task of the study was to clarify the potential reasons and motivations for this morphological borrowing.
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Hartmann, Stefan. "What drives morphological change?" Morphology and its interfaces 37, no. 2 (2014): 275–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.37.2.06har.
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This paper investigates the role of syntactic, semantic, and lexical factors in the diachronic development of German nominalization patterns. Drawing on an extensive corpus analysis of Early New High German and New High German texts, it is shown that (a) deverbal nominals in the suffix -ung tend to develop more reified meaning variants, which is reflected in the syntactic patterns in which the word-formation products preferentially occur, and (b) infinitival nominalization becomes more productive and is established as the new default word-formation pattern deriving nouns from verbs. These considerations fit in neatly with a cognitively-oriented theory of word-formation change situated in the framework of Construction Grammar.
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Vandana Lakra, Alisha, and Md Mojibur Rahman. "Reduplication in Kurukh: A Study in Word-formation Processes and Vocabulary Acquisition." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 6, no. 4 (2017): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.6n.4p.120.
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Change is the nature of every living language for better communication. These changes can be phonological, morphological, syntactical and lexical, because of various linguistic affects. The synchronic and diachronic study of language proves that it enriches the vocabulary of the language. Another reason for the enrichment of vocabulary is through morphological word formation process which are mainly inflectional, derivational, compounding and reduplication, etc. Reduplication is implicit to phonological (sounds and prosodic units) and morphological (word constituents) components. It occurs in many languages and helps in the formation of new words. The present study concentrates on the process of reduplication Kurukh and the role of reduplication in acquiring vocabulary.
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Hartmann, Stefan. "Derivational morphology in flux: a case study of word-formation change in German." Cognitive Linguistics 29, no. 1 (2018): 77–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2016-0146.
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AbstractThe diachronic change of word-formation patterns is currently gaining increasing interest in cognitive-linguistic and constructionist approaches. This paper contributes to this line of research with a corpus-based investigation of nominalization with the suffix-ungin German. In doing so, it puts forward both theoretical and methodological considerations on morphology and morphological change from a usage-based perspective. Regarding methodology, the long-standing topic of how to measure (changes in) the productivity of a morphological pattern is discussed, and it is shown how statistical association measures can be applied to quantify the relationship between word-formation patterns and their bases. These findings are linked up with theoretical considerations on the interplay between constructional schemas and their respective instances.
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Urban, Matthias. "Asymmetries in overt marking and directionality in semantic change." Journal of Historical Linguistics 1, no. 1 (2011): 3–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhl.1.1.02urb.
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This article is a contribution to the long standing issue of identifying directionality in semantic change. Drawing on evidence from a sample of morphologically complex terms in basic vocabulary for 149 globally distributed languages, it is argued that cross-linguistically preferred synchronic relationships of word-formation provide clues to likely directions of diachronic semantic developments. The hypothesis is tested against diachronic data from Indo-Aryan languages, and, in spite of a number of counterexamples, a correlation is found. In addition, it is shown how these data can be applied to semantic reconstruction, and a scenario of semantic change which involves morphological complexity in an early stage of semantic development is sketched.
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Berg, Kristian. "Changes in the productivity of word-formation patterns: Some methodological remarks." Linguistics 58, no. 4 (2020): 1117–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2020-0148.
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AbstractChanges in the productivity of word-formation patterns are often investigated using hapax legomena. In this paper, I argue that at least in diachronic investigations of productivity, a measure based on first attestations is a viable alternative to hapax-based measures. I show that such a measure is a more direct proxy to new words than hapax-based measures – it measures what we want to measure, which is not always true for the latter. I present a method that deals with the common problem of varying subcorpus sizes (I suggest we randomly resample the subcorpora up to a predefined size), and to the problem of old words appearing as new at the start of the corpus (I suggest we take an earlier corpus and determine a point in time when almost all old words have registered). Armed with these instruments, we can determine the ratio of new types to existing types for a time span, which can be regarded as the renewal rate of the respective category.
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Ягинцева [Jagintseva], Ольга [Olga]. "К этимологии диалектного существительного борошня". Acta Baltico-Slavica 37 (30 червня 2015): 585–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/abs.2013.040.
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The etymology of the Russian dialectical word boroshnyaTracking back the origins of locally used words and turns of phrases recorded in literature is important because diachronic linguistic research provides substantial and rather reliable information about the history of its speakers. Based on etymological findings, it is possible to outline both general as well as specific features of a dialect or a language. In many cases, other historical and linguistic evidence will help revise and clarify these basic findings.In this article, the origin of a word boroshnya ‘basket’ is analysed. The reconstructed semantic and word-formation relationships have a very archaic character, which explains the fact that the lexeme boroshnya lost its word-formation productivity. The author proposes a new explanation of the etymology of the noun boroshnya, arguing for a connection between this noun and the word boroshen’ ‘belongings’. The author proves that the word boroshnya has derived from the proto-form: *boršьno < *bhorģ-s-i-no- ‘to divide’, which means that the word boroshnya is of a Slavonic origin and was not borrowed from any other language.
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Fernández Domínguez, Jesús. "A diachronic-synchronic review of gender in English." Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses, no. 20 (November 15, 2007): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/raei.2007.20.03.
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Why does man occur more frequently in the English language than woman does? Has the expression of gender evolved through the centuries or is it a non-changing linguistic universal? To what extent are inflections and word-formation processes able to convey gender in present-day English? This paper reviews a number of questions which have raised interest among scholars for many years, and which can now be reconsidered from a 21st-century perspective. To this end, the expression of gender is examined and illustrated from Old English to contemporary English to observe the alternatives which language provides and the differences in each of the periods covered. This allows taking a broad view of the state of the art, which seems necessary for an understanding of how biological sex can be expressed in the English language.
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Suhardianto, Suhardianto, and Melly Siska Suryani. "DIACHRONIC ANALYSIS IN CONTRUCTION AND CONTEXT OF USE: SLANG LANGUAGE." ENGLISH JOURNAL OF INDRAGIRI 2, no. 2 (2018): 58–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.32520/eji.v2i2.237.
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This research is aimed to find a comparison of how each language (colloquail, slang, transformational) are formed and in what context is used. This research is descriptive qualitative research. At the stage of providing data, researchers use Simak and Cakap technique. In the process of data analysis, the researchers use the method of padan and agih method. The agih method is used to look at the slang language constructs in each period while the method of padan is used to describe the adolescent Perspective in the use of colloquail, slang and transformational language from time to time. The result of the research shows that the way how the three non standard language is different from each other. Colloquail language are formed by changing “a” to “e” in final syllable, Deletion of First Syllable, New word formation, Additional Syllable “nge”, Change “a” to “e” in final syllable and add “an”, and Additional particle “deh”, “aja”, “kok”, “ama”. Slang language are formed by Initial Each Word Collection, Word letter choosen, Deletion of initial letter and syllable, Change of “s’ to “c”, Change of “k” to “q”, Change of “au” to “w”, Change of “u” to “oe”, Adoption of basic words, English language abbreviation, English-Indonesia Abreviation, Citation and new word construction.Transformational language are formed by Ga, Gi, Gu, Ge, Go formula after single vowel sound syllable, Ga/G, Gi, Gu, Ge, Go formula before dipthong sound syllable, Ga, Gi, Gu, Ge, Go formula before last consonant sound, and Ga, Gi, Gu, Ge, Go formula for cluster consonant. The colloquial language usage context is more influenced by the habitual aspects heard by speakers in their environment such as at home, in markets, playgrounds, and certain other events. Slang languages, its use is influenced by the juvenile community environment where users only on the uses level 12 to 19 years. Transformational language was influenced by the desire to hide speech to people who were not from their groups like parents and strangers.
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Kuibida, Khrystyna, and Rocksolyana Olishchuk. "WORD-FORMATION IN MODERN GREEK: THE PECULIARITIES OF SUFFIXATION." Studia Linguistica, no. 16 (2020): 86–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/studling2020.16.86-100.
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The article analyzes the main features of the affixation as one of the ways of the Greek word formation, of suffixation in particular. In order to reveal the complete historical picture concerning the processes of appearance or loss of specific suffixes, besides the synchronic, the diachronic approach was used in the work. Firstly, the history of the development of linguistic traditions of the Greek language is mentioned, the main theoretical concepts are defined, such as: a word-forming type as the main classification unit of a word-forming paradigm, a word-forming meaning and a word-forming category. The Greek suffixes were divided into two types: those that add an emotional tone to the word (diminutive, augmentative), and give a new meaning to the word. Diminutive suffixes are are of substantival and adjective nature, while augmentative suffixes might also be added to the verb bases. It is noted that the augmentatives are used exclusively in masculine and feminine genders, while diminutives are used in three genders (of which the neuter prevails). Suffixes of the second type transfer the creative basis into another grammatical category, changing the meaning. In the system of Modern Greek nouns several word-forming categories were singled out, on the basis of which word-forming models and meanings of suffixal derivatives are demonstrated. Adjective suffixation is briefly examined. The most common verb and adverb suffixes are listed. The main data on the Greek suffixation are systematized in the article: the general features of MG suffixes, the main differences between the features of AG and MG suffixations, the evolution of MG suffixation is analyzed on the basis of four types of suffixes, the borrowed MG suffixes are classified by origin.
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Kuibida, Khrystyna. "WORD-FORMATION IN MODERN GREEK: THE PECULIARITIES OF PREFIXATION." Studia Linguistica, no. 19 (2021): 88–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/studling2021.19.88-102.
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The article analyzes the features of Greek prefixation as one of the ways of affix word formation. In order to reveal the complete picture concerning the origin of specific prefixes, their morphological and semantic changes in comparison with the ancient Greek language, and to reveal the emergence of new affixes, besides the synchronic the diachronic approach was used in the work. On the basis of the main theoretical concepts of word-forming paradigmatics several word-forming types and paradigms, possible structural models of derivatives in Greek are considered. Greek prefixes are divided into two types: inseparable and autonomous in origin (homonymous prepositions or adverbs that function independently in Greek). Among the autonomous units prefixes of prepositional origin are the most numerous. The process of prefixization is divided into pure prefixation and prefixation-suffixational / inflectional method. Greek pure prefixation is identified with compounding due to the same formal and functional features. Derivatives formed by the other method usually transmit the forming base into another grammatical category with the appropriate lexical meaning. The process of prefixization depends on both prefixes and the forming stem. Greek forming stems of prefixational derivatives are classified into free and bound. Prefixes can be combined with different classes of words. The greatest variety of prefixes of prepositional origin, as noted in the paper, is combined with verbs, and inseparable particles – mostly with noun bases. Due to the secondary derivation a double prefixation of the forming stem can take place. Besides the systematization of the main features of Greek prefixes, the article analyzes the evolution of prefixization on the basis of five types of prefixes. In the result of reconsideration, as noted in the paper, prefixes or prefixoids were formed on the basis of both grammatical and lexical elements.
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Поленова, Галина Тихоновна, and Марина Геннадьевна Аханова. "DIACHRONIC TYPOLOGY OF THE KET PRONOUN BIN'." Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology, no. 2(28) (September 18, 2020): 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/2307-6119-2020-2-66-76.
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В статье анализируется структура и значения форм кетского возвратно-определительного местоимения «сам» в типологическом сравнении с подобными местоимениями в языках разных систем в синхронном и диахронном плане. Вначале рассматривается статус местоимения как части речи, спорные вопросы по этому поводу. Подчёркивается типологическая связь определительного и возвратного значения местоимения «сам» при структурно-семантическом анализе словоформ, их выражающих. Затем излагается описание словоформы “bin’” в кетском языке, начиная с истории её исследования кетологами. Приводятся таблицы склонения рассматриваемого местоимения в сравнении со склонением личных кетских местоимений и существительных. Описываются значения падежных форм местоимения “bin’”, подкреплённые примерами употребления этих форм в речи. Отмечается чёткое деление кетских падежных форм на две группы: группа родительного падежа и группа основного падежа. Формы родительного падежа выражают посессивные отношения со значением «свой собственный». В типологическом плане анализируются, прежде всего, данные енисейского коттского языка по данным А. Кастрена. Далее привлекается материал языков бурушаски, алтайских, санскрита, дагестанских, финно-угорских и других. Отмечено, что типологических примеров местоимённо-дейктического происхождения местоимения «сам» немного, однако они имеются в языках разных генетических групп, таких как: финно-угорский хантыйский, камчатский ительменский, дагестанский лакский язык. Диахронно-типологический анализ приведённых данных позволил автору заключить, что кетское местоимение “bin’” является древнейшим примером словообразования в языке в целом. Если в большинстве представленных в статье языков местоимение «сам» восходит к полнозначному существительному, то структура словоформ местоимения bin‘ не имеет аналогов и состоит из древнейших дейктических частиц с широким значением, т.е. она является свидетелем такого периода в развитии языка, когда каждый строевой элемент имел своё собственное значение. Сложные парадигматические формы рассматриваемого местоимения в современном кетском языке отражают процесс постепенной грамматикализации когда-то самостоятельных дейктических частиц. The article analyzes the structure and meanings of the forms of the Ket reflexive pronoun “self” in typological comparison with similar pronouns in the languages of different systems from synchronic and diachronic point of view. The typological connection of the definitive and reflexive meanings of the pronoun “self” is emphasized in the structural-semantic analysis of word forms expressing them. Then a description of the word form “bin’ ”in the Ket language is given. The declension tables of the considered pronoun are compared with the declension of personal Ket pronouns and nouns. The meanings of the case forms of the pronoun “bin’”, supported by examples of the use of these forms in speech, are described. Forms of the genitive case express a possessive relationship with the meaning of "one’s own". From typological point of view first of all, the data of the Yenisei Kott language are analyzed. Next, material from the languages of Burushaski, Altai, Sanskrit, Dagestan, Finno-Ugric and others is attracted. It is noted that there are few typological examples of the pronoun-deictic origin of the pronoun “self”, however they are available in languages of different genetic groups. Diachronic-typological analysis of the data provided allowed the author to conclude that the Ket pronoun “bin’” is the oldest example of word formation in the language as a whole, it witnesses such a period in the development of the language, when each structure element had its own meaning.
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Novo Urraca, Carmen, and Ana Elvira Ojanguren López. "Productivity and graduality in the Layered Structure of the Word." Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada/Spanish Journal of Applied Linguistics 33, no. 1 (2020): 202–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/resla.17058.urr.
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Abstract This article deals with two theoretical aspects of lexical derivation, productivity and graduality. After a discussion of transparency and opaqueness in Old English word-formation, it focuses on lexical productivity and puts forward a typology of recursive phenomena. On the basis of this typology, the morphological template of the Layered Structure of the Word is revised. The main conclusion is that a more diachronically oriented analysis is likely to opt for a decompositional template, whereas a more synchronically directed study which seeks typological validity will probably favour the template with one functional slot. If the focus is on diachronic linguistics, a template based on minimal constituent analysis can guarantee a detailed description of the derivational steps of the word, including non-affixal derivation and semantically opaque affixes.
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Bilynskyi, M. "Synonymous strings length and constituents' placement in english deverbal word-formation: The physicist's contribution to diachronic lexicology." Journal of Physical Studies 11, no. 1 (2007): 6–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/jps.11.006.
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Rainer, Franz. "Patterns and niches in diachronic word formation: the fate of the suffix -men from Latin to Romance." Morphology 28, no. 4 (2018): 397–465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11525-018-9333-3.
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Arkhipova, E. V., and A. G. Fomin. "FACTORS OF LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL TRANSFER IN NAMING UNITS OF SOCIAL DISEASES: A DIACHRONIC APPROACH." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University, no. 4 (December 23, 2018): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2018-4-175-181.
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This article deals with the processes of linguistic and cultural transfer of nominations of the social diseases sphere in the diachronic aspect, as well as the factors that lead to the appearance and consolidation of new linguistic units in the language. The study features nominations related to the social diseases and medical spheres taken from bilingual and multilingual medical dictionaries and dictionaries of foreign words, scientific and popular science literature. We can distinguish the following diachronic classification of English words in Russian language: 1) non-assimilated anglicisms; 2) partially assimilated anglicisms; 3) fully assimilated anglicisms. The extralinguistic factors of linguistic and cultural transfer may include the interaction of cultures and the authority of the source language. The intralinguistic factors may include the absence of the equivalent in the native language, the tendency to use one word instead of a descriptive phrase, impossibility of formation of derivatives in the native language.
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Werner, Martina. "Three diachronic sources for the development of -erei-based synthetic compounds in German." Word Structure 13, no. 3 (2020): 347–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2020.0175.
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This article investigates the historical development of synthetic compounds with the suffix -erei, such as German Buchleserei ‘book reading’. Synthetic compounding has been attested in older language stages of German, as in Old High German kirihwihî ‘church consecration’ or Middle High German bluotspîunge ‘blood spitting’. In the history of the German language, synthetic compounds are the last step in the development of a nominalizing suffix. Suffixes attach first to simplex bases (such as German Leserei ‘reading’), and only afterwards can they form synthetic compounds with a compound base (such as Bücherleserei ‘reading of books’). The development of verbal synthetic compounding results from three different sources: a) a suffixal pattern based on compound nominals (such as exocentric Freigeist ‘free spirit’ becomes Freigeisterei ‘free spiritedness’), where the pattern develops the ability to nominalize VPs (such as Nichtstuerei ‘doing nothing’); b) root compounds which develop the ability to take a deverbal head suffixed by -erei (such as Venus–Nascherey ‘Venusian nibbling’); and c) low-frequency - erei-compounds which originate from inherited idiomatic compound verbs (such as Ehebrecherei ‘adultery’, lit. ‘marriage-breakery’ > ehebrechen (V) ‘to commit adultery’, lit. ‘to marriage-break’). The paper delineates the three developments for different word formation types which lead to the morphological distribution of present-day German.
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Cheng, Jie. "On syntactic intervention in Chinese denominal verbs." Diachronica 32, no. 3 (2015): 293–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.32.3.01che.
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The derivation of Chinese denominal verbs has undergone a diachronic shift from freedom in Archaic Chinese to restriction in Post-Archaic Chinese. While denominal verbs in Archaic Chinese can be conveniently accommodated in a pragmatic account, those in Post-Archaic Chinese only yield to a syntactic account. The diachronic shift has arguably resulted from syntactic intervention: only those denominal verbs in Archaic Chinese that can possibly be derived in syntax have survived into Post-Archaic Chinese. In support of this hypothesis is the fact that the prefix *s- and qù shēng bié yì (“falling tone for sense distinction”), responsible for verbalization of nouns in Archaic Chinese, have ceased to operate and given way to zero categories in Post-Archaic Chinese, and the denominal verbs in Post-Archaic Chinese exhibit transparent semantic structures. These findings support the general view about the lexicon-syntax interface that word formation should not be reduced to either the lexicon or syntax alone.
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Pérez Lorido, Rodrigo, and Pablo Ordóñez García. "Grammaticalisation paths in the rise and development of aside." Research in Corpus Linguistics 8, no. 2 (2020): 63–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.32714/ricl.08.02.04.
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In this paper we analyse the grammaticalisation processes involved in the rise and development of the ‘a-adverbial’ aside from the original combination of the preposition on and the substantive side in Old English. Different aspects of this grammatical change will be discussed in the paper, from morphosyntactic and phonological (coalescence-univerbation) to semantic ones (development of abstract senses, extension of semantic range), taking very much into account the diachronic axis that underpins them. Special attention has been paid in the analysis to the variation patterns of aside that existed in the Late Middle English period (when the actual process of grammaticalisation was about to be completed) and to the correlation of these variants with the geographic provenance of the texts, trying to determine if the processes of word formation that gave rise to this new word class travelled homogeneously across Britain.
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Alpeeva, L. V. "Word-Formation Categories of Adjectivities with the Meaning "Attribute by Action" in the Modern Russian Language." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 21, no. 3 (2019): 788–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2019-21-3-788-800.
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In modern cognitive linguistics, the controversial matters of the definition of invariant units in derivatology still remain relevant. The selection of such a unit as a word-formation category, despite the intensification of its study in recent decades, raises many questions. The most relevant of them are the following: the correlation of onomasiological and derivational categories, the reflection of concepts in derivational categories, the type of meaning, which the identification of derivational types is based on; the scope and typology of derivational categories, their possible hierarchy, and the interaction of derivational types within one category. This article features the above-mentioned key problems and the author’s point of view on the volume of the given emic unit. The author emphasizes the redundancy of bringing to the definition a wordformational category of such formal criteria as part of speech of the generating and derived fundamentals and the method of word-formation since they are not related to the functional analysis of language units. The empirical material is relevant, since Russian linguistics know no description of derivative adjective vocabulary, neither in synchronous nor in diachronic aspects. There is but one research based on Pskov dialects. The object of study is a new layer of the vocabulary analyzed as suggested by the author. This article presents a fragment of the description of the word-formative category of adjectivities with the value "attribute by action". A careful study of the material resulted in the following conclusions. In the same word-formation category, relations of additional or free distribution between single-function word-formation types are possible, depending on the grammatical qualities of the motivating verb (its type and derivativeness). This fact an explanatory effect on adjectives with this meaning in the language and predicts the appearance of new lexemes and other changes in wordbuilding categories.
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Hilpert, Martin. "From hand-carved to computer-based: Noun-participle compounding and the upward strengthening hypothesis." Cognitive Linguistics 26, no. 1 (2015): 113–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2014-0001.
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AbstractThis paper addresses the recent history of noun-participle compounding in English. This word formation process is illustrated by forms such as hand-carved or computer-based. Data from the COHA shows that over the last two-hundred years, such forms have undergone a substantial increase in type and token frequency. These quantitative changes motivate an exploration of the qualitative changes that have accompanied them. A diachronic analysis of the noun and participle types that are recruited into noun-participle compounds reveals that the word formation process has changed substantially with regard to its component parts. While the observable changes in noun-participle compounding match several defining criteria of grammaticalization, it is argued here that these developments are more usefully seen as a process of constructional change. To distinguish between those two, this paper develops an idea that is called the upward strengthening hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, grammaticalization happens when the activation of a node in a constructional network strengthens not only that node itself, but also a node that is situated at a higher, more abstract level of that network.
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Stüber, K. "MEISSNER, T.: S-stem Nouns and Adjectives in Greek and Proto-Indo-European. A Diachronic Study in Word Formation." Kratylos 52, no. 1 (2007): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29091/kratylos/2007/1/7.
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Абрегов, Ачердан Нухович, and Рузанна Алиевна Эльдарова. "Word-formation and etymological analysis of the Adyghe names of the mat and plants intended for its manufacture." Вестник Адыгейского государственного университета, серия «Филология и искусствоведение», no. 3(282) (March 2, 2022): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.53598/2410-3489-2021-3-282-15-20.
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Рассматриваются лексические единицы, номинирующие циновку в адыгских языках и называющие растения, которые используются при её плетении. Материал исследования представлен данными лексикографических источников и полевой информацией, собранной в экспедициях авторами статьи. В лингвистике утвердилось мнение о том, что в агглютинативных языках, куда входят и адыгейские языки, внутренняя форма слова всегда прозрачна: легко вычленяются составляющие морфемы. Действительно, в таком случае в синхронном плане без особых усилий можно определить лексико-семантическую и словообразовательную структуру слова. Однако в ряде случаев слова претерпевают смысловые и фонетические преобразования, затрудняющие объяснить происхождение слова, которое может быть установлено только в диахронном аспекте. The paper examines the lexical units nominating the mat in the Adyghe languages and naming the plants that are used in its weaving. The research material encompasses data from lexicographic sources and field information collected in expeditions by the authors of this work. In linguistics, the opinion has been confirmed that in agglutinative languages, which include the Adyghe languages, the internal form of the word is always transparent: the constituent morphemes are easily isolated. Indeed, in this case, the lexico-semantic and word-formation structure of a word can be determined synchronously without much effort. However, in some cases, words undergo semantic and phonetic transformations that make it difficult to explain the origin of the word, which can be established only in the diachronic aspect. The purpose of the study is to determine the lexico-semantic and word-formation structure of derived words and to give an etymological analysis of lexemes that have lost the internal form of a word or function with a darkened internal form. To solve this problem, comparative historical and comparative research methods are used. The theoretical significance of the research lies in the fact that the results of the work can be used in the development of courses of lectures on lexicology, semasiology and word formation, as well as in lectures on various sections of modern Adyghe languages and in lexicographic practice.
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ARNDT-LAPPE, SABINE. "Analogy in suffix rivalry: the case of English -ityand -ness." English Language and Linguistics 18, no. 3 (2014): 497–548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136067431400015x.
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Rivalry between the two English nominalising suffixes -ityand -nesshas long been an issue in the literature on English word-formation (see esp. Marchand 1969; Aronoff 1976; Anshen & Aronoff 1981; Romaine 1983; Riddle 1985; Giegerich 1999; Plag 2003; Säily 2011; Baeskow 2012; Lindsay 2012; Baueret al. 2013: ch. 12). Both regularly attach to adjectival bases, producing nouns with (mostly) synonymous meanings. Most standard accounts assume that stronger restrictiveness of -ityis an effect of -itybeing less productive than -ness, and that the observed preferences are an effect of selectional restrictions imposed on bases and/or suffixes. The focus of the present study is on the productivity of the two suffixes in synchronic English and on the diachronic development of that productivity in the recent history of the language. The article presents a statistical analysis and a computational simulation with an analogical model (using the AM algorithm, Skousen & Stanford 2007) of the distribution of -ityand -nessin a corpus comprising some 2,700 neologisms from theOxford English Dictionaryfrom three different centuries (the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth). Statistical analysis of theOEDdata reveals that -itypreference for pertinent bases is far more widespread than hitherto thought. Furthermore, the earlier data show a consistent development of these preference patterns over time. Computational modelling shows that AM is highly successful in predicting the variation in synchronic English as well as in the diachronic data solely on the basis of the formal properties of the bases of nominalisation. On the basis of a detailed analysis of the AM model it is shown that, unlike many previous approaches, an analogical theory of word-formation provides a convincing account of the observed differences between the productivity profiles of the two nominalising suffixes and their emergence over time.
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Werth, Alexander. "Morphologie und Semantik der n-Erweiterung bei Muttern und Vatern im Deutschen." Zeitschrift für Wortbildung / Journal of Word Formation 5, no. 1 (2021): 37–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/zwjw.2021.01.02.
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Abstract: This paper deals with German kinship terms ending with the form n (Muttern, Vatern). Firstly, data from newspapers are presented that show that especially Muttern denotes very special meanings that can only be derived to a limited extent from the lexical base: a) Muttern referring to a home where mother cares for you, b) Muttern standing for overprotection, and c) Muttern representing a special food style (often embedded in prepositional phrases and/or comparative constructions like wie bei or wie von Muttern). Secondly, it is argued that the addition of n to kinship terms is not a word-formation pattern, but that these word forms are instead lexicalized and idiomatized in contemporary German. Hence, a diachronic scenario is applied to account for the data. It is argued in the present paper that the n-forms have been borrowed from Low German dialects, especially from constructional idioms of the type ‘X-wie bei Muttern’ and that forms were enriched by semantic concepts associated with the dialect.
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Shaposhnikova, I. V. "The Mode of Intentionality of the Russian Language Personality through the Prism of Associative Grammar." NSU Vestnik. Series: Linguistics and Intercultural Communication 19, no. 4 (2021): 135–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7935-2021-19-4-135-150.
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The article states that the mode of intentionality, being a socio-cultural phenomenon, manifests itself in the language personality in the form of its socio-communicative attitudes. In comparison with subconscious sets of the “general cultural script” which motivate and support the functioning of a socio-cultural system as a whole, the sociocommunicative attitudes of the language personality are much more flexible, susceptible to multiple changes in the social network of communication. The socio-communicative attitudes of the language personality are studied with the units of analysis that can be called semantic accentuations embodied in the multiplicity and multidimensionality of links in the human associative-verbal network (AVN). Yu. N. Karaulov’s ideas about the complementarity of word-changing, word-forming and semantic variability in the AVN of the Russian language personality (RLP) are developed and tested in the article on new materials in connection with the multiplicity of ways of concentrating meaning. Using the latest experimental materials of the associative-verbal database SIBAS 1 (2007–2013) and SIBAS 2 (2014– 2021), the author puts to the test different techniques of vector analysis, both on the entire array of associates and within individual associative fields (AFs). These techniques include: an automatic generation (extraction from the entire array of associates) of the AFs of the studied word-forming units; a comparative psychoglossic analysis of the current diachronic dynamics of the AFs of the selected stimuli; constructing vectors of lexico-grammatical variation of the reactions in these AFs against the background of their semantic vectors; extracting particular word-changing and word-forming paradigms from the entire array of associates with a subsequent analysis of their contribution to the concentration of meanings, etc. Such methods show different entrances to the AVN for access to the same points of concentration of meaning and help to assess the contribution of the dissipated throughout the network associative grammar to the formation of semantic accentuations of the RLP. Hypothetically, it seems possible to imagine the construction of the fluctuation dynamics of an associative-verbal hypernetwork (AVHN) of the RLP on the combination of accentuation vectors of its subsystems (networks of word-changing, word-forming or semantic variability) in the current diachrony and historical retrospective.
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Murzin, Yuriy. "Enantiosemy: Unity or Struggle of Opposites?" Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no. 3 (September 28, 2018): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2018-3-59-63.
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The phenomenon of enantiosemy is due to the semantic evolution of the word has resulted in the formation of an opposite meaning to the main meaning of the same. Are key elements of this process, the dualism of human thinking, the asymmetry of the linguistic sign, the meaning diffuse the root of the etymon and the inversion of the relation subject-object, among others. Sometimes, as a result of the diachronic variation of the nuclear meaning the word lose in a certain period of time its original meaning which recur with time in some phrases or syntactical constructions which form the word.The lexical-semantic variants of a word count with nuclear common semes. Are opposed to them generally non-nuclear semes. The meaning of the enantiosemic word only you can reveal it from the context. The opposite meanings present a case of polysemy and form a single whole. The concepts that these words are complemented to designate objects, processes or phenomena, simultaneous or consecutive inextricably linked to each other.In the present work, we analyze cases of nominative, grammatical and conversive enantiosemy of some nouns, pronouns, adverbs and verbs. The study was carried out on the basis of lexicographical, literary and journalistic examples.
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Daugs, Robert. "English modal enclitic constructions: a diachronic, usage-based study of ’d and ’ll." Cognitive Linguistics 33, no. 1 (2022): 221–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2021-0023.
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Abstract English modal enclitics (’d and ’ll) are typically conceived of as colloquial pronunciation variants that are semantically identical to their respective full forms (would and will). Although this conception has already been challenged by Nesselhauf, Nadja. 2014. From contraction to construction? The recent life of ’ll. In Marianne Hundt (ed.), Late modern English syntax, 77–89. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press and Daugs, Robert. 2021. Contractions, constructions and constructional change: Investigating the constructionhood of English modal contractions from a diachronic perspective. In Martin Hilpert, Bert Cappelle & Ilse Depraetere (eds.), Modality and diachronic construction grammar, 12–52. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, who argue for the constructional status of both enclitics, the present study proposes a refinement according to which the differences between enclitics and full forms can be pinpointed to specific co-occurrence patterns. Rather than rashly postulating a general ’d-construction or an ’ll-construction, the data indicate that lower-level instances, like I’d V, we’ll V, or it would V, are very much capable of capturing the meaning differences between enclitics and full forms without recourse to higher, more abstract level. This is achieved by assessing the changes in the associative links these patterns entertain in a data-driven, bottom-up fashion. By utilizing the COHA and a variety of quantitative methods, it can be shown that, although enclitic patterns become more frequent and more varied, they remain overall still more restricted than the full forms, which promotes the emergence of ‘new’ symbolic associations. The results are integrated into current research in Diachronic Construction Grammar (Hilpert, Martin. 2013. Constructional change in English: Developments in allomorphy, word formation, and syntax. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Hilpert, Martin. 2021. Ten lectures in diachronic construction grammar. Leiden: Brill) and dynamic, network-oriented models of language (Schmid, Hans-Jörg. 2020. The dynamics of the linguistic system: Usage, conventionalization, and entrenchment. Oxford: Oxford University Press).
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Popova, Elena P. "SEMANTIC SHIFT AS A SOURCE OF LEGAL TERMINOLOGY DEVELOPMENT (BASED ON ENGLISH)." Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, no. 2 (2019): 150–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/24107190_2019_5_2_150_159.
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The article considers the issues of semantic derivation, its role and place in English legal terms forming at different stages of legal vocabulary development. Semantic derivation (in various sources also referred to as semantic shift and semantic transfer), along with word-building, is one of the internal sources of a language word-stock development and enlargement. A short insight into the theory of terminology at the beginning of the paper enables to determine the status of a term, its relative features, semantic requirements for a term, and to review the most common ways of term formation. Further, the place and role of legal vocabulary are viewed in relation to general literary language, and the issue of English legal terms variance is brought up. Dynamics in the semantic structure of a word is well traced in diachronic and synchronic studies of semantically reinterpreted items from the point of view of their connection with extra linguistic realities. In the experiment, the focus has been made upon the linguistic material of the Old English, Middle English and Early Modern English periods in relation to the periods of Anglo-Saxon law...
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Петрухина, Елена Васильевна. "Роль Словообразовательных Формантов В Сохранении Сакрального Смысла Церковнославянизмов В Русском Языке". Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 69, № 3 (2018): 512–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2019-0028.
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Abstract The author of the article applies synchronic and diachronic approach to describe consistent patterns in Russian word formation, when the facts in contemporary Russian are explained with due regard to the history of their development and formation. The research focuses on commonly used derivatives of the Church Slavic, which have not lost their sacred meaning despite the general secularization beyond religious discourse of evangelic lexis in Russian (as well as in other Slavic languages). The preservation of the sacred meaning is influenced by a specific process of differentiation between the sacred and the secular by means of wordbuilding formants in cognate synonyms (for example, Рождество [‘Christmas’]/рождение [‘birth’]; житие [‘the life (of a saint)’]/житье [‘ordinary life’]; Воскресение [‘Resurrection’]/воскресенье [‘Sunday’]; искупить [‘to redeem’], Искупитель [‘the Redeemer’]/выкупить [‘to buy out’] etc.). The last section of the article considers the process of semantic specification in diachrony of originally synonymic cognate derivatives like живот [‘belly’], житие [‘the life (of a saint)’], жизнь [‘life’], which has led to a complete change of the semantics of the lexeme живот [‘belly’] (a gradual strengthening of its physical component has led to the modern meaning ‘belly, part of body’) and the prevalence of the word жизнь (with its Old Slavonic suffix знь). The latter, having absorbed the “liferelated” semantic of lexemes живот ‘belly’ and житие ‘the life (of a saint)’, expresses all aspects of its understanding and interpretation by the contemporary language community. The author assumes that this process could also have been influenced by the general correlation between the Church Slavonicisms (both elevated and general denominations) and native Russian words (both concrete and ordinary denominations) in Russian. Wordbuilding formants play a significant role in the differentiation of the sacred and the secular (and preserving the sacred) when the religious lexicon of the Church Slavonic origin enters the modern Russian language.
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Meir, Irit. "Question and Negation in Israeli Sign Language." Sign Language and Linguistics 7, no. 2 (2006): 97–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.7.2.03mei.
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The paper presents the interrogative and negative constructions in Israeli Sign Language (ISL). Both manual and nonmanual components of these constructions are described, revealing a complex and rich system. In addition to the basic lexical terms, ISL uses various morphological devices to expand its basic question and negation vocabulary, such as compounding and suffixation. The nonmanual component consists of specific facial expressions, head and body posture, and mouthing. The use of mouthing is especially interesting, as ISL seems to use it extensively, both as a word formation device and as a grammatical marker for negation. Interrogative and negative constructions interact in with other grammatical categories in the language; i.e., the distribution of various negation words is determined by the lexical category of the negated word. Thus, the distribution of negation words provides evidence for the existence of Nouns, Verbs and Adjectives as formal categories in the language. Finally, a diachronic comparison between present day ISL and earlier stages of the language reveals interesting traits in the development of these systems.
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Dragicevic, Rajna. "Slavic lexis denoting human traits and emotions in Elezovic’s dictionary of the Kosovo and Metohija dialect." Juznoslovenski filolog 72, no. 1-2 (2016): 33–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi1602033d.
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The paper discusses the Slavic lexis denoting human traits and emotions in Glisa Elezovic?s Dictionary of the Kosovo and Metohija Dialect. The author of the dictionary collected the material at the very beginning of the 20th century, which means that the volume presents the lexical material of the nineteenth century and possibly even earlier (since the material for the dictionary also comes in part from a written document from the eighteenth century). The present analysis of the lexis results in a large number of conclusions with respect to the culture of the nineteenth-century Serbs who lived in Vucitrn, and in Kosovo in general. Also, it is possible to arrive at a number of observations concerning the word-formation processes, as well as the semantic diachronic changes in the Serbian lexis.
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Voytseva, Olena. "Means of creating perfumery and cosmetics terms in the Russian, Ukrainian and Polish languages." Bibliotekarz Podlaski Ogólnopolskie Naukowe Pismo Bibliotekoznawcze i Bibliologiczne 47, no. 2 (2020): 377–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.36770/bp.489.
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This article is focused on the mechanisms that are used for perfumery and cosmetics terminology formation in the Russian, Ukrainian and Polish languages based on material from modern dictionaries and internet sources. The subject of the research is the means of creating perfumery and cosmetics terms in three Slavic languages. As a result, universal tendencies towards integration, differentiation, internationalization and unification of the language means in its structural, semantic and genetic aspects are determined. The research is based on the synchronic and partially diachronic approach with the use of componential analysis and the method of definition. Findings. The specificity of the perfumery and cosmetics terminology in closely related Slavic languages results from extralinguistic and intralinguistic factors, from native language laws of functioning and its special denotative correlation that manifests itself both in the nominative and the semasiological aspects. The following term-forming mechanisms proved to be typical: terminologization of common words, lexical term borrowings from other languages, transterminologization, special words modelling with the help of Greek and Latin elements, borrowed models, reduplicate terms, model-forming words, word-forming calques, contracted words, as well as the undivided naming process in the form of multi-component word combinations.
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G. Ilieva, Teodora. "A DIACHRONIC PERSPECTIVE ON SUFFIX DERIVATION OF NOUNS IN THE MODERN BULGARIAN LANGUAGE." Knowledge International Journal 28, no. 7 (2018): 2203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij28072203t.
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The paper outlines the dynamics and competition of suffixes for the formation of one-stem and two-stem nouns (nomina agentis, nomina actoris, nomina abstracta, nomina essendi, nomina loci) in the Old Bulgarian, Middle Bulgarian and Modern Bulgarian period in the development of the modern Bulgarian written language. The Old Bulgarian written canon (the accessible Preslav and Ohrid manuscripts from 10-12 c.), a wide range of manuscripts and lexical indices of manuscripts from 13-15 c. (some of them not studied until now), late Renaissance lexicographic studies from 18 c. (mostly the excerpted lexical data in Nayden Gerov’s Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language, v. I-VI, etc.) and studies of the synchronic Bulgarian lexis (Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language 1-15 volumes, etc.) have been put to use for the purposes of the analysis.The paper studies the productive/bound and non-productive/unbound suffix morphemes of deverbatives, denominatives and deadjectival nouns in the different historical periods and outlines their diachronic qualitative tendencies. It seeks to establish the reasons for the gradual limiting of suffix derivation as a word-formation process. These include among others the transformation of the Bulgarian language from a synthetic into an analytic one; the perception of some affixes as uneuphonic or as borrowed; the progressively limited transfer of foreign derivational models (through morpheme-to-morpheme translation from Greek in the Middle Ages or through borrowing of Russian affixes in the Renaissance, as well as their higher frequency since the 1940s); the tendency for economy of derivational synonymy; the interrelation of suffix derivatives and the genre and stylistic features of the text. The paper enumerates the active inherited and newly created derivational formants-suffixes in the Bulgarian language, while the researcher strives not to illustrate the full list of derivational suffixes in modern Bulgarian, which have already been studied, but rather to elucidate the qualitative fluctuations and the realization of suffixes. The formants have been inspected from a semasiological point of view as well — as a resource for the production of semantic doublets. Thus, the paper adds a new perspective to the kaleidoscope of Bulgarian historical morphology.
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Baturina, Evgeniya N. "Desacralization of the Word MAN in the Russian Language and its Spiritual Potential." RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics 10, no. 4 (2019): 828–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2019-10-4-828-840.
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The processes of desacralization and secularization, taking placein the Russian literary language over the three preceding centuries and nowadays, have caused significant changes in its lexical system. However, the language preserves lexical units with internal spiritual potential. They carry the genetic memory of the meanings of the past. One of these words, in our opinion, is the lexeme man . The article presents the results of analysing the semantic structure of the word man in the diachronic aspect. The analysis is based on the explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, which include the vocabulary of different centuries, as well as etymological dictionaries. This study is carried out in order to reveal hidden sacral meanings in the semantics of the word. The method of generalization (unification) of dictionary definitions was used as the main research method. The lexical meanings of the word man were examined in different periods of its functioning, primarily in the language of the XIX-XX centuries. In our research, we based on the works of Russian linguists studying this problem. Sacred meanings in the semantic structure of the word man were revealed by comparing etymological and word-formation features of the lexemes man and people drawn upon minimal contexts from the texts of the Holy Scriptures. Despite the secularization of the semantic structure of the studied lexical unit, namely the actualization of the meaning of ‘personality as an exemplar of high moral and intellectual qualities’ and the loss of the meaning of ‘creature worthy of this name’, taking into account the degrees of humanity according to V.I. Dal such as‘a fleshy, deadman’, ‘aman of feelings and nature’, ‘a spiritual man’, ‘a blessed man’, it retained its spiritual potentialat the etymological level.
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Volotov, Dmitry A. "Russian neophylology issues: to the history of military terms (on the example of the word batman)." Neophilology, no. 28 (2021): 587–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-6953-2021-7-28-587-595.
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We analyze the semantics, structure and use of French military borrowing batman from the moment of its entry into Russian at the turn of the 17–18th centuries to the present. We give an etymological and historical analysis of the word, we consider the evolution of its semantics in Russian due to the functional diversity of its use in the recipient language. We trace the history of the terminological development of the lexeme and its derivatives in the Russian literary language of the new period, the peculiarities of its functioning as a representative of the military vocabulary in contact with other spheres of the Russian language, while the provision we emphasize for the complete borrowing of a word from the French language into the Russian literary language from its form (phonetics, grammar, features of word usage) and meaning. We indicate and analyze in detail sources of the word study in the synchronous-diachronic aspect, lexicographic, documenta-ry-historical and artistic-text, both on the material of the modern Russian literary language and in the previous periods of its formation, which helps to identify the gradual transformation of its se-mantic structure. We pay particular attention to the disclosure of the voluminous meaning of the word in the text of the novel-epic by L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”, which is a valuable source for studying the lexico-semantic system of the Russian language after Pushkin era. A number of ex-amples of different spheres of the modern usus of the Russian language show a change in the functional-stylistic color of the word and the acquisition of other additional shades by the word. We conclude about the inevitability of fading the activity of its use in modern conditions of conducting military operations, turning it into historicism, which leads to the correlation of its place in the literary Russian language and the transfer to passive vocabulary.
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Iacobini, Claudio. "“Rapiéçages faits avec sa propre étoffe”: Discontinuity and convergence in Romance prefixation." Word Structure 12, no. 2 (2019): 176–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2019.0145.
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This article provides a comprehensive overview of prefixation in Romance languages putting in relation the differences between standard and non-standard varieties in the current synchronic stage and, from a diachronic perspective, the different productivity of verbal prefixation and nominal and adjectival prefixation over the history of Romance languages. The article also deals with the relations between system-internal factors, such as the delimitation and interaction between native and foreign word-formation, as well as the competition between verbal prefixation and other linguistic resources through which spatial information can be expressed. The focus will also be placed on system-external factors, including the diffusion in common language of learned terms which have contributed to revitalizing nominal and adjectival prefixation, although not verbal prefixation. Such an approach makes it possible to account for the higher productivity in current standard Romance languages of nominal and adjectival prefixation compared with verbal prefixation. Furthermore, it provides an explanation for the differences between standard and non-standard Romance languages with regard to the productivity of nominal and adjectival prefixation. The replacement of spatial verbal prefixes with verbs expressing path in the root is interpreted as the result of a more general restructuring of space encoding.
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Zayarna, Iryna. "DMITRO CHIZHEVSKY AS A RESEARCHER OF THE STUDY OF FUTURISM IN RUSSIAN LITERATURE: A DIACHRONIC VECTOR." Polish Studies of Kyiv, no. 35 (2019): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/psk.2019.35.127-134.
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The article deals with the fundamental development directions of futurism studying in Russian poetry in the D. Chizhevsky’s scientific heritage. The author determined the methodological significance of the futurism analysis initiated by the Ukrainian scientist just as organic and valuable artistic phenomenon in the history of Russian literature. His research «On the poetry of Russian futurism» (New York, 1963) was published on the contrary to the total silencing of the avant-garde in the USSR and its almost complete erasure from the historical map of the development of literature. The scientist connects there a number of distinguishing tenden- cies of the futuristic poetics with the preceding stage (the literature of symbolism), and predicts the appearance of studies of this aspect of literary continuity. Author of this article analyses works of similar subjects that have replenished science at the late twentieth – early twenty- first centuries (Bobrinskaya, Kling). D. Chizhevsky pays the most attention to the peculiarities and innovations of the poetic language of the futurists, defines various ways of word creation in their poetic practice – morphological word forms, innovations, morphemic and phonetic «zaum», violations of grammatical norms. As a specialist in comparative literary studies, he drew attention to the connection between the Russian avant-garde and both the Polish (the Scamander group) and the Czech avant-garde in the works of individual authors (V.Nesval). While studying Russian futurism and in a number of works on baroque literature, D. Chizhevsky traces the diachronic connection of Russian futurism with the baroque tradition, reveals the typological affinity of many events in time distant literatures. The baroque dimension of futuristic poetics clearly observed in the conceptual position of Chizhevsky when it comes about «complexity», the opacity of the poetic language of such artists as Mayakovsky, Pasternak, about lan- guage game, the experiment of an abstruse language, intentional stylistic opacity, and the «incomprehensibility» of futurist texts. The profound idea of outlining diachronic typological processes in various literatures turned out to be quite productive and had further literary development, just as a scheme of the «wave» movement of styles proposed by Chizhevsky in the es- say «Cultural and historical eras». In support of this thesis, in this article it was analyzed a number of philological works of the late twentieth – early twenty-first century, where the analogies between the baroque and avant-garde artistic paradigms were traced. To a large extent, the works of the Ukrainian philologist and culturologist have contributed to the formation of broad historical and literary views on typological processes in various literatures, on the study of the genesis of individual literary phenomena and historical typology in the diachronic aspect.
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Janowska, Aleksandra. "Właściwości Derywacyjne Pożyczek Czasownikowych W XVI Wieku." Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 69, no. 3 (2018): 527–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2019-0029.
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Abstract The 16th century is the period of intensified processes of assimilation of foreign forms. This period provides insight into the situation of new borrowings which began to appear in the Polish language for the first time in such an extent. A considerable number of borrowed lexemes fosters the establishment of wordformative links between those lexemes in the Polish context. In this manner, the particular derivationrelated nests of foreign origin were developed. In her article, the author emphasizes above all the role of verbal Latin and Greek borrowings in the organisation of the abovementioned nests, inquiring about the extent to which borrowings disrupt the existing word formation system, and about the extent to which these borrowings blend with the word formative “system”. As derivationrelated bases, verbs are associated with two types of formations: with nominal and with verbal derivatives. The wordformative relations which emerged in the Polish language between a borrowed verb and a noun (which is in many cases borrowed as well) are welldocumented already in the period in question (annotacyja – annotować). However, in this period, motivationbased relations between verbal borrowings were not developed, and thus foreign verbal formants did not separate out. The adaptation of these elements in the Polish language, as demonstrated by the further development in the diachronic perspective, is considerably impeded.
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Mattiello, Elisa, and Wolfgang U. Dressler. "Dualism and superposition in the analysis of English synthetic compounds ending in -er." Linguistics 60, no. 2 (2022): 395–461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2021-0235.
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Abstract This article studies the role of synthetic-compound families, both formal families and their semantic (or rather conceptual) subfamilies, in the analysis of synthetic compounds (SCs). For this purpose, four formal families of English non-Latinate synthetic compounds sharing their second base and three Latinate families have been investigated. Unlike previous approaches ranging from a purely syntactic treatment of SCs to a more lexical treatment, this study aims at providing a novel explanation for these complex formations. First, it argues that SCs have an ambiguous nature, hovering between (a) morphological suffixation of a verb/word group and (b) morphological derivation and subsequent compounding. Second, it emphasizes the importance of compound families and subfamilies in SCs’ formation and interpretation. By combining a corpus-based analysis with a qualitative synchronic and diachronic investigation of seven compound families – namely X-breaker, X-holder, X-killer, X-maker, X-manager, X-producer, and X-provider – the article provides a fine-grained semantic categorization of their subfamilies. Results show that (a) a homogeneous approach to SCs is not sufficient to account for observations in corpus data and (b) there are different types of SCs reflecting different constructional types. Nearly all results from questionnaires completed by native speakers confirm, or are at least compatible with our results. From a theoretical viewpoint, these results suggest a novel addition to the definition of productivity in word-formation: i.e., the ability to create new (sub-)families. The basic ambiguity between a derivational and compositional analysis of SCs can be resolved by assuming dualism and superposition of suffixing and compounding, similar to Albert Einstein’s assumption of duality and superposition of waves and particles (photons) for light. Thus, several subfamilies (clearly or predominantly) consist of derivations, others of compounds, still others show superposition of both, and at least partial superposition seems to be possible for most of the other subfamilies.
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Pyrogov, V. "Derivatization of the Word-forming Model “OWN-ALIEN”in the Japanese Language against the Background of Historical Dynamics of theJapanese Writing System Forms Development: Diachronic and Syncronic Aspects." Studia Linguistica, no. 12 (2018): 98–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/studling2018.12.98-110.
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The paper attempts to study the conditions of historical origin and subsequent derivatization of the basic word-formation model “own-alien” in the Japanese language against the background of historical dynamics of the Japanese writing system development. Despite the fact that Japan and the Japanese are considered genetically isolated from the rest of the world, they repeatedly had to face the influence of external factors, in particular, to perceive and assimilate the norms and stereotypes of foreign cultures and languages, while preserving their national identity and integrity, and at the same time, to improve their own language and culture, resulting in the formation of a highly original and unique language that can be characterized as syncretic – Japanese-Chinese – with inclusion at present time of lexical elements from European languages, mainly English. The Japanese pattern of thinking has been periodically restructured throughout the history of the formation and development of their civilization. And every time at the moment of cardinal transformation of their culture one of the important if not the main factor was writing system, which served as a special mean of adjusting their culture and mentality. In recent decades, the algorithm of Japanese thinking has changed, adapting to the conditions of a new historical format (which corresponds to the synchronous type of thinking), while the Japanese writing largely preserves the traditional form, which corresponds mainly to the archaic type of thinking. As a result, objective cultural and psychological contradictions arise, and at the same time a need to find a way out of this difficult situation emerges, perhaps by further reforming the existing system of writing, creating a more adequate system of written signs that would correspond to the imperatives of the modern socio-cultural paradigm.
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Kovbasko, Yurii. "Procedure of functional transposition analysis in the English language." Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 58, no. 1 (2022): 59–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psicl-2022-0003.
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Abstract The paper presents an attempt to develop a procedure of researching functional transposition in English. Functional transposition is interpreted as a diachronicsynchronic functional process and its outcome, which presupposes the ability of lexical units, by means of grammaticalization and lexicalization and without application of any morphological and/or syntactical markers, to acquire and realize functions inherent to other word classes. The procedure consists of four major stages which cover the entire process of transposition of each lexical unit from its origin and up to the current use. The main methods include: definition and componential analyses, historical analysis of origin, diachronic corpus analysis, and synchronic corpus analysis. In the present paper, the procedure is verified with a case study of the lexical unit ‘IN’. It has been established that in the case of ‘IN’, functional transposition started from the category of prepositions. The tendency of its development shows that after a gradual decrease and stabilization, observed in Early and Late Modern English, respectively, functional transposition of ‘IN’ has undergone a dramatic increase in Present-Day English. It is explained by formation of new sociocultural situations and institutionalization of numerous patterns of functionally transposed ‘IN’ in the language.
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Vekolova, Anastasiya. "“Materials for the Dictionary of the Old Russian Language in the Written Records” by I.I. Sreznevskiy As the Source of Diachronic Research of the Substantive Word-Formation." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 5 (December 2015): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2015.5.18.
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Ben‑Shahar, Rina. "The Phonetic Representation of Spoken Language in Modern Hebrew Literature." TTR : traduction, terminologie, rédaction 8, no. 2 (2007): 249–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/037226ar.
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Abstract The Phonetic Representation of Spoken Language in Modern Hebrew Literature – Written language normatively transmits the full graphic pattern of a word without deviating from the spelling rules of a particular language. However, when graphic signs are intended to represent the spoken language used in natural conversation, the question of the phonetic imitation of spoken language in written texts arises. The present article deals with the position of spoken language in Hebrew narrative fiction and drama, and the modes of its representation from 1948 on, including both original Hebrew works and those translated from English into Hebrew. This issue is discussed against the background of such relevant broader issues as: the special situation of Hebrew, which had long been used as a written language only, devoid of the varied functions of spoken language; linguistic-stylistic norms in Hebrew literature from 1948 on and the changes they underwent; Hebrew writers' and translators' awareness of the principles of spoken language in general, and those of the Hebrew vernacular in particular; differences in dialogue formation between various literary sub-systems: drama as distinct from narrative fiction and original literature as distinct from translated literature, including some cross-sections of both. The issues are discussed from both the synchronic and diachronic points of view.
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Rainer, Franz. "Origin and development of the suffix -ARÍA in Romance." Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 138, no. 1 (2022): 1–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrp-2022-0001.
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Abstract The origin and development of the compound suffix -ARÍA in (Latin and) Romance has repeatedly been addressed in works on the history of Romance word formation, without however reaching a broad consensus. In the present article, the problem is discussed again from a pan-Romance perspective and on a broad factual basis. The first chapter argues that the compound suffix’s second element, i.e. -ÍA, was already highly polysemous in (late) Latin and that the Romance languages inherited this polysemy. It is therefore misguided to treat the semantic fragmentation of the suffix as a process that took place independently in the single Romance languages. We then turn to a description of the single Romance languages and dialects, treating first the state of the art for each of these and then presenting the different patterns that can be observed, especially in the older stages. The next chapter looks at the single patterns one by one, discussing to what extent they are present in each Romance language and at the dialectal level. The lexemes that turned out to be crucial from a diachronic perspective receive special attention. The final chapter summarizes the main findings, which depart in important ways from traditional wisdom.
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Perini-Santos, Pedro, and Thiago Dornas Silva. "Formações Lexicais por Analogia: explicação diacrônica para os nomes populares de estádios de futebol no Brasil (Word formation by analogy: diachronic explanations for nicknames applied to Brazilian football soccer stadiums)." Estudos da Língua(gem) 11, no. 2 (2013): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22481/el.v11i2.5482.
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Este artigo apresenta uma proposta analógica para explicar o alto índice de uso de nomes populares com o final [–ão] associados aos estádios de futebol no Brasil: 55,5% dos apelidos de estádios de futebol terminam em [–ão]. O que se sustenta é que a inauguração do estádio hoje apelidado “Mineirão” gerou um efeito analógico para o uso desta marcação mórfica com a finalidade específica de apelidar estádios de futebol no vernáculo nacional. Mesmo reconhecendo que haja imprecisões em seu argumento empírico, sustenta-se que a explicação por analogia é mais adequada do que a suposição da existência de regras de formação de palavras autônomas. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: morfologia, analogia, estádios de futebol, apelidos, “Mineirão”.
 ABSTRACT This paper proposes an analogy in order to explain the high rate of use the of the morpheme [–ão] in nicknames given to Brazilian stadiums: 55.5% of them end with this mark [–ão]. What we propose is that the inauguration of the stadium nowadays called "Mineirão" started the use of the morphological informationwith the specific purpose of dubbing football stadiums in the national vernacular. Even if we consider that there are some inaccuracies in its empirical argument, we still argue that the explanation by analogy is more appropriate than the assumption of the existence of autonomous word formation rules.KEYWORDS: morphology, analogy, football soccer stadiums, nicknames, “Mineirão”.