Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Diagenèse – Congo, Bassin du'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Diagenèse – Congo, Bassin du.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
N'Goma, Célestin. "Fluctuations du niveau marin au cours de l'Albien supérieur dans le bassin cotier congolais : analyse micrographique, géochimique et diagraphique des environnements sédimentaires et diagénétiques." Dijon, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991DIJOS058.
Full textA study of the Upper Albian "Sendji"carbonates in the Congo coastal basin was carried out using a multidisciplinary approach. Three aspects were investigated : 1 - lithofacies and depositional units : the identification of lithofacies electrofacies, was carried out through the study of core samples, cuttings and well log data. The Upper Albian is shown to consist of five basic lithofacies and electrofacies, disposed alternately. These are silstones, sandstones, argilites, carbonates and anhydrites. 2- Sediment dynamics: this aspect has been marked by depositional phases during which developed a shallow coastal margin (lagoonal) environment. 3- Diagenesis : this was been shown to be polyphased. The study highlights two aspects relating to diagenesis : a - phenomena other than dolomitization are responsible for modifying porosity, eitheir by occluding or by intensifying it b- the approach adopted in studying dolomitization in Upper Albian carbonates in the Congo has consisted in petrological identification involving catholuminescence, x-ray diffraction as well as mineral and isotope geochimistry
Gay, Aurélien. "Les marqueurs géologiques de la migration et de l'expulsion des fluides sédimentaires sur le plancher des marges passives matures : exemples dans le bassin du Congo." Lille 1, 2002. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2002/50376-2002-379.pdf.
Full textAckouala, Mfere Anna Perla. "Sédimentologie, Cyclicité et Diagenèse des Carbonates de la Formation du Schisto-Calcaire (SCIc) dans les sous-bassins de Niari-Nyanga et de Comba en République du Congo." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/262231.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Quijada, Melesio. "Diagenèse organique dans un bassin euxinique, le bassin de Cariaco depuis 130 ka." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10102/document.
Full textThe Cariaco basin provide an ideal location to study the organic matter (OM) preservation processes in particular the natural sulfurization, since it has presented recurrent euxinic conditions along its history. To better understand the OM preservation processes, we have studied the varved sediments of Cariaco in a time interval of 130 ky. In this study, we have employed an artifact free method based on stepwise hydrolysis for the isolation of kerogen. This method permitted to obtain important amounts of monomeric carbohydrates, accounting for up to 3% of the total organic carbon. Those algal/bacterial-derived carbohydrates present a decrease with depth related to in situ degradation and/or incorporation to the macromolecular matrix. The investigation of the organic extracted biomarkers corroborate the authochtonous origin of the OM. Nevertheless, an important contribution of terrestrial OM was observed in the samples from glacials periods. The natural sulfurization process have an important role in the preservation of OM in Cariaco basin. The intramolecular sulfurization was revealed by the presence of free alkylthiophenes and thiolanes. Raney nickel desulfurization and kerogen pyrolysis also revealed intermolecular sulfurization. The natural sulfurization does not present a global increase in the time interval studied. This process respond to variations in climatic conditions, redox conditions in the water column and sediments and also to the reactivity and availability of the molecular precursors
Loisy, Corinne. "Les encroutements carbonates quaternaires en substrat crayeux (est du bassin de Paris) : rôles de la diagenèse et des actions biologiques." Reims, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997REIMS026.
Full textIn Champagne, encroûtements intermittent carbonates are observed at the top of superficial trainings(formations). They hamper(bother) the traffic(circulations) of waters and the progress of roots. They are established(constituted) by gravels and by sands of chalk packed by a sociable disposition(binder) consisted by five more or less good cemented phases, at the origin of the hardening. The microscopy by épifluorescence coupled with the analysis of images allowed a characterization of microfacies and a quantification of their distribution on the height of the encroûtement. Their summit is mainly affected(allocated) by fungal and bacterial biomineralizations. The maximum of the hardening is under the dependence of the physico-chemical processes in the median zone of the encroûtement. The observation in - situ of five phases of the sociable disposition(binder), leads(drives) us to envisage a mode physico-chemical hardening and a mode of hardening to be connected(bound) with the biomineralizations and with their diagénétiques transformations. Other techniques were used to describe
Seka, Julien Moselly, and Julien Moselly Seka. "Tarifs de cubage et régénération naturelle de Cylicodiscus gabunensis (Okan) au sud Cameroun." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37175.
Full textLa recherche des bois aux propriétés désirées soumet les forêts du bassin du Congo (BC) à une exploitation sélective. La pratique dans le BC est d’utiliser la possibilité et la rotation comme paramètres déterminants de la gestion durable. Cette exploitation se fait avec pour hypothèse que le respect des règles de gestion garantit le maintien en bon état de ces espaces forestiers. L’Okan est une espèce commerciale de bois à haute valeur, endémique des forêts du BC. Il s’agit de la seule espèce du genre Cylicodiscus. Il y a quelques années, l’espèce était peu connue des marchés du bois. L’objectif général de l’étude a été de contribuer à l’aménagement de l’Okan. Cette contribution est reflétée par de meilleures connaissances sur : (i) le prélèvement et (ii) la reconstitution du potentiel ligneux de l’espèce. Le prélèvement a porté sur l’estimation des volumes de bois bruts et commerciaux. La reconstitution a fait l’objet d’intérêt à travers la régénération naturelle au pied de ses semenciers, d’une part et dans ses trouées d’autre part. Des tiges d’Okan ont été mesurées pour produire des tarifs de cubage et des inventaires de régénération ont été effectués au pied des semenciers d’Okan et dans ses trouées. Les résultats sont les suivants : 1) Les tarifs de cubage utilisés au Cameroun pour l’Okan devraient être révisés et complétés. Les tarifs à deux et trois entrées [V=f(DHP, H)], [V=f(DHP, Dx)], [V=f(DHP, H, Dx)] ont de meilleurs R², AIC et RSE que ceux à une entrée. Ces tarifs fournissent un gain de précision même lorsque les méthodes et instruments utilisés sont sujets à des erreurs de mesure, normalement distribuées, de la longueur du fût (écart type ≤ 1,8 m) et du deuxième diamètre (écart type ≤ 3,25 cm). 2) La modélisation de la proportion des rebuts, bien qu’aboutissant à un faible R², est mieux décrite en considérant la longueur du fût et la classe de qualité. En plus de la possibilité d’utiliser des paramètres quantitatifs mesurés sur les fûts, les volumes commerciaux d’Okan sont estimés par : (i) la proportion des rebuts, (ii) l’utilisation d’un classement de qualité (ONADEF, 1992) et (iii) la mesure des longueurs commerciales des fûts. Ces équations peuvent améliorer les estimations des volumes commerciaux de bois d’Okan dans la zone étudiée.
3) Des densités de 5,5 et 2,3 Okan par hectare ont été dénombrées respectivement pour les plantules et la régénération acquise sous le couvert de semenciers d’Okan. La probabilité d’observer des plantules d’Okan est significativement influencée par la distance et son interaction avec l’azimut (par rapport au semencier) (p<0,0001 et p=0,0151), la surface terrière des végétaux autres que les héliophiles (sous-bois) (p=0,0150) et marginalement par la hauteur du semencier (p=0,061). Seules la distance (p < 0,0032) et la hauteur du semencier (p = 0,0416) influencent significativement la probabilité d’observer la régénération acquise. 4) Dans les trouées d’Okan, 74,9% des espèces arborées dénombrées appartiennent au groupe des espèces pionnières, 15% aux héliophiles, 9,3% aux sciaphiles et 0,8% à des groupes indéterminés. L’Okan compte pour moins de 0,03% du total de tiges inventoriées dans ses trouées (soit 6,1 Okan par hectare) et aucune nouvelle régénération d’Okan n’a été observée depuis la coupe. Les variables qui contribuent à expliquer de manière statistiquement significative la probabilité qu’une espèce située en bordure des trouées soit également retrouvée dans la régénération dénombrée à l’intérieur de celles-ci sont son tempérament (p = 6,6e-06), sa fréquence en bordure (p = 0,001) et son mode de dissémination (p = 0,01). Les observations effectuées sous le couvert de ses semenciers et dans les trouées classent l’espèce comme semi-héliophile. La rareté de l’Okan dans ses trouées s’explique, entre autres, par son tempérament, son mode de dissémination (anémochore) et le manque de semenciers aux abords des trouées. En définitive, l’aménagement durable de l’Okan passe d’une part par une révision de ses tarifs de cubage au bois brut et par l’élaboration des tarifs de cubage au bois commercial. D’autre part, des variables expliquant la présence de l’espèce au pied des semenciers et dans les trouées ont été identifiées mais c’est surtout la faible densité de la régénération de l’Okan qui devrait orienter les actions des gestionnaires forestiers. Ces résultats peuvent améliorer la gestion de l’Okan dans les « forêts permanentes ».
3) Des densités de 5,5 et 2,3 Okan par hectare ont été dénombrées respectivement pour les plantules et la régénération acquise sous le couvert de semenciers d’Okan. La probabilité d’observer des plantules d’Okan est significativement influencée par la distance et son interaction avec l’azimut (par rapport au semencier) (p<0,0001 et p=0,0151), la surface terrière des végétaux autres que les héliophiles (sous-bois) (p=0,0150) et marginalement par la hauteur du semencier (p=0,061). Seules la distance (p < 0,0032) et la hauteur du semencier (p = 0,0416) influencent significativement la probabilité d’observer la régénération acquise. 4) Dans les trouées d’Okan, 74,9% des espèces arborées dénombrées appartiennent au groupe des espèces pionnières, 15% aux héliophiles, 9,3% aux sciaphiles et 0,8% à des groupes indéterminés. L’Okan compte pour moins de 0,03% du total de tiges inventoriées dans ses trouées (soit 6,1 Okan par hectare) et aucune nouvelle régénération d’Okan n’a été observée depuis la coupe. Les variables qui contribuent à expliquer de manière statistiquement significative la probabilité qu’une espèce située en bordure des trouées soit également retrouvée dans la régénération dénombrée à l’intérieur de celles-ci sont son tempérament (p = 6,6e-06), sa fréquence en bordure (p = 0,001) et son mode de dissémination (p = 0,01). Les observations effectuées sous le couvert de ses semenciers et dans les trouées classent l’espèce comme semi-héliophile. La rareté de l’Okan dans ses trouées s’explique, entre autres, par son tempérament, son mode de dissémination (anémochore) et le manque de semenciers aux abords des trouées. En définitive, l’aménagement durable de l’Okan passe d’une part par une révision de ses tarifs de cubage au bois brut et par l’élaboration des tarifs de cubage au bois commercial. D’autre part, des variables expliquant la présence de l’espèce au pied des semenciers et dans les trouées ont été identifiées mais c’est surtout la faible densité de la régénération de l’Okan qui devrait orienter les actions des gestionnaires forestiers. Ces résultats peuvent améliorer la gestion de l’Okan dans les « forêts permanentes ».
3) Densities of 5.5 and 2.3 Okan per hectare were recorded for seedlings and established regeneration under the cover of Okan seed trees respectively. The probability of observing Okan seedlings is significantly influenced by distance and its interaction with direction (from the seed tree) (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0151), basal area of plants (p = 0.0150) other than heliophilous (undergrowth) and marginally by the height of the seed tree (p = 0.061). Only the distance (p <0.0032) and the height of the seed tree (p = 0.0416) significantly influence the probability of observing established regeneration. 4) In the Okan gaps, 74.9% of tree species belong to the group of pioneer species, 15% to heliophilous, 9.3% to sciaphilous and 0.8% to indeterminate groups. Okan accounts for less than 0.03% of the total number of stems counted in its gaps (corresponding to 6.1 Okan per hectare) and no new Okan regeneration has been observed since its felling. Variables that contribute to a statistically significant explanation of the probability that a species located at the edge of the inventoried gaps is also found in the regeneration enumerated within are the guild of the species (p = 6.6e-06), its border frequency (p = 0.001) and its mode of dissemination (p = 0.01). Observations made under the cover of its seed trees and in the gaps classify the species as semi-heliophilous. The rarity of the Okan in its gaps is explained amongst other things by the guild of the species, its mode of dissemination (anemochore) and the lack of seed trees around the gaps. Finally, the achievement of Okan’s sustainable management requires on one hand a revision of its volume equations for gross volume estimates and the elaboration of volume equation to estimate its commercial timber. On the other hand, variables explaining the presence of the species at the foot of the seed trees and in the gaps have been identified but it is the low density of Okan regeneration that should guide the actions of forest managers. These results can improve the management of Okan and other species in permanent forests.
3) Densities of 5.5 and 2.3 Okan per hectare were recorded for seedlings and established regeneration under the cover of Okan seed trees respectively. The probability of observing Okan seedlings is significantly influenced by distance and its interaction with direction (from the seed tree) (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0151), basal area of plants (p = 0.0150) other than heliophilous (undergrowth) and marginally by the height of the seed tree (p = 0.061). Only the distance (p <0.0032) and the height of the seed tree (p = 0.0416) significantly influence the probability of observing established regeneration. 4) In the Okan gaps, 74.9% of tree species belong to the group of pioneer species, 15% to heliophilous, 9.3% to sciaphilous and 0.8% to indeterminate groups. Okan accounts for less than 0.03% of the total number of stems counted in its gaps (corresponding to 6.1 Okan per hectare) and no new Okan regeneration has been observed since its felling. Variables that contribute to a statistically significant explanation of the probability that a species located at the edge of the inventoried gaps is also found in the regeneration enumerated within are the guild of the species (p = 6.6e-06), its border frequency (p = 0.001) and its mode of dissemination (p = 0.01). Observations made under the cover of its seed trees and in the gaps classify the species as semi-heliophilous. The rarity of the Okan in its gaps is explained amongst other things by the guild of the species, its mode of dissemination (anemochore) and the lack of seed trees around the gaps. Finally, the achievement of Okan’s sustainable management requires on one hand a revision of its volume equations for gross volume estimates and the elaboration of volume equation to estimate its commercial timber. On the other hand, variables explaining the presence of the species at the foot of the seed trees and in the gaps have been identified but it is the low density of Okan regeneration that should guide the actions of forest managers. These results can improve the management of Okan and other species in permanent forests.
The search for wood with desired properties submits the Congo Basin (CB) forests to a selective logging. The practice in the CB is to use the possibility and rotation as key determinants of sustainable management. The hypothesis of this logging is that, the respect of the rules of management guarantees the maintenance in good state of these forest areas. Okan is a commercial timber species of high value, endemic to the CB forest. It is the only species of the genus Cylicodiscus. A few years ago, the species was not well known in the timber market. The main objective of this study was to contribute to the sustainable management of Okan. This contribution is reflected by a better understanding of: (i) wood harvesting and (ii) the reconstitution of the woody potential. Wood harvesting was based on the estimation of gross and commercial volumes. The reconstitution was the subject of interest through the natural regeneration at the foot of the seed trees on the one hand, and in gaps on the other. Okan stems were measured to produce volume equations and inventories were carried out at the foot of the seed trees of Okan and in the gaps of the species. The following results were obtained: 1) The volume equations used in Cameroon for Okan should be revised and completed. Volume equations with two and three entries [V = f (DBH, H)], [V = F (DBH, Dx)], [V = F (DBH, H, Dx)] have better R², AIC, and RSE than those with a single entry. These estimates provide a gain of precision even when the methodology and instruments used are subject to measurement errors, normally distributed, to the length of the stem (standard deviation ≤1.8 m) and of the second diameter (standard deviation ≤ 3.25 cm). 2) The modeling of the proportion of rejects, although resulting in a low R², is better described by considering the length of the stem and quality grade. In addition to the possibility of using quantitative parameters measured on stems, Okan’s commercial volumes are estimated by the: (i) proportion of rejects, (ii) use of a quality grade (ONADEF, 1992) and (iii) measurement of commercial length of stems. These equations can contribute to improve the estimation of commercial volumes of Okan wood in the study area.
The search for wood with desired properties submits the Congo Basin (CB) forests to a selective logging. The practice in the CB is to use the possibility and rotation as key determinants of sustainable management. The hypothesis of this logging is that, the respect of the rules of management guarantees the maintenance in good state of these forest areas. Okan is a commercial timber species of high value, endemic to the CB forest. It is the only species of the genus Cylicodiscus. A few years ago, the species was not well known in the timber market. The main objective of this study was to contribute to the sustainable management of Okan. This contribution is reflected by a better understanding of: (i) wood harvesting and (ii) the reconstitution of the woody potential. Wood harvesting was based on the estimation of gross and commercial volumes. The reconstitution was the subject of interest through the natural regeneration at the foot of the seed trees on the one hand, and in gaps on the other. Okan stems were measured to produce volume equations and inventories were carried out at the foot of the seed trees of Okan and in the gaps of the species. The following results were obtained: 1) The volume equations used in Cameroon for Okan should be revised and completed. Volume equations with two and three entries [V = f (DBH, H)], [V = F (DBH, Dx)], [V = F (DBH, H, Dx)] have better R², AIC, and RSE than those with a single entry. These estimates provide a gain of precision even when the methodology and instruments used are subject to measurement errors, normally distributed, to the length of the stem (standard deviation ≤1.8 m) and of the second diameter (standard deviation ≤ 3.25 cm). 2) The modeling of the proportion of rejects, although resulting in a low R², is better described by considering the length of the stem and quality grade. In addition to the possibility of using quantitative parameters measured on stems, Okan’s commercial volumes are estimated by the: (i) proportion of rejects, (ii) use of a quality grade (ONADEF, 1992) and (iii) measurement of commercial length of stems. These equations can contribute to improve the estimation of commercial volumes of Okan wood in the study area.
Brigaud, Benjamin. "Influence du contexte sédimentaire et de la diagenèse sur les propriétés pétrophysiques du dogger calcaire de l’est du bassin de Paris." Dijon, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00503241.
Full textA detailed sedimentological, geochemical and mineralogical study is carried out on the Early Bajocian to Early Callovian (Middle Jurassic) limestones of the Paris Basin. Deposits include 18 lithofacies which are stacked into 10 third-order depositional sequences. Our geochemical study including a compilation of bibliographic data allows us to refine the existing sea surface palaeotemperature pattern. A cooling from the latest Early Bajocian to the Late Bajocian and a subsequent warming from the earliest Callovian to the Early/Middle Callovian transition are described using a proxy of sea surface temperatures. Together with δ13C and mineralogical data, our new δ18O values suggest a palaeo-climatic/palaeo-environmental control of facies in this shallow carbonate ramp environment. Using petrographic and geochemical analyses (stable O and C isotopes, Sr isotopes, major elements), we identify six calcitic spar stages, two dolomite stages, and several episodes of fracturing and stylolitization ordered in paragenetic sequence, reducing significantly the porosirt during the burial diagenesis. Cement quantification shows the predominance of two blocky calcite cement stages (75% of total cementation). Lateral meteoric recharge may have occurred as a result of two separate uplift events (Late Cimmerian Unconformity and Late Aptian Unconformity) and the related exposures of carbonates to the north of the study area during the Early Cretaceous. This palaeohydrological circulation brought about a significant reduction of porosity (from 40% to 10%) through calcite cement precipitation
Tournier, Florent. "Mécanismes et contrôle des phénomènes diagénétiques en milieu acide dans les grès de l'Ordovicien glaciaire du bassin de Sbaa, Algérie." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112133.
Full textMajor hydrocarbon reservoirs from North Africa are located in the Cambro-Ordovician sandstones, which partly originate from a glacial environment (Late Ordovician). In several intracratonic basins of North Africa, like the Sbaa Basin (Algeria), glacial Ordovician deposits are well developed (150 to 300m thick). These deposits are composed of very fine to coarse-grained sandstones, locally intercalated with clayous siltstones. Glacial Ordovician sandstones display high lateral and vertical variations of porosity and permeability, mostly controlled by burial diagenetic processes, and in a lesser extent by sedimentary facies. Although many aspects of sandstone diagenesis are well-studied, the character and processes of glacial-associated diagenesis remain unknown. Therefore, the main objectives of this thesis are (i) to assess the diagenetic history of Cambro-Ordovician sandstones of the Sbaa Basin, (ii) to understand the structural and sedimentological control on diagenesis, and (iii) to determine and quantify the role of diagenesis on the reservoir poro-perm evolution
Muska, Kristaq. "Thermicité, transferts et diagenèse des réservoirs dans les unités externes des Albanides (Bassin Ionien)." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066446.
Full textLevert, Josiane. "Répartition géographique des minéraux argileux dans les sédiments mésozoïques du bassin subalpin : mise en évidence d'une diagenèse complexe." Lyon 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO10014.
Full textChampion, Didier. "Étude des mécanismes de transformation des interstratifiés illite-smectite au cours de la diagenèse." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112349.
Full textMvogo, Jean Kisito. "Regroupement mécanique par méthode vibratoire des bois du bassin du Congo." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR13790/document.
Full textThis Ph.D. work deals with a non-destructive experimental approach organizing the species of the Congo basin in four groups according to the likeness of their main mechanical properties, and to guarantee for each group the 5th percentile characteristic value of mechanical properties such as the modulus of elasticity (MOE). For the sustainable management of forest and conservation of exotic biodiversity of the Congo basin, it is necessary to promote the exploitation of less-consumed species with equivalent mechanical characteristics. The aim of the present work is to propose a scheme for grouping species with similar values of modulus of elasticity (MOE) obtained through vibratory method. Only small clear specimens are tested. The assignment of a given specie to one of the four groups takes place in return for a homogeneity test of comparison of the random variables of species to the random variable of the group. Results of the present grading show that some species can be interchangeably consumed in the construction industry and that the procedure must include more species of the Congo basin. This property grouping will facilitate substitution of underutilized species for ones that are being more exploited. Thus, wood designers and constructors might have a wide variety of choices in their decision-making while promoting less-consumed species and reducing the demand of traditionally most wanted extinguishable species. The MOE obtained by intrinsic vibration of wood versus is not influenced by moisture content. So, the non destructive method bases on longitudinal vibrations can be used in industrial production of timber to certify the modulus of rupture (MOR) at 12% moisture content of green wood by direct correlation. Finally, we propose a grading system of tropical wood
Baloka, Roger Faustin. "Les phosphates méso-cénozoi͏̈ques de sub-surface du Bassin du Congo : paléoenvironnements et pétrogénèse." Perpignan, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PERP0213.
Full textOualembo, Patricia-Judith. "Les successions de grains verts argileux méso-cénozoiques du bassin marin congolais : paléoenvironnement, sédimentologie, minéralogie et géochimie." Perpignan, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PERP0167.
Full textSamba, Joseph-Marie. "Recherches sur la dynamique actuelle des versants dans un milieu physique tropical : le bassin supérieur du Niari (Congo)." Paris 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA010538.
Full textThe humids tropicals biophysicals surroundings are generally characterized by an actif geomorphogenesis, particularly on slopes. These present a dynamic whose fashions and consequences depend of some factors : vegetation, rocks, local climate, human action. The begining of this dynamic is the rocks deterioration, then follow the solids materials mobilization on slopes, by gravity or water. This dynamic gives varied landforms : erosion cirques, gullies, slumping topography. Some inherited forms can continuate to act a roll in splopes dynamic. It is the case of armoured forms, whose genesis go back to tertiary. The objective of this study is to classify and to map the slopes of the region in function of their instability, for a rational exploitation of the considered biophysical surrounding
Ibouanga, Charles. "Étude des ressources et besoins en eau dans le bassin du Niari (Congo)." Paris 4, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA040272.
Full textThe basin of Niari is the only rural region in Congo to be thought of as welcoming. It has good quality lands, an important density of population, nevertheless there is a noticeable vacant part of surfaces suitable for cultivation. There, we can find mist farm-pastoral concessions and farm-produce industries. It’s therefore a region with a lot of natural advantages showing its agricultural vocation. But, because of a pluviometry that satisfies only a part of the needs of the population and agriculture in water, and because of a potential excessive evapo-transpiration, there is a problem of relative deficiency in water. When in fact, the presence of many water courses running between 28 an 804 m3 rate of flows, drilling flows going up to 91,8 m3 hour, even 133,3 m3 per hour, and source flows reaching 1800 l s value; this presence shows that the Niari basin has considerable water resources the exploitation of which could satisfy all the needs. The aim of study is, to show how physical and climatic factors influence the reconstitution of resources, to analyse modes and conditions of water supping, and to encourage decision-makers to undertake actions aiming to improve these modes and conditions of supplying. Whereas in rural environment, this deficiency in water is linked, in particular, to a shortage and irregularity of rain, and to the harshness of the dry season, and to the distance of water spots the access of which is difficult
Sufo, kankeu Richard. "Le monitoring de la déforestation dans le bassin du Congo : quelles synergies entre les savoirs exogènes et les savoirs endogènes ?" Thesis, Le Mans, 2019. http://cyberdoc-int.univ-lemans.fr/Theses/2019/2019LEMA3015.pdf.
Full textREDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation) schemes emerged in the early 2000s as an international mechanism to combat deforestation from a climate change mitigation perspective. Having joined REDD+ mechanisms since their creation, Congo Basin countries had to monitor deforestation and forest degradation. This thesis questions their capacity to carry out this activity. We used an empirical approach that first assessed the capacities of local populations to measure forest carbon stocks. Then we used the Research Integration and Utilization (RIU) model to analyze the governance and challenges of integrating expert and indigenous knowledge. Finally, we used the concept of storytelling to understand and explain how REDD+ has been advocated and disseminated for implementation in the Congo Basin. Our results show that local communities hold endogenous knowledge that allows them to contribute to the measurement of carbon stocks, and that the governance of knowledge transfer for monitoring is rather weak due to the inadequacy of the institutions in charge of forest management policies. Our analyses reveal the multiple socio-political and organizational barriers that inhibit the efforts of actors involved in monitoring deforestation in the three countries studied. Beyond monitoring, the analysis of speeches and interviews with actors involved in REDD+ projects implemented in the Congo Basin highlighted the storytelling of REDD+, which made it possible to broaden the reflection to explain the decline in the initial enthusiasm that REDD+ had generated
Kigotsi, Kasereka Jean. "Analyse de l'activité d'éclairs des systèmes orageux dans le bassin du Congo." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30187/document.
Full textThis thesis is devoted to an analysis of the lightning activity of storm systems in Equatorial Africa (10°E-35°E; 15°S-10°N) over the period 2005-2013. Firstly, data from the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) were compared with those from the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) to estimate the relative detection efficiency of the WWLLN. Then, they established a high-resolution regional climatology of lightning activity. Finally, they were combined with data on cloud and meteorological characteristics to carry out thunderstorm case studies in different situations in order to examine the correlations between lightning activity, storm activity, cloud characteristics and meteorological conditions. The appropriate method introduced for estimating the WWLLN detection efficiency in the study area provides values ??consistent with those found in other regions of the world. Its spatial and temporal variability helps to interpret changes affecting several parameters of lightning activity. The climatology realized reveals original characteristics of the temporal evolution and the spatial distribution of the lightning activity, in particular those of a very sharp maximum in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Thus, the location, the dimensions, the shape, the seasonal persistence and the environment of this maximum have been specified. The zonal distribution of lightning shows a high proportion in the southern tropical band, linked to the principal maximum but also to a high activity spread out longitudinally and constituting a large secondary maximum where the storm activity is more spatially variable from one year to another, temporally from one season to another, and where the diurnal cycle is less marked. [...]
Kebi-Tsoumou, Sage Paterne Chandrich. "La phase d’hyperextension (Sag) du rift de l’Océan Atlantique sud au Congo : milieux de dépôt, provenance des sédiments et paléoreliefs." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1B056/document.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis was to study the South Atlantic rift system in Congo by focusing on (1) the dynamic of the upstream paleoreliefs (rift shoulders), (2) the stratigraphic architecture and (3) sediment routing of the pre to syn-rift sedimentary infilling. Detailed field mapping allows to characterize the geometry of the incised valleys, sedimentary environments of thier sediment infilling and to discuss the geodynamic implications of these incised valleys in terms of rift dynamic and control of sedimentary systems. These incised valleys were cut through the Precambrian Mayombe basement by alluvial processes shaping pediments during the stretching period of the rift and filled with middle Aptian siliciclastic sediments of the Chéla formation. The sediment filling consists of flood-generated sublacustrine gravity flow deposits interbedded with organic-rich lacustrine shales, overlying unconformably the basement. These deposits are organized into an overall transgressive depositional sequence, characterized by stacked of elementary fining upward facies sequences. Detailled facies analysis of cores permits to determine the sedimentary environments of the Pointe-Noire, Pointe-Indienne and Chéla Formation, developed during the hyper-extended (sag) rift phase. The middle Barremian Pointe-Noire Formation consists of organic-rich shale-prone deep-lacustrine fan facies intertonguing locally with shallow-water platform carbonate facies and gravity-flow resedimented carbonate facies of the Toca Member that were deposited in an anoxic deep-lake. The Late Barremian–early Aptian Pointe-Indienne Formation is characterized by facies heterogeneity. This Formation consists of sand-rich sublacustrine-fan gravity facies of Mengo member overlain by storm influenced mixed siliciclastic-carbonate ramp facies (Argiles vertes Member) passing upward to deltaic facies of Tchibota member. The middle Aptian Chéla Formation represents a widespread transgressive unit, characterized by lateral and vertical changes in facies and a variety of depositional environnements. It is made up of interbedded coarse-grained alluvial bedload facies and sub-lacustrine gravity facies at the base, overlain by lacustrine-marine mixed bay facies passing upward to sabkha facies, which in turn are capped by evaporites of the Loémé Formation. The sebkha facies records the late middle Aptian marine transgression on the Congo basin prior to the deposition of Upper Aptian evaporites of Loémé Formation. Well-log stratigraphic correlations permit subdivision of the middle Barremian to middle Aptian syn-hyper-extended rift-related deposits into three major depositional sequences that display retrogradation, progradation, and retrogradation stacking pattern, respectively. Detrital zircon and apatite provenance analyses provide a better understanding of sediment routing systems of the pre to syn-rift infilling, and paleorelief and tectonic evolutions during the Early Cretaceous times. The results show changes in sediment provenances and two different source areas. The Berriasian-Valanginian Pre-rift sediments of the Vandji Formation were derived from multiple and relatively distant source areas, located either in the South America and southern of Africa plate, thus supporting the existence of large intracratonic basin prior to the rifting, fed by prominent large-scale drainage system. located toward the southwest. In contrast to the Pre-rift sediments, the Barremian syn-stretched rift sediments of the Djeno Formation and the Aptian syn- hyper-extended rift sediments of the Chela Formation were derived from adjacent Precambrian Mayombe belt that underwent phases of tectonic uplift during the rifting. Consequently, this implies an abrupt change in sediment provenance and relief between the pre-rift phase and the Syn-rift phase and indicate the persistence of local sources, i.e. from rift shoulders, from the stretching rift phase to the hyper-extended (sag) rift phase
Girard, Jean-Pierre. "Diagénèse thermique des grès en contexte de craton et de marge passive : exemple du protérozoi͏̈que supérieur du bassin de Taoudeni (Afrique de l'ouest) et du crétacé inférieur du bassin offshore angolais." Aix-Marseille 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX30034.
Full textCarret, Jean-Christophe. "Economie et politique forestières dans le bassin du Congo : les usines, l'argent, la nature et les gens." Paris, ENMP, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ENMP1111.
Full textMassala, Antoine. "Le crétacé supérieur et le tertiaire du bassin côtier congolais : biochronologie et stratigraphie séquentielle." Dijon, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993DIJOS016.
Full textLaggoun-Défarge, Fatima. "Etude de la diagenèse organique des séries paleozoiques du bassin de Sbaa (Algérie). Approche géochimique et pétrologique." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 1987. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00322456.
Full textCe bassin s'individualise au sein de cette région particulièrement riche en gisements d'hydrocarbures gazeux, par des accumulations d'huile, notamment au niveau de la formation des « Grès de Sbaa » (âge : Tournaisien profondeur : 500 m ; réserves prouvées : 22 millions de tonnes).
Dans le but de comprendre les raisons de cette anomalie et de guider l'exploration pétrolière dans la région, 160 échantillons provenant de 9 sondages effectués dans le bassin ont été étudiés par les méthodes de la pétrologie et de la géochimie organiques modernes.
L'approche pétrologique a été essentiellement menée par le biais de la microspectrofluorimétrie et de la palynologie. Du point de vue géochimique, ont été notamment mis en œuvre : pyrolyse Rock-Eval, chromatographie en phase gazeuse (CPG) et couplage pyrolyse-CPG.
Par ailleurs, un concentré d'Algues Tasmanacés isolées du Silurien du sondage OTAL-1 a été soumis à une simulation de génération d'hydrocarbures (pyrolyse en milieu confiné) afin d'étudier le comportement diagénétique de ce matériel organique « pur ».
Concernant la diagénèse organique dans le bassin de Sbaa, les principaux résultats obtenus sont :
1. la roche mère effective est le Silurien de la partie nord du bassin. La génération des hydrocarbures n'a probablement pas eu lieu avant la fin du Paléozoïque. Leur expulsion a dü suivre de peu leur formation. La phase paroxysmique du cycle Hercynien est vraisemblablement responsable de la mise en place des pièges structuraux permettant leur accumulation.
2. les roches mères potentielles sont le Givétien dans la partie nord du bassin et le Silurien en général.
Par ailleurs, l'étude microspectrofluorimétrique a permis de confirmer les résultats suivants : (1) l'existence d'une corrélation entre la diminution du QF-535 des Tasmanacées et l'augmentation des teneurs en extrait chloroformique des sédiments correspondants ; (2) l'existence d'une corrélation entre la diminution du QF-535 des Tasmacées et l'enrichissement des extraits des sédiments correspondants en hydrocarbure aliphatiques saturés.
Enfin, la similitude de composition des hydrocarbures issus de la pyrolyse en milieu confiné du concentré de Tasmanacées du Silurien et de l'huile accumulée au niveau des « Grès de Sbaa » a permis de mettre en évidence la participation notable de ces Algues à la formation du pétrole du bassin de Sbaa et de confirmer l'identité de la roche mère.
Girard, Jean-Pierre. "Diagenèse hydrothermale tardive des sédiments greso-argileux du protérozoïque supérieur du bassin de Taoudeni (Afrique de l'Ouest)." Poitiers, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985POIT2054.
Full textIbrahim, Ahlam. "Caractéristiques pétrographiques et géochimiques et évolution diagénétique des bassins silicoclastiques mésoprotérozoïques intracontinentaux : implications sur la genèse des gisements d’uranium de type discordance." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NAN10086.
Full textA mineralogical, petrographic and geochemical study of the proterozoic siliciclastic sedimentary intracontinental basins of Waterberg (Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa), Cariewerloo (Gawler Craton, South Australia), Satakunta and Muhos (Fennoscandian Shield, Finland), unconformably overlying archaean and paleoproterozoic basement, have been characterized and compared with other districts throughout the world similar in age and lithology (the basin of Athabasca in Canada, the basin of Kombolgie in Australia, and the basin of Pasha-Ladoga in Russia) which are associated with uranium ore deposits. The realized study made it possible to reconstitute the nature of the detrital phases and their evolution during diagenesis and hydrothermal events, in order to evaluate the interests that represent the sediments of these basins for the exploration of uranium by reference to strongly mineralized Athabasca and Kombolgie basins. This study shows that the clastic rocks of all of these basins are characterized by a high immaturity of sedimentary materials, a strong oxidation, as well as a diagenesis or a metamorphism of high temperature. These sediments, rich in potassic feldspar and plagioclase with frequently angular clasts, were transported over a short distance from the source area and subjected to a limited pedogenic alteration in a very active tectonic context, contrary to the sediments of the Athabasca and Kombolgie basins. However, significant fluid circulations took place as shown by the presence of an argillaceous alteration on the roof of the basement of the Cariewerloo, Satakunta and Muhos basins, as the argillaceous alteration. This alteration remains however moderate compared to that observed in the Athabasca and Kombolgie basins. These fluid circulations are related to zircon alterations, and essentially to the formation of Fe-chlorite and carbonate
Pichat, Alexandre. "Dynamique des systèmes évaporitiques d’un bassin d’avant-pays salifère et processus diagénétiques associés au contexte halocinétique : exemple du bassin de Sivas en Turquie." Thesis, Pau, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PAUU3004/document.
Full textThis manuscript focuses on the various evaporitic systems of the Sivas Basin (Turkey) and assesses the diagenetic impact of saline fluid flow on silicoclastic reservoir analogues. This study takes place in a foreland basin that has the peculiarity of having recorded halokinetic deformations, as evidenced by outcropping Oligo-Miocene mini-basins structures. The results are based on geological field mapping and sedimentary descriptions complemented by petrographic and geochemical analyses.The first evaporites of the basin precipitated during the Late Eocene when the foreland progressively lost its connection with the oceanic domain, as a result of the northward propagation of the fold-and-thrust-belt. Such event first resulted in sediment-starved conditions, with siliciclastic turbidites grading to muddy- and organic-rich facies. The evaporites then formed in early isolated piggy-back basins and were subsequently reworked in the foredeep by tectonically-induced gravitational collapses. With increasing saline conditions, evaporitic platforms developed in shallow-water domains of the foreland, and fed gypsum turbidites in the deep-water setting. Finally, after the general establishment of shallow-water hypersaline conditions, most of the available space was filled by halite deposits, nowadays entirely dissolved at the surface.During the Oligo-Miocene, Eocene evaporites induced halokinetic deformations. The diapiric salts were then recycled as gypsiferous deposits precipitated in sabkha to shallow-water lacustrine setting within salt-walled mini-basins. Such evaporitic deposits of second-generation were able to connect different diapiric structures, forming what we define as a “resedimented canopy”. The recycled evaporites also accumulated in depleting diapiric stems, resulting in the development of peculiar encased evaporitic mini-basins. Finally, along the northern border of the basin, the recycled evaporites formed massive accumulations of lacustrine selenitic gypsum southward connected to a spreading salt canopy.The diagenetic study of Oligocene continental sandstones emplaced within mini-basins highlights a paragenesis controlled at first order by the detrital composition. For instance, in the less sorted sandstones, saline-alkaline fluids, probably resulting from the leaching of diapiric salts, interacted with reactive grains to produce analcitic cements at shallow burial. These cements also seem to have been favored in mini-basins that were hydrographically isolated by diapiric reliefs. More locally, in fractured to faulted sandstones close from a diapiric structures, the porosity has been early to lately occluded by gypsum cements. The saline fluids inducing such cementation were fed by the diapiric evaporites, and reached the reservoirs through the fracture or fault-related porosity.All of these results may find relevant analogies with other ancient or present-day evaporitic basins affected by halokinetic deformation in continental setting (e.g. the Precaspian Basin, the Zechstein Basin or the Great Kavir in Iran)
Vincent, Benoit. "Sédimentologie et géochimie de la diagenèse des carbonates : application au Malm de la Bordure Est du Bassin de Paris." Dijon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DIJOS063.
Full textNikis, Nicolas. "Archéologie des métallurgies anciennes du cuivre dans le bassin du Niari, République du Congo." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/276494.
Full textDoctorat en Histoire, histoire de l'art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Samba-Kimbata, Marie-Joseph. "Précipitations et bilan de l'eau dans le bassin forestier du Congo et ses marges." Dijon, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991DIJOL022.
Full textThis dissertation studies rainfall and water balances in Congo forest basin and its borders from 1951 to 1980. The pluviometric aspects analyzed are annual, monthly and seasonal rainfall, days with rain, days without rain and rainfall in 24 hours. The water balance parameters examined are potential evapotranspiration, actual evapotranspiration, useful reserve, water excess, number of months of useful reserve, number of months of water shortage and number of months of water surplus. The statistical methods used are analysis of mean values, frequential analysis, analysis of climatic variabilities and principal component analysis. The results obtained indicate that the pluviometric aspects and the water balance parameters present spatio-temporal disparities. Rainfall are moderate and the climatic, hydric and hydrologic balances are mostly in excess. These is a short concordance between water regionalization sketch, forest settings and surface hydrology in Congo forest basin and its borders
Daoudi, Lahcen. "Sédimentation et diagenèse des argiles du Jurassique-supérieur à l'Eocène dans le bassin du Haut-Atlas occidental (Maroc)." Lille 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LIL10013.
Full textSaïag, Jessica. "Caractérisation des hétérogénéités sédimentaires et pétrophysiques d’un réservoir carbonaté microporeux : le cas de la Craie (Crétacé supérieur, Bassin de Paris)." Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOS039/document.
Full textChalk is defined as a microporous reservoir rock. This formation is a prolific hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir in the North Sea and is one of the main aquifers in the Paris Basin. The heterogeneity of chalk in terms of petrophysical properties (both surface and subsurface) is illustrated by porosity ranging from 4 to 52 %, permeability from 0.01 to 100 mD, and P-wave velocity on water-saturated samples from 2.4 to 4.4 km.s-1 (Alam et al., 2011).In the study area (Normandie, France), taken as an outcrop analogue, 114 samples were collected (Cenomanian – Santonian). As in the North Sea fields, these samples show great petrophysical heterogeneity: total porosity () from 6.1 to 46.5 %, very low permeability (K; 0.002 mD) to atypical high permeability (477 mD; without fractures), and P-wave velocity on water-saturated samples ranging from 1.8 to 5.5 km.s-1. However, the origin(s) of this large variation in petrophysical parameters is poorly understood. Three sedimentary models are defined here for the chalk:(1) Ramp models, subdivided into argillaceous ramp model, with porosity from 34,4 to 46.5%, and permeability from 0.02 to 3 mD, and carbonate ramp model (mudstone to packstone), with porosity from 26.1 to 46.5%, and permeability from 0.04 to 6 mD,(2) Contourite model (mudstone to grainstone and micro-packstone), with porosity from 8.3 to 45.5%, and permeability from 0.05 to 477 mD,(3) Softground to Hardground model, with porosity from 6 to 36.9%, and permeability from 0.002 to 36 mD.Each model has specific distribution in the porosity-permeability plot.A microtexture classification of the chalk is proposed, based on SEM observation of four groups of criteria (mineralogical content, biogenic fraction, micritic fraction and cement fraction). From these criteria, two major groups are defined: Pure chalk microtexture and Impure chalk microtexture. The Pure chalk microtexture group reflects the intensity of chalk modification during diagenesis (rate of diagenesis, whether early stage or not). An increase in the diagenetic rate induces a decrease in porosity and an increase in P-wave velocity. Diagenetic transformation induces a decrease in pore-space size, with better grain contact, explaining the decrease in porosity and the improved propagation of acoustic P-wave velocity. For Impure chalk microtexture group, the presence of insoluble particles in the matrix does not affect porosity but decreases permeability, due to the reduction of pore-throat size.The complex relationships between depositional inheritance and diagenetic transformation lead to variability in chalk petrophysical parameters. Spatio-temporal distribution of depositional facies and associated diagenetic transformation is not random; it depends on sedimentological condition (e.g. climate and distance to shore) and imprint of diagenetic processes (early or late stage). By extrapolating from the combined data on facies and diagenesis, the petrophysical properties of the entire cliff section can be characterised, and used to describe the reservoir architecture of the Chalk
Garcia, de Oliveira Marisa Terezinha. "Evolution minéralogique de l'altération latéritique des roches volcaniques basiques de la bordure sud-est du bassin du Parana (Rio Grande do Sul et Santa Catarina)." Poitiers, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995POIT2357.
Full textAdoumandjali, Gratien, and Gratien Adoumandjali. "Variabilité génétique, moléculaire et quantitative du Tilapia du Nil (Oreochromis niloticus, Linnaeus, 1758) dans le bassin du Congo." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/38116.
Full textDans ce travail de thèse de doctorat, deux objectifs ont été poursuivis à savoir : i) évaluer la structure génétique des populations du tilapia du Nil (Oreochromis niloticus, Linnaeus, 1758) pour orienter les mesures de gestion à l’échelle de la sous-région du bassin du Congo; ii) et évaluer l’héritabilité des traits de croissance afin d’envisager une amélioration génétique de ladite espèce. Dans la perspective de déterminer la structuration génétique du tilapia du Nil dans le bassin du Congo à l'aide de récents outils génomiques de type GBS, 13,792 SNPs neutres étaient identifiés à partir de 438 tilapias du Nil collectés au Cameroun, en République Centrafricaine et en République Démocratique de Congo. La présence de groupements génétiques distincts a été élucidée par la méthode de regroupement bayésien implémentée dans le programme Admixture exécuté en utilisant 2000 bootstraps avec un nombre de groupes (K) variant de 1 à 14. L’estimation du flux génique potentiel, entre les sites, a été réalisée à l’aide du logiciel Treemix et l’évaluation de degré d’apparentement par paire entre deux individus d’un même site ou écosystème (utilisant les indices de relation de parenté ou relatedness, AJK), par vcftools. L’estimation de l’héritabilité des traits de croissance du tilapia du Nil a été réalisée en utilisant les données de 660 poissons cultivés dans les hapas placés en étang entre 185 et 209 jours d’expérience. Les mesures de masse corporelle et de longueur standard ont été prises in situ tandis que le facteur de condition a été déduit en utilisant la formule de Fulton. La détermination de données liées à la morphologie a été obtenue par analyse Procruste généralisée. Une analyse utilisant le modèle animal mixte a été appliquée à ces traits morphométriques pour estimer les différentes composantes de variance génétique et environnementale à partir desquelles l'héritabilité de chaque caractère, les effets des facteurs environnementaux et les corrélations génétiques entre les traits ont été déduits. Les résultats de l’analyse de structure sur les 13,792 marqueurs neutres ont révélé l’existence d'une structuration génétique mise en évidence avec l’identification de 5 populations génétiquement différentes (moyenne Fst = 0.079; CI: 0.073 à 0.086, P-valeur = 0.001). Il ressort de cette étude qu’il y a eu flux de gènes entre certains sites et qu’il y a moins d’individus apparentés dans les rivières et lacs par rapport aux piscicultures.
On a démontré que l’héritabilité au sens strict (h²) de la masse corporelle était élevée (0.67±0.30), modérée pour la morphologie (0.30 ± 0.12), faible pour la longueur standard (0.10 ± 0.10) et le facteur de condition (0.03 ± 0.04). L’héritabilité au sens large (H²) a varié de 0.22 ± 0.13 à 0.93 ± 0.10 pour tous les traits. La corrélation génétique entre la masse corporelle et la morphologie (0.91) était élevée mais moyenne entre la longueur standard et la morphologie (0.21) ainsi qu’entre la masse corporelle et la longueur standard (0.20). La corrélation phénotypique entre la masse corporelle et la longueur standard (0.95) était élevée tandis qu’elle était moyenne entre la longueur standard et la morphologie (0.21) ainsi qu’entre la masse corporelle et la morphologie (0.27). Au vu de ces résultats, on peut conclure qu’il y a existence d'une structuration génétique pouvant permettre une gestion et utilisation durables de l’espèce tilapia du Nil dans le cadre des activités piscicoles et d’ensemencement. L’existence d’une bonne diversité́ génétique associée à l’héritabilité des caractères de croissance augure de bonnes perspectives pour des programmes d’amélioration génétique de l’espèce dans la sous-région du bassin du Congo.
On a démontré que l’héritabilité au sens strict (h²) de la masse corporelle était élevée (0.67±0.30), modérée pour la morphologie (0.30 ± 0.12), faible pour la longueur standard (0.10 ± 0.10) et le facteur de condition (0.03 ± 0.04). L’héritabilité au sens large (H²) a varié de 0.22 ± 0.13 à 0.93 ± 0.10 pour tous les traits. La corrélation génétique entre la masse corporelle et la morphologie (0.91) était élevée mais moyenne entre la longueur standard et la morphologie (0.21) ainsi qu’entre la masse corporelle et la longueur standard (0.20). La corrélation phénotypique entre la masse corporelle et la longueur standard (0.95) était élevée tandis qu’elle était moyenne entre la longueur standard et la morphologie (0.21) ainsi qu’entre la masse corporelle et la morphologie (0.27). Au vu de ces résultats, on peut conclure qu’il y a existence d'une structuration génétique pouvant permettre une gestion et utilisation durables de l’espèce tilapia du Nil dans le cadre des activités piscicoles et d’ensemencement. L’existence d’une bonne diversité́ génétique associée à l’héritabilité des caractères de croissance augure de bonnes perspectives pour des programmes d’amélioration génétique de l’espèce dans la sous-région du bassin du Congo.
Strict heritability (h²) of body mass was shown to be high (0.67 ± 0.30), moderate for morphology (0.30 ± 0.12), low for standard length (0.10 ± 0.10), and condition factor (0.03 ± 0.04). Heritability in the broad sense (H²) ranged from 0.22 ± 0.13 to 0.93 ± 0.10 for all traits. The genetic correlation between body mass and morphology (0.91) was high but average between standard length and morphology (0.21) and between body weight and standard length (0.20). The phenotypic correlation between body mass and standard length (0.95) was high while it was average between standard length and morphology (0.21) as well as between body mass and morphology (0.27). In view of these results, it can be concluded that there is a genetic structure that can allow sustainable management and use of the Nile tilapia species in the context of fish farming and fish seed production. The existence of a good genetic diversity associated with the heritability of growth traits is promising for the development of genetic improvement programs of the of Nile tilapia species in the Congo Basin sub region
Strict heritability (h²) of body mass was shown to be high (0.67 ± 0.30), moderate for morphology (0.30 ± 0.12), low for standard length (0.10 ± 0.10), and condition factor (0.03 ± 0.04). Heritability in the broad sense (H²) ranged from 0.22 ± 0.13 to 0.93 ± 0.10 for all traits. The genetic correlation between body mass and morphology (0.91) was high but average between standard length and morphology (0.21) and between body weight and standard length (0.20). The phenotypic correlation between body mass and standard length (0.95) was high while it was average between standard length and morphology (0.21) as well as between body mass and morphology (0.27). In view of these results, it can be concluded that there is a genetic structure that can allow sustainable management and use of the Nile tilapia species in the context of fish farming and fish seed production. The existence of a good genetic diversity associated with the heritability of growth traits is promising for the development of genetic improvement programs of the of Nile tilapia species in the Congo Basin sub region
In this PhD thesis work, two objectives were pursued: i) to assess the genetic structure of Nile tilapia populations (Oreochromis niloticus, Linnaeus, 1758) in order to guide management strategies at the sub-regional scale; region; ii) and assess the heritability of the growth traits in order to consider a genetic improvement of the species. In order to determine the genetic structuring of Nile tilapia in the Congo Basin using recent GBS-type genomic tools, 13,792 neutral SNPs were identified from 438 Nile tilapias collected in Cameroon, Central African Republic and Democratic Republic of Congo. The presence of distinct genetic groupings was elucidated by the Bayesian clustering method implemented in the Admixture program run using 2000 bootstraps with a number of groups (K) ranging from 1 to 14. The estimation of potential gene flow between sites, was performed using Treemix software and peer paired degree evaluation between two individuals from the same site or ecosystem (using kinship or relatedness indices, AJK), by vcftools. The assesment of the heritability of Nile tilapia growth traits was performed using data from 660 fish grown in hapas placed in a pond between 185 and 209 days of experience. The body mass and standard-length measurements were taken in situ while the condition factor was deduced using the Fulton formula. Determining morphology-related data was obtained by generalized Procrustes analysis. An analysis using the mixed animal model was applied to these morphometric traits to estimate the different components of genetic and environmental variances from which the heritability of each trait, the effects of environmental factors and the genetic correlations between traits were derived. The results of the structural analysis on the 13,792 neutral markers revealed the existence of a genetic structure highlighted with the identification of 5 genetically different populations (average Fst = 0.079, CI: 0.073 to 0.086, P-value = 0.001). This study shows that there has been gene flow between some sites and that there are fewer inbred individuals in the rivers and lakes while fish farmers have been more consanguineous.
In this PhD thesis work, two objectives were pursued: i) to assess the genetic structure of Nile tilapia populations (Oreochromis niloticus, Linnaeus, 1758) in order to guide management strategies at the sub-regional scale; region; ii) and assess the heritability of the growth traits in order to consider a genetic improvement of the species. In order to determine the genetic structuring of Nile tilapia in the Congo Basin using recent GBS-type genomic tools, 13,792 neutral SNPs were identified from 438 Nile tilapias collected in Cameroon, Central African Republic and Democratic Republic of Congo. The presence of distinct genetic groupings was elucidated by the Bayesian clustering method implemented in the Admixture program run using 2000 bootstraps with a number of groups (K) ranging from 1 to 14. The estimation of potential gene flow between sites, was performed using Treemix software and peer paired degree evaluation between two individuals from the same site or ecosystem (using kinship or relatedness indices, AJK), by vcftools. The assesment of the heritability of Nile tilapia growth traits was performed using data from 660 fish grown in hapas placed in a pond between 185 and 209 days of experience. The body mass and standard-length measurements were taken in situ while the condition factor was deduced using the Fulton formula. Determining morphology-related data was obtained by generalized Procrustes analysis. An analysis using the mixed animal model was applied to these morphometric traits to estimate the different components of genetic and environmental variances from which the heritability of each trait, the effects of environmental factors and the genetic correlations between traits were derived. The results of the structural analysis on the 13,792 neutral markers revealed the existence of a genetic structure highlighted with the identification of 5 genetically different populations (average Fst = 0.079, CI: 0.073 to 0.086, P-value = 0.001). This study shows that there has been gene flow between some sites and that there are fewer inbred individuals in the rivers and lakes while fish farmers have been more consanguineous.
Onanga, Mavotchy Nathaelle. "Études des paléomilieux paléoprotérozoïques (2,1-2,0 Ga) : la formation fb du bassin de Franceville au Gabon." Thesis, Poitiers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016POIT2263/document.
Full textThe Paleoproterozoic (2.1 to 2.0 Ga) Franceville Basin, South-east of Gabon, has been studied for decades for its high metalliferous (primarily uranium and manganese) potential. The discovery of the oldest known macro-multicellular organisms in the FB Formation in the basin in 2010 caused a repositioning of the appearance of complex multicellular life to 2.1 Ga in Earth history. This period is synchronous with great upheavals that affected the global chemistry of the atmosphere and oceans, and corresponds to the deposition of the FB Formation in the Franceville Basin. Core samples from the FB Formation were sampled from the centre of the basin (MVengué syncline) and the western flank of the basin (Moanda) for comparative analyses. The objective of this study is to provide new information on precipitation conditions of the early diagenetic carbonate cements and concretions associated with the organic-rich black shales and siltstones in the FB Formation using facies analyses, petrographic, and geochemical techniques.At the basin centre, the FB Formation is composed of sedimentary units that reflect deposition in a deep marine environment with variable depths below the limit of storm wave actions. Three units can be distinguished: (1) FB1b consisting of black shales, fine grained sandstones, and laminated mudstones or layered dolomites; (2) FB1c consisting of alternating black shales and sandstones; and (3) FB2a that is characterized by massive sandstone (namely the Poubara sandstone). Detailed analytical studies showed that these sediments have undergone moderate diagenetic modifications. However, the degree of diagenesis varies between different lithofacies.The carbonates are commonly diffused within the associated black shales throughout the FB Formation. In addition, at the Mvengué, the carbonates are present as individual beds, and as ovoid to lenticular centimeters to tens of centimeters thick concretions at Moanda, where they occur interlayering the FB1c black shales at eight levels. Irrespective of their form of occurrence, their relationships with the laminated black shale argues in favour of their formation before significant compaction. As a result, the incorporated clay minerals in the concretions are similar to the host rocks (black shales) and their composition is relatively homogenous from the edge to the centre. Isotope analyses of carbon and oxygen in the carbonates and of carbon in the organic matter, as well as the morphological and textural relationships suggest that the dolomitiation processes at the origin of the concretions, occurred during the early diagenetic stage, were favoured by bacterial oxidation of organic matter resulting in increasing pore water alkalinity in the sediments
Bekkouche, Djamel. "Le Silurien supérieur - Dévonien inférieur du bassin de Ghadamès (Sahara oriental Algérien) : lithostratigraphie, sédimentologie et diagenèse des réservoirs gréseux." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1992. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00759888.
Full textMezlah, Houria. "Les mud-mounds du dévonien moyen du bassin de l'Ahnet et ses régions limitrophes ( sud-ouest algérien) Sédimentologie - diagenèse." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002484.
Full textMezlah, Houria. "Les Mud-mounds du Devonien moyen du bassin de l'Ahnet et ses régions limitrophes (sud-ouest algérien) : sédimentologie – diagenèse." Paris, ENMP, 2006. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002484.
Full textThe mud-mounds with stromatactis of Givetian, occupy the western margin of the basin of Ahnet (Algeria). These monticules seem equivalent to potential tanks analyzed in sub-surface. These monticules are presented under two types of morphology which follow alignments of preferential directions, NS and NW-SE. The mud-mounds, several tens of meters thickness, are mainly made up by a heart of boundstone with stromatactis and laterally by sides made up of packstones with encrinites. The construction of the mud-mounds, of which the duration is estimated at two million years, falls under the varcus zone (lower Givetian). The principal factors of construction are initially the framework morphostructural basin and its tectonic evolution. The position of the mud-mounds on the east sides and soft anticlines is a direct consequence of the structuring imposed by the precambrian faults N-S and the intragivetian faults (N60° and N110°). The origin and the development of the mud-mounds of Ahnet are governed by the fluctuations of the sea level and they develop in external ramp which his orientation is N-S. These mud-mounds shows a good porosity (30 %) which during the hiding, is gradually filled. Secondary porosities are associated processes of fracturing, dolomitization and dissolution
Laverret, Emmanuel. "Evolutions temporelles et spatiales des altérations argileuses des gisements d'uranium sous discordance, secteur de Shea Creek (bassin de l'Athabasca, Canada)." Poitiers, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002POIT2310.
Full textA detailed study of clays minerals assemblages has been performed in the Shea Creek prospect (Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada), with more than 160 samples representing the diagenetic background and the vicinity of U mineralizations. Petrographic studies, textural analysis (SEM), crystal-chemical characterisation (XRD, FTIR and microprobe analysis) and K-Ar dating allow to define spatially the alteration assemblages are associated with the main mineralization event. Their genesis has been reconstructed. Between approximately 1600 et 1400 Ma, sandstone formations were affected by a kaolinite-dickite diagenesis as observed regionally in the basin. The first illitization stage (± dravite) is situated between 1400-1350 Ma, and dates the opening of the diagenetic system to basement fluids, resulting probably of the reactivation of tectonic structures. The period 1350-1150 Ma corresponds to new illitization phases, which are certainly associated with a long activity of the faults system. The microstructural and textural properties of illites are good indicators of the paleoconditions during their formation: (1) 1Mc-illite (lath morphologies) have grown at the expense of kaolin minerals and the fluids had lower sursaturations than (2) 1Mt-illite (hairy morphologies), associated with sudoite. This illite have grown from fluids which reflects a strong contribution of alteration products of basement rocks. From an exploration point of view, the model show a strong relation between U-mineralization and an 1Mt-illite + sudoite + dravite assemblage
Gonzalez-Penagos, Felipe. "Caractérisation des eaux de formation et de leurs interactions avec les hydrocarbures dans un bassin d'avant-pays : cas du bassin des Llanos - Colombie." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066408.
Full textThe Llanos foreland basin of Colombia is a hydrocarbon province with an active circulation of fresh and brackish formation water. In order to investigate the complex mixture of fluids produced in wellhead, we performed geochemical analysis on meteoric water, formation water, natural gas and shale cuttings to investigate the origins and the sources within the fluid mixture. Stable isotope data of formation water shows that meteoric water is recharged in the southern and eastern edge of the basin but its influence is lost with depth. Fresh and brackish formation water of deep reservoirs present a progressive increase of 18O associated to a water-rock exchange. This isotopic evidence is correlated with a progressive contribution of water release during smectite dehydration observed on the smectite to illite transformation. Diagenetic reaction that explains the low salinity values in deep formation water. A one order kinetic law fit to the observed diagenetic clay transformation allows us to estimate the timing of the reaction and dilution of formation water salinity. Additionally, Characterization of natural gas fingerprints corroborates an infiltration of meteoric water interaction with hydrocarbons and biodegradation processes in shallow reservoirs
Beaune, David. "The ecological role of the Bonobo : seed dispersal service in Congo forests." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00932505.
Full textAnjos, Camila Wense Dias dos. "Facteurs conditionnant la genèse des minéraux argileux des blackshales et des pélites associées à la formation Irati, Nord du Bassin du Paraná." Poitiers, 2008. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2008/Wense-Dias-Dos-Anjos-Camila/2008-Wense-Dias-Dos-Anjos-Camila.pdf.
Full textLa Formation Irati (Permien) présente une vaste distribution dans le Bassin du Paraná, depuis les états de Goiás et de Mato Grosso, au nord, jusqu'à le Rio Grande do Sul, au sud du Brésil. Cette unité fréquemment se trouve traversée par sills de diabase, dont la chaleur change la minéralogie initiale des roches sédimentaires. La géométrie hétérogène du bassin à l'époque de dépôt a rendu propice le développement de différentes faciès sédimentaires dans cette unité, favorisant le dépôt de roches terrigènes au sud du bassin et carbonatées et évaporitiques au nord. Au nord du bassin, où se trouve le secteur d'étude de cette thèse, six faciès sédimentaires ont été reconnues pour la Formation Irati: Faciès Carbonaté Dolomitique, Faciès Pélitique Inférieur, Faciès Carbonaté Oolitique, Faciès Pélitique Supérieur, Faciès Stromatolitique et Faciès Carbonaté Rosé. Les quatre premiers faciès sont reconnus dans tout le bord nord du bassin, et les deux derniers arrivent seulement dans la région de Alto Garças - MT. La composition minéralogique des pélites de cette région, ainsi que les caractéristiques sédimentaires, se distinguent de leurs équivalents dans les autres régions du bassin. Les black shales et les niveaux d'argillite verte intercalés sont composés anormalement de smectites-Mg et -Fe, saponite et nontronite respectivement. Elles se distinguent en outre par la basse concentration d'Al et des álcalis. Pour la caractérisation de la paragenèse sédimentaire de ces pelites, il faut premièrement identifier l'influence de la chaleur des sills sous ces roches. La saponite est encore présente dans le contact avec les corps ignés. Proche des sills, la formation de saponite s’accompagne de talc, serpentine, pyroxène et plagioclase. Les cristaux métamorphiques ont été différenciés des composantes sédimentaires à partir des caractéristiques texturales et quantités relatives. Les black shales sans influence thermique de sills sont formés majoritairement par de la saponite et du quartz, avec des petites quantités de talc, nontronite et serpentine. Les argillites vertes sont formées par de la nontronite, lizardite et quartz, avec des contributions de saponite et de talc. La formation des minéraux argileux mentionnés ci-dessus est rapportée à l’altération des minéraux détritiques mafiques (pyroxène, amphibole, olivine), qui peuvent provenir ou d'un secteur proximal, dans les voisinages du bassin, ou de sources volcaniques distantes dont les débris ont été déposés à partir de la chute de cendres dans le bassin. L'actuelle configuration du secteur source au nord du bassin n'est pas cohérente avec la composition des minéraux argileux des pelites (saponite, talc, lizardite, nontronite), ni avec les autres minéraux détritiques associés (spinelle, amphibole, pyroxène, chromite entre autres). Ces derniers indiquent une source composée principalement par des roches mafiques/ultramafiques. Un niveau d'argilitte verte intercalée dans les black shales est formé principalement par de la nontronite et du quartz. Elle présente des quantités anormales de zircon, monazite, apatite et chromite, et de hautes teneurs en ETR. L’anomalie en Cérium et accentuée. Ces caractéristiques indiquent la contribution de cendres volcaniques dans la formation de cette argilitte, qui selon sa composition géochimique possède une affinité avec des roches andésitiques. Des activités volcaniques permiennes avec une composition intermédiaire à basique sont reconnues dans le Groupe Mitu, dans la portion centrale de Andes
The Permian Irati Formation has an extensive distribution in the Paraná basin, and is frequently intruded by diabase sills. The heterogeneous geometry of the basin in the depositional time propitiated the development of different sedimentary facies in this unit and favored the deposition of terrigenous rocks in the south portion of the basin and carbonate and evaporitic rocks in the north portion. In the north area, six sedimentary facies were distinguished in the Irati Formation: Dolomitic Carbonate Facies, Lower Pelitic Facies, Oolitic Carbonate Facies, Upper Pelitic Facies, Stromatolitic Facies and Pink Carbonate Facies. The first four facies are recognized in all the north area of the basin, but the last two ones occur only next to Alto Garças city. The pelites of these facies have a distinct mineral composition when compared with other areas of the basin. The black shales and green claystones interbedded have low amounts of Al and alkalis and they are anomalously formed of saponite and nontronite respectively. Saponite occurs in rocks without sill thermal influence and also in the contact with intrusive rocks. Thus, it is necessary to identify the non-metamorphic assemblages from the metamorphic ones in order to research the geochemical signature of the sediment sources. Next to the sills, the crystals of saponite, talc, lizardite, pyroxene and plagioclase were formed. These metamorphic minerals can be distinguished from the sedimentary ones by their relative quantities and texture. The black shales without sill thermal influence are formed predominantly by saponite and quartz, with less amounts of talc, lizardite and nontronite. The interbedded green claystones are composed of nontronite, lizardite and quartz, and in lesser amounts of talc and saponite. The formation of the Mg- and Fe-rich clay minerals is related to the alteration of mafic minerals (pyroxene, amphibole, olivine), whose origin could be either a proximal source area or a distal contemporaneous active volcanos (ashes). The clay minerals components of the pelites (saponite, talc, lizardite and nontronite) as well as the detrital minerals associated (Cr-spinel, amphibole, pyroxene, chromite among others) indicate a source area with a predominant mafic/ultramafic composition. One level of green claystone formed by nontronite and quartz has anomalous amounts of euhedral zircon, monazite, apatite and chromite, as well as high amounts of REE. These features indicate an important volcanic ash contribution to this level. According to their geochemical composition, these volcanic ashes have an andesitic composition. Permian volcanic activities with intermediate to basic composition are recorded in the Mitu Group, Central Andes
Lemaitre, Nathalie. "Les nodules polymétalliques du bassin du Pérou : diversité des modes de croissance et relations avec l'environnement sédimentaire." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112239.
Full textThis thesis presents the results of a chemical and radiochemical study of numerous polymetallic nodules from the Peru basin (South Eastern Pacific) and associated sediments. Three types of formation processes have been uncovered, each with its own characteristic accretion rate yielding nodules of different chemical composition. The elements responsible for the formation of the nodules come from three sources: 1) iron from the sea water (hydrogenous); 2) nickel and copper from the oxidizing sea water-sediment interface through early diagenesis; 3) manganese from the reducing diagenesis within the first few centimeters of the sediment. The nature of the sedimentary environment is directly responsible for the relative contribution of the three sources to the formation of the nodules. Two key factors: sedimentation rate and the amount of organic materiel in the sediments, determine the development of sedimentary surface diagenesis and the growth of diagenetic nodules. Within the Peru basin, two distinct zones of nodules are recognizable : zone 1, starting 6° South, has nodules resulting from reducing diagenesis; zone 2, South of 9°S, contains a mixture of nodules formed by early diagenesis in an oxidizing environment and by water transport, in proportions determined by the bottom topography and water currents. The results have made it possible to define more precisely the chemical composition of the three components. The results have been compared with those published for North Pacific and they agree well. The lateral zones are symmetrical with respect to the equator, confirming thus the key role of the organic matter in the growth of nodules
Shen, Yuefeng. "Les systèmes biosédimentaires et la diagénèse d'une rampe carbonatée Ordovicienne, Bassin de Tarim, Chine." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36433.
Full textThe Ordovician biosedimentary record of the Tarim Basin offers the opportunity to tackle four major scientific issues related to the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event: i) the phylogenesis of organisms incertae sedis, ii) the paleodiversity of benthic primary producers (calcareous algae, calcimicrobes), iii) the nature of authigenic sea-floor precipitates (automicrite), and iv) diagenesis in terms of porosity evolution and the geochemical record of environmental perturbations causing major biosedimentary turnovers (sponges, crinoids versusbenthic algae). The typological, morphometric and microstructural analysis of the mound-forming microproblematicum Halysis Høeg, 1932 concludes for a siphonous green alga with an affinity to Bryopsidales, Udoteaceae, morphotype Flabellia petiolate (Turra) Nizamuddin 1987. Early Katian Halysismounds form part of a shallow-subtidal carbonate ramp dominated by algal-pellet sand sheets. Their accretion was controlled by autocyclic drivers such as increments of sediment flux and burial followed by episodes of omission and algal growth. In the Tarim Basin, the diversity of benthic primary producers increases substantially during the Upper Ordovician (Katian) Belodina confluens Zone. Compared to diversity curves derived from other regions (Laurentia, Baltoscandia), in the Tarim Basin there is a protraction of diversification by about 4 Ma. The global diversity curve of benthic primary producers is similar to those derived from some herbivorous and suspension-feeding fossil groups (eleutherozoan echinoderms, gastropods). Five kinds of authigenic sea-floor precipitates (automicrite) are present in Darriwilian calathid-demosponge carbonate mounds, altogether formerly interpreted as ‘microbial carbonate’. A good correlation of fluorescence and cathodoluminescence of automicrites indicates that induced and supported organomineralization produced automicrite, probably via the permineralization of non-living organic substrates adsorbing dissolved metal-humate complexes. Using six parameters and seventeen characters, four automicrites turn out to be non-microbial instead likely represent relics of calcified metazoan tissue (sponges, attachment structures of stalked invertebrates). One automicrite is microbial in origin but is post-mound in age succeeding a disconformity. Using a set of paragenetic sequences, component-specific geochemical sampling was performed to determine the variation of carbon and oxygen stable isotopic composition. There are two distinct stratigraphic levels separated by Δδ13C ≈ +2.5‰ (PDB).Both levels display a subparallel trend of decreasing δ18O typical for increasing temperature during burial. Least altered δ18O values are equally separated along the two stratigraphic levels (Δδ18O ≈ +2.0‰). This coupled positive δ13C-δ18O excursion is considered the result of an increasing burial rate of organic carbon (formation of hydrocarbon source rocks) and subsequent climatic cooling causing a biosedimentary turnover (sponges, crinoids versusbenthic algae) along the Sandbian-Katian boundary interval.
Brigaud, Benjamin. "Influence du contexte sédimentaire et de la diagenèse sur les propriétés pétrophysiques du Dogger calcaire de l'Est du Bassin de Paris." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00503241.
Full textMakhloufi, Yasin. "Impact de la sédimentologie et de la diagenèse sur les propriétés pétrophysiques d'un réservoir carbonaté oolithique : le cas de la formation de l'Oolithe Blance (Bathonien, Bassin de Paris, France)." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066578.
Full textThe Oolithe Blanche Formation (mid. Jurassic), a deep saline aquifer, show some interest as: (1) it is exploited for geothermal energy and (2) this formation is considered for CO2 geological storage. Firstly, we led a sedimentological study in field analogs (quarries of Burgundy) where the Oolithe Blanche Formation outcrops (south-east area), then the same was done in sub-surface, by the study of several cored wells along a SE-NW transect (median and central areas). This study demonstrated a heterogeneity in sedimentary deposits, mainly controlled by depositional environments. The petrographic study was conducted to characterize the type and location of pores and the relative timing and the nature of diagenetic stages. The site-specific paragenesis shows heterogeneity depending on the location. Analyses of petrophysical parameters was carried on the measurement of porosity and permeability values, but also on acoustic and electric parameters in order to access the reservoirs properties. Several scale of heterogeneities has been highlighted. At the sample scale, a statistical study has highlighted a strong control of the depositional environments and diagenesis on the petrophysical parameters. Finally, a statistical tool that is capable of determining the correlations relationships between sedimentologic, diagenetic and petrophysical parameters and of defining electro-facies for well-logging data correlations was developed. The result is a predictive model, calibrated for the Oolithe Blanche Formation, which can easily and quickly be deployed on all well in the Paris Basin, with high resolution
Demars, Christelle. "Évolution diagénétique, paléofluides et paléothermicité dans les réservoirs du Keuper et du Dogger du bassin de Paris." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPL151N.
Full textPilarski, Cecile. "La gestion partagée des ressources en eau dans le bassin du Congo: État des lieux et perspectives." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26708/26708.pdf.
Full textThe following study deals with the building of cooperation between riparian States of the Congo basin, in Africa. Whilst based on a legal approach, this work goes beyond the theoretical basis of the sharing of freshwater resource, by including geopolitics factors related to the case study. The International law of freshwater resources helps defining the legal framework within which riparian States of a drainage basin organize their cooperation. Recently established, the River basin organization for the Congo “Commission internationale du basin du Congo-Oubangui-Sangha (CICOS)”, proves to be dynamic and proactive. However, pressure coming from regional actors as well as international actors command to be particularly careful about mid-term and long-term management of the water resource in the area.
Pilarski, Cécile, and Cécile Pilarski. "La gestion partagée des ressources en eau dans le bassin du Congo : état des lieux et perspectives." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21357.
Full textLe présent mémoire s’intéresse à la réalisation de la coopération interétatique entre les pays riverains du bassin versant du fleuve Congo, en Afrique. Privilégiant une approche juridique, le travail proposé vise toutefois à dépasser le cadre théorique du partage des ressources en eau douce en abordant la dimension géopolitique propre au sujet d’étude. La présentation de l’état du droit international des cours d’eau permet donc de définir le cadre juridique à l’intérieur duquel s’organise la coopération entre les États tributaires d’un même bassin hydrographique. L’analyse de la coopération, récemment mise en place entre plusieurs riverains du bassin du fleuve Congo, révèle le dynamisme de la Commission internationale du bassin du Congo-Oubangui-Sangha. Toutefois, les pressions qui s’exercent tant au niveau régional qu’international imposent la prudence quant à la gestion de la ressource à moyen et long terme.
The following study deals with the building of cooperation between riparian States of the Congo basin, in Africa. Whilst based on a legal approach, this work goes beyond the theoretical basis of the sharing of freshwater resource, by including geopolitics factors related to the case study. The International law of freshwater resources helps defining the legal framework within which riparian States of a drainage basin organize their cooperation. Recently established, the River basin organization for the Congo “Commission internationale du basin du Congo-Oubangui-Sangha (CICOS)”, proves to be dynamic and proactive. However, pressure coming from regional actors as well as international actors command to be particularly careful about mid-term and long-term management of the water resource in the area.
The following study deals with the building of cooperation between riparian States of the Congo basin, in Africa. Whilst based on a legal approach, this work goes beyond the theoretical basis of the sharing of freshwater resource, by including geopolitics factors related to the case study. The International law of freshwater resources helps defining the legal framework within which riparian States of a drainage basin organize their cooperation. Recently established, the River basin organization for the Congo “Commission internationale du basin du Congo-Oubangui-Sangha (CICOS)”, proves to be dynamic and proactive. However, pressure coming from regional actors as well as international actors command to be particularly careful about mid-term and long-term management of the water resource in the area.
Nsiala, Kimfuta Christian. "Contribution à l'étude géochimique des eaux du bassin versant de la rivière N'Djili à l'est de Kinshasa, République démocratique du Congo." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209734.
Full textIl ressort de cette étude que la température de l’eau prélevée est proche de la température moyenne atmosphérique dans la zone d’étude, ce qui indique un équilibre thermique entre les eaux de surface et l’atmosphère.
Dans certains cas, les valeurs de pH mesurées peuvent être très basses à cause du lessivage des acides organiques provenant de la végétation en décomposition et de la présence d’anhydride carbonique dissous (Burler et Ison, 1966). A la vue des résultats d’analyse des eaux de pluies, nous pouvons remarquer que l’acidité des eaux prélevées de cette partie du bassin versant serait en partie due à la contribution des précipitations.
Pour ce qui est de la conductivité, à l’exception du site Matete, les valeurs mesurées sont inférieures à 100 µS/cm, ce qui correspond aux eaux de surface très faiblement minéralisées. Il n’y a pas beaucoup de variation de conductivité entre la saison des pluies, période des hautes eaux, et la saison sèche, période des basses eaux. Ceci nous montre à nouveau qu’il y a une contribution importante des précipitations dans la composition des eaux échantillonnées puisqu’il n’y a pas de grand écart de valeur en l’absence de précipitation.
La solubilité de l’oxygène dans l’eau diminue lorsque la température augmente, ce qui induit une diminution de la concentration en oxygène à saturation. Le calcul du taux de saturation dans nos échantillons montre que les eaux sont sous-saturées en oxygène. Ceci peut s’expliquer par le fait que ce bassin versant, du moins dans la zone d’étude, subit des rejets d’eaux usées et des rejets de l’usine de traitement des eaux (REGIDESO). Nous soupçonnons la présence d’une pollution organique induisant la consommation de l’oxygène dissous par respiration.
Les teneurs des éléments ne sont pas constantes au cours du temps. Certains sont plus abondants que d’autres (en particulier HCO3-, Ca+, Na+, K+, SiO2 et Cl-). Il n’y a pas de variations saisonnières importantes des éléments majeurs. L’ordre d’abondance décroissant pour les cations est Na+>Ca2+>K+>Mg2+ et pour les anions est HCO3->Cl-≈NO3->SO42-.
La corrélation entre la conductivité électrique et les teneurs en composés chimiques majeurs montre que la conductivité est surtout contrôlée par les bicarbonates, les nitrates, les chlorures, les sulfates, le sodium, le magnésium, le calcium et le potassium. Ces eaux sont particulièrement peu chargées en éléments minéraux dissous, la moyenne des TDS (Total Dissolved Salts) pour chaque site étant largement inférieure à la moyenne mondiale des eaux de rivière, qui est 100 mg/l (Berner et Berner, 1987), tendance également observée pour le calcium (5,7 mg/l pour les rivières africaines et 13,4 mg/l pour la moyenne mondiale). Seul le site de Matete présente une moyenne supérieure à ces valeurs. Pour la silice dissoute, par contre, les concentrations observées sont voisines de la moyenne mondiale (10,4 mg/l).
Les valeurs du bilan ionique sont en majorité négatives, c’est-à-dire qu’elles traduisent un excès d’anions. Le calcul du bilan ionique a été effectué pour chaque point de prélèvements, pour les deux dernières séries de campagnes de prélèvements, soit de mai à juillet 2007 et d’octobre 2008 à octobre 2009.
Cette étude nous a permis de dégager des groupes au comportement commun qui reflètent des faciès géochimiques différents et dont les plus importants sont les suivants :(1) Le faciès bicarbonaté calcique :il correspond aux eaux provenant des écoulements sur des roches hypersiliceuses (grès, quartzites). Le magnésium est le deuxième cation dominant après le calcium pour le site de prélèvements CFAM (Confluence Fleuve Amont) représentant plus de 20% de la teneur en cations. Et, (2) Le faciès bicarbonaté sodique :il correspond au point de prélèvement Kwambila qui, bien que situé sur une roche hypersiliceuse, présente le sodium comme cation dominant et les nitrates comme anions dominants après les bicarbonates. Ce point de prélèvement est caractérisé par une activité agricole induisant l’utilisation de fertilisants azotés. L’élevage porcin est également pratiqué dans cette région. Ces activités humaines pourraient expliquer la prédominance du sodium et du nitrate dans cette région pour toutes les saisons confondues.
SUMMARY
The present study contributes to a better understanding of the water
geochemistry in the N’djili river catchment, East from Kinshasa (Democratic
Republic of Congo). Surface waters have been collected at six sampling sites during the period from April 2005 and February 2006. Two additional sampling sites have been added since 2007. Eleven sampling campaigns allowed an annual
follow-up (April 2005 to February 2006), three others took place from May to
July 2007 and twenty-two additional ones from October 2008 to October 2009.
The physico-chemical parameters that have been measured are as follows:
temperature, pH, conductivity, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen. The measurement of
major elements (anions and cations) and some trace elements has been
performed in order to support this geochemical investigation.
The temperature of the riverine waters appears to be close to the mean air
temperature in the study area, indicating a thermal equilibrium between surface
waters and the atmosphere.
In some cases, values pH measured can be very low due to the leaching of
organic acids originating from both decomposing vegetation and the presence of
dissolved carbon dioxide (Burler and Ison, 1966). Based on the analyses of the
rain waters, one can note that the acidity of riverine waters results partially from
the atmospheric precipitation.
Regarding conductivity, with the exception of Matete area, the values are below
100 μS/cm, which corresponds to weakly mineralized surface waters. Little
variation in conductivity was observed between rainy and dry seasons is low,
suggesting again an important control of the riverine water composition by the
precipitation.
Oxygen solubility in the riverine waters decreases with increasing temperature,
which results in a decrease of dissolved oxygen content. The calculation of the
saturation state in our samples show that the riverine waters are undersaturated
with oxygen. This phenomenon can be explained by the fact that the river
catchment, at least for the study area, is subjected to untreated and treated
sewage effluent releases. One may expect an organic pollution leading to a
consumption of dissolved oxygen by respiration.
The concentrations of dissolved elements are variable with time. Some are more
abundant than others (especially HCO3-, Ca+, Na+, K+, SiO2 and Cl-). There is no
major seasonal variability for the major dissolved elements. The abundance
decreases in the orders Na+>Ca2+>K+>Mg2+ and HCO3->Cl-≈NO3->SO42- for
cations and anions, respectively.
Correlation between conductivity and major element concentrations show that
the former is mainly dictated by bicarbonates, nitrates, chlorides, sulfates,
sodium, magnesium, calcium and potassium. These riverine waters are
particularly low in dissolved minerals, the mean TDS (Total Dissolved Salts) for
each site being largely lower than the global average for rivers (i.e. 100 mg/l,
Berner and Berner, 1987). Calcium displays the same trend, with 5.7 mg/l for
African rivers in comparison with a global average of 13.4 mg/l. Only Matete area
exhibits a mean higher than these values. For dissolved silica, however, the
measured contents are close to the global average (i.e. 10.4 mg/l).
The values of the ionic balance are negative most of the time, suggesting an
excess in anions. The calculation of the charge balance has been realised for
each sampling location, during the two last campaigns (i.e. May 2007 - July 2007
and October 2008 – October 2009).
This study sheds some light on the groups of elements exhibiting a common
behaviour but reflecting different geochemical facies. The most important ones
are the following: (1) calcium bicarbonate facies: it corresponds to the water
run-off from silicate rocks (sandstone, quartzite). Magnesium is the second
dominant cation (after calcium) for the CFAM (“Confluence Fleuve Amont”)
sampling site, accounting for more than 20% of cation load. And (2) sodium
bicarbonate facies: it corresponds to the Kwambila sampling site, where sodium
is present as dominant cation and nitrates as dominant anion (after
bicarbonates). This sampling site is characterized by agricultural activities
entailing the use of nitrogen-rich fertilizers. Pig farming is also practiced in this
region. Theses human activities could therefore explain the predominance of
both sodium and nitrate in this area, irrespective of the season.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Hoareau, Guilhem. "Relations sulfates-carbonates pendant la diagenèse des sédiments marins : étude sédimentologique du delta éocène du Sobrarbe (Espagne) et modélisation thermodynamique des données ODP/IODP." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOU30252.
Full textThis study focuses on the stability of sulfate and carbonate minerals during the early diagenesis of marine sediments (temperatures lower than 70°C and maximum burial depths of 2km). The first part presents the petrographic and geochemical study of dolomitic concretions containing calcite and sulfates (celestine, barite), in the Eocene Sobrarbe delta (Spain). We determine the order of precipitation and the conditions of formation of these minerals, during active tectonics. In the second part, the saturation state of the interstitial waters of marine sediments with respect to carbonate and sulfate minerals is calculated using the entire ODP/IODP data base (14000 samples). For sulfates (celestine, gypsum), saturation is common and characterized by chemical equilibrium. This work shows how water-rock interaction modelling can clarify the mechanisms of formation of diagenetic minerals in marine sediments